AERONAUTICAl Syllabus

DEPARTMENT OFAERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

“Imparting Value Based Education”

www.biet.ac.in

II YEAR - II SEMESTERnd nd

Student Hand Book

DEPT. OF AERONAUTICAL1BHARAT INSTITUTIONS

What is Education ?

“Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.”

The training by which the current and expression of will is brought under control andbecome fruitful is called education.

[Education] may be described as a development of faculty, not an accumulation of words, or, as atraining of individuals to will rightly and efficiently.

The education which does not help the common mass of people to equip themselves for the struggleof life, which does not bring out the strength of character, a spirit of philanthropy, and the courage of alion – is it worth the name?

To me the very essence of education is concentration of mind, not the collecting of facts. If I had to domy education over again, and had any voice in the matter, I would not study facts at all. I woulddevelop the power of concentration and detachment, and then with a perfect instrument I couldcollect facts at will.

....no one can teach anybody. Vedanta says that within man is all knowledge -- even in a boy it so --and it requires only an awakening, and that much is the work of a teacher.

Knowledge is inherent in man; no knowledge comes from outside; it is all inside; What we say a man“knows”, should, in strict psychological language, be what he “discovers” or “unveils”; what a manlearns is really what he “discovers”, by taking the cover off his own soul, which is a mine of infiniteknowledge.

An education that confines itself to imparting knowledge is not education. Thevarious faculties of memory, judgement, imagination, perception, reasoning, whichbuild the edifice of the thought and knowledge for the knower, must not only beequipped with their fit and sufficient tools and materials, but trained to bring freshmaterials and use more skillfully those of which they are in possession.

We have taken the idea for granted that it is the past which determines the present and that the pastand present will determine the future. But, in the light of Sri Aurobindo we may very well revise the ideaand wonder if it is not the future which has made the past and the present. That is to say, there is adestiny which is in the process of realising itself and all that has happened and all that is happeningare a part of that process.

Source of Knowledge

Sri Aurobindo

2DEPT. OF AERONAUTICAL BHARAT INSTITUTIONS

DAY /

TIME

DAY /

TIME

MON

MON

L

U

N

C

H

L

U

N

C

H

TUE

TUE

WED

WED

THU

THU

FRI

FRI

SAT

SAT

09:20

10:10TO

09:20

10:10TO

10:10

11:00TO

10:10

11:00TO

11:00

11:50TO

11:00

11:50TO

11:50

12:40TO

11:50

12:40TO

12:40

01:30TO

12:40

01:30TO

01:30

02:20TO

01:30

02:20TO

02:20

03:10TO

02:20

03:10TO

03:10

04:00TO

03:10

04:00TO

TIME TABLE

REVISED TIME TABLE


FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

1. What is the objective of providing this hand book to students?

This handbook contains information that students may find useful during their stay

in this college.

2. What are the rules related to attendance?

Shortage of Attendance below 65% in aggregate shall in NO case be

condoned

3. How will I be evaluated during the study of my course?

Award of B.Tech. Degree:

It provides an exposure to key academic requirements and practices, extra

and co curricular activities.

(i) Students shall be counted in attendance if they are actually present in

lecture/tutorial/practical class at the time the attendance is taken.

(ii) A student shall maintain their attendance as per JNTUH guidelines. The basic

requirements are as follows:

a). A student shall be eligible to appear for University examinations if he acquires

a minimum of 75% of attendance in aggregate of all the subjects.

b).

.

c). Condonation of shortage of attendance in aggregate up to 10% (65% and above

and below 75%) in each semester or I year may be granted by the College

Academic Committee.

d). A student will not be promoted to the next semester unless he satisfies the

attendance requirement of the present semester / I year, as applicable. They may

seek re-admission for that semester / I year when offered next.

e). Students whose shortage of attendance is not condoned in any semester / I year

are not eligible to take their end examination of that class and their registration

shall stand cancelled.

f). A stipulated fee shall be payable towards condonation of shortage of attendance.

(iii) Students shall have to attend Extra Classes, i.e bridge classes or remedial classes,

Guest Lectures, Seminars, Symposia, etc. as and when these are organized in the

college.

(iv) The Principal has the right to detain any student from appearing in examination, if

he/she falls short of attendance as per the JNTUH norms.

A student will be declared eligible for the award of the B. Tech.

Degree if he fulfils the following academic regulations:

I. Pursued a course of study for not less than four academic years and not more than eight

academic years.


ii. Register for 200 credits and secure 200 credits

Students, who fail to fulfil all the academic requirements for the award of the degree

within eight academic years from the year of their admission, shall forfeit their seat in

B.Tech course.

The courses of the study and the subject of examinations shall be as approved by the

Academic Council of JNTUH from time to time. The evaluation of student is done on the basis

of the following two components:

(i) as per the guidelines of JNTUH.

(ii) (Theory/practical/viva-voce) that are conducted by JNTUH at the

end of each semester

i. The performance of a student in each semester / I year shall be evaluated subject –wise

with a maximum of 100 marks for theory and 75 marks for practical subject. In

addition, Industry oriented mini-project, seminar and project work shall be evaluated

for 50, 50 and 200 marks respectively.

ii. For theory subjects the distribution shall be 25 marks for Internal Evaluation and 75

marks for the End-Examination.

iii. For theory subjects, during the semester there shall be 2 midterm examinations. Each

midterm examination consists of one objective paper, one subjective paper and one

assignment. The objective paper is for 10 marks and subjective paper is for 10 marks,

with a duration of 1 hour 20 minutes (20 minutes for objective and 60 minutes for

subjective paper). Objective paper is set for 20 bits of – multiple choice questions, fill-in

the blanks, matching type questions – for the 10 marks.

Subjective paper of each semester shall contain 4 full questions (one from each unit) of which, the

student has to answer 2 questions, each carrying 5 marks. First midterm examination shall be

conducted for 1-4 units of syllabus and second midterm examination shall be conducted for 5-8

units. 5 marks are allocated for Assignments (as specified by the concerned subject teacher) –

first Assignment should be submitted before the conduct of the first mid, and the second

Assignment should be submitted before the conduct of the second mid. The total marks secured

by the student in each midterm examination are evaluated for 25 marks, and the better of the two

midterm examinations shall be taken as the final marks secured by each candidate.

However, for first year, there shall be 3 midterm examinations (each for 25 marks),

in a similar pattern as above [1 mid shall be from 1-2 units, 2nd mid from 3-

5 units and 3rd mid shall be from 6-8 units], and the average marks of the best two examinations

secured in each subject shall be considered as final

marks for the internals / sessionals.

Internal Assessment

External Exams

3.1. Distribution and Weightage of Marks

along

with 3 assignments

(each evaluated for a total of 25 marks)

st


iv. For practical subjects there shall be a continuous evaluation during the semester for 25sessional marks and 50 end examination marks. Out of the 25 marks for internal, day-to-day work in the laboratory shall be evaluated for 15 marks and internal examinationfor practical shall be evaluated for 10 marks conducted by the concerned laboratoryteacher. The end examination shall be conducted with external examiner andlaboratory teacher. The external examiner shall be appointed from the cluster ofcolleges as decided by the University examination branch.

v. For the subject having design and / or drawing, (such as Engineering Graphics,Engineering Drawing, Machine Drawing) and estimation, the distribution shall be 25marks for internal evaluation (15 marks for day-to-day work and 10 marks for internaltests) and 75 marks for end examination. There shall be two internal tests in aSemester and the better of the two shall be considered for the award of marks forinternal tests. However in the I year class, there shall be three tests and the average ofbest two will be taken into consideration.

vi. There shall be an industry-oriented mini-Project, in collaboration with an industry oftheir specialization, to be taken up during the vacation after III year II Semesterexamination. However, the mini project and its report shall be evaluated with theproject work in IV year II Semester. The industry oriented mini project shall besubmitted in report form and should be presented before the committee, which shallbe evaluated for 50 marks. The committee consists of an external examiner, head of thedepartment, the supervisor of mini project and a senior faculty member of thedepartment. There shall be no internal marks for industry oriented mini project.

vii. There shall be a seminar presentation in IV year II Semester. For the seminar, thestudent shall collect the information on a specialized topic and prepare a technicalreport, showing his understanding over the topic, and submit to the department,which shall be evaluated by the Departmental committee consisting of Head of thedepartment, seminar supervisor and a senior faculty member. The seminar reportshall be evaluated for 50 marks. There shall be no external examination for seminar.

viii. There shall be a Comprehensive Viva-Voce in IV year II semester. The ComprehensiveViva-Voce will be conducted by a Committee consisting of (i) Head of the Department(ii) two Senior Faculty members of the Department. The Comprehensive Viva-Voce isaimed to assess the students' understanding in various subjects he / she studiedduring the B.Tech course of study. The Comprehensive Viva-Voce is evaluated for 100marks by the Committee. There are no internal marks for the Comprehensive viva-voce.

ix. Out of a total of 200 marks for the project work, 50 marks shall be for InternalEvaluation and 150 marks for the End Semester Examination. The End SemesterExamination (viva-voce) shall be conducted by the same committee appointed forindustry oriented mini project. In addition the project supervisor shall also beincluded in the committee. The topics for industry oriented mini project, seminar andproject work shall be different from each other. The evaluation of project work shall beconducted at the end of the IV year. The Internal Evaluation shall be on the basis of twoseminars given by each student on the topic of his project.


x. Laboratory marks and the sessional marks awarded by the College are not final. They

are subject to scrutiny and scaling by the University wherever necessary. In such cases,

the sessional and laboratory marks awarded by the College will be referred to a

Committee. The Committee will arrive at a scaling factor and the marks will be scaled

as per the scaling factor. The recommendations of the Committee are final and binding.

The laboratory records and internal test papers shall be preserved in the respective

institutions as per the University norms and shall be produced to the Committees of

the University as and when the same is asked for.

The following academic requirements have to be satisfied in addition to the attendance

requirements mentioned in the previous point.

i. A student shall be deemed to have satisfied the minimum academic requirements and

earned the credits allotted to each theory or practical design or drawing subject or

project if he secures not less than 35% of marks in the end examination and a minimum

of 40% of marks in the sum total of the internal evaluation and end examination taken

together.

ii. A student shall be promoted from II to III year only if he fulfills the academic

requirement of credits from one regular and one supplementary examinations of I

year, and one regular examination of II year I semester irrespective of whether the

candidate takes the examination or not.

iii. A student shall be promoted from third year to fourth year only if he fulfills the

academic requirements of total credits from the following examinations, whether

the candidate takes the examinations or not.

a. Two regular and two supplementary examinations of I year.

b. Two regular and one supplementary examinations of II year I semester.

c. One regular and one supplementary examinations of II year II semester.

d. One regular examination of III year I semester.

iv. A student shall register and put up minimum attendance in all 200 credits and earn the

200 credits. Marks obtained in all 200 credits shall be considered for the calculation of

percentage of marks.

v. Students who fail to earn 200 credits as indicated in the course structure within eight

academic years from the year of their admission shall forfeit their seat in B.Tech course

and their admission shall stand cancelled.

i. The entire course of study is of four academic years. The first year shall be on yearly

pattern and the second, third and fourth years on semester pattern.

ii. A student eligible to appear for the end examination in a subject, but absent at it or has

failed in the end examination may appear for that subject at the supplementary

examination.

3.2 Minimum Academic Requirements:

37

62

3.3. Course pattern:


iii. When a student is detained due to lack of credits / shortage of attendance he may be re-

admitted when the semester / year is offered after fulfillment of academic regulations,

whereas the academic regulations hold good with the regulations he was first

admitted.

After a student has satisfied the requirements prescribed for the completion of the program

and is eligible for the award of B. Tech. Degree he shall be placed in one of the following four

classes:

(The marks in internal evaluation and end examination shall be shown separately in the

marks memorandum)

The minimum instruction days for each semester/I year shall be 90/180 clear instruction days.

i. The academic regulation should be read as a whole for the purpose of any

interpretation.

ii. In the case of any doubt or ambiguity in the interpretation of the above rules, the

decision of the Vice-Chancellor is final.

iii. The University may change or amend the academic regulations or syllabi at any time

and the changes or amendments made shall be applicable to all the students with effect

from the dates notified by the University.

B.Tech

40% in each theory paper

40% in each practical/viva-voce examination

40% in the aggregate of sessional and examination for each theory &

practical subject

Student should score min. of 26 marks out of 75 in the external exam and it is mandatory to score

40 marks (external+ internal) out of 100 to pass in each subject.

3.4. Award of Class:

3.5. Minimum Instruction Days:

3.6. General:

3.7. What are the minimum marks to pass the year/semester exam.

Course

Criterion

Class Awarded % of marks to be securedFrom the aggregate

marks secured for the

best 200 Credits.

First Class with Distinction 70% and above

First Class Below 70% but not less than 60%

Second Class Below 60% but not less than 50%

Pass Class Below 50% but not less than 40%


3.8 How can I monitor and improve my performance in academics before I flunk in

Internal / External examinations?

Mock Test

Bridge

classes

3.9 What is a Course Schedule?

3.10 How can I monitor and improve my performance in academics after I flunk in

External Examinations?

Remedial Classes

Remedial Classes

4. Is there any Concept of Mentoring the students?

5. How are the parents expected to participate in mentoring the students?

Special support is provided to students not performing up to the mark by organizing classes

exclusively for such students. The College shall put up a list of students who, in its opinion,

should attend these classes based on the marks scored in after completion of

each unit. Students whose names appear in this list are advised to take advantage of

.

The Subject wise Course Schedule specifies the week when the mock test will be conducted

and the schedule of the Bridge Classes.

Course Schedule is a detailed session wise, week wise course delivery plan prepared for

each subject. Students should refer the course schedule to prepare the topic of next class in

advance for the participative teaching learning process in the class.

After the university results are announced, list of subject wise failure students will be

prepared and will be conducted for them for previous semester subjects

by senior faculty members of the department. It is mandatory for students with backlogs in

the previous year/semester to attend these and pass with good

percentage.

For every 20 student one faculty is allocated as mentor (women faculty members

exclusively for girls) appointed by the Head of the Department. The mentor maintains the

data of progress of a student which includes the academic performance in the sessional

exams, the attendance discipline etc. The mentor will update the parents every day about

their wards attendance.

The mentor monitors the student to ensure that he/ she is regular, punctual, attentive to

class work and excel in the academics during his entire course in this institution. The

mentor also gives time-to-time advice on matters of academics as well as personal concern.

Students are advised to share any problem related to their academics or personal issues

with the respective mentor for quick redress.

Parents should meet the mentor of their ward once in a month to know about the academic

progress/ behavior of the students. The parents will be informed about the academic

performance and shortage of attendance of their ward through phone call, SMS, Email and

post. Therefore parents are advised to update the counselor/HOD of the dept regarding any

change in communication details like phone numbers or residential address. Parents are

expected to encourage their wards to follow the college rules and regulations and

participate in various activities and training programmes.


6. When do I have to pay Tuition fee?

7. When do I have to pay Exam fee?

8. What are the Employment Enhancement activities conducted in the college?

8.1 Language Proficiency:

8.2 Campus Recruitment Training (CRT):

8.3 Industry – Academia Interaction

8.4 Center for Human Excellence:

8.5 Student club activities (Co curricular and Extracurricular activities):

Students shall be required to pay the college fee within 15 days of the commencement of the

academic year. Otherwise per day they have to pay Rs 50/- as fine. If students are not able to

pay the college fee then they are not eligible to pay the exam fee.

Students shall be required to pay the fee in SEP/OCT for odd semester and FEB/MAR for

even semester respectively i.e. prior to the start of University semester exams.

The College lays great stress on Language Proficiency classes. These are conducted to

augment student communication, group working and group learning skills. Experience

shows that these skills contribute directly in improving job prospects of students in the best

companies. These skills not only enhances better prospects for selection in interviews but it

also leads to enhanced salary packages being offered. Students are expected to treat these

classes with the same seriousness as regular classes. Marks for General Proficiency are

awarded on the basis of evaluation of work done in these classes. The requirement of

minimum attendance specified by JNTUH applies to General proficiency as well.

To enhance employability skills of our students and to give them a competitive edge over

others, the college organizes training programmes during vacation periods. Training

programmes are organized at the end of second year and third year during the summer

vacation. Students should be prepared to undergo all such training programmes with out

any exemption.

:

The College also makes arrangements for invited talks, guest lectures and seminars by

eminent personalities drawn from academia and industry. The aim is to update the students

about the latest technology and industrial practices and bridge the gap between academics

& industry. Participation in such events is compulsory.

Swami Vivekananda Institute for Human Excellence has an

in house centre in our campus, wherein human values are instilled in students through

various lectures organized by experts in grooming students in life skills and preparing them

to sustain the myriad challenges they may have to face in life.

Employers in the

globalized world look forward for exuberant and active employees besides the necessary

technical skills. To niche an edge over other candidates, he/she is expected to enrich his/her

profile which reflects an all round personality.


SCHEDULE FOR STUDENT CLUB ACTIVITIES

Timings: 3.10 p.m. to 4.00 p.m

Sl. No. Name of the Club Day

1 Singing Club

Monday2 Creative Writing / Scrabble Club

3 Basket Ball Club

4 Volley Ball Club

5 Musical Instruments Club

Tuesday

6 Painting Club

7 Helping Hands Club

8 College Magazine

9 Students Voice / Press

10 Throw Ball Club

11 Debate Club

Wednesday12 Photography Club

13 Athletic Club

Department Technical Clubs

14 Orators / Elocution Club

Thursday15 Radio Club

16 Tennis

17 Shuttle Club

18 Quiz ClubFriday

19 Chess Club

20 Table Tennis Club

21 Poetry Club

Saturday

22 Shayari/ Ghazal Club

23 Drama / Mimicry Club

24 Dance Club

25 Foot ball Club

26 Cricket Club

27 Science Club


COLLEGE ALMANAC FOR B.TECH II YR 2012-13

COURSE STRUCTURE

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING II YEAR II SEMESTER

Commencement of class work

II SEMESTER

17.12.2012

I Spell of Instructions 17.12.2012 09.02.2013(8w)

FRESHER’S PARTY – I YR

TECHNOFLAIR 05.01. 2013

Mock Test I 07.01. 2013 12.01.2013

REPUBLIC DAY CELEBRATION 26.01. 2013

I Mid Examinations 11.02.2013 16.02.2013(1w)

II Spell of Instructions 18.02.2013 13.04.2013(8w)

Mock Test II 18.03. 2013 23.03. 2013

BHAGAT SINGH COMMEMRATION DAY 23.03. 2013

ANNUAL DAY CELEBRATIONS

FAREWELL PARTY

II Mid Examinations 15.04.2013 20.04.2013 (1w)

Preparations & Practical Examinations 22.04.2013 04.05.2013 (2w)

End semester Examinations 06.05.2013 18.05.2013(2w)

Supplementary Examinations 20.05.2013 01.06.2013(2w)

Summer vacation 02.06.2013 30.06.2013(4w)

Commencement of class work for the A. Y.

2013-14

01.07.2013 (Mon)

Code Subject L T/P/D C

54040 Aerodynamics -I 4 1 4

54041 Aircraft Production Technology 3 1 3

54042 Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4 - 4

54043 Aerospace Vehicle Structures - I 3 1 3

54044 Introduction to Space Technology 3 1 3

54045 Flight Mechanics -I 4 1 4

54632 Aircraft Production Technology - 3 2

54633 Electrical and Electronic Engineering - 3 2

TOTAL 21 11 25


AERODYNAMICS – I (54040)

COURSE PURPOSE

COURSE STRUCTURE

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES:

COURSE SYLLABUS:

UNIT – I: Review of Fluid Mechanics

UNIT – II: INVISCID, INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

UNIT – III: Viscous FLOW AND BOUNDARY LAYERS

:

The purpose of the course is to introduce a very important field of aeronautics to the student.

:

Review Of Fluid Mechanics

Inviscid , Incompressible Flow

Viscous Flow And Boundary Layers

Incompressible Flow Over Airfoils

Incompressible Flow Over Wings & Bodies

Aerodynamic Characteristics Of Airfoils And Wings

Propellers

At the end of the course the student will be in a position to understand the basic and advanced

concepts involved in aerodynamics. The course will equip him with the analyzing and

experimental skills involved in aerodynamics. The course will strengthen the mathematics,

physics and fluid engineering basics of the student.

Aerodynamics-importance, the flow field, fundamental aerodynamic variables, aerodynamic

force & moment co-efficient, dimensional analysis, flow similarity, classification of fluid flows.

The continuity, momentum & energy equations in integral form and in differential form, Euler's

equation. Methods of determination of flow-analytical and numerical methods.

Angular velocity, vorticity and circulation. Kelvin's theorem. Irrotational flow. The velocity

potential. Stream function for 2-D incompressible flow. Laplace's equation. Boundary

conditions at infinity and at the wall. Elementary flows and their combinations, non-lifting flow

over a circular cylinder, vortex flow, lifting flow over a cylinder. D'Alembert's paradox. Kutta

Joukowski theorem and generation of lift. Non-lifting flows over arbitrary bodies- numerical

source panel method. Real flow over circular cylinder.

Role of viscosity in fluid flow. The Navier-Stoke's equation, boundary layer approximation.

Boundary layer thickness, growth along a flat surface. Laminar boundary layers. Surface friction

drag. Boundary layer separation. Transition. Turbulent boundary layers, turbulence modeling,

eddy viscosity and mixing length concepts. The momentum integral equation. Approximate

solutions for laminar, turbulent and mixed boundary layers-computational methods. Thermal

boundary layer. Reynolds's analogy

•••••••


UNIT – IV: INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW OVER AIRFOILS

UNIT – V: INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW OVER WINGS & BODIES-I

.

UNIT-VI: INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW OVER WINGS & BODIES-II

UNIT-VII: AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOILS AND WINGS

UNIT-VIII: PROPELLERS

.

Course textbook and references:

REFERENCES

Theoretical solutions of low speed flow over airfoils-the vortex sheet representation. The kutta

condition. Kelvin's circulation theorem and the starting vortex. The thin airfoil theory. The

aerodynamic centre. Lifting flows over arbitrary bodies- the vortex panel numerical method.

Airfoil design foe prescribed lift distribution. Real flow over an airfoil. Effect of boundary layer

transition and surface roughness on the aerodynamic forces.

Downwash and induced drag. The vortex filament- Biot-Stavart's law. Helmholtz's theorems.

The starting bound and trailing vortices. Prandtl's classical lifting line theory for un-swept

wings-determination of lift. Vortex induced drag. Nonlinear lifting-line, lifting surface and vortex

lattice numerical methods

The mechanism of lift generation on delta wing in subsonic flow. Leading edge extensions to

wings. 3-D flow-source, doublet, flow over sphere. General 3-D flows-panel techniques. Real

flow over sphere. Asymmetric loads on fuselage at high angles of attack-asymmetric vortex

shedding. Wake-like flows, Flow field about aircraft at high angles of attack.

Aerodynamic force and moment coefficients. The drag polar, The lift curve slope, maximum lift

coefficient, minimum drag coefficient, lift drag ratio-effect of airfoil and wing geometry

parameters, Reynolds's no., boundary layer transition and surface roughness. NACA airfoils,

laminar flow airfoils, supercritical airfoils. Aerodynamics of drag reduction and lift

augmentation methods-flap systems, leading edge devices, multi-element airfoils. Power

augmented lift, circulation control, laminar flow control, winglets.

Geometry of propeller, Rankine – Froude momentum theory of propulsion, airscrew coefficients,

thrust, torque, power coefficients, propulsive efficiency, activity factor, airscrew pitch; geometric

pitch, experimental mean pitch, effect of geometric pitch on airscrew performance, blade

element theory, the vortex system of an airscrew, rotational inflow and outflow, performance of a

blade element, compressibility effects, use of propeller charts, propeller selection, propeller

design

1. Aerodynamics For Engineers, 4 edition bertin j.j., Pearson education,2002.

2. Fundamental Of Aerodynamics, Anderson Jr. J.D., International edition,2001

Mc Cormick, B.W. Aerodynamics, AERONAUTICS & FLIGHT MECHANICS, IInd edition. 1995

th


COURSE SCHEDULE:

The course will proceed as follows for all sections. Please note that the week and the classes in

each week are relative to each section.

Lecture Week Topic Reference

UNIT – 1 REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS

1. Week – 1 Aerodynamics-importance, the flow field,

fundamental aerodynamic variables

FUNDAMENTAL

OF

AERODYNAMICS

2. Aerodynamic force & moment co-efficient,

dimensional analysis

3. Flow similarity,

4. Classification of fluid flows.

5. The continuity equations in integral form and in

differential form.

6. Week – 2 Momentum equations in integral form and in

differential form.

7. Energy equations in integral form and in

differential form.

8. Euler’s equation.

9. Methods of determination of flow-analytical and

numerical methods

GUEST LECTURE - 1

UNIT – 2 INVISCID, INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

10. Week – 3 Angular velocity, vorticity and circulation.

FUNDAMENTAL

OF

AERODYNAMICS

11. Kelvin’s theorem

12. Irrotational flow. The velocity potential.

13. Stream function for 2-D incompressible flow.

Laplace’s equation. Boundary conditions at

infinity and at the wall.

15.

14.

Week – 4 Elementary flows and their combinations, non-

lifting flow over a circular cylinder

16. Vortex flow, lifting flow over a cylinder.

17. D’Alembert’s paradox. Kutta Joukowski theorem

and generation of lift

18. Non-lifting flows over arbitrary bodies-

numerical source panel method

19. Real flow over circular cylinder.

MOCK TEST – I

Bridge Class 1


UNIT – 3 VISCOUS FLOW AND BOUNDARY LAYERS

20. Week – 5 Role of viscosity in fluid flow. The Navier-Stoke’s

equation, boundary layer approximation

FUNDAMENTAL

OF

AERODYNAMICS

21. Boundary layer thickness, growth along a flat

surface

22. Laminar boundary layers. Surface friction drag.

23. Boundary layer separation. Transition

24. Turbulent boundary layers, turbulence modeling

Bridge Class 2

25. Week – 6 Eddy viscosity and mixing length concepts

26. The momentum integral equation

27. Approximate solutions for laminar, turbulent

and mixed boundary layers-computational

methods.

28. Thermal boundary layer

29. Reynolds’s analogy

Bridge Class 3

GUEST LECTURE - 2

UNIT – 4 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW OVER AIRFOILS

30. Week – 7 Theoretical solutions of low speed flow over

airfoils-the vortex sheet representation

FUNDAMENTAL

OF

AERODYNAMICS

31. The Kutta Condition. Kelvin’s Circulation

Theorem

32. Kelvin’s Circulation Theorem and the Starting

Vortex.

33. The Thin Airfoil Theory

34. The aerodynamic centre

Bridge Class 4

35. Week – 8 Lifting flows over arbitrary bodies- the Vortex

panel numerical method

FUNDAMENTAL

OF

AERODYNAMICS

36. Airfoil design for prescribed lift distribution.

37. Real flow over an airfoil.

38. Effect of boundary layer transition and surface

roughness on the aerodynamic forces.

39. Effect of boundary layer transition and surface

roughness on the aerodynamic forces

Bridge Class 5

I Mid Examinations (Week 9)

UNIT – 5 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW OVER WINGS & BODIES-I

40. Week – 9

(3days) &

10

FUNDAMENTAL

OF

AERODYNAMICS

41.

42.

-

-

B

Biot

-

-

Stavart’s law

Downwash and induced drag

The vortex filament

The vortex filament

iot

Stavart’s law


43. Helmholtz’s theorems

44. The starting bound and trailing vortices

Bridge Class 6

45. Week – 11 Prandtl’s classical lifting line theory for un-swept

wings-determination of lift

46. Prandtl’s classical lifting line theory for un-swept

wings-determination of lift

47. Vortex induced drag

48. Nonlinear lifting-line numerical methods.

49. Lifting surface and vortex lattice numerical

methods.

Bridge Class 7

GUEST LECTURE - 3

UNIT – 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW OVER WINGS & BODIES-II

50. Week – 12 The mechanism of lift generation on delta wing in

subsonic flow

FUNDAMENTAL

OF

AERODYNAMICS

51. Leading edge extensions to wings

52. 3-D flow-source, doublet

53. flow over sphere

54. General 3-D flows-panel techniques

Bridge Class 8

55. Week – 13 Real flow over sphere

56. Asymmetric loads on fuselage at high angles of

attack-asymmetric vortex shedding

57. Wake-like flows.

58. Flow field about aircraft at high angles of attack

MOCK TEST - II

Bridge Class 9

UNIT – 7 AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOILS AND WINGS

59. Week – 14 Aerodynamic force and moment coefficients

AERODYNAMICS

FOE ENGINEERS

60. The drag polar. The lift curve slope,

61. Maximum lift coefficient, minimum drag

coefficient,

62. Lift drag ratio-effect of airfoil and wing

geometry parameters

63. Reynolds’s no., boundary layer transition and

surface roughness

Bridge Class 10


64. Week – 15 NACA airfoils

65. Laminar flow airfoils, supercritical airfoils

66. Aerodynamics of drag reduction and lift

augmentation methods-flap systems, leading

edge devices, multi-element airfoils

67. Aerodynamics of drag reduction and lift

augmentation methods-flap systems, leading

edge devices, multi-element airfoils

68. Power augmented lift, circulation control,

laminar flow control, winglets.

Bridge Class 11

GUEST LECTURE – 4

UNIT – 8 PROPELLERS

69. Week – 16 Geometry of propeller, Rankine – Froude

momentum theory of propulsion

AERODYNAMICS

FOE ENGINEERS

70. Airscrew coefficients, thrust, torque

71. power coefficients, propulsive efficiency, activity

factor

72. Airscrew pitch; geometric pitch, experimental

mean pitch

73. Effect of geometric pitch on airscrew

performance

Bridge Class 12

74. Week-17 Blade element theory

75. The vortex system of an airscrew

76. Rotational inflow and outflow

77. Performance of a blade element, compressibility

effects,

78. Use of propeller charts, propeller selection,

propeller design.

Bridge Class 13

II Mid Examinations (Week 18)


QUESTION BANK

1. Consider flow over an unsymmetrical airfoil at = 0o in a real fluid. What are the forces and

moments developed on the airfoil in this configuration? Make use of aerodynamics and

sketches to explain the answer.

2. Show from dimensional analysis that the pitching moments M = f [ , Re, Ma] on an airfoil

is proportional to the square of the free stream velocity. What are your comments on this

result?

3. Define the term circulation. Prove from the configuration of a rotating cylinder that the lift

generated on the circular cylinder is given by l = Sketch the pressure distribution in this

case as well as the same for a stationary cylinder on one plot.

4. Make use of the Complex Potential Function theory to obtain flow around a rotating circular

cylinder. Work out its dimensions and streamlines over this object. Show that the pressure

distribution over this object is given by Cp = [1−(2 + 2_Ua )2]. Does it get lifted up?

Present your work out

5. Make use of the thin airfoil theory to work out an expression for Cl and Cm for a flat plate of

chord 450 mm. Obtain the results at =1.50 . Where does the centre of pressure lie in this

case? What is CmLE in this case?

6. A monoplane weighing 7.36×104 N has elliptic wings with 15.23m span. For a speed of 90

m/s and at low level st. and level flight, find (a) the vortex (induced) drag, (b) the circulation

round the sections halfway along the wings? Determine the downwash due to the

equivalent HSV {with 0 determined from (b) above}one wing span down stream of the

wing.

7. Lifting surface theory predicts better lift distribution on a wing with a low aspect ratio and

of a given platforms. Can you demonstrate the verification of the statement?

(b) Compare the formulation in (a) above with that in the classical lifting line theory with

details.

8. A constant source distribution of strength (x) = = 57 is placed along x-axis (x1=1.0 to

x2

roblem of your choice.

α

α, CM

ρUΓ

Sinθ

α

σ σ

�

�

=3.5). Obtain the velocity potential Ф(x,z) and velocity components (u,v) at(4.5,7.5).

Represent the source panel and the point P on a diagram. Explain the situation like this

occurring for a non lifting p


9. A 2-d point vortex of strength 60 units is located at G (2.5, 3.1). Develop an expression for

velocity potential and that for velocity components (u,v) at P(5.5,5.5). Determine their

numerical values as well.

10. What are the preliminary considerations required prior to establishing of a numerical

method to work out solution of a lifting problem of a flat plate? Explain in details.

11. (a) Define lift, drag, lift coefficient and drag coefficient.

(b) Define and describe various drag coefficients.

12. Explain briefly about the lift, drag and moment used in analysis of airplane

13. Derive the fundamental equation of thin airfoil theory,

Where the integration is carried out from the leading edge to the trailing edge of an airfoil

and prove that the lift coefficient is proportional to angle of attack for a cambered airfoil.

14. Explain in detail Helmholtz's theorem and derive an expression for velocity induced at a

point by a semi-infinite straight vortex _lament.

15. Derive and explain

(a) Laplace's equation

(b) Momentum equation.

16.

17. What are the preliminary considerations prior to establishing a numerical solution to an on

lifting problem using \Source Panel" technique. Hence describe the types of boundary

conditions to be satisfied by such a method

18. (a) Explain the basic principle of conformal transformation.

(b) Explain the length ratios between corresponding elements in transformed planes.

19. A constant strength vortex panel of strength 50 units is located on the axis from X1=3.5 to

X2=6.65. Determine the influence of this vortex panel at a point P (4.5, 4.5) to evaluate

V (u, w).

A 2-D point source with a strength 50 units is located at T(1.0,1.57). Obtain the velocity

potential Ф(x,z) and velocity components(u,v) at P(3.5,2.5)


20. Develop the expressions used for determining

(a) Velocity potential

(b) Velocity components.

21. (a) Describe a sub-sonic wind tunnel.

(b) Describe a bank of manometers.

(c) Describe how drag of a model can be obtained experimentally.

22. Describe the flows viscous, inviscid, compressible, incompressible, rotational and ir-

rotational, and the effects on a wing.

23. A solution to the Laplace equation for incompressible potential flow and pressure

distribution over a circular cylinder is sought by a numerical technique. Making use

24 numbers of constant source panels develop the procedure for obtaining pressure

distribution over a given circular cylinder.

25. Derive how vortex panel method is used for expressing the kutta condition for panels

immediately above and below the trailing edge

26. Consider a low aspect ratio wing planform with LE and TE taper. Make use of lifting surface

theory to develop the following expression (present your work)

Where the terminology is standard for such work in aerodynamics

27. What is effective aspect ratio? Why does the effective angle of attack change at the local

airfoil sections of a wing? Explain induced drag.

28. Explain Kutta-Zhukovsky transformation with the help of one example


AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY (54041)

COURSE PURPOSE

.

COURSE STRUCTURE

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES :

.

COURSE SYLLABUS :

UNIT – I: INTRODUCTION

UNIT – II: WELDING AND BONDING TECHNIQUES

UNIT – III: MACHINING

General principles of working and types Lathe. Shaper,

:

The purpose of the course is to study all the basics of production systems along with

manufacturing of the components

:

Welding and Bonding Techniques

Machining

Sheet Metal Forming

Unconventional Machining

Heat Treatment And Surface Finishing

Aircraft Assembly

Quality Control And Assurance

At the end of the course the student will be in a position to understand the various production

technologies, to manufacture a component of an aircraft or any other general basic components

of various disciplines

Classification and comparison (merits and limitations) of manufacturing process, Criterion for

selection of a process, general principles of various Casting Processes-Sand casting, die-casting,

Centrifugal casting, investment casting, shell molding types.

Principles and equipment used in are welding, Gas welding, Resistance welding, Thermit

welding, recent advance in welding technology, Soldering and brazing techniques

Milling machines, Grinding, Drilling

m/c, CNC machining and general principles, CNC machining and general principles

•••••••


UNIT – IV: SHEET METAL FORMING

UNIT – V: UNCONVENTIONAL MACHINING

UNIT-VI: HEAT TREATMENT AND SURFACE FINISHING

UNIT-VII: AIRCRAFT ASEMBLY

UNIT-VIII: QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE


TEXTBOOKS:

REFERENCES:

Sheet metal operations-shearing, Punching, drop stamp forming, Advanced metal forming

(super plastic forming and diffusion bonding) , Bend correction for bending in single plane,

Automation in bend forming and different operations in bending like stretch forming spinning

etc.

Principles (with schematic diagram only) of working and applications of abrasive jet matching,

Ultrasonic machining, Electric discharge machining, electro chemical machining, Laser

beam/electron beam/plasma are machining.

Heat treatment of Aluminum alloys, steels, case hardening, Initial stresses and the stress

alleviation procedures, Corrosion prevention, protective treatment for aluminum alloys, Steels.

Anodizing of titanium alloys, organic coating and thermal spray coating , Grinding and Polishing,

Burnishing ,Lapping.

Aircraft Tooling Concepts, Jigs, Fixtures, Stages of assembly, Types and equipment for riveted

joints, Bolted joints (only)

Concepts and definitions of quality, Quality circles, Zero defect program, International

standards, Six-sigma quality.

Aircraft Production Techniques - Keshu Sc Ganapatghy

Manufacturing Engineering and Technology- Kalpakajam

Production Technology – R.K. Jain

Production Technology –Op Khanna


COURSE SCHEDULE:




UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION

1. Week – 1 Classification (merits and limitations) of

manufacturing process

Aircraft Production

Techniques - Keshu

Sc Ganapatghy

Manufacturing

Engineering And

Technology-

Kalpakajain

2. Comparison (merits and limitations) of

manufacturing process.

3. Criterion for selection of a process

4. General principles of various Casting Processes

5. Week – 2 Sand casting, die casting

6. Centrifugal casting,

7. Investment casting,

8. Shell molding types

GUEST LECTURE - 1

UNIT – 2 WELDING AND BONDING TECHNIQUES

9. Week – 3 Principles and equipment used in arc welding Aircraft Production

Techniques - Keshu

Sc Ganapatghy

Manufacturing

Engineering And

Technology-

Kalpakajain

10. Principles and equipment used in arc welding

11. Gas welding

12. Resistance welding

13. Week – 4 Thermit welding

14. Recent advance in welding technology

15. Soldering techniques

16. Brazing techniques

MOCK TEST – I

Bridge Class 1

UNIT – 3 MACHINING

17. Week – 5 General principles of working and types Aircraft Production

Techniques - Keshu

Sc Ganapatghy

Manufacturing

Engineering And

Technology-

Kalpakajain

18. Lathe.

19. shaper

20. Milling machines

Bridge Class 2

21. Week – 6 Grinding ,CNC machining

22. CNC general principles

23. Drilling m/c

24. CNC machining and general principles

Bridge Class 3

GUEST LECTURE - 2


UNIT – 4 SHEET METAL FORMING

25. Week –

7

Sheet metal operations-shearing

Aircraft Production

Techniques - Keshu

Sc Ganapatghy

Manufacturing

Engineering And

Technology-

Kalpakajain

26. Punching,

27. drop stamp forming

28. Advanced metal forming (super plastic forming

and diffusion bonding)

Bridge Class 4

29. Week – 8 Bend correction for bending in single plane

30. Automation in bend forming

31. Different operations in bending

32. Stretch forming spinning

Bridge Class 5

I Mid Examinations (Week 9)

UNIT – 5 UNCONVENTIONAL MACHINING

33. Week –

10

Principles (with schematic diagram only) of

working abrasive jet machining

Aircraft Production

Techniques - Keshu

Sc Ganapatghy

Manufacturing

Engineering And

Technology-

Kalpakajain

34. Applications of abrasive jet machining

35. Electric discharge machining

36. Electro chemical machining

Bridge Class 6

37. Week –

11

Laser beam

38. Electron beam

39. Plasma arc machining

40. Schematic diagram

Bridge Class 7

GUEST LECTURE - 3

UNIT – 6 HEAT TREATMENT AND SURFACE FINISHING

41. Week –

12

Heat treatment of Aluminum alloys, Case

hardening

Aircraft Production

Techniques - Keshu

Sc Ganapatghy

Manufacturing

Engineering And

Technology-

Kalpakajain

42. Heat treatment of steels,

43. Initial stresses and the stress alleviation

procedures

44. Corrosion prevention ,protective treatment for

aluminum alloys, Steels

Bridge Class 8

45. Week –

13

Anodizing of titanium alloys, organic coating

46. thermal spray coating

47. Grinding and Polishing, Burnishing ,Lapping

MOCK TEST - II

Bridge Class 9


UNIT – 7 AIRCRAFT ASEMBLY

48. Week –

14

Aircraft Tooling Concepts Aircraft Production

Techniques - Keshu

Sc Ganapatghy

Manufacturing

Engineering And

Technology-

Kalpakajain

49. Jigs

50. Fixtures

51. Stages of assembly

Bridge Class 10

52. Week –

15

Types of riveted joints

53. Bolted joints (only)

54. Equipment for riveted joints

55. Aircraft Tooling Concepts

Bridge Class 11

GUEST LECTURE - 4

UNIT – 8 QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE

56. Week – 16 Concepts of quality Aircraft Production

Techniques - Keshu

Sc Ganapatghy

Manufacturing

Engineering And

Technology-

Kalpakajain

57. Definitions of quality

58. Quality circles

59. Zero defect program

Bridge Class 12

60. Week-17 International standards

61. Six-sigma quality

62. Zero defect program ,

63. International standards

Bridge Class 13

II Mid Examinations (Week 18)


QUESTION BANK

1. What are the various moulding defects and how they are caused?

2. (a) Describe briefly the metallurgical effects of the resistance welding.

(b) Is pre-weld surface preparation important in resistance welding? Justify it.

3. (a) What are the various types drilling machines?

(b) Explain how the size of a drilling machine can be specified

4. (a) Differentiate between direct pilots and indirect pilots?

(b) Briefly explain combination dies and stretch press dies in sheet metal work.

5. (a) Explain the applications of Ultrasonic Machining?

(b) What are advantages and limitations of Ultrasonic Machining?

6. (a) What is the purpose of Normalizing of steels? Explain?

(b) Discuss various applications of Normalizing process.

7. Discuss various precautions to be taken while manufacturing the Components of Jigs and

Fixtures

8. Explain, how “holography technique” records the three-dimensional image of a part

9. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Centrifugal casting

(b) Die casting

Slush casting.

10. (a) Explain the principle of atomic hydrogen welding and the role of hydrogen in this

welding?

(b) What metals are welded now a day by this process?

11. Describe the working principle of radial drilling machine with a neat block diagram.

12. List out various measuring tools and explain with neat sketches

13. Compare the Abrasive Jet Machining and Ultrasonic Machining?

14. (a) Explain the process of quenching of steel.

(b) Discuss the microstructure and properties of steel after hardening.

15. With neat sketches, discuss the type of fixtures used for Bolted joints.

16. (a) What are the advantages of Quality Control?

(b) Quality concentrates on customer satisfaction. Explain

17. Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of various types of furnaces used in

foundry shops.

18. (a) What is the principle cause of cracks in weld metal?

(b) What are the methods of controlling warping during welding?

(c )


19. List and Explain various types of mandrels used in a lathe.

20. What are the various types of sheet metal operations and explain them with neat

sketches?

21. (a) With neat schematic sketch, explain Principle of Electrical Discharge Machining

Process?

(b) What are disadvantages of Electrical Discharge Machining Process?

22. Discuss the surface hardening methods of steel.

23. Write short notes on:

(a) Tool guiding elements

(b) Wedge clamps

(c ) Locking devices

(d) Plastics as fixture component material.

24. (a) Differentiate between Quality and Reliability.

(b) Compare the following:

i. Inspection

ii. Quality Control

iii. Quality assurance.

25. How do you classify various manufacturing processes and compare their merits and

demerits?

26. Describe in detail about the methods / procedures used for welding different materials.

27. How do you classify the grinding process in accordance with the type of surface to be ground

and explain them with neat sketches?

28. (a) Differentiate between shearing and punching operations?

(b) List out various operations that can be performed using a press in sheet metal work.

29. (a) What are the materials that can not be machined by Laser Beam Machining. Why?

(b) Explain the metal removal mechanism in Laser Beam Machining.

(c ) How Laser Beam is used for machining and welding applications? Explain.

30. Discuss various types of hardening methods.

31. Discuss various materials used for components of Jigs and Fixtures.

32. (a) What are the advantages of Quality Control?

(b) Quality concentrates on customer satisfaction. Explain.


ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING-(54042)

COURSE PURPOSE:

COURSE STRUCTURE:


COURSE SYLLABUS:

UNIT-I: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

UNIT-II: DC MACHINES

UNIT-III: TRANSFORMERS

To teach the Course Electrical and Electronics Engineering as prescribed by the JNTU to fulfill the

requirements for the 2 year 2 semester AERO NAUTICAL students.

This course introduces the basic concepts of circuit analysis which is the foundation for all

subjects of the Electrical Engineering and Aero nautical discipline. The emphasis of this course is

laid on the basic analysis of circuits and Machines, Electronics which includes Electrical circuits,

dc Machines, Transformers, A.C Machines, Instruments, Diode and it's characteristics,

Transistors, Cathode ray oscilloscope

This subject deals with Electrical circuits, DC Machines, Transformers, A.C Machines,

Instruments, Diode and its characteristics, Transistors, Cathode ray oscilloscope

At the end of the course the student will be in a position to –

1. Understand the concept of Electrical circuits

2. How to analyse dc Machines, Transformers

3. Understand the concept of A.C Machines

4. Understand the concept of Instruments

5. How to analyse Diode and it's characteristics

6. Understand the concept of Transistors, Cathode ray oscilloscope

Basic definitions, Types of elements, ohm's Law, Resistive networks.

Kirchhoff's Law's, Inductive networks, capacitive networks, series, parallel circuits and star-

delta and delta-star transformations.

Principle of operation of DC Generation-emf equation-types-DC motor types-torque equation-

applications-three point starter.

Principle of operation of single phase transformers-emf equation-losses-efficiency and

regulation.

nd nd


UNIT-IV: AC MACHINES

UNIT-V: INSTRUMENTS

UNIT-VI: DIODE AND IT'S CHARACTERISTICS

UNIT-VII: TRANSISTORS

UNIT-VIII: CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

TEXT BOOKS:

REFERENCES:

Principle of operation of alternators-regulation by synchronous impedance method-principle of

operation of induction motor-slip-torque characteristics-applications.

Basic principle of indicating instruments –permanent magnet moving coil and moving iron

instruments.

P-n junction diode, symbol, V-I Characteristics, Diode Applications, Rectifiers-Half wave and

Bridge rectifiers (simple problems).

PNP and NPN Junction transistor, Transistor as an amplifier, SCR characteristics and applications

Principle of CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), Deflection, sensitivity, Electrostatic and Magnetic

deflection, Applications of CRO-voltage, current and frequency measurements.

1. Essentials of Electrical and computer Engineering by David v.Kerns,

JR.J.David Irwin/Pearson.

2. Principles of Electrical and Electronics Engineering by V.K.Mehta S.Chand & Co

1. Introduction to Electrical Engineering-M.S Naidu and S.Kamakshaiah, TMH Publ.

2. Basic Electrical Engineering by Kothari and Nagrath, TMH Publications,2 Edition.nd


UNIT-I: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

1. Week – 1 Introduction to the Electrical Engineering

1.Introduction to

Electrical Engineering-

M.S Naidu and

S.Kamakshaiah

2. Basic Electrical

Engineering by Kothari

and Nagrath

2. Basic definitions

3. Types of elements

4. Ohm’s Law

5. Resistive networks

6. Kirchhoff’s law’s

7. Inductive networks

8. Problems

9. Problems

10. Week – 2 Capacitive networks

11. Series, parallel circuits

12. Star- delta and delta-star transformations.

13. Problems

14. Problems

GUEST LECTURE -1MOCK TEST-1

UNIT-II: DC MACHINES15. Week – 3 Principle of operation of DC Generation

1.Introduction to

Electrical Engineering-

M.S Naidu and

S.Kamakshaiah

2. Basic Electrical

Engineering by Kothari

and Nagrath

16. Emf equation

17. Generator types

18. Problems

19. Problems

20. ProblemsBridge Class 1

21. Week – 4 DC motor types

22. Torque equation

23. Applications.

24. Three point starter.

25. Problems

26. Problems

Bridge Class 2

UNIT-III: TRANSFORMERS

27. Week – 5 Principle of operation of single phase

transformers

1.Introduction to

Electrical

Engineering-M.S

Naidu and

S.Kamakshaiah

2. Basic Electrical

Engineering by

Kothari and Nagrath

28. Emf equation

29. Losses

30. Problems

31. Problems

Bridge class-2


Course Schedule:


each week are relative to each section


32. Week – 6 Efficiency

33. Regulation.

34. Problems.

35. Problems

Bridge class-4

GUEST LECTURE-2

UNIT-IV: AC MACHINES

36. Week – 7 Principle of operation of alternators

1.Introduction to

Electrical

Engineering-M.S

Naidu and

S.Kamakshaiah

2. Basic Electrical

Engineering by

Kothari and

Nagrath

37. Regulation by synchronous impedance

method

38. Principle of operation of induction motor

39. Problems

40. Problems,

41. Problems

Bridge class-5

42. Week – 8 Slip-torque characteristics-

43. Applications.

44. Problems

45. Problems

46. Problems

Bridge class-6

Week-9 MID-I EXAMS

UNIT-V: INSTRUMENTS

47.

Week – 10

Introduction

1.Introduction to

Electrical

Engineering-M.S

Naidu and

S.Kamakshaiah

2. Basic Electrical

Engineering by

Kothari and Nagrath

48. Basic principle of indicating instruments

49. Problems

50. Problems

51. Problems

Bridge class-7

52.

Week

Week -12

– 11

Permanent magnet moving coil

53. Moving iron instruments

54. Problems

55. Problems

56. Problems

Bridge class-8

GUEST LECTURE-3

UNIT-VI: DIODE AND IT’S CHARACTERISTICS

1.Introduction to

Electrical

Engineering-M.S

Naidu and

S.Kamakshaiah

57. P-N junction diode

58. Symbol

59. V-I Characteristics

60. Diode Applications

61. Problems

Bridge Class - 9


62. Rectifiers

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

Half wave

Bridge Rectifiers

Problems

MOCK TEST - II

Bridge Class - 10

UNIT - VII : TRANSISTORSPNP and NPN Junction Transistor

Transistor as an amplifier

Problems

Problems

Bridge Class - 11

SCR Characteristics

Applications

Problems

Problems

Bridge Class - 12

GUEST LECTURE - 4

UNIT - VIII – CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

Principle of CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

Deflection

Sensitivity

Electrostatic and Magnetic Deflection

Problems

Problems

Bridge Class - 13

Applications of CRO

Voltage Measurements

Current Measurements

Frequency Measurements

Bridge Class - 14

MID-II EXAMS

Week - 13

Week - 14

Week - 15

Week - 16

Week - 17

Week - 18

2. Basic Electrical

Engineering by

Kothari and

Nagrath

1. Introduction to

Electrical Engineering

M.S. Naidu and

S. Kamakshaiah

2. Basic Electrical

Engineering by

Kothari and Nagrath

1. Introduction to


M.S. Naidu and

S. Kamakshaiah

2. Basic Electrical

Engineering by

Kothari and Nagrath

1. Introduction to


M.S. Naidu and

S. Kamakshaiah

2. Basic Electrical

Engineering by

Kothari and Nagrath


QUESTION BANK

UNIT - I

UNIT-II

1. Explain the types of elements and also ohm's Laws?

2. Write short notes on

a). Resistive elements b). Inductive elements c). capacitive elements

3. Derive the star-delta and delta-sart?

4. Derive the series and parallel connections?

5 (a) State the voltage current relationships for:

I. Resistance

ii. Inductance and

iii. Capacitance

6. (a) With neat diagrams explain the voltage-current relationships for:

i. Inductance and

ii. Capacitance, and also give their energy Consumption.

7. (a) When two capacitances of values C1, C2 Farads are connected in series. Find its

equivalent capacitance

8. When a DC voltage is applied to a capacitor, the voltage across its terminals is found to build

up in accordance with VC = 50(1-e 100t). After a lapse of 0.01 Seconds, the current low is

equal to 2mA:

(a) Find the value of capacitance.

(b) How much energy is stored in the electric field by that time?

1. (a) Draw speed-torque characteristics of all types of dc motors. Mention industrial

applications of each of these motors.

(b) A 250 V dc shunt machine has line current of 80 A. It has armature and _eld resistances

of 0.1 ohms and 125 ohms respectively. Calculate power developed in armature when

running as

i. Generator

ii. Motor

2. (a) Write down the similarities and dissimilarities between motors and generators in

principle of operation & applications point of veiw.

(b) The power input to a 230V dc shunt motor is 8477 KW. The field resistance is 230 ohms

and armature resistance is 0.28 ohms. Find the input current, armature current and

back EMF.

�


3. (a) Why is the shunt generator characteristic on load drooping and turns back as it is over

loaded. What is meant by break point?

(b) A 1500 KW, 600 V, 16 pole separately excited dc generator runs at 200 rpm

It has 2500 lap connected conductors and full load copper losses are 25 KW.

Calculate the useful flux per pole and the generated voltage.

4. Write short notes on the following :

(a) Classification of DC generators with examples

(b) Internal & External characteristics of DC generators

(c ) Self excitation mode of DC machine

(d) Open circuit characteristics of a DC generator.


(a) Classification of DC generators with examples

(b) Internal & External characteristics of DC generators

(c ) Self excitation mode of DC machine

(d) Open circuit characteristics of a DC generator.

1. Explain the procedure for conducting OC and SC tests on a single phase transformer with

neat diagrams & give the justification for each assumption.

2. (a) The data obtained on 100 KVA, 1100V, 3-phase alternator is:

DC resistance test: E between lines = 6V dc, I in lines = 10 A dc

O.C test: field current = 12.5 A, Voltage between lines =420V

SC test: field current = 12.5 A, line current = rated value.

Calculate the voltage regulation of alternator at 0.8 power factor lagging.

(b) A 3-phase star connected synchronous motor has synchronous reactance of 4 ohms

per phase and is working on 1100 V bus bar. Calculate the power factor of this machine

when taking 90 KW from the mains, the excitation being adjusted to a value

corresponding to an induced emf of 1200 V. Neglect armature resistance

3. (a) The data obtained on 100 KVA, 1100V, 3-phase alternator is:

DC resistance test: E between lines = 6V dc, I in lines = 10 A dc

O.C test: field current = 12.5 A, Voltage between lines =420V

SC test: field current = 12.5 A, line current = rated value.

Calculate the voltage regulation of alternator at 0.8 power factor lagging.

(b) A 3-phase star connected synchronous motor has synchronous reactance of 4 ohms

per phase and is working on 1100 V bus bar. Calculate the power factor of this machine

when taking 90 KW from the mains, the excitation being adjusted to a value

corresponding to an induced emf of 1200 V. Neglect armature resistance

UNIT-III


4. (a) A 200KVA 1-_ transformer is in circuit continuously for 8 hours in a day, the load is 160

kW at 0.8 power factor for 6 hours, the load is 80kw at unity power factor and for the

remaining period of 24 hours it runs on no-load. Full-load copper losses are 3.02 kW

and the iron losses are 1.6 kW. Find all-day efficiency.

(b) The maximum efficiency of a 100 KVA, single phase transformer is 98% and occurs at

80% of full load. If the leakage impedance of the transformer is 5%, and the voltage

regulation at rated load of 0.8 power factor lagging & at ½ load 0.8 pf leading

5. (a) Draw and explain no-load phasor diagram for a single phase Transformer.

(b) A single phase transformer with 10:1 turn ratio and rated at 50 KVA, 2400/240 V, 50

Hz is used to step down the voltage of a distribution system. The low tension voltage is

to be Kept constant at 240 V. Find the value of load impedance of the low tension side so

that the transformer will be loaded fully.

Find also the value of maximum flux inside the core if the low tension side has 23 turns.

1. (a) Explain armature reaction in synchronous motors.

(b) Name deferent methods of starting a synchronous motors.


(a) V & I curves of synchronous motor

(b) Main characteristics of a synchronous motor

(c ) Hunting

(d) Damper windings.

3. (a) The effective resistance of a 2200 V, 50 Hz, 440 KVA, 3-phase alternator is 0.5 ohms on

short circuit a field current of 40 amps gives the full load Current of 200 A. The emf on

open circuit with the same excitation is 1160V.

(b) Explain the emf method for winding the regulation of an Alternator.

4. A 4-pole, 50 Hz induction motor has a full load slip of 5 %. Each rotor phase has a resistance

of 0.3 ohms and a stand still reactance of 1.2 ohms. Find the ratio of the maximum torque to

the full load torque and the speed at which the maximum torque occurs.

5. Explain principle operation of alternator?


(a) Ideal transformer.

(b) Transformation ratio.

(c ) Practical transformer.

(d) Temperature control of transformers.

UNIT-IV

UNIT-V


2. (a) Explain the following terms :

i. Absolute instruments

ii. Secondary instruments.

(b) i. Explain the different e methods used in secondary instruments

ii. The full scale torque of a 5 A moving iron ammeter is 9.8 _106 N-m.

Estimate the rate of change of self inductance of the instrument at full Scale.

3. (a) Derive the equation for the capacitance connected in shunt for the compensation of

frequency errors in moving iron instruments.

(b) A dynamometer wattmeter reading power correctly on DC is used to measure power in

a circuit consisting of a resistance of 2 ohms and an inductance of 0.25H. The supply is

from a 100V, 50Hz mains. The Voltage circuit of the wattmeter has a resistance of 1000

ohms and an inductance of 5.6mH.

What will be the reading of the watt meter on the 50Hz mains? Neglect the impedance of the

current coil. The pressure coil is connected on the load side of the instrument.

4. (a) List the advantages of gravity control over spring control.

(b) List the different types of materials used in components of spring and gravity

control.

5. (a) Explain Eddy current damping with neat diagram.

(b) Derive the torque equation for induction type instruments.

6. (a) Prove that the spring control gives you a linear scale and gravity control of a

cramped scale.

(b) Derive the equation of defecting torque in terms of inductance for a moving iron

Instruments.

1. (a) Derive the relations between IB, IE and Ic in CB configuration?

(b) Explain the laboratory setup for obtaining the CC characteristics with neat diagram.

2. In a full-wave rectifier, the voltage applied to each diode is 240 sin (377t), the load

resistance is RL = 2000 and each diode has a forward resistance of 400. Determine :

(a) peak value of current,

(b) D.C. value of current,

(c ) RMS value of current,

(d) rectifier efficiency,

(e) ripple factor and

(f) output ripple frequency.

3. In a bridge rectifier, the transformer is connected to 220 V, 60 Hz mains and the turns ratio of

the step down transformer is 11:1. Assuming the diodes to be ideal, and

(a) the voltage across the load,

(b) Idc. And

UNIT-VI


4. (a) Derive the relations between IB, IE and Ic in CB configuration?

(b) Explain the laboratory setup for obtaining the CC characteristics with neat diagram

5. Explain p-n junction diode and v-I characteristics?

1. Explain the following:

(a) Firing angle

(b) Conduction angle of an SCR.

(c ) Once the SCR is triggered, the gate looses its control.

(d) Equivalent circuit of SCR.

2. (a) Define the term transition capacitance C of a PN diode and derive its equation.

(b) Explain the term diffusion capacitance C of a forward biased diode and derive its

equation.

3. (a) Describe the action of PN junction diode under forward bias and reverse bias.

(b) Explain V-l characteristics of a PN junction diode


(b) Explain the term diffusion capacitance C of a forward biased diode and deriveits

equation.

5. (a) An ideal Ge P-N junction diode has at a temperature of 1250C and reverse saturation

current of 30 _A. Determine the dynamic resistance for 0.2V bias of forward bias.

(b) Find the resistivity of intrinsic silicon at room temperature?

6. (a) Derive the relationship between _ and _.

(b) Why does the CE Configuration provide large current amplification while the

Configuration does not?

(c ) Draw the Input and Output characteristics of a transistor in CB configuration.

7. (a) Draw the circuit symbol of an N-P-N transistor and indicate the reference directions for

the three currents in the transistor and also the reference polarities of the three

voltages.

1. Give the construction of a Cathode Ray tube using electrostatic focusing and describe the

functions of various constituents with neat diagrams.

2. (a) Trace the path of an electron entering a uniform magnetic field.

(b) Derive expression for the electrostatic defection sensitivity of a Cathode Ray Tube.

UNIT-VII

UNIT - VIII

r


3. Give the construction of a Cathode Ray tube using electrostatic focusing and defection

systems and describe the functions of various constituents with neat diagrams

4. (a) What are the special features of storage oscilloscopes?

(b) An electron moving with initial velocity of 106 m/s enters an uniform magnetic field at

an angle of 300 with it. Calculate the magnetic ux density required in order that the

radius of helical path be 1m. Also, calculate the time taken by the electron for one

revolution and the pitch of the helix.

5. (a) Describe the method of electrostatic focusing in a cathode ray tube?

(b) Write any four applications to CRO.

(c ) Mention the source of electrons in a cathode ray tube.

6. (a) Making use of the diagram showing the various electron and hole current components

crossing each junction, obtain the expression for the collector current Ic. Define each

symbol used in the expression,

(b) Generalize the expression for Ic so that it is valid for a transistor not operating in the

active region.


(b) Explain the term diffusion capacitance C of a forward biased diode and deriveits

equation.

8. (a) What are the special features of storage oscilloscopes?

(b) An electron moving with initial velocity of 106 m/s enters an uniform magnetic field at

an angle of 300 with it. Calculate the magnetic ux density required in order that the

radius of helical path be 1m. Also, calculate the time taken by the electron for one

revolution and the pitch of the helix.

9. (a) Describe the method of electrostatic focusing in a cathode ray tube?

(b) Write any four applications to CRO.

(c ) Mention the source of electrons in a cathode ray tube.

10. (a) Discuss the motion of an electron in a magneto - static field when it enters with

i. Zero initial velocity into the field

ii. An initial velocity `_0' parallel to the field.

iii. An initial velocity `_0' perpendicular to the field.

(b) An electron enters the uniform magnetic field of flux density 103 wb/m2 with a

velocity of 108 m/sec normal to the field. Find the radius of the circular path of the

electron.

r


AEROSPACE VEHICLE STRUCTURES-I (54043)

COURSE PURPOSE:

COURSE STRUCTURE:


COURSE SYLLABUS:

UNIT – I :

UNIT – II :

The purpose of the course is to teach the principles of solid and structural mechanics that can be

used to design and analyze aerospace structures. Structures fulfill a purpose in an aircraft, either

simple or complex. Each sub-structure interfaces with the other structures in the same aircraft.

Ultimately parts works together to accomplish safe flight.

In this we will study about

Redundant Structures

Beams with elastic supports and initial curvature

Stability of structures

Theory of elasticity

Energy principles and method

Shear flow in closed sections

1) The Objective of this course is to give an introduction to aircraft structures and numerical

methods to determine the behavior of materials under different loads.

2) The scope of the subject is we will study the each and every component of the aircraft in

detail.

Indeterminate structure and order of redundancy ,Introduction to redundant analysis, statically

determinate models ,Use of free body diagrams to explain compatibility and redundant analysis

principles, Matrix methods of redundant analysis utilizing equilibrium equations compatibility

conditions ,Singularity method for uniform beams with various boundary and support

conditions subjected to distributed/ discrete loads

Direct solution of beams on elastic foundation, Deflection of beams with discrete elastic supports

using singularity method and modeling concepts, Equation of equilibrium for curved beam

stress and deflections of a typical curved beam (bulk head segments on fuselages)

••••••


UNIT – III :

UNIT – IV:

UNIT – V:

UNIT – VI:

UNIT – VII:

UNIT – VIII:


Text Books :

References :

Stability of structural systems, Modes of instability of column, Euler's formula for critical loads of

column, Effect of boundary conditions on mode shapes and critical loads, Column with initial

curvature, effect of eccentricity, Longs, medium and short columns ranges, Rankine and

Johnson's formulae, Eigen values and Eigen modes, Effect of intermediate supports. Concept of

beam column

Equilibrium and compatibility conditions for elastic solids, 2D elasticity equations for plane

stress, Plane strain and generalized plane strain, Airy's stress function, simple problems in plane

stress/plane strain using Cartesian and polar coordinates, Superposition techniques E.g. panels

subjected to a generalized plane strain Biaxial loading , Uniform/Linearly varying edge loads on

elastic half plane, Thick cylindrical shells

Stresses and strains on arbitrary planes, Transformations, Concept of principle planes, Stress

and strains, Construction of Mohr's circle, Failure mechanism and fracture modes

Introduction to energy principles and methods, Principles of virtual displacement & virtual

force, Castiglione's theorems, Maxwell's reciprocal theorem, Unit load method, Direct

application of energy principles to beams and trusses

The displacement method(Rayleigh Ritz method) Admissible functions energy and work

expressions, Redundant analysis of 1D structures, Various 1D structures subjected to complex

loading, Stresses of errors and convergence.

Bredt Batho formula, Single and multi-cell closed box structures, Semi monocoque and

moncoque structures, approximate method for beams, Shear flow in single and multicell

monocoque Semi moncoque box beams subject to torsion

1) Theory of Elasticity- Timoshenko,

2) Aircraft structures - David J Peery,

3) Aircraft Structures for engineering students- Megson THG

1) Energy and Finite Elements methods Structural analysis, Shames I.H

2) Theory of Structures, S.Ramamrutham

3) Energy theorems and structural analysis, Argyris

4) Aircraft structures –An Introduction, Donaldson.


COURSE SCHEDULE :




UNIT-1 REDUNDANT STRUCTURES

1

WEEK 1

Indeterminate structure and order of

redundancy

Theory of Elasticity-

Timoshenko, Aircraft

structures - David J

Peery, Aircraft

Structures- Megson

THG

2Introduction to redundant analysis, statically

determinate models

3 Use of free body diagrams to explain

compatibility and redundant analysis

principles4

5

Week 2

Matrix methods of redundant analysis utilizing

equilibrium equations compatibility

conditions6

7 Singularity method for uniform beams with

various boundary and support conditions

subjected to distributed/ discrete loads8

UNIT-2 BEAMS WITH ELASTIC SUPPORTS AND INTIAL CURVATURE

9

Week 3

Direct solution of beams on elastic foundation




Peery, Aircraft

Structures- Megson

THG

10

11 Deflection of beams with discrete elastic

supports using singularity method and

modeling concepts12

13

Week 4

Equation of equilibrium for curved beam

stress and deflections of a typical curved

beam (bulk head segments on fuselages)14

15

Mock Test-1

Bridge Class -1

UNIT -3 STABILITY

16

Week 5

Stability of structural systems, Modes of

instability of columnTheory of Elasticity-



Peery, Aircraft

Structures- Megson

THG

17 Euler's formula for critical loads of column.

18Effect of boundary conditions on mode shapes

and critical loads

19Column with initial curvature, effect of

eccentricity

Bridge Class -2


20

Week 6

Longs, medium and short columns rangesTheory of Elasticity-



Peery, Aircraft

Structures- Megson

THG

21 Rankine and Johnson’s formulae

22 Eigen values and Eigen modes

23Effect of intermediate supports. Concept of

beam column

Bridge Class -3

UNIT-4 INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF ELASTICITY -I

24

Week 7

Equilibrium and compatibility conditions for

elastic solids.




Peery, Aircraft

Structures- Megson

THG

252D elasticity equations for plane stress, Plane

strain and generalized plane strain

26 Airy's stress function

27Simple problems in plane stress/plane strain

using Cartesian and polar coordinates

Bridge Class-4

28

Week 8

Superposition techniques E.g.

29Panels subjected to a generalized plane strain

Biaxial loading

30Uniform/Linearly varying edge loads on

elastic half plane

31 Thick cylindrical shells

Bridge Class -5

Week 9 MID I EXAMINATIONS

UNIT-5 THEORY OF ELASTICITY-II

32

Week 10

Stresses and strains on arbitrary planes Theory of Elasticity-



Peery, Aircraft

Structures- Megson

THG

33 Transformations

34 Concept of principle planes

35 Stress and strains

Bridge Class -6

36

Week 11

Construction of Mohr's circle

Aircraft structures -

David J Peery, Aircraft

Structures- Megson

THG

37 Failure mechanism

38 Fracture modes

39 Revision of previous topics

UNIT-6 ENERGY PRINCIPLES AND METHODS-I

Bridge Class -7

Bridge Class -8

40

Week 12

Introduction to energy principles Theory of Elasticity-



Peery, Aircraft

THGStructures- Megson

41 Energy methods

42 Principles of virtual displacement

43 Virtual force


44

Week 13

Castiglione’s theorems

45 Maxwell's reciprocal theorem

46 Unit load method

47Direct application of energy principles to

beams and trusses

Mock Test- II

Bridge Class -9

UNIT-7 ENERGY PRINCIPLES AND METHODS-II

48

Week 14

The displacement method




Peery, Aircraft

Structures- Megson

THG

49 Rayleigh Ritz method

50 Admissible functions work expressions

51 Admissible functions energy expressions

Bridge Class -10

52

Week 15

Redundant analysis of 1D structures

53Various 1D structures subjected to complex

loading

54 Stresses of errors

55 Stresses of convergence

Bridge Class-11

UNIT- 8 SHEAR FLOW IN CLOSED SECTIONS

56

Week 16

Bredt Batho formula

Aircraft structures -

David J Peery, Aircraft

Structures- Megson

THG

57 Single and multi-cell closed box structures

58 Semi monocoque

59 Moncoque structures

Bridge class-12

60

Week 17

Approximate method for beams

61 Shear flow in single

62 Shear flow in multi-cell monocoque

63 Semi moncoque box beams subject to torsion

Bridge Class-13

Week 18 MID II EXAMINATIONS


QUESTION BANK

1. Derive all stress on an oblique section of a body subjected to direct stress in two mutually

perpendicular directions.

2 A tie bar is subjected to a tensile stress of 80MPa. Find the intensity of shear stress, normal

stress and resultant stress on a plane. The normal of which is inclined at 300 to the axis of

the bar.

3. A tubular steel strut is of 65mm external diameter and 50 mm internal diameter. It is 2.5 m

long and hinged at both ends. The load acting is eccentric. Find the maximum eccentricity

for a crippling load of 0.75 of the Euler load, the yield stress being 330 MPa, E = 210 GPa.

4. A semi infinite beam on elastic foundation is subjected to a concentrated load at the middle

of the beam. Derive the expressions for slope, defection, bending moment and shear force

and sketch their variations along the beam.

5. (a) Explain with neat sketch basic modes of crack growth.

(b) What is mean by S-N Curve and explain its significance in Fatigue failure?

6. (a) Derive the principal stress equation and maximum shear stress with help of mohr's

circle.

b) An elemental cube is subjected to a tensile stress of 30N/mm^2 and 10N/mm^2 acting

on a two mutually perpendicular planes and a shear stress of 10N/mm^2 on these

planes. Draw mohrs circle of stresses and determine the magnitude and direction of

principal stresses and also the greatest shear stress.

7. (a) Explain with neat sketches, what is Beam, Frame, and Truss.

(b) Explain what is statically determinate structures and statically indeterminate

structures with neat sketches and examples.

8. (a) Write short notes on Generalized Hook's law.

(b) Derive the differential equations of equilibrium in 2D polar and coordinates in theory

of elasticity.

9. (a) prove that the shear stress is zero corresponding to principal stress.

(b) Prove that the sum of two normal stress acting on two mutually perpendicular planes

is constant.(stress invariant)


10. (a) what are the assumptions made by Euler for columns theory.

(b) Derive Euler's critical load formula for any two boundary (end) conditions

11. (a) when a body is subjected to two mutually perpendicular tensile stresses accompanied

by a simple shear stress. Derive the principal stresses and maximum shear stress

formula

(b) The tensile a point across two mutually perpendicular planes are 120 N/mm^2 and

60N/mm^2. Determine the normal, tangential and resultant stress on a plane inclined

at 30 deg to axis of minor stress.

12. (a) Derive equations of equilibrium.

(b) Derive compatibility equations.

13. a hollow cylindrical cast iron of 150 mm external diameter and 15 mm thickness, 3m long

and is hinged at one end and fixed at other. Find

(a) The ratio of Euler and Rankin load.

(b) For what length, the critical load by Eulers and Rankins formula will be equal.

14. (a) Explain with neat sketches, what is Beam, Frame, and Truss.

(b) Explain what is statically determinate structures and statically indeterminate

structures with neat sketches and examples.

15 A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 100N/mm2 on one plane

and a tensile 50N/mm2 on a plane at right angles, together with shear stress of 60N/mm2

on the same planes. Find magnitude and direction, the magnitude of the greater shear

stress.

16 The direct tensile and compressive stress is 60N/mm2 and 40N/mm2 respectively are

applied on planes at right angles to each other. If the maximum principal stress is limited to

75N/mm2 (tensile), find the shear stress that may be allowed on the planes. Also determine

the minimum principal stress and the maximum shear stress.

17. A semi infinite beam on elastic foundation is subjected to a concentrated load at the middle

of the beam. Derive the expressions for slope, deflection, bending moment and shear force

and sketch their variations along the beam.


18. (a) Explain torsional shear flow.

(b) A tube is made of bronze and has a rectangular cross-section shown in Figure 2. If it is

subjected to a torque of 35 N-m, determine the shear stress in the tube at points A and

B. If the tube is having span of 2m and fixed at one end, what is the angle of twist at the

free end where the torque is applied 38 * 109 N/m2.

19. Analyse the structure as shown in Figure 3 by strain energy method. Sketch the bending

moment diagram.

20. A cantilever beam of length `l' carries uniformly distributed load of w per unit run over

whole length. The free end of the cantilever beam is supported on a prop. If the prop sinks by

` ' find the prop reaction.б


21. A tubular steel strut is of 65mm external diameter and 50 mm internal diameter. It is 2.5 m

long and hinged at both ends. The load acting is eccentric. Find the maximum eccentricity

for a crippling load of 0.75 of the Euler load, the yield stress being 330 MPa, E = 210 GPa. 8.

(a) What is an Airy's stress function in theory of elasticity?

22 Prove that the following are Airy's stress function and examine the stress distribution

represented by them:

23. (a) Derive all stress on an oblique section of a body subjected to direct stress in two

mutually perpendicular directions.

(b) A tie bar is subjected to a tensile stress of 80MPa. Find the intensity of shear stress,

normal stress and resultant stress on a plane. The normal of which is inclined at 300 to

the axis of the bar.

24. Find the frequency of the spring shown in figure :

25. Explain the construction of all the four cases of Mohr's circle method and draw with neat

sketch.

26. (a) Write short notes on Generalized Hook's law.

(b) Derive the differential equations of equilibrium in 2D polar and coordinates in theory

of elasticity.

27. A steel beam of length 2 m is resting on an elastic foundation and has free ends.

The beam is 10 mm wide and 120 mm thick and carries two concentrated forces of 1kN,

one at each end. Determine the maximum bending stresses developed in the beam.

Assume E = 2_105 N/mm2, _ = 0.30 and modulus of foundation as 10.5 N/mm2.


28. Derive secant formula for a column both ends hinged and loading P, eccentrically with an

eccentricity e.

29. Derive Governing equations for deflection for any General Case of bending (not for simple

bending) and also explain sign conventions with neat sketches.

30. A beam of simply supported with uniformly distributed load of whole span of length `l'.

31. (a) Write expression for the potential energy.

(b) Determine the displacement u(x) using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Assume

displacement field u(x)=a0+ a1x+a2x2

32. (a) Explain the torsional shear flow.

(b) A structural Aluminum tuning of 60x100 mm rectangular cross section was fabricated

by extrusion. Determine the shearing stress in the each of the four walls of such tubing

when it is subjected to a torque of 2700 N-m(figure)

33. Calculate the nodal displacement in a system of four springs as shown in figure 6


INTRODUCTION TO SPACE TECHNOLOGY (54044)

COURSE PURPOSE :

COURSE STRUCTURE:

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE:

COURSE SYLLABUS:

UNIT-I

INTRODUCTION

UNIT-II

FUNDAMENTALS OF ROCKET PROPULSION

UNIT-III

ASCENT FLIGHT MECHANICS OF ROCKETS AND MISSILES

The purpose of this course is to give detail about Space Technology in which we study about

rocket propulsion, flight mechanics of rocket, Atmospheric reentry, Orbital mechanics, Orbital

Maneuvers, Satellite Attitude Dynamics, and Space Mission Operations.

Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion

Ascent Flight Mechanics of Rockets and Missiles

Atmospheric Reentry

Fundamentals of Orbital Mechanics

Orbital Maneuvers

Satellite Attitude Dynamics

Space Operation Operations

It enhances the knowledge of the student in the field of Space Technology, Space environment,

Trajectory of Space Vehicles, Space Vehicle propulsion and Dynamic behavior.

As we are concentrating on space missions, this subject gives brief knowledge about space

missions.

Space Mission, Types, Space Environment, Launch Vehicle Selection

Introduction to rocket propulsion, Fundamentals of solid propellant rockets, Fundamentals of

liquid propellant rockets, Rocket equation

Two-dimensional trajectories of rockets and missiles, Multi-stage rockets, Vehicle sizing, two

stage, Multi-stage Rockets, Trade-off Ratios, Single Stage to Orbit, Sounding Rocket, Aerospace

Plane-Gravity Turn Trajectories, Trajectories, Impact point calculation, Injection conditions,

Flight dispersions.

•••••••


UNIT-IV

ATMOSPHERIC REENTRY

UNIT-V

FUNDAMENTALS OF ORBITAL MECHANICS:

UNIT-VI

ORBITAL MANEUVERS

UNIT-VII

SATELLITE ATTITUDE DYNAMICS

UNIT-VIII

SPACE OPERATION OPERATIONS

Textbooks and References :

Textbooks:

References:

Introduction, Steep Ballistic Reentry, Ballistic Orbital Reentry, Skip Reentry, Double Dip Reentry,

Aero-braking, Lifting Body Reentry

Two-body motion, Circular, Elliptic, Hyperbolic, Parabolic Orbits, Basic Orbital Elements, Ground

Trace

In-Plane Orbit changes, Hoh-Mann Transfer, Bi-elliptical Transfer, Plane Changes, Combined

Maneuvers

Torque free axisymmetric rigid body, Attitude Control for Spinning Spacecraft, Attitude Control

for Non-spinning Spacecraft, The Yo-Yo Mechanism, Gravity, Gradient Satellite, and Dual Spin

Spacecraft

Supporting Ground System Architecture, Team Interfaces, Mission Phases, core operations, Team

Responsibility, Mission Diversity, Standard Operations Practices

1) Spaceflight Dynamics- W.E. Wiesel

2) Rocket Propulsion and Space flight dynamics- Cornelisse

3) Fundamentals of Space Systems- Vincet L. Pisacane

1) Understanding Space- J.Sellers

2) Introduction to Flight- Francis J Hale

3) Spacecraft Mission Design- Charles D.Brown

4) Elements of space Technology- Meyer Rudolph X

Propulsion for Maneuvers

Attitude Determination


COURSE SCHEDULE:



Class Week/Days TOPIC References

UNIT-I INTRODUCTION

1

WEEK 1

Space MissionSpaceflight

Dynamics- W.E.

Wiesel,

2 Types of Space Vehicles

3 Space Environment

4 Launch Vehicle Selection

UNIT-II FUNDAMENTALS OF ROCKET PROPULSION

5

WEEK 2

Introduction to rocket propulsion

Space flight

Dynamics- W.E.

Wiesel,

Fundamentals of

space systems-

Vincet L Pisacane

6 Fundamentals of solid propellant rockets

7 Fundamentals of liquid propellant rockets

8 Solid Rocket Moters

9

WEEK 3

Liquid propellant rocket Engines

10 Rocket equation1

11 Rocket equation2

MOCK TEST-1

Bridge class -1

Bridge class -2

Bridge class -3

UNIT-III ASCENT FLIGHT MECHANICS OF ROCKETS AND MISSILES

Space flight

Dynamics- W.E.

Wiesel,

Fundamentals of

space systems-

Vincet L

Pisacane,

Rocket

Propulsion and

Space flight

Dynamics-

Cornelisse

12

WEEK 4

Two-dimensional trajectories of rockets and missiles

13 Multi-stage rockets

14 Vehicle sizing

15 Two stage Multi-stage Rockets

16

WEEK 5

Trade-off Ratios

17 Single Stage to Orbit

18 Sounding Rocket

19 Aerospace Plane-Gravity Turn Trajectories

20

WEEK 6

Trajectories

21 Impact point calculation

22 Injection conditions

23 Flight dispersions

Bridge Class -4

Bridge Class -5

Bridge Class -6

UNIT-IV ATMOSPHERIC REENTRY

24

WEEK 7

IntroductionSpace flight

Dynamics- W.E.

Wiesel,

Fundamentals of

space systems-

Vincet L

Pisacane,

25 Steep Ballistic Reentry

26 Ballistic Orbital Reentry

27 Skip Reentry

28

WEEK 8

Double Dip Reentry

29 Aero-braking

30 Lifting Body Reentry


WEEK 9 MID I EXAMINATION

UNIT-V FUNDAMENTALS OF ORBITAL MECHANICS

31

WEEK 10

Two-body motionSpace flight

Dynamics- W.E.

Wiesel,

Fundamentals of

space systems-

Vincet L

Pisacane,

32 Circular orbits

33 Elliptic Orbits

34 Hyperbolic Orbits

35

WEEK 11

Parabolic Orbits

36 Basic Orbital Elements

37 Ground Trace

Bridge class -8

Bridge class -7

UNIT-VI ORBITAL MANEUVERS

38

WEEK 12

In-Plane Orbit changes

Space Flight

Dynamics- W.E.

Wiesel,

Fundamentals of

Space systems-

Vincet L

Pisacane,

39 Hoh-Mann Transfer

40 Bi-elliptical Transfer

41

WEEK 13

Plane Changes

42 Combined Maneuvers

43 Propulsion for Maneuvers

MOCK TEST 2

Bridge class -10

Bridge class -9

UNIT-VII SATELLITE ATTITUDE DYNAMICS

44

WEEK 14

Torque free Axi -symmetric rigid bodySpace Flight

Dynamics- W.E.

Wiesel,

Fundamentals of

space systems-

Vincet L

Pisacane,

45 Attitude Control for Spinning Spacecraft

46 Attitude Control for Non-spinning Spacecraft

47 The Yo-Yo Mechanism ,Gravity

48

WEEK 15

Gradient Satellite

49 Dual Spin Spacecraft

50 Attitude Determination

Bridge class -12

Bridge class -11

UNIT-VIII SPACE OPERATION OPERATIONS

51

WEEK 16

Supporting Ground System ArchitectureSpace Flight

Dynamics- W.E.

Wiesel,

Fundamentals of

Space Systems-

Vincet L

Pisacane,

52 Team Interfaces

53 Mission Phases

54 core operations

55

WEEK 17

Team Responsibility

56 Mission Diversity

57 Standard Operations Practices

Bridge class -14

Bridge class -13

WEEK 18 MID II EXAMINATIONS


QUESTION BANK

1. How Telecommunications are used to help in the satellite vehicle.

2. List out the possible sources of error in injection that lead to orbit deviations.

Discuss in detail

3. Write about dual spin spacecraft.

4. (a) A satellite is in an orbit with a semi-major axis of 7,500 km and an eccentricity of 0.1.

Calculate the time it takes to move from a position 30 degrees past perigee to 90

degrees past perigee.

(b) The satellite in the above problem has a true anomaly of 90 degrees at one instant.

What will be the satellite's position, i.e. it's true anomaly, 20 minutes later?

5. (a) Explain how the thrust of a rocket develops. Derive the equation for the thrust.

Differentiate between under-expanded and over-expanded nozzle performance.

(b) Compare the various type of supersonic nozzles.


(a) Radiation effects to an astronaut in a space vehicle traveling below Van Allen belt

(b) Two possible methods to protect a space vehicle against the damage to it due to the

radiation in space

7. A satellite is in a circular parking orbit with an altitude of 200 km. using a one-tangent burn;

it is to be transferred to geosynchronous altitude using a transfer ellipse with a semi-major

axis of 24,380 km. Calculate the total velocity change required and the time required to

complete the transfer.

8. What do you understand by Hohmann braking ellipses in the case of reentry? Obtain

equations of motion for the down range trajectory as well as the altitude in terms of the

Light path angle as an independent variable.


(a) Hohmann braking ellipses

(b) Lifting body re-entry.


10. (a) Write a brief note on Noise in satellite communication link.

(b) Explain the procedure used to achieve desired performance in a satellite onboard

transponder

11. (a) What do you understand by `Pitch over' phase of a launch vehicle. Why is it required?

How is it achieved?

(b) Write a short note on `Gravity Loss' pertaining to a launch vehicle

12. You are the engineer in charge of launching a satellite of 11,500 kg mass. The satellite will be

placed in a circular sun - synchronous orbit, at an altitude of 800 km. What is the kinetic

energy of the satellite? Compare this to the kinetic energy of a 400 kg lorry traveling on a

straight road at 100 km/hour. Explain clearly whether the comparison is realistic.

13. Write a detailed note on various aspects of satellite injection bringing out the effects of orbit

inclination, injection direction, etc. on the performance of satellite launch vehicles launched

from selected sites.

14. (a) Describe the basic operating principles of a solid rocket motor. Give examples for their

applications.

(b) Explain how the shape of the propellant grain can affect the thrust propellant of a solid

rocket motor.

15. Write briefly about Scientist challenges of CHANDRAYAAN-1 (The Indian lunar orbiter

mission

16. Write about the attitude control of a non-spinning spacecraft

( I) using momentum wheel and

(ii) using control moment gyros

17. (a) Define `Thrust' of a rocket and obtain the equation for the thrust in terms of rate of

consumption of propellant and other parameters. Explain all the parameters in detail.

(b) A small experimental rocket engine delivers an effective exhaust velocity of 1,800 m/s

with a mass flow rate of 800 grams/second. What is the thrust developed by the

rocket?

18. A satellite is launched into Earth orbit where its launch vehicle burns out at an altitude of

250 km. At burnout the satellite's velocity is 7,900 m/s with a light path angle of one degree.

Calculate the satellite's altitude at perigee and apogee and the eccentricity of the satellite.

(Note: flight path angle is the angle between the local horizontal and the velocity vector)


19. (a) How many sets of initial conditions can we use for solving the two body equation of

motion? Give an example of one set of these.

(b) Calculate the altitude needed for a circular geosynchronous orbit.

20. Is power generation possible continuously in a satellite? Consider

(i) a polar sun-synchronous satellite and

(ii) geostationary satellite and discuss.

21. (a) Discuss the necessity of developing a Single Stage To Orbit (SSTO) vehicle for low Earth

orbit missions. Explain the SSTO design constraints in detail.

(b) Describe the methodology of optimizing multi-staging of a rocket assembly.

22. (a) Where does the Space begin? Which is the object strongly affecting the space

environment and how does it affect?

(b) iI) List out and describe the two forms of Sun's energy output.

ii) Differentiate between `Solar Flares' and `Solar Winds'.

23. Starting from satellite attitude dynamics principles, explain briefly about yo-yo

mechanisms.

24. Describe the two requirements (a high value and a low value) for the hypersonic drag

coefficient of a re-entry space vehicle.

25. (a) Elaborate on the forces that act on a space vehicle re-entering Earth's atmosphere.

(b) Define `Ballistic Coefficient of a space vehicle. How is it useful in describing the motion

of an object through the atmosphere, in terms of the acceleration or deceleration of the

object?

26. (a) A satellite is launched into a low Earth orbit an altitude of 400 km, velocity of 8,000 m/s

with equal to 120. Calculate the satellite's altitudes at perigee and apogee.(f is the

flight path angle, the angle between the local horizontal and the velocity vector)

(b) Calculate the eccentricity of the orbit of the satellite in the above problem.

27. Write short notes on

(a) Orbit Perturbations due to atmospheric Drag

(b) Orbit perturbations from solar Radiation

(c ) Orbit perturbation due non-spherical Earth.

(d) Third body perturbation.


28. Consider the motion of a rocket in free space and obtain Tsiolkovsky's equation to predict

the velocity increment in the vehicle. Further, obtain expression for the velocity increment

at its burnout condition. Discuss the ideal velocity variation for different mass ratios.

29. What is space craft power? Explain briefly about power generation and power storage in a

satellite?

30. Exposure to charged particle radiation in space is known to influence the performance of a

spacecraft. Explain in detail the primary sources for these particles and the damage caused

to the space vehicle due to its exposure to such particles.

31. (a) Define the following quantities in rocket propulsion:

i. Mass Ratio,

ii. Propellant Mass Fraction,

iii. Velocity Loss due to gravity, and

iv. Altitude loss due to gravity.

(b) A rocket has the following data:

Propellant ow rate = 5 kg/s

Nozzle exit diameter = 11 cm

Nozzle exit pressure = 1.02 bar

Ambient pressure = 1.013 bar

Thrust = 7 kN

Determine the effective exhaust jet velocity, actual exhaust jet velocity and specific impulse.

32. (a) Assume that the Earth station near the equator and the Earth station at a high latitude

region are both observing distance variation of the same geo stationary satellite. How

would these variations differ between these two Earth stations?

(b) When walking on a circus tight rope, balance is achieved by stretching both the arms all

way out by holding a long bar. Show that the stretched out arms or the bar correspond

to a reaction wheel used in a zero momentum three axis stabilized satellite.

33. (a) Assume that the Earth station near the equator and the Earth station at a high latitude

region are both observing distance variation of the same geostationary satellite. How

would these variations differ between these two Earth stations?

(b) When walking on a circus tight rope, balance is achieved by stretching both the arms all

way out by holding a long bar. Show that the stretched out arms or the bar correspond

to a reaction wheel used in a zero momentum three axis stabilized satellite.


34. (a) Write the important features of a satellite in geostationary orbit.

(b) The Virginia Tech earth station is located at 80.4380 longitudes and 37.2290N latitude.

Calculate the look angles (azimuth and elevation angles) to a geosynchronous satellite

whose sub-satellite point is located at 1210 W longitude.

(c ) Why do signal losses occur in the earth's atmosphere for satellite communication?

Write a note on ionospheric effects.

35. Consider the motion of a rocket in free space and obtain Tsiolkovsky's equation to predict

the velocity increment in the vehicle. Further, obtain expression for the velocity increment

at its burnout condition. Discuss the ideal velocity variation for different mass ratios.


(a) Particle motion in a uniform gravity field

(b) Solar constant

(c ) Parking orbit

(d) Geostationary orbit.

37. (a) Calculate the velocity of an artificial satellite orbiting the Earth in a circular orbit at an

altitude of 200 km above the Earth's surface.

(b) Calculate the period of revolution for the satellite in the above problem.

38. (a) What are the forces that act on a re-entry vehicle? Among these which is the dominant

force during re-entry? Elucidate.

(b) A vehicle attempting to aero-brake into orbit around Mars needs to achieve an

equivalent Vretro of 2 km s 1. If the entire aero-braking maneuver lasts for 10

minutes, estimate the drag force acting on the vehicle in the process, in terms of g's.

39. (a) A satellite is launched into a low Earth orbit an altitude of 400 km, velocity of 8,000 m/s

with _ equal to 120. Calculate the satellite's altitudes at perigee and apogee.(f is the

flight path angle, the angle between the local horizontal and the velocity vector)

(b) Calculate the eccentricity of the orbit of the satellite in the above problem.

40. Describe the rocket motion in a homogeneous gravitational field for two cases of pitch

angles; (a) 900, and (b) less than 900.

�


FLIGHT MECHANICS-I (54045)

COURSE PURPOSE:

COURSE STRUCTURE:

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES :

COURSE SYLLABUS:

UNIT – I :

UNIT – II :

The purpose of Flight Mechanics is to study vehicle trajectories (performance), Stability,

aerodynamic control. The subject is divided into two parts: trajectory analysis and stability &

control. In Flight mechanics-I we concentrate on Trajectory analysis (Performance).

In This Subject we will study about:

Introduction to aircraft performance

The force system of the aircraft

Cruise performance

Climb and descent performance

Aircraft maneuver performance

Aircraft performance measurement and data handling

Safety requirements- takeoff and landing performance planning

The application of performance data

1) The Objective of this subject is to give details about the performance parameters of an

aircraft. Study of each and every component performance which contribute to mission

profile.

2) Improving the performance of every component in the aircraft is the scope of the subject.

The role and design mission of an aircraft, Specification of the performance requirements and

mission profile, Importance of performance analysis, Estimation and measurement, Operational

safety and economy, Scheduled performance and operational performance of aircraft, The

standard atmosphere, Off standard and design atmosphere, Measurement of air data and air date

computers.

Equation of motion for performance, The aircraft force system, Total airplane drag, drag

estimation, drag reduced methods, The propulsive forces- thrust producing engines ,power

producing engines, Variation of thrust, propulsive power, Specific fuel consumption with altitude

and flight speed, The minimum drag speed, minimum power speed, Aerodynamic relationships

for a parabolic drag polar

••••••••


UNIT – III :

UNIT – IV:

UNIT – V:

UNIT – VI:

UNIT – VII:

UNIT – VIII:

The maximum and minimum speeds in level flight, Range and endurance of aircraft with thrust

producing engines, Cruise techniques- constant AOA, constant altitude, Constant Mach number

methods, comparison of performance, The alternative fuel flow laws, Effect of weight, altitude&

temperature on cruise performance, Cruise performance of aircraft with mixed power plants

Importance of climb and decent performance, Safety considerations, Climb and decent

techniques, Generalized performance analysis of different power plants, Maximum climb

gradient, climb rate, Energy height and specific excess power, Energy methods for optimal

climbs, Minimum time climbs, minimum fuel climbs, Measurement of climb performance,

Descent performance in aircraft operations, Effect of wind on climb and decent performance

The general equations of accelerated motion of aircraft, The maneuver envelope, significance,

Longitudinal aircraft maneuvers, The pull-up maneuver, Lateral maneuvers turn performance,

Turn rates turn radius limiting factors for turning performance, instantaneous turns and

sustained turns, specific excess power, The energy turns, The maneuver boundaries, Military

aircraft maneuver performance, Transport aircraft maneuver performance

Purpose of performance measurement in flight, Flight testing principal performance variables-

weight, Altitude and ambient temperature (WAT), Parametric performance data analysis,

Dimensional analysis, Measurement of cruise performance, Climb take-off and landing

performance data reduction, The equivalent weight method correction to cruise climb, Take-off

and landing performance for weigh and temperature

Flight safety criteria, Performance classification of civil aircraft, Flight planning-performance

planning and fuel planning, Estimation of take -off distances, The effect on the take -off distance

of weight, Runway conditions ground effect, Take- off performance safety factors, Estimation of

landing distance, The discontinued landing, Baulked landing, Air safety procedures and fuel

planning, Fuel requirements trip fuel, Environmental effects reserves tankering.

The Performance summary for fleet selection, the block performance, pay load, range diagram,

Route analysis and optimization, Operational analysis procedure, Operational performance data

for flight planning, Take off field performance, runway correction chart, WAT chart,

determination of maximum take off weight.


COURSE TEXTBOOK AND REFERENCES:

Text Books:

Reference Books:

Course Schedule:

1) Aircraft performance- theory and Practice, Eshelby

2) Introduction to Aeronautics-A design perspective, Brandt

3) Aircraft performance and design J.D. Anderson

1) Flight Theory and Aerodynamics, Dole, C.E

2) Fundamentals of flight, Shevel.R.S

3) Introduction to Aircraft Flight Mechanics, Yechout

4) Aerodynamics Aeronautics Flight Mechanics, McCormick, B.W



Lecture

ClassWeek TOPIC References

UNIT-I - INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

1

Week 1

The role and design mission of an aircraft

Aircraft

Performance

and Design-

J.D Anderson,

An

Introduction

to aircraft

Performance-

Yeachout

2

Specification of the performance requirements and mission

profile

3 Importance of performance analysis

4 Estimation and measurement

5 Operational safety and economy

6

Week 2

Scheduled performance and operational performance of

aircraft

7 The standard atmosphere

8 Off standard and design atmosphere

9 Measurement of air data and air date computers

UNIT-II THE FORCE SYSTEM OF THE AIRCRAFT

10

Week 3

Equation of motion for performance

Aircraft

Performance

and Design-

J.D Anderson,

An

Introduction

to aircraft

Performance-

Yeachout

11 The aircraft force system

12 Total airplane drag, drag estimation, drag reduced methods

13The propulsive forces- thrust producing engines ,power

producing eng

14

Week 4

Variation of thrust, propulsive power

15 Specific fuel consumption with altitude and flight speed

16 The minimum drag speed, minimum power speed

17 Aerodynamic relationships for a parabolic drag polar

MOCK TEST 1

BRIDGE CLASS-1


UNIT-III -CRUISE PERFORMANCE

18

Week 5

The maximum and minimum speeds in level flightAircraft

Performance

and Design-

J.D Anderson,

An

Introduction

to aircraft

Performance-

Yeachout

19 Range and endurance of aircraft with thrust producing engines

20 Cruise techniques- constant AOA, constant altitude,

BRIDGE CLASS-2

21

Week 6

Constant Mach number methods, comparison of performance

22 The alternative fuel flow laws

23 Effect of weight, altitude& temperature on cruise performance

24 Cruise performance of aircraft with mixed power plants

BRIDGE CLASS-3

UNIT-IV - CLIMB AND DESCENT PERFORMANCE

25

Week 7

Importance of climb and decent performance

Aircraft

Performance

and Design-

J.D Anderson,

An

Introduction

to aircraft

Performance-

Yeachout

26 Safety considerations

27 Climb and decent techniques

28 Generalized performance analysis of different power plants

29 Maximum climb gradient, climb rate

30 Energy height and specific excess power

BRIDGE CLASS-4

31

Week 8

Week 9

Energy methods for optimal climbs

32 Minimum time climbs, minimum fuel climbs

33 Measurement of climb performance

34 Descent performance in aircraft operations

35 Effect of wind on climb and decent performance

BRIDGE CLASS-5MID-I EXAMS

UNIT-V-AIRCRAFT MANOEUVRE PERFORMANCE

36

Week

10

The general equations of accelerated motion of aircraft.

Aircraft

Performance

and Design-

J.D Anderson,An

Introduction

to aircraft

Performance-

Yeachout

37 The maneuver envelope, significance.

38 Longitudinal aircraft maneuvers,

39 The pull-up maneuver,

Lateral maneuvers turn performance

40 Turn rates turn radius limiting factors for turning performance

BRIDGE CLASS-6

41

Week

11

instantaneous turns and sustained turns

42 specific excess power

43 The energy turns. The maneuver boundaries.

44 Military aircraft maneuver performance

45 Transport aircraft maneuver performance

BRIDGE CLASS-7

MOCK TEST - 2

UNIT-VI - AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND DATA HANDLING46

Week

12

Purpose of performance measurement in flight

Aircraft

Performance

and Design-

J.D Anderson,

An

Introduction

to aircraft

Performance-

Yeachout

47 Flight testing principal performance variables-weight

48 Altitude and ambient temperature (WAT)

49

50

Parametric performance

Data analysis

BRIDGE CLASS-8

51

Week

13

Dimensional analysis

52 Measurement of cruise performance

53 Climb take-off and landing performance data reduction

54 The equivalent weight method correction to cruise climb

55 Take-off and landing performance for weigh and temperature

BRIDGE CLASS-9

UNIT-VII - SAFETEY REQUIREMENTS- TAKEOFF AND LANDING PERFORMANCE PLANNING

56

Week

14

Flight safety criteria

Aircraft

Performance

and Design-

J.D Anderson,

An

Introduction

to aircraft

Performance-

Yeachout

57 Performance classification of civil aircraft

58 Flight planning-performance planning and fuel planning

59 Estimation of take -off distances

60 The effect on the take -off distance of weight

61 Runway conditions ground effect

BRIDGE CLASS-10

62

Week

15

Take- off performance safety factors

63 Estimation of landing distance

64 The discontinued landing

65 Baulked landing

66 Air safety procedures and fuel planning

67 Fuel requirements trip fuel

68 Environmental effects reserves tankering

BRIDGE CLASS-11

BRIDGE CLASS-13

MID-II EXAMS

UNIT-VIII-THE APPLICATION OF PERFORMANCE DATA

69

Week

16

The Performance summary for fleet selection

Aircraft

Performance

and Design-

J.D Anderson,

An

Introduction

to aircraft

Performance-

Yeachout

70 The block performance,

pay load, range diagram

71 Route analysis and optimization

72 Operational analysis procedure

BRIDGE CLASS-12

73

Week

Week 18

17

Operational performance data for flight planning

74 Take off field performance, runway correction chart

WAT chart,

75 determination of maximum take off weight



QUESTION BANK

1. Explain the factors to be considered in the estimation of performance of an aircraft and how

the estimation is carried out

2. a) Explain the different forces acting on an aircraft.

b) Explain the components of drag in detail

3. a) Derive the Breguet equation for the range of an aircraft.

b) Derive an expression for the range of an aircraft following the method of constant

angle of attack – constant Mach number.

4. Explain in detail, with relevant formulae,

a) Energy height

b) Specific excess power

c) Minimum time climb

d) Minimum fuel climb.

5. Write notes on

a) Instantaneous turns

b) Sustained turns

c) Military aircraft maneuver performance.

6. a) State and explain Buckingham Pi theorem.

b) Describe the parametric forms of aerodynamic and thrust forces.

7. Distinguish between flight planning, performance planning and fuel planning.

8. Explain Payload-range diagrams. Also, explain the definitions of various limits on range,

payload and weight of an aircraft.

9. Explain the international atmospheric model.

10. a) Explain the lift independent and lift dependent drag components.

b) Find lift to drag ratio when drag coefficient at zero lift is 0.2, density of air at 10 km is

0.4135 kg/cubic meter and speed of the aircraft is 300 kmph. The mass of the aircraft is

5000 kg, area of the wing planform is 5 square meters and its aspect ratio is 6, and span

efficiency factor is 1.



b) Derive an expression for the range of an aircraft following the method of constant

angle of attack – constant altitude.

12. Explain in detail, with relevant formulae,

a) Climb rate

b) Climb gradient

c) Thrust producing engines

d) Minimum fuel climb.

13. Write notes on

a) Turning performance

b) Turning radius

14. a) Explain the three main purposes of measuring flight data.

b) Derive an expression for the correction to the measured equivalent air speed due to

error in weight of the aircraft.

15. Describe the different phases of flights and the safety requirements during these phases.

16. Explain the procedure to determine the MTOW (maximum take off weight) of an aircraft.

17. Estimate the pressure of the atmosphere at an altitude of 10 km and calculate the Mach

number of an aircraft travelling at 300 kmph at this altitude.

18. a) Derive an expression for the thrust of a jet engine.

b) Explain the drag polar of an aircraft.


b) Derive an expression for the range of an aircraft in 'constant altitude – constant

Mach number' flight.

20. Describe the different climb and descent techniques.

21. a) Derive an expression for the pull-up maneuver of an aircraft.

b) Find the load factor on an aircraft, when the radius of the maneuver is 700 m,

climb gradient is 60 degrees and speed of the aircraft is 100 m/s.

22. Derive the equations necessary for performance data analysis of an aircraft with known test

weight and standard weight, using the 'power equivalent weight - speed equivalent weight'

method.


23. Explain the following:

a) Take off distance required,

b) Maximum refusal speed

c) TORA

d) TODA.

24. a) Explain the operational analysis of an aircraft.

b) Describe the flight path segments in a climb.

25. a) Explain the difference between the performance of an aircraft and its airworthiness.

b) Describe some typical mission profiles.

26. a) Define Specific fuel consumption.

b) Derive an expression for the 'Minimum drag speed' of an aircraft.

27. Assuming the fuel flow rate to be a function of the square root of temperature ratio of the

atmosphere and the 'n'th power of Mach number of the aircraft, derive expressions for the

optimal speeds of an aircraft corresponding to maximum range and maximum endurance.

28. a) Explain maximum climb gradient and maximum rate of climb of an aircraft.

b) An aircraft with a wing loading of 1500 N/sq. m. is gliding from an altitude of 4 km.

What is the glide angle corresponding to minimum rate of descent, if zero – lift drag

coefficient is 0.2? What is the equilibrium glide velocity associated with this descent?

29. Explain the V-n (Maneuver) diagram of an aircraft.

30. a) Derive an expression for the correction to the measured equivalent air speed of

an airplane due to error in temperature of the air.

b) State an expression for the ground run distance and explain all the parameters clearly.

31. a) Explain the current performance classifications.

b) Discuss briefly the space available and space required for take-off of an aircraft.

32. Explain

d) Balanced take-off distance.

a) Block performance of an aircraft.

b) Disposable load

c) Performance summary


NOTES


NOTES


NOTES

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Engineering andTechnology is a life time mission. I will work, work andsucceed.

Wherever I am, a thought will always come to my mind. That is whatprocess or product I can innovate, invent or discover.

I will always remember that "Let not my winged days,be spent in vain".

I realize I have to set a great technological goal that will lead me to thinkhigh,work and persevere to realize the goal.

My greatest friends will be great scientific and technological minds,good teachers and good books.

I firmly believe that no problem can defeat me; I will become the captainof the problem,defeat the problem and succeed.

I will work and work for removing the problems faced by planet earth inthe areas of water, energy, habitat, waste management andenvironment through the application of engineering and technology.

I will work for making the district in which I work as a carbon neutraldistrict.

My National Flag flies in my heart and I will bring glory to my nation.

Oath for Students – By Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

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