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Aerosol-, Cloud- and Chemistry Modeling in ECHAM5 Workshop Summary Editors: Johann Feichter ([email protected]) and Martin Schultz ([email protected])
Aerosol-, Cloud- and Chemistry Modeling in ECHAM5
Workshop Summary
Editors: Johann Feichter ([email protected]) and
Martin Schultz ([email protected])
IAC
ETH
Inst
itute
for A
tmos
pher
ic a
nd C
limat
e Sc
ienc
e
University of Kuopio
UNI VERSI TY OF HELSI NKI
MPI for Chemistry
IAP
IMAU
The aim of the workshop was to present a summary of the state of aerosol, cloud and chemistry modeling implemented in the atmospheric circulation model ECHAM5 and to provide basis and incentive for future collaborations. The workshop raised large interest as documented by the participant list: 44 scientists from 7 countries participated. Aerosol and cloud modeling also has a strong base at the Max Planck Institute for Meterology in Hamburg. This is documented by the fact that 17 attendees of the workshop were from MPI-M.
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Contents Overview about the modeling system 5
The atmospheric model 5
Aerosol models 8
Cloud models 13
Coupled Model Versions 16
Coding, code maintenance and user support 20
Presentations 22
Participants 24
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The Atmospheric Model ECHAM5
ECHAM5 is the 5th generation of the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM. Depending on the configuration the model resolves the atmosphere up to 10 hPa for tropospheric studies, or up to 0.01 hPa for middle atmosphere studies (often referred to as MAECHAM5).
Contact Person
Erich Roeckner and Monika Esch, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-368, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-375, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
Model description:
MPI Report No 349: http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/fileadmin/models/echam/mpi_report_349.pdf
Model Performance:
MPI Report No 354 http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/fileadmin/models/echam/mpi_report_354.pdf
A special section in the Journal of Climate, Vol 19, No 16, 2006, comprises a series of papers that present the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5-HAM and the coupled atmosphere ocean model ECHAM5/MPI-OM that was used for the German IPCC-AR4 simulations. http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/wissenschaft/modelle/j-climate-mpi-m-special-issue-2006.html ECHAM5 in a nut-shell Tracer advection: Flux-form SLT scheme (Lin & Rood, 1996) Longwave radiation (RRTM; Mlawer et el., 1997) 16 spectral bands Shortwave radiation (Fouquart & Bonnel, 1980) 4 spectral bands Cloud scheme: Ice and liquid phase separately (Lohmann & Roeckner, 1996) ;
cloud cover from PDF of the total water content (Tompkins, 2002) Orographic gravity waves (Lott, 1999) Gravity waves from tropospheric sources (Hines, 1997) Land surface scheme: Implicit coupling scheme; five-layer soil model
(temperature); one soil moisture bucket with variable infiltration capacity; simple lake model
Surface fluxes and vertical diffusion: MO similarity theory; turbulence kinetic energy closure (Brinkop & Roeckner, 1995)
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Cumulus convection: Mass flux scheme for shallow, deep, and mid-level convection (Tiedtke, 1989; Nordeng, 1994)
Surface boundary data interpolated from high-resolution datasets (Hagemann, 2002)
Surface boundary data Orography SST, sea ice (Jan 1978 - Dec 1999) Fractional land area ==> 0/1 mask computed internally Glacier mask Fractional lake area Vegetation index (monthly) Leaf area index (monthly) Fractional forest area (annual) Background albedo (annual) Water holding capacity of the soil Heat capacity of the soil Thermal diffusivity of the soil
Model Configuration
Vertical domains
troposphere + lower stratosphere (top at 30 km) + stratosphere + lower mesosphere (top at 80 km) + mesosphere + lower thermosphere (top at 250 km)
Number of levels: 19, 31, 39, 90
Horizontal resolutions: T21, T31, T42, T63, T85, T106, T159, T319
Further options:
- single column version - simple data assimilation (nudging) - coupling to mixed-layer ocean (Q-flux method)
NOTE: Horizontal and vertical resolutions should not be chosen independently; increased vertical resolution (L31) is beneficial at ‘high enough‘ horizontal resolution (T63 and higher).
Main effects of increased vertical resolution are
- diminished vertical moisture transport - decreased humidity in the upper troposphere
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- less cirrus clouds (Note! in the coupled version ECHAM5-HAM-ICNC better resolution results in more cirrus clouds)
- more realistic vertical temperature profiles - better representation of stationary waves
Test simulations to assess tracer transport characteristics
Carbon monoxide – Sebastian Rast, Martin Schultz
Beryllium-7 &-10, Lead-210 – Ulla Heikkilä (EAWAG, Zürich)
Krypton-85 – Ole Ross
Artificial idealized tracers – Adetutu Aghedo, Sebastian Rast, Martin Schultz
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The Aerosol Model HAM
Operational Version: HAM_1.6 Contact Person:
Philip Stier, California Institute of Technology, CA
[email protected] , Tel: +1 626 395 3195
Sebastian Rast and Johann Feichter, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-425, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-317, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
Model description:
Stier P., Feichter J., Kinne S., Kloster S., Vignati E., Wilson J., Ganzeveld L., Tegen I., Werner M., Schulz M., Balkanski Y., Boucher O., Minikin A., Petzold A. (2005): The Aerosol-Climate Model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 5 (2005), 1125-1156. Vignati E., J. Wilson, and P. Stier (2004): M7: an efficient size resolved aerosol microphysics module for large-scale aerosol transport models J. Geophys. Res., 109, D22, D22202, doi:10.1029/2003JD004485.
Model Performance:
Kinne S. et al. (2006): An AeroCom initial assessment - optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1815-1834. Textor C. et al., (2006): Analysis and quantification of the diversities of aerosol life cycles within AeroCom. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1777-1813. HAM in a nut-shell Chemical compounds: Sulfate, Black Carbon, Particulate organic matter, Sea Salt, Mineral Dust
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Representation of the aerosol population Chemical compounds
AITKEN (0.005 µm < r < 0.05 µm)
ACCUMULATION (0.05 µm < r < 0.5 µm)
Hydrophilic
COARSE (0.5 µm < r )
Hydrophobic
SU
BC, OC
DU
DU
SU, BC, OC
SU, BC, OC, SS, DU
SU, BC, OC, SS, DU
MODES OF HAM NUCLEATION (r < 0.005 µm)
Aerosol Microphysics
• Condensation of sulfate on existing particles • Coagulation • Nucleation of sulfate particles • Inter-modal transfer • Thermodynamical equilibrium with water vapour
Precursor Chemistry Sulfur Chemistry – prescribed oxidant fields (Feichter et al., 1996) or MOZART Chemistry - gas-phase and heterogenous chemistry (Horowitz et al., 2003; Rast, Schultz et al., 2007; Pozzoli et al., 2007) Radiation A look-up table provides extinction cross section, single scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter for 24 spectral bands in the solar range. So far effects on the infrared radiation are neglected. Sinks Prescribed size and composition dependent scavenging efficiencies; deposition at ground- resistance scheme (Ganzeveld et al.); sedimentation (Slinn&Slinn).
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Future plans Generalization of the microphysics Purpose is to achieve an easier handling of the code and more flexibility to change number of modes and chemical compounds; facilitates future developments. Method: Intensive use of pointers and linked-lists, in the same spirit as for tracers and streams. The new organization of HAM will be based on three kinds of different entities:
• a standardized mode definition • several mode-defaults • several different sets of modes, represented by linked-lists
Concept and realization: Sylvaine Ferrachat supported by Sebastian Rast and Declan O’Donnell Sectional aerosol microphysics
• SAM – Hommel Implemented in ECHAM5-middle atmosphere version (Hommel et al, J Aerosol Sci., 2003)
• SALSA – Harry Kokkola Optimizing the number of size bins, chemical compounds and simulated processes in each sub-range to keep computing time requirements low; implementation in REMO, LOTOS and ECHAM5.
New Nucleation Schemes - Risto Makkonen Testing four nucleation schemes
o Parameterization by Vehkamäki et al. (2002) o Parameterization by Kulmala et al. (1998) o Activation type nucleation o Kinetic type nucleation
Size-Dependent Below-Cloud and In-Cloud Scavenging
• Impaction and below-cloud scavenging Precalulated look-up tables of collision efficiencies for a wide range of collector and aerosol sizes- concept Sabine Wurzler and Philip Stier Realization - Betty Croft Nucleation scavenging see “activation” in chapter cloud physis
Radiation
• LW aerosol radiative properties – Philip Stier • Effective medium approaches for calculation of refractive indices – Philip Stier • Effect of aerosol inclusions on cloud radiative properties – Philip Stier
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• Optional replacement of Two-Stream by delta-Eddington approximation – Manu Anna Thomas, Sebastian Rast
• Removal of inconsistencies in aerosol radiation interface of ECHAM5 – done New chemical components
• Implementation of the HNO3-module (Romakkaniemi et al., ? ) by Sami Romakkaniemi and Philip Stier
• Implementation of the organics module developed by Tsigaridis&Kanakidou (Atmos. Chem. Phys, 3, 1849-1869, 2003 ) by Declan O’Donnell
• Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation – Risto Makkonen New tracer added for non-volatile organic vapor (ORG); assumed to be formed with 5-20% yield from biogenic VOC emissions; ORG is allowed to condense on pre-existing particles.
Diagnostic
• Instantaneous aerosol forcing - Philip Stier Implementation of HAM or M7 in regional models o REMO – Bärbel Langmann, Saji Varghese
version with ECHAM physics
o MUSCAT ( MUltiScale Chemistry Aerosol) – Ralf Wolke MUSCAT is online coupled to the regional GCM LM (DWD model); modal aerosol model MADMAcS (Wilck and Stratmann, 1997); four internal mixed modes; similar to MADE in EURAD (Ackermann, 1996) Equilibrium models: ISORROPIA (Nenes et al., 1998), EQSAM (Metzger, 2001)
Planned Implementation of M7; including of nitrate, ammonia, SOA (more explicit); better description of cloud-chemistry; test the performance of ISORROPIA and EQSAM.
Emission models and inventories
o BMEGAN – Adetutu Aghedo Species: Isoprene, total terpenes (i.e. C10HXOY), carbon monoxide; other VOCs: ethene, ethane, propene, formaldehyde, methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone.
o Marine biosphere – Silvia Kloster Species: DMS The model system simulates the DMS cycle in the ocean and in the atmosphere, and calculates dynamically consistent DMS sea surface concentrations, DMS emissions and DMS concentrations in the atmosphere (Kloster et al., Biogeosciences, 3, 29-51, 2006).
o Soil Dust Emission Model – Ina Tegen
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Emission depending on surface wind speed (model) vegetation cover and type (external file) preferential source areas (external file) soil particle size (texture, external file) soil moisture, snow cover (model) (Tegen et al., J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4576–4597, 2002). Planned Explicit dependence of dust emissions on vegetation, important for computing dust emission fluxes in changed climate conditions; satellite derived surface roughness data may improve large-scale dust emission models; dependence of dust emission fluxes on surface winds - subgridscale parameterization needed
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Cloud Physics
Operational Version: Stratiform clouds:
Ice and liquid phase separately (Lohmann & Roeckner, 1996); cloud cover from PDF of the total water content (Tompkins, 2002)
Convective clouds: Mass flux scheme for shallow, deep, and mid-level convection (Tiedtke, 1989; modified according Nordeng, 1994)
Contact Person:
Ulrike Lohmann, ETH Zürich, CH
[email protected], Tel: +41 (0)1 633 0514; Fax: +41 (0)1 633 1058
Erich Roeckner, Johannes Quaas and Johann Feichter, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-368, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-179, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-317, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
Model description:
http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/fileadmin/models/echam/mpi_report_349.pdf
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Future Plans
Activation – Yiran Peng Three approaches 1. Ghan et al. [1995] and Lin & Leaitch [1997] (L&L)
(a bulk parameterization following the empirical relationship) Nact= 0.1[w Nccn /(w + c Nccn)]1.27 where Nccn is calculated by given a uniform critical radius (rc) for all aerosols modes. c is a parameter related to T, P, aerosol size distribution and chemical compositions
2. Abdul-Razzak & Ghan [2002] (ARG) (a multi-modal formulation following Köhler theory) Nact= ∑Nccni = ∑Nai Fi where i refers to one of the seven aerosol modes in HAM Fi(rci)= fi (T, P, w, aerosol number, size, solubility & chemical compositions)
3. Kuba & Fujiyoshi [2006] (K&F) (a fitting equation based on small & meso-scale cloud model results) Nact= ANccn(S)/(Nccn(S)+B) where Nccn is derived from given critical radii of NaCl, (NH4)2SO4 and OC at five different S(w). A and B are parameters for five different w categories. with
Na: aerosol number concentration at cloud base (+ size, chem. sol. etc from HAM) w: updraft velocity S: supersaturation w.r.t water F: activation fraction Nact:droplet number concentration (Nact contributes to CDNC(Nd) in water clouds)
Schemes implemented Next steps:
Evaluation Coupling the dispersion effect fully with the HAM: ARG scheme and Liu et al., [2006] parameterization
In-cloud processing of aerosols
Addition of two new modes in HAM: in-droplet and in-crystal mode – Corinna Hoose
Changes of the stratiform cloud scheme – Corinna Hoose
- two moment scheme (water and ice mass and water droplet and ice crystal number concentration) (Lohmann et al., 1999)
- replace Beheng (1994) autoconversion by Khairoutdinov & Kogan (2000) - add to homogenous freezing heterogenous freezing - complete Bergeron-Findeisen process
Changes of the convective cloud scheme – Ulrike Lohmann
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Consideration of aerosol effects on convective clouds requires cloud microphysics; thus, ECHAM5 convection scheme extended by a prognostic cloud microphysics as used in stratiform cloud parameterization (Zhang et al., JGR-Atmosphere, 2005).
Testing alternate convection parameterizations_ - Holger Tost Implementation and tesing of alternate convection parameterizations in ECHAM5, such as the Bechthold or Zhang-McFarlane-Hack schemes; for more information, see http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/6/5475/2006/acp-6-5475-2006.html
Subgrid-scale variability of cloud processes – Johannes Quaas Simulate pdf of temperature, total water, updraft velocity; highly non-linear processes parameterized using subgrid-scale variability; evaluation by comparison to satellite data.
Evaluation
AeroCom initiative see: http://dataipsl.ipsl.jussieu.fr/AEROCOM/aerocomhome.html coordinated by Stefan Kinne and Michael Schulz (CNRS, Paris)
- preparation of benchmark tests for the purpose of aerosol and (in the future)
cloud model evaluation - assess the use of products for model evaluation - combine data of different sensors for extra info - cooperate with ongoing GEWEX Global Aerosol Products Assessment - explore uncertainty of emission data input - understand, what complexity is needed in aerosol and cloud modules and what
is not
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Coupled Chemistry-Aerosol Model Versions
1. ECHAM5-MOZ (Chemistry model MOZART2 in ECHAM5)
Contact person:
Martin Schultz, ICG-II, Research Center Jülich
[email protected], Tel: +49 2461 61 2831, Fax: +49 2461 61 8131
Sebastian Rast, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-425, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
Model description: Atmospheric dynamics and physics from ECHAM5 Advection: Lin & Rood, 1998 (as in ECHAM5) Chemical Mechanism and solver: MOZART2.4 (Horowitz et al., 2003), Eulerian backward integration Dry deposition: Ganzeveld, 2001 Wet scavenging: based on Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998 Lightning NOx production and aircraft emissions: Grewe et al., 2001 Biogenic VOC emissions: BMEGAN, Guenther et al., 2006 Photolysis frequencies: tabulated as in MOZART2.4 (with cloud correction) Surface emissions: RETRO data base (http://retro.enes.org/emissions/) A first model description has been published by Aghedo et al. in ACPD (2006) The model description paper is in preparation by Rast et al. “MOZECH” Wiki at FZ Jülich (http://mozech.icg.kfa-juelich.de/)
Model Evaluation: ACCENT/Photocomp-2030: Dentener et al., 2006; Stevenson et al., 2006; Shindell et al., 2006; van Noije et al., 2006 Aghedo et al., 2006 Auvray et al., 2006 RETRO project reports (http://retro.enes.org/publications)
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2. ECHAM5-MESSY
Contact person:
Mark G. Lawrence, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
[email protected], Tel: ++49/6131/305331 · Fax: ++49/6131/305511
Patrick Joeckel, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
Model description:
http://www.messy-interface.org MESSy is simultaneously an interface structure for submodels, a coding standard, and a collection of submodels including processes such as chemical integrations, sources, and deposition. Its first full realization is coupled to ECHAM5, and is being used for coupled chemistry-climate simulations of gases and aerosols in the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere; more information can be found in the first evaluation of the ozone chemistry: http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/acp/acp/6/5067/acp-6-5067.pdf"
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3. Multicompartment model ECHAM5-MPIOM Contact Person: Irene Stemmler, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-386, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
Model description:
Cycling in and between atmosphere, soil and oceans, chemical transformations and degradation of semivolatile organic pollutants (Lammel et al.(2001), Report Max Planck Institute for Meteorology No. 324, Hamburg 2001, 44 pp. ) http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/%7Elammel.gerhard/coams_po.jpg
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4. HAMMOZ (ECHAM5&MOZART&HAM)
HAMMOZ: A TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY–AEROSOL-CLIMATE COUPLED MODEL
GAS-PHASE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY MOZECH [O3-NOx-CO-CH4-NMHC]
Temperature,
wind, etc
TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS HAM [SO4,BC,OC, mineral dust, sea salt]
Temperature,
wind, etc
Aerosol
radiative
Heterogeneous
chemistry
Particles
surface area
O3, N2O5,
HO2, HNO3
CLI
MAT
E ECHA
Condensation,
Nucleation
SO4(g) ->
SO4
O3, H2O2
PHOTOLYSIS
FAST-J
Aerosol
optical
J-values
Cloud
optical
Contact person :
Isabelle Bey, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
[email protected], Tel : +41 (0)21 69 376 45
Sebastian Rast, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
[email protected], Tel: +49 40 41173-425, Fax: +49 40 41173-298
Martin Schultz, ICG-II, Research Center Jülich
[email protected], Tel: +49 2461 61 2831, Fax: +49 2461 61 8131
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Model description: Combines ECHAM5-HAM and ECHAM5-MOZ chemistry modules Photolysis scheme: Fast-J2 (Prather et al, 1999; Bian et al., 2002 Oxidation of sulfur coupled to gas-phase chemistry Heterogeneous reactions coupled to M7 aerosol module Description provided in PhD thesis Luca Pozzoli, EPFL; Pozzoli, L., I. Bey, J. S. Rast, M. G. Schultz, P. Stier, and J. Feichter (2007): Trace gas and aerosol interactions in the fully coupled model of chemistry-aerosol-climate ECHAM5-HAMMOZ, PART I: Model description and insights from the spring 2001 TRACE-P experiment (subm to JGR-Atmosph). Pozzoli, L., I. Bey, J. S. Rast, M. G. Schultz, P. Stier, and J. Feichter (2007): Trace gas and aerosol interactions in the fully coupled model of chemistry-aerosol-climate ECHAM5-HAMMOZ, PART II: Impact of heterogeneous chemistry on the global aerosol distributions (subm to JGR-Atmosph).
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Coding, code maintenance and user support
User support Whenever you need help in using operational model versions ask first Model&Data http://www.mad.zmaw.de/service-support/ Model-Section: [email protected] Data-Section: [email protected] Tel: +49 (40) 411 73 - 397 Fax: +49 (40) 411 73 – 476 If M&D cannot solve your problems, ask: ECHAM5: Monika Esch [email protected], Tel: +49 (40) 411 73 - 375 ECHAM5-HAM, ECHAM5-MOZ, ECHAM5-HAMMOZ: Sebastian Rast [email protected], Tel: +49 (40) 411 73 - 425 Optimization, portability, compiler problems: Luis Kornblüh [email protected], Tel: +49 (40) 411 73 - 289 Coding style Use the coding rules of the „Icon programming guide“ (http://svn.zmaw.de/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=programmingguide:programming_guide) Scientific documentation: In addition to scientific articles, a detailed model description is desirable Technical documenation: Explain namelists, input files, output Version control Until now: Clearcase revision control New: SVN server Three branches in SVN: o ECHAM5-HAM main branch o ECHAM5-HAM including cloud droplet number concentration (cdnc) by Silvia
Kloster (Ispra) o Main branch administration by Sebastian Rast
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o If you introduce any changes do these test runs: o Use a picky compiler (e.g. NAG including checks at runtime) o Test with various NPROMA values and be sure that results are bit-identical o Test on varying numbers of CPUs and be sure that results are bit-identical o Test that your results are bit-identical with and without a rerun during the simulation
period (rerun preferably at 1st January 00:00:00h)
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Presentations Erich Roeckner
New features and performance of the atmospheric GCM ECHAM5
Philip Stier
State of the aerosol model HAM
Bärbel Langmann
Implementation of M7 in the regional model REMO
Sebastian Rast
HAM, model upgrading and development
Sylvaine Ferrachat
Generalization of the M7 module in ECHAM-HAM
Luis Kornblüh
Portability and Optimization
Yiran Peng
Activation
Corinna Hoose
Stratiform cloud scheme; Aerosol processing in cloud droplets and ice crystals
Philip Stier
The convective cloud scheme
Johannes Quaas
Simulation of subgrid-scale variability
Stefan Kinne
Evaluation: AeroCom, current state and new perspectives Use of remote sensing data to assess aerosol effects
Harry Kokkola
SALSA, a sectional aerosol module for large-scale applications
Rene Hommel
SAM in ECHAM5 Numerical diffusion in sectional aerosol models
Ari Laaksonen
Effect of water soluble trace gases on CCN activation: Parameterization for HNO3 and HCl
Risto Makkonen
Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Nucleation in a Global Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Mihaela Mircea, Declan O’Donnell
Modeling SOA
Ralf Wolke
Implementation of HAM into the regional model LM-Muscat
Sylvaine Ferrachat
Impaction scavenging
Ina Tegen Modeling mineral dust sources Adetutu Aghedo
Modeling biogenic emissions: Vegetation
２２
Silvia Kloster
Modeling biogenic emissions: Marine Biosphere
Francesca Guglielmo
Transport of pollutants in the multi-compartment model system ECHAM5-MPIOM
Martin Schultz
MOZECH: MOZART chemistry in ECHAM5 RETRO-historical emission inventory
Isabelle Bey
HAMMOZ: HAM and MOZART in ECHAM5 Aerosol-chemistry interactions
Holger Tost
Modelling activities with ECHAM5/MESSy at the MPI for Chemistry, Mainz
Dieter Peters
The effect of zonal ozone variations in the Middle Atmosphere ECHAM5
Sebastian Rast
HAMMOZ, model upgrading and development
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Participants
1 Aghedo, Adetutu MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
2 Asmi, Ari Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki
3 Bey, Isabelle Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne
4 Brücher, Tim University Köln [email protected] 5 Burrows, Susannah MPI for Chemistry, Mainz [email protected] 6 Cheng , Tiantao MPI for Meteorology,
Hamburg [email protected]
7 Devasthale , Abhay MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
8 Feichter, Johann MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
9 Ferrachat, Sylvaine Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
10 Folberth, Gerd Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne
11 Guglielmo, Francesca
MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
12 Heil, Angelika MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
13 Hommel, René MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
14 Hoose, Corinna Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
15 Joos, Hanna Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
16 Kinne, Stefan MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
17 Kloster, Silvia Joint Research Center, Ispra
18 Kokkola, Harry Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio
19 Kornblüh, Luis MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
20 Laaksonen, Ari Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio
21 Langmann, Bärbel National University of Ireland, Galway
22 Lohmann, Ulrike Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
23 Makkonen, Risto Department of Physical Sciences, University Helsinki
２４
24 Mircea, Mihaela Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna
25 O’Donnell, Declan MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
26 Peng, Yran MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
27 Peters, Dieter Leibniz-Institut für Atmosphärenphysik, Kühlungsborn
28 Quaas, Johannes MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
29 Rast, Sebastian MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
30 Roeckner, Erich MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
31 Roelofs, Geert-Jan Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht
32 Ross, Ole Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Center for Science and Peace Research, Hamburg
33 Schröder, Sabine Forschungszentrum Jülich [email protected]
34 Schultz, Martin Forschungszentrum Jülich [email protected] 35 Stein, Olaf MPI Hamburg/FZ Jülich [email protected] 36 Stemmler, Irene MPI for Meteorology,
Hamburg [email protected]
37 Stier, Philip California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
38 Teichmann, Claas MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
39 Tegen, Ina Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research
40 Timmreck, Claudia MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg
41 Tost, Holger MPI for Chemistry, Mainz [email protected] 42 Varghese, Saji National University of
Ireland, Galway [email protected]
43 Wild, Martin Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
44 Wolke, Ralf Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research
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