Afghanistan: Humanitarianism in Uncertain Times

7/30/2019 Afghanistan: Humanitarianism in Uncertain Times

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Z~qdoh~mdogoh ~md mtlkog~w kon nghog~w cb udcuid go jqgzgz ~mqcthm ocxidnhd kon uqkj~gjd

OCRDLADQ 15;1

KBHMKOGZ^KO6

Mtlkog~kqgkogzl go Tojdq~kgo gldz

Uqgzjk Adodiig) Ko~cogc Ncogog) kon Ocqkm Ogikon


2/52Bdgoz~dgo Go~dqok~gcoki Jdo~dq1

15;1 Bdgoz~dgo Go~dqok~gcoki Jdo~dq/ Kii Qghm~z Qdzdqrdn/

Bkgq tzd cb ~mgz jcuwqghm~dn lk~dqgki gojitndz g~z tzd bcq oco,jclldqjgki dntjk~gcoki

utquczdz) ztjm kz ~dkjmgoh) zjmcikqzmgu) qdzdkqjm) jqg~gjgzl) jclldo~kqw) kon odxz

qducq~goh/ Toidzz c~mdqxgzd oc~dn) ~mczd xmc xgzm ~c qduqcntjd ~d}~ kon glkhd idz

bqcl ~mgz utaigjk~gco bcq ztjm tzdz lkw nc zc xg~mct~ ~md Bdgoz~dgo Go~dqok~gcoki

Jdo~dqz d}uqdzz udqlgzzgco/ Mcxdrdq) kii jclldqjgki tzd cb ~mgz lk~dqgki kon#cq

qduqcntj~gco ~mk~ ki~dqz g~z ldkogoh cq go~do~) xg~mct~ ~md d}uqdzz udqlgzzgco cb ~md

Bdgoz~dgo Go~dqok~gcoki Jdo~dq) gz uqcmgag~dn/

Bdgoz~dgo Go~dqok~gcoki Jdo~dq

^tb~z Togrdqzg~w

;;> Jtq~gz Z~qdd~

Zcldqrgiid) LK 51;>>

TZK

~di6 +; 2;8/218/:>1:

bk}6 +; 2;8/218/:>1=

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Jcrdq umc~c aw Fkldz Icohidw/ Tzdn xg~m udqlgzzgco/


3/52Kbhmkogz~ko6 Mtlkog~kqgkogzl go Tojdq~kgo gldz :

;/ Go~qcntj~gco / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / >

1/ K zg~tk~gco cb mtlkog~kqgko jcojdqo6 Gongjk~cqz cb rtiodqkagig~w / / / / / / / / / / / / / 4

Mdki~m / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 2

Bccn zdjtqg~w / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 7

Dntjk~gco / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ;5

Ucutik~gco lcrdldo~z / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ;1

Glukj~ cb ok~tqki ngzkz~dqz co rtiodqkagig~w / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ;8

:/ ^md uqc~dj~gco jmkiidohd / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ;=

>/ ^md z~k~d cb ~md mtlkog~kqgko do~dquqgzd / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 14

Kgn khdojgdz / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 14

Kjjdzz kon z~kbb zdjtqg~w / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 1=

Ncocqz#btongoh zg~tk~gco / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / :5

4/ ^md qcj`w qckn kmdkn / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / :1

2/ Jcojitzgcoz / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / :2

Kjqcowlz / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / :=

Agaigchqkumw / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / :7

Kood}dz / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / >:

Kood} G6 Zjdokqgcz bcq 15;> kon adwcon / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / >:

Kact~ ~md kt~mcqz / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / >2

Jco~do~z


4/52Bdgoz~dgo Go~dqok~gcoki Jdo~dq>

;/ GO^QCNTJ^GCO

Kz ~md kqldn jcofigj~ go Kbhmkogz~ko qkhdz co) igbd

bcq cqngokqw Kbhmkoz mkz ~k`do k ~tqo bcq ~md xcqzd/Qd~c Z~cj`dq)

GJQJ Mdkn cb Ndidhk~gco) Cj~cadq =) 15;1;

^md Kbhmko jqgzgz) ocx xdii go~c g~z bctq~m nd,jknd) mkz lkow ikwdqz/ ^md lgig~kqw kon ucig~,gjki ngldozgcoz cb xmk~ kuudkqz ~c ad k nddudogohkon odrdq,dongoh jqgzgz hqka ~md mdknigodz/ At~

~md z~qtj~tqki rgcidojd kon uccq hcrdqokojd ~mk~tondqugoz g~hqgongoh ucrdq~w) qkluko~ katzd

cb ucxdq) jqglgokigvdn djcoclw) ukqictz jcong,~gco cb xcldo kon hgqiz) uccq kjjdzz ~c mdki~m konc~mdq zdqrgjdzqdjdgrdz ltjm idzz k~~do~gco/ ^mgz

qducq~ gz jcojdqodn xg~m ~md lcqd aqt~gzm kzudj~zcb ~md mtlko jcong~gco go Kbhmkogz~ko ~cnkw/ G~

bcjtzdz co ~md igrdz kon rtiodqkagig~gdz cb ~mczd kb,bdj~dn aw ngzkz~dqz) xmd~mdq lko,lknd cq oc~) konco ~md k~~dlu~z aw icjki kon go~dqok~gcoki khdo,

jgdz ~c lg~ghk~d ~mdzd rtiodqkagig~gdz xg~mgo ~mdbqkthm~ kon rcik~gid Kbhmko jco~d}~/

Utquczd cb ~md qducq~/ mgz qducq~ uqdzdo~z ko koki,

wzgz cb ~md mtlkog~kqgko zg~tk~gco co ~md hqctonkon cb ~md jmkiidohdz kon jcoz~qkgo~z bkjdn aw ~md

mtlkog~kqgko jclltog~w go k bkz~,lcrgoh dorg,qcoldo~/ G~z jcojitzgcoz ucgo~ ~c tqhdo~ jmkohdzqd{tgqdn ~c gluqcrd ~md qdzucozd ~c k zdrdqd kon

nddudogoh mtlkog~kqgko jqgzgz kon ~c uqc~dj~mtlkog~kqgko khdojgdz) ~c ~md d}~do~ uczzgaid) bqcl

crdq~ lkogutik~gco/ G~ bciicxz tu co uqdrgctzxcq` aw ~md Bdgoz~dgo Go~dqok~gcoki Jdo~dq -BGJ'

co Kbhmkogz~ko ~mk~ mghmighm~dn ~md udqjdu~gcoz cbjclltog~gdz co ~md xcq` cb kgn khdojgdz) ~md k~,~dlu~z ~c lkogutik~d mtlkog~kqgko kj~cqz go ztu,

ucq~ cb ucig~gjki khdonkz) kon ~md ~dozgcoz ad~xddo~md rkqgctz zdhldo~z cb ~md kgn do~dquqgzd/1

Xmw ocx3 Go ~md jco~d}~ cb ~md zc,jkiidn ~qkozg,~gco~mk~ gz) ~md zghogjko~ qdntj~gco cb bcqdgho~qccuz kon uqcakaid ndjqdkzd go kgn kon go~dqok,~gcoki dohkhdldo~ go Kbhmkogz~kog~ gz glucq~ko~

~c ~k`d z~cj` cb ~md mtlkog~kqgko zg~tk~gco/ G~ gzkizc glucq~ko~ ~c qdrgdx mcx mtlkog~kqgko khdo,

jgdz kqd uqdukqgoh bcq k bt~tqd ~mk~ gz acton ~c adcb hqdk~ tojdq~kgo~w kon ~mk~ lghm~ xdii qdzti~ goko dzjkik~gco cb jcofigj~) ikxidzzodzz) ngzuikjdldo~)

kon mtlkog~kqgko oddn/ Lcqdcrdq) kz wd~ koc~mdqumkzd cb ~md Kbhmko jqgzgz jcldz ~c k jiczd) xg~m ~md

ndukq~tqd cb lcz~ bcqdgho ~qccuz idkrgoh admgon kikonzjkud cb qgzgoh rgcidojd kon ucig~gjki goz~kagig~w)~mgz gz ko cuucq~tod ~gld ~c qdfidj~ co ~md xgndq

ldkogoh cb ~md Kbhmkogz~ko jqgzgz bqcl k mtlkog~kq,gko udqzudj~grd) xmk~ g~ ~diiz tz kact~ ~md z~k~d cb ~mdmtlkog~kqgko do~dquqgzd kon ~md drcirgoh ndak~dz

co ~md qdik~gcozmgu ad~xddo mtlkog~kqgko kj~gcokon go~dqok~gcoki ucig~gjki#lgig~kqw dondkrcqz/

Z~qtj~tqd cb ~md qducq~/ Zdj~gco 1 ndzjqgadz ~mdjtqqdo~ mtlkog~kqgko zg~tk~gco/ Co ~md akzgz cb ~md

adz~ krkgikaid nk~k) g~ mghmighm~z k otladq cb gong,jk~cqz ~mk~ giitz~qk~d ~md rtiodqkagig~w cb k hqcxgohuqcucq~gco cb Kbhmkoz/ mgz gz bciicxdn aw k ngzjtz,

zgco cb ~md uqc~dj~gco ngldozgco cb mtlkog~kqgkokj~gco kon ~md xkw qdik~dn jmkiidohdz mkrd addo

knnqdzzdn -cq oc~' aw ~md kgn jclltog~w -zdj,~gco :'/ K jclldo~kqw co ~md jtqqdo~ z~k~d cb ~mdmtlkog~kqgko do~dquqgzd go Kbhmkogz~ko gz uqcrgndn

go zdj~gco > kon gz bciicxdn aw k ngzjtzzgco cb ucz,zgaid zjdokqgcz kon jco~gohdojw uikoogoh bcq ~md

bt~tqd -zdj~gco 4'/ Jcojitzgcoz kon btq~mdq gluig,jk~gcoz kqd uqdzdo~dn go zdj~gco 2/

Ld~mcnz/ ^md qducq~ gz akzdn co go~dqrgdxz mdin) aw

~xc ldladqz cb ~md ~dkl go @kati go Ftod 15;1)xg~m k xgnd qkohd cb go~dqicjt~cqz) ac~m Kbhmko kon

go~dqok~gcoki) go hcrdqoldo~) TO) OHCz) ncocqkhdojgdz) gondudondo~ ~mgo` ~ko`z) kon xg~m Kbhmkogo~diidj~tkiz kon qdzdkqjmdqz/ Crdq =5 go~dqrgdxz

xdqd jcontj~dn/ md dw gobcqlko~z go~dqrgdxdnkqd oc~ gndo~gdn aw okld0 toidzz c~mdqxgzd zudjg,

dn) kii ~md udqzcoki jclltogjk~gcoz {tc~dn go ~md~d}~ xdqd mdin go @kati go Ftod 15;1/ md qducq~gz jcluidldo~dn aw k ~mcqcthm kokiwzgz cb qdjdo~

utaigzmdn kon hqdw ig~dqk~tqd co ~md mtlkog~kqgkozg~tk~gco go Kbhmkogz~ko/ Zcld ;75 qducq~z xdqd

gndo~gdn kon d}klgodn kon :5 nk~kzd~z jcozti~dn/

Kj`ocxidnhdldo~z/^mgz qducq~ xkz lknd uczzgaid

aw k hdodqctz hqko~ bqcl ~md Zxdngzm Go~dqok~gcokiNdrdiculdo~ Khdojw -ZGNK'/ md kt~mcqz kqd go,nda~dn ~c ~md lkow jciidkhtdz kon bqgdonz go @kati

kon dizdxmdqd xmc hkrd cb ~mdgq ~gld) gozghm~z)ichgz~gjki ztuucq~) kon jklkqkndqgd/ Zudjgki ~mko`z

kqd ntd ~c ~md Udkjd qkgogoh kon Qdzdkqjm Cqhkog,vk~gco -U^QC') ~md Kbhmko Goz~g~t~d bcq Kbhmkogz~koZ~tngdz) kon ~md TO Lgod Kj~gco Zdqrgjd -TO,

LKZ' bcq ~mdgq cudqk~gcoki ztuucq~/ ^md jciikacqk,~gco xg~m ~md Jdo~qd co Jcofigj~) Ndrdiculdo~

kon Udkjd,atgingoh k~ ~md Hqkntk~d Goz~g~t~d cbGo~dqok~gcoki kon Ndrdiculdo~ Z~tngdz go Hdodrk

gz hqk~dbtiiw kj`ocxidnhdn bcq kiicxgoh ~md gojit,zgco go ~mgz qducq~ cb knng~gcoki lk~dqgki) ukq~gjtikqiwco uqc~dj~gco gzztdz/ Zudjgki ~mko`z kizc ~c Fkldz

Icohidw bcq udqlgzzgco ~c tzd mgz umc~cz/


5/52Kbhmkogz~ko6 Mtlkog~kqgkogzl go Tojdq~kgo gldz 4

1/ K ZG^TK^GCO CB MTLKOG^KQGKO JCOJDQO6

GONGJK^CQZ CB RTIODQKAGIG^W

Xd jkooc~ hd~ btongoh co ~md akzgz cb kzztlu~gcoz/

Ncocqz zkw6 Gz ~mdqd k jqgzgz3 Wct oddn ~c uqcrd g~+

Zdogcq go~dqok~gcoki OHC cbjgki) @kati

Aw kii kjjcto~z) zghogjko~ at~ todrdo uqch,qdzz mkz addo lknd zgojd 1551 go knnqdzzgohrtiodqkagig~w ~c zmcj`z kon ~c ~md kjjtltik~dn

idhkjw cb ~md jcofigj~/ Mcxdrdq) ~md zuqdkn cb

kqldn jcofigj~ kon k mcz~ cb c~mdq bkj~cqz) gojitn,

goh iglg~dn ngzkz~dq uqdukqdnodzz kon dbbcq~z ~c

z~qdoh~mdo qdzgigdojd) mkrd gojqdkzdn rtiodqkagig~w

kon knndn ~c ~md mtlkog~kqgko jkzdickn/ Kzzdzzgoh

kon {tko~gbwgoh ndagig~k~goh bkj~cqz gz mkludqdn

aw k otladq cb gzztdz) gojitngoh ~md uktjg~w kon

toqdigkagig~w cb nk~k kon ~md ikj` cb jcojdu~tki

jikqg~w co xmk~ gz mtlkog~kqgkoko dlgodo~iw

rkqgkaid oc~gco kon cod ~mk~ mkz) crdq ~md wdkqz)

addo ztafdj~dn ~c ucig~gjki lkogutik~gco/ ^md oc,

~gco ~mk~ ~mdqd xkz k zg~tk~gco cb mtlkog~kqgko

jcojdqo go Kbhmkogz~ko ucz~,1551 qko jcto~dq

~c ~md nclgoko~ okqqk~grd cb ~md TZ,idn jckig,

~gco kon ~md Kbhmko hcrdqoldo~ g~ ztuucq~z/ Kz

k qdzti~) mtlkog~kqgko oddn xkz cb~do lgoglgvdn

cq qd,aqkondn kz jmqcogj tondqndrdiculdo~/Lcqdcrdq) ~md ~cciz ~c kzzdzz ~md zg~tk~gco co ~md

hqcton xdqd to~gi qdjdo~iw odg~mdq ndrdicudn ocq

nddldn odjdzzkqw/

^mgz zdj~gco qduqdzdo~z ko k~~dlu~ ~c ztllkqgvd

kon kokiwvd ~md drcit~gco cb rtiodqkagig~w zgojd

1551 co ~md akzgz cb ~md adz~ krkgikaid nk~k/ Cb

jctqzd) jciidj~goh mtlkog~kqgko nk~k go jcofigj~,

kbbdj~dn zd~~gohz gz kixkwz d}~qdldiw jmkiidohgoh6

qz~) k lg} cb ichgz~gjki) igohtgz~gj) kon zdjtqg~w,qdik~dn caz~kjidz lk`d g~ ngbjti~ ~c kjjdzz ~md

kbbdj~dn ucutik~gco0 zdjcon) ~mdqd cb~do gz k

hdodqki ikj` cb hccn akzdigod nk~k -ztjm kz k qdig,

kaid jdoztz'0 ~mgqn) go ngzkz~dq zd~~gohz) ~md zg~tk~gco

gz cb~do d}~qdldiw rcik~gid) kon nk~k ~mk~ lcqd cq

idzz qdigkaiw ndzjqgadn ~md zg~tk~gco k~ cod ~gld

lkw adjcld gokjjtqk~d k bdx lco~mz ik~dq0 okiiw)

rkqgctz hqctuz lkw mkrd ko gojdo~grd ~c crdqz~k~d

cq uqdzdo~ k ukq~gki rgdx cb oddnz kon jcong~gcoz

co ~md hqcton/:

Ztjm ngbjti~gdz zddl ~c ad ukq~gjtikqiw d}~qdld

go Kbhmkogz~ko) xmdqd kjjdzz mkz addo gojqdkzgohiw

jcoz~qkgodn kon xmdqd ~md ucutik~gcoz cb jcojdqo

mkrd cb~do addo udqjdgrdn aw icjki kt~mcqg~gdz

kon aw ~md mtlkog~kqgko jclltog~w kz to,~qtz~xcq~mw/> Bcq ~mdzd qdkzcoz) nk~k) drdo xmdqd

krkgikaid) lkw ad toqdigkaid) cq jcofigj~goh) ntd

~c ngbbdqdojdz go nk~k jciidj~gco ld~mcnz) icjk,

~gco) ~glgoh) kon zc co/ Ftz~ ~c hgrd cod d}kluid)

ucutik~gco dz~glk~dz bcq ~md jcto~qw qkohd bqcl

18 ~c :4 lgiigco/ Kz z~k~dn d}uigjg~iw go ~md 15;1

Jcozcignk~dn Kuudki -JKU'6 Hgrdo ~md lti~g~tnd

cb jcoz~qkgo~z) mtlkog~kqgko kon ndrdiculdo~

oddnz kzzdzzldo~z kqd jcluid~dn ~c ~md adz~ cb

~md kagig~w cb kgn kj~cqz) kz kon xmdo uczzgaid/4

Btq~mdqlcqd) xmgid ~md nk~k uqcrgnd ko khhqdhk~drgdx cb ~md mtlkog~kqgko zg~tk~gco) ~mdqd kqd cb,

~do nqklk~gj ngbbdqdojdz go gongjk~cqz ad~xddo tq,

ako kon qtqki kqdkz) aw mctzdmcin zcjgc,djcoclgj

z~k~tz) kon aw qdhgco/2

Zgojd 1551) kz ctq uqdrgctz qducq~z mkrd zmcxo)

mtlkog~kqgko nk~k jciidj~gco kon kokiwzgz mkrd oc~

addo k uqgcqg~w/ Xmdo ~md TO go~dhqk~dn lgz,

zgco xkz dz~kaigzmdn go 1551) ~md d}gz~goh Tog~dn

Ok~gcoz Cbjd bcq ~md Jccqngok~gco cb Mtlkog,~kqgko Kbbkgqz -TO,CJMK' gobcqlk~gco lkokhd,

ldo~ jkukjg~w xkz ngzakondn/ Go qdjdo~ wdkqz) kb~dq

~md qd,dz~kaigzmldo~ cb ko CJMK cbjd go 155=)

ldjmkogzlz bcq nk~k jciidj~gco kon khhqdhk~gco

mkrd gluqcrdn zcldxmk~08 mcxdrdq) ~md kokiwzgz

ndjg~ qdlkgoz kon gz jcluctondn aw ~md bkj~

~mk~ mtlkog~kqgko kjjdzz ~c ~md jcto~qw mkz addo

uqchqdzzgrdiw zmqgo`goh) kon xg~m g~) ~md jkukjg~w

~c hk~mdq qdigkaid nk~k/ Bcq kii ~mdzd qdkzcoz) ~md

nk~k uqdzdo~dn go ~md bciicxgoh ukhdz mkrd ~c ad

~k`do kz ~md adz~ uczzgaid kuuqc}glk~gco cb ~md

zg~tk~gco co ~md hqcton/

Ndzug~d ~md jcoz~qkgo~z ct~igodn kacrd) ctq rgdx gz

~mk~ ~md d}gz~goh nk~k kqd ztbjgdo~ ~c kbql ~mk~

~mdqd gz k jco~gotgoh mtlkog~kqgko jqgzgz go Kb,

hmkogz~ko/ md tondqiwgoh z~qtj~tqki kon jmqcogj

rtiodqkagig~gdz kqd cb~do d}kjdqak~dn aw lko,lknd

kon c~mdq ngzkz~dqz kzzcjgk~dn xg~m ok~tqki mkvkqn

drdo~z) ~mtz idkngoh ~c umkzdz cb kjt~d rtiodqkagi,

g~w ~mk~ qd{tgqd k zudjgj mtlkog~kqgko qdzucozd/

Gonddn) xmgid ~md go~dqok~gcoki kgn jcllt,



og~w mkz kjmgdrdn glucq~ko~ qdzti~z crdq ~md ukz~

ndjknd) go zcld zdj~cqz ~md zg~tk~gco mkz btq~mdq

nd~dqgcqk~dn go ~md ikz~ rd wdkqz) ntd ~c k zdqgdz cb

bkj~cqz) lkow cb xmgjm bkii ct~zgnd ~md jco~qci cb

~md kgn jclltog~w) gojitngoh k xcqzdogoh cb ~md

jcofigj~ kon knrdqzd xdk~mdq jcong~gcoz/ Kjjcqn,

goh ~c CJMK)=

Mtlkog~kqgko jcong~gcoz go Kbhmkogz~ko mkrd

z~dkngiw nd~dqgcqk~dn go qdjdo~ wdkqz ntd ~c ~md

uqc~qkj~dn jcofigj~ kon qdjtqqdo~ ok~tqki ngzkz,

~dqzukq~gjtikqiw nqcthm~) fikzm ficcnz) kon c~mdq

d}~qdld xdk~mdq/ Ko go~dozgdn jcofigj~ go 15;;

jktzdn btq~mdq jgrgigko jkztki~gdz kon ngzuikjd,

ldo~) ndikwdn mtlkog~kqgko kj~gco kon ngzqtu~dn

dzzdo~gki zdqrgjdz/ Ztjm dondlgj dorgqcoldo~ki

mkvkqnz qdondq ~md lkfcqg~w cb Kbhmkogz~koz

ucutik~gco jmqcogjkiiw cq kjt~diw rtiodqkaid/

@dw mtlkog~kqgko gongjk~cqz mkrd z~dkngiw nd~d,

qgcqk~dn go Kbhmkogz~ko go qdjdo~ wdkqz kz k qdzti~

cb uqc~qkj~dn jcofigj~) qdjtqqdo~ dorgqcoldo~ki

mkvkqnz kon k jclagok~gco cb tondq,ndrdiculdo~

kon ndrdiculdo~ bkgitqd/7

^md bciicxgoh zdj~gcoz cbbdq ko crdqrgdx cb rkqg,

ctz gongjk~cqz ~mk~ aqdk` ncxo rtiodqkagig~w aw

zdj~cq/

Mdki~m

G~ mkz adjcld gojqdkzgohiw ngbjti~ bcq cqngokqw

Kbhmkoz ~c ca~kgo mdki~m jkqd/Qd~c Z~cj`dq) GJQJ

Mdkn cb Ndidhk~gco) Cj~cadq =) 15;1;5

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xkz dz~glk~dn kqcton :42 ndk~mz udq ;55)555 igrd

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ndk~mz udq ;55)555 igrd agq~mz/14

Go 155;#1551) TOGJDB kon ~md Xcqin Mdki~m

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dz~glk~d~md Mdki~m Lkokhdldo~ Gobcqlk~gco

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coiw ;)42: umwzgjgkoz bcq k ucutik~gco cb ku,

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mghm idrdiz cb lkiot~qg~gco/ Ztjm act~z cb uccq

ot~qg~gco lkw mkrd icoh,~dql qdudqjtzzgcoz) ukq,

~gjtikqiw bcq rtiodqkaid ucutik~gcoz/ Bcq goz~kojd)

go 15;;) kb~dq k zdrdqd nqcthm~) ~md Bccn Zdjtqg~w

kon Khqgjti~tqd Jitz~dq jcontj~dn ko Dldqhdojw

Bccn Zdjtqg~w Kzzdzzldo~ -DBZK') gndo~gbwgoh

1/=2 lgiigco udcuid kz zdrdqdiw kbbdj~dn aw ~md

nqcthm~ kon bccn go,zdjtqd/ Go lgn,15;;) CJMK

dz~glk~dn >/; lgiigco udcuid ~c ad bccn,gozdjtqd>7

kon go oddn cb qdigdb ztuucq~) xg~m k btq~mdq cod

lgiigco go oddn cb dldqhdojw khqgjti~tqki kzzgz,

~kojd/

Dntjk~gco

Lw jikzz gz rdqw jiczd ~c ~md lkgo qckn , go k~do~/ Zcld~gldz drdo z~qkw nchz hd~ go kon ukzzgoh

jkqz aicx ntz~ go~c ctq ~do~) xmgjm hd~z go~c ctq

jic~mdz) mkgq kon drdo oc~dacc`z/Lgq @mko) ;5)

uqglkqw zjmcci utugi) Kqht) Aknk`mzmko/45

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icoh ~dql) kz g~ gz mkqn ~c glkhgod ztzudongoh

dntjk~gco bcq ndjkndz hgrdo g~z zghogjkojd bcq

igrdigmccnz) mdki~m kon ot~qg~gcoki z~k~tz) hdondq

d{tg~w) kon ~md crdqkii z~kagig~w cb ~md zcjgki bkaqgj/

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~md cod mkon) ~md go~dqok~gcoki jclltog~w mkz

~qdk~dn g~ kz dlaidlk~gj cb ~md ztjjdzz cb g~z ucz~,

7#;; qdjcrdqw z~qk~dhw0 co ~md c~mdq) ~md kigako

mkrd) k~ idkz~ gog~gkiiw) cuuczdn g~ bcq zwlld~qgjkiat~ cuuczg~d qdkzcoz) adjktzd g~ qduqdzdo~dn ~md

jcqqtu~ hcrdqoldo~ ztuucq~dn aw ~md gorkn,

dqz/ mgqn) dntjk~gco zdqrdz kz k uqc}w gongjk~cq

cb z~kagig~w/ ^mtz) g~ gz ko go~dqdz~goh idoz ~c icc` k~

~md drcit~gco cb ~md zg~tk~gco co ~md hqcton kon

~md ~dozgcoz kon cuucq~tog~gdz ~mk~ kjjclukow g~/

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wdkqz/ Odrdq~mdidzz) go 15;5#15;;) kjjcqngoh ~c

~md Kbhmkogz~ko Lti~guid Gongjk~cq Jitz~dq Ztqrdw)coiw 44$ cb jmginqdo cb uqglkqw zjmcci khd xdqd

k~~dongoh zjmcci) xg~m mghm ngzukqg~gdz ad~xddo

tqako kon qtqki kqdkz0 kon kact~ :1$ cb zdjcon,

kqw zjmcci khdn jmginqdo xdqd k~~dongoh zjmcci/

^mdqd xdqd zghogjko~ ngbbdqdojdz go ~md k~~do,

nkojd cb hgqiz kon acwz) ac~m go uqglkqw zjmcci

-k~~dondn aw 8 hgqiz bcq drdqw ;5 acwz' kon) drdo

lcqd zc) go zdjconkqw zjmcci -4 hgqiz bcq drdqw ;5

acwz'/4; Ztjm god{tkig~gdz kuudkqdn ukq~gjtikqiw

uqcoctojdn bcq hgqiz go ~md zct~mdqo qdhgco) g/d/)

go ~md lcz~ jcofigj~,kbbdj~dn kqdkz/ Kjjcqngoh ~c

~md zkld zctqjd) ~md dntjk~gco idrdi cb xcldo

jcozgz~do~iw dldqhdz kz k qdigkaid uqdngj~cq cb ki,

lcz~ kii gongjk~cqz cb ~md jcong~gco cb xcldo kon

jmginqdo/ Xmgid ~mdqd mkz addo lkzzgrd gluqcrd,

ldo~ cb doqcildo~ idrdiz zgojd 1551) ~md {tkig~w

cb ~md dntjk~gco uqcrgndn ztbbdqz xgnd rkqgk~gcoz/

Lcqdcrdq) ~md doqcildo~ cb hgqiz mkz qdkjmdn to,

uqdjdndo~dn idrdiz) at~ uqglkqw zjmcci jcluid~gco

qk~d bcq acwz gz :1$) rdqztz ;:$ bcq hgqiz/ Ldqdiw

:5$ cb hgqiz qdkjm hqknd 4) jclukqdn ~c 42$ bcqacwz/ Go lcqd jcozdqrk~grd kon jcofigj~,kbbdj~dn

kqdkz -xmgjm cb~do kqd ~md zkld' ~md jcluid~gco

qk~d bcq hgqiz gz drdo icxdq/41

Go knng~gco ~c ichgz~gjki jcoz~qkgo~z kon zmcq~khd

cb mtlko qdzctqjdz) dntjk~gco gz kizc mghmiw rti,

odqkaid ~c gozdjtqg~w qdik~dn ~c ~md jcofigj~/

K~~kj`z aw ko~g,hcrdqoldo~ didldo~z6 Kz dntjk,

~gco bkjgig~gdz qduqdzdo~ ~md uqdzdojd cb ~md z~k~d)zjmcci atqogohz kon bcqjdn jiczgohz mkrd addo k

qdjtqqdo~ bdk~tqd cb ~md ikz~ ndjknd -xmgjm djmcdz

~md k~~kj`z khkgoz~ zjmcciz kon ~dkjmdqz aw ~md

ltfkmgnddo ntqgoh ~md jclltogz~ udqgcn'/

K~~kj`z gojitnd hqdokndz#aclagohz) oghm~ id~~dqz

cq rdqaki ~mqdk~z ~c ~dkjmdqz) kon `giigohz cb z~t,

ndo~z kon dntjk~gco udqzcoodi) ki~mcthm ~md lcz~

bqd{tdo~ ~wud cb k~~kj` gz kqzco) bciicxdn aw d},

uiczgcoz go cq odkq zjmcci atgingohz/ Ngqdj~ k~~kj`z

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jcllco/ Hcrdqoldo~ zjmcciz kqd aw bkq ~md lcz~

~kqhd~dn jclukqdn ~c OHC kon uqgrk~d zjmcciz0


11/52Kbhmkogz~ko6 Mtlkog~kqgkogzl go Tojdq~kgo gldz ;;

~md qdkzcoz bcq ~mgz kqd tojidkq/4:

^md jcojitzgco~mk~ OHC,akzdn zjmcciz kqd idzz cb k ~kqhd~ gz)

mcxdrdq) jmkiidohdn go koc~mdq qducq~) xmgjm) co

~md akzgz cb zdrdqki go~dqrgdxz xg~m ^kigako jcl,

lkondqz kon c~mdq `dw gobcqlko~z) oc~dz mcx go

zcld goz~kojdz zjmcciz kon ~dkjmdqz Pztuucq~dn\

aw go~dqok~gcoki ocohcrdqoldo~ki cqhkogvk~gcoz

lkw ad k~~kj`dn kz zwlaciz cb ~md xcq` cb

bcqdghodqz/4>

K JKQD qducq~ bcq ~md Xcqin Ako` kon ~md

Lgogz~qw cb Dntjk~gco -LcD' utaigzmdn go 1557

mghmighm~dn ~mgz kikqlgoh ~qdon/ ^md otladq cb

gojgndo~z khkgoz~ zjmcciz z~kwdn z~kaid k~ 1>; kon

1>1 qdzudj~grdiw go 1552 kon 1558) at~ ~mdo g~

adhko dzjkik~goh qkugniw6 g~ kilcz~ ~qguidn go 155=)

qdkjmgoh 285 k~~kj`z) kon `du~ hqcxgoh/44

Xmgid ~md ~qdon gz lg}dn) ~mdqd zddlz ~c ad k

zighm~ nd,dzjkik~gco go ~md k~~kj`z khkgoz~ zjmcciz go

~md ukz~ jctuid cb wdkqz/ K~ ~md adhgoogoh cb 1557)

kjjcqngoh ~c ~md JKQD#Xcqin Ako` qducq~) 285zjmcciz xdqd jiczdn kjqczz ~md jcto~qw) klcto~goh

go ~md zct~mdqo uqcrgojdz ~c k z~khhdqgoh otladq)

dz~glk~dn ~c ad ad~xddo 24 kon =;$ cb kii zjmcciz/^mgz jco~qkz~z xg~m Klodz~w Go~dqok~gcoki nk~k

bcq 15;1 gongjk~goh ~mk~ >45 zjmcciz xdqd jiczdn)

lkgoiw go ~md zct~mdqo kon dkz~dqo uqcrgojdz/42

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~mdgq jmginqdo mcld bqcl zjmcci/ Kjjcqngoh ~c

~md 1557 JKQD qducq~) hgqiz k~~donkojd ztbbdqz

zighm~iw lcqd ~mko acwz kb~dq k zdjtqg~w gojgndo~

k~ ~mdgq zjmcci/ :2$ cb ~md qdzucondo~z gongjk~dn

~mk~ bdxdq hgqiz mkrd bqd{tdo~dn ~md zjmcci kb~dq

~md ~mqdk~0 xmgid 18$ zkgn ~mk~ g~ mkn idn ~c k qd,

ntj~gco acwz k~~donkojd/ Kb~dq ko k~~kj`) bdlkid

~dkjmdqz kqd idzz ig`diw ~c qd~tqo ~c ~md zjmcci ~mko

lkid ~dkjmdqz/

Ocod~mdidzz) ~mdqd mkrd addo lkow goz~kojdz go

xmgjm zjmcciz mkrd qdlkgodn cudo) ~mko`z ~c

odhc~gk~gcoz xg~m ~md kqldn cuuczg~gco/ mdzd

odhc~gk~gcoz qduqdzdo~ ko go~dqdz~goh d}kluid cb

mcx kgn cqhkogvk~gcoz) jclltog~gdz) kon zcld,

~gldz ~md hcrdqoldo~ mkrd qdkjmdn k jcluqclgzdgo cqndq ~c doztqd zdqrgjd uqcrgzgco/ Kjjcqngoh

~c cod z~tnw) crdq ~md wdkqz) ~md uczg~gco cb ~md

Bghtqd :6Qk~gc cb Uqglkqw Zjmcci ^dkjmdq ~c Z~tndo~ -Zctqjd6 CJMK'/ ^md ok~gcoki krdqkhd bcq bdlkid ~dkjmdqzgz ; udq :>> zjmcci khdn hgqiz/



^kigako) co cod zgnd) kon cb ~md hcrdqoldo~ kon

~md kgn kj~cqz) co ~md c~mdq zgnd) mkrd uqchqdz,

zgrdiw jcordqhdn/ Kb~dq 155;) ~md kigako kncu~dn

rgcidojd khkgoz~ zjmcciz kz cod cb ~md lkgo

lkogbdz~k~gcoz cb ~mdgq jklukgho khkgoz~ ~md odx

qdhgld) qdkjmgoh k udk` cb k~~kj`z khkgoz~ zjmcciz

go 15520 mcxdrdq) kz cb 1558) ~md ^kigako adhko

~c akj`~qkj` kon ndrdicu jco~kj~z xg~m ~md LcDk~ ~md jdo~qki idrdi) ndlkongoh ~md kncu~gco cb k

kigako,kuuqcrdn jtqqgjtitl)48 ~md qd~tqo ~c

~md cin ~d}~acc`z) kon ~md mgqgoh cb ~dkjmdqz bcq

qdighgctz ztafdj~z go d}jmkohd bcq ~mdgq khqddldo~

bcq qdcudogoh cb zjmcciz/

Xmgid ~mdqd lkw oc~ mkrd addo k bcqlki khqdd,

ldo~ k~ ~md jdo~qki idrdi ad~xddo ~md ^kigako kon

~md hcrdqoldo~) otldqctz icjki khqddldo~z cq

gobcqlki tondqz~kongohz xdqd kjmgdrdn) dzudjgkiiw

kz cb 15;5/ Ztjm odhc~gk~gcoz xg~m ~md ^kigako cb,

~do gorcirdn OHCz kz xdii0 gb oc~ ngqdj~iw) k~ idkz~

~mqcthm ~md ldngk~gco cb icjki jclltog~gdz/

Go k z~k~dldo~ gzztdn co Lkqjm 8) 15;1) ~md

^kigako ndjikqdn ~mk~ ~md uqclc~gco cb dntjk~gco

gozgnd ~md jcto~qw xkz cod cb ~mdgq lkgo cafdj,

~grdz) ~mk~ ~mdw jcozgndqdn dntjk~gco ~c ad k oddn

cb ~md odx hdodqk~gco) kon jcondlodn k~~kj`z

khkgoz~ dntjk~gco/4= Uczzgaiw go qdik~gco ~c ~mgz) ~md

LcD qdjdo~iw doncqzdn k odx mgz~cqw jtqqgjtitl~mk~ ndid~dz odkqiw bctq ndjkndz cb ~md jcto~qwz

xkq,~cqo ukz~) krcgngoh kow ldo~gco cb ~md jctuz

cb ~md ;785z) ~md ;787 Zcrgd~ gorkzgco) bkj~gcoki

ltfkmgnddo hm~goh go ~md ;775z) ~md TZ kon

OK^C uqdzdojd) kon idkrgoh ig~~id ldo~gco cb ~md

kigako ~mdlzdirdz/47

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~c dntjk~gco6 c~mdq ukq~gdz ~c ~md jcofigj~ kqd kizc

gorcirdn/ Uqc,hcrdqoldo~ didldo~z mkrd cj,jtugdn zjmcciz) ut~~goh jmginqdo kon dntjk~gco

udqzcoodi k~ q gz`) ndowgoh jmginqdo ~md qghm~ ~c

dntjk~gco) kon cb~do jktzgoh) ngqdj~iw cq gongqdj~iw)

nklkhd ~c zjmcci atgingohz/ Zgojd Fkotkqw 15;1

kicod) kjjcqngoh ~c ~md TO,idn Jcto~qw ^kz`

Bcqjd co Jmginqdo kon Kqldn Jcofigj~ -JKKJ')

ukq~gdz ~c ~md jcofigj~ mkrd cjjtugdn zjmcciz go

;5 zdukqk~d gojgndo~z/25 ^md lkfcqg~w cb ~mdzd

cjjtuk~gcoz xdqd aw uqc,hcrdqoldo~ bcqjdz) kon

jclak~ko~z lcz~iw tzdn zjmcciz kz akzdz cb cudqk,

~gcoz) zcld~gldz ~dlucqkqgiw/ Go zcld goz~kojdz)

jmginqdo jco~gotdn z~tnwgoh go ~md uqdzdojd cb

jclak~ko~z) xmgid go c~mdq jkzdz) jmginqdo ngn oc~

hc ~c zjmcci xmdo ~md zjmcci xkz cjjtugdn/

Zcld cb ~mdzd cjjtuk~gcoz mkrd addo hcgoh co

bcq wdkqz6 bcq goz~kojd) go Ichkq Uqcrgojd) k mghm

zjmcci bcq ;)455 z~tndo~z mkz addo cjjtugdn zgojd

1554 aw ~md Kbhmko Ok~gcoki Ucigjd kon ztazd,

{tdo~iw aw ~md go~dqok~gcoki lgig~kqw) qd{tgqgoh

z~tndo~z kon ~dkjmdqz ~c ad acnw zdkqjmdn co knkgiw akzgz xmdo do~dqgoh ~md zjmcci/2; ^mgz zg~t,

k~gco idn kuuqc}glk~diw >45 z~tndo~z ~c idkrd ~mgz

zjmcci/

Cjjtuk~gcoz aw uqc,hcrdqoldo~ bcqjdz oc~ coiw

ngqdj~iw ngzqtu~ kjjdzz ~c dntjk~gco0 ~mdw kizc ~tqo

~md zjmcciz go~c ~kqhd~z/ Bcq goz~kojd) ntqgoh ~md

Kthtz~ 1557 uqdzgndo~gki didj~gcoz) kilcz~ 45$

cb ~md uciigoh z~k~gcoz xdqd icjk~dn go zjmcciz0 go

~md zkld lco~m) k rdbcin gojqdkzd go qducq~dn

gojgndo~z khkgoz~ zjmcciz xkz qdhgz~dqdn jclukqdn

~c uqgcq kon ztazd{tdo~ lco~mz/21

Ucutik~gco Lcrdldo~z

Xd lknd k agh lgz~k`d) ~md aghhdz~ lgz~k`d

TOMJQ drdq lknd Xd ~mcthm~ gb xd hkrd

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xctin `gj` go/

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rgiikhd,idrdi ndrdiculdo~ kj~grg~gdz go Kbhmkogz~ko)

zc xmdo ~mdw hd~ akj` ~mdw jko z~kw go~dhqk~dn kon

adjcld ukq~ cb ~md ucutik~gco ~mk~ atginz ~md bt~tqd

cb Kbhmkogz~ko/Odgi Xqghm~)

TOMJQ Qduqdzdo~k~grd) Uk`gz~ko2>

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~gjki jikglz co ngzuikjdldo~ kon qdbthddz kqd) to,

ndogkaiw) mghmiw ucig~gjgvdn kon) ~mtz) {tdz~gcokaid

~c zcld d}~do~/24 Odrdq~mdidzz) ~md crdqkii ~qdonz

zgojd 1552kb~dq ~md lkzzgrd kzzgz~dn qd~tqo kon

qduk~qgk~gco ad~xddo 1551 kon 1554zmcx k

nglgogzmgoh idrdi cb rcito~kqw qduk~qgk~gco crdq

~gld) kjjclukogdn aw hqcxgoh go~dqoki ngzuikjd,

ldo~/ ^md qd~tqo ~qdon mkz nxgonidn go ~md ukz~

bctq wdkqz) xmgjm kighoz xg~m ~md gojqdkzgoh ~qdon

go go~dqoki ngzuikjdldo~ cazdqrdn zgojd 155= kon


13/52Kbhmkogz~ko6 Mtlkog~kqgkogzl go Tojdq~kgo gldz ;:

gz ndzjqgadn btq~mdq adicx/ Lcqdcrdq) Uk`gz~ko kon

Gqko) ~md ikqhdq mcz~ jcto~qgdz bcq Kbhmko qdbthddz)

kqd gojqdkzgohiw utzmgoh bcq ~md qduk~qgk~gco cb

zkgn qdbthddz) kz xdii kz c~mdq Kbhmkoz xmc nc oc~

mkrd qdbthdd gndo~gjk~gco/

Qdbthddz kon Djcoclgj Lghqko~z6Kjjcqn,

goh ~c ~md Tog~dn Ok~gcoz Mghm Jcllgzzgcodqbcq Qdbthddz -TOMJQ') lcqd ~mko 4/8 lgiigco

qdbthddz>/2 lgiigco cb ~mdl xg~m TOMJQ

kzzgz~kojdmkrd qd~tqodn ~c Kbhmkogz~ko zgojd

1551) gojqdkzgoh ~md ucutik~gco cb ~md jcto~qw22

aw zcld 14$/28Wd~) :/; lgiigco qdhgz~dqdn Kbhmko

qdbthddz z~gii qdzgnd idhkiiw go Uk`gz~ko kon Gqko/

K~ k ldd~goh mdin go Ntakg go Fkotkqw 15;1) kon

~mdo khkgo k~ k ldd~goh mdin go Hdodrk go Lkw

15;1) qduqdzdo~k~grdz cb Gqko) Uk`gz~ko) Kbhmkogz~ko)

kon TOMJQ khqddn ~c k Zcit~gcoz Z~qk~dhw

kgldn k~ jqdk~goh jcong~gcoz jcontjgrd ~c rcito,

~kqw qduk~qgk~gco ~mqcthm jclltog~w gordz~ldo~z

kon uqclc~gco cb dluicwldo~ cuucq~tog~gdz/ ^md

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~dqlz cb ~md Lkqjm 1557 qgukq~g~d Khqddldo~2=

~mk~ }dn ~md don cb ~md idhki z~kw cb Kbhmko

qdbthddz go Gqko kon Uk`gz~ko k~ ~md don cb 15;1/27

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ldd~goh mdin go Gz~koati go Zdu~dladq 15;1 ~mk~

k uqcuczki ~c d}~don ~md qdbthdd GN jkqnz ad jco,

zgndqdn aw ~md hcrdqoldo~ cb Uk`gz~ko/ Btq~mdq,

lcqd) kjjcqngoh ~c ~md KJKUZ qducq~) TOMJQ

z~k~dn ~mk~ Kbhmkoz go Uk`gz~ko xgii lkgo~kgo ~mdgq

qdbthdd z~k~tz qdhkqnidzz cb ~md Hcrdqoldo~ cb

Uk`gz~koz ndjgzgco/85

K~ ~md don cb Ftiw 15;1) qduqdzdo~k~grdz cb ~mdhcrdqoldo~ utaigjiw ndjikqdn ~mk~ Uk`gz~ko xgii

oc~ qdodx ~md GN jkqnz cb ~md ;/= lgiigco qdhgz,

~dqdn Kbhmko qdbthddz/

Co ~md ;8~m cb Ftiw) Mkagatiikm @mko) zdjqd~kqw go

~md Lgogz~qw cb Z~k~d kon Bqco~gdq Qdhgcoz) xkz

{tc~dn aw ~md ldngk kz zkwgoh6

^md go~dqok~gcoki jclltog~w ndzgqdz tz ~c qdrgdx

~mgz ucigjw at~ xd kqd jidkq co ~mgz ucgo~/ md

qdbthddz mkrd adjcld k ~mqdk~ ~c ikx kon cqndq)

zdjtqg~w) ndlchqkumw) djcoclw kon icjki jti~tqd/

Docthm gz docthm/ Kb~dq :; Ndjdladq 15;1)

~mdqd gz oc uiko ~c d}~don ~md rkigng~w cb ~md

UCQ Puqccb cb qdhgz~qk~gco\ jkqnz cb Kbhmko qdbt,

hddz/ mczd jtqqdo~iw qdhgz~dqdn xgii iczd ~md z~k~tz

cb qdbthddz/ ^mdw xgii ad ~qdk~dn tondq ~md ikx cb

~md ikon/ md uqcrgojgki hcrdqoldo~z mkrd kiqdknw

addo kz`dn ~c ~qdk~ ~md d}gz~goh toqdhgz~dqdn qdbt,

hddz kz giidhki gllghqko~z/8;

Umc~c6FkldzIc

ohidw/Tzdnxg~mudqlgzzgco


14/52Bdgoz~dgo Go~dqok~gcoki Jdo~dq;>

K zglgikq ~qdon jko ad zddo go Gqko) xmdqdbci,

icxgoh ~md qdjdo~ Dtqcudko Togco dlakqhc co

Gqkogko cgi kon ~md T/Z/ ako co atzgodzz xg~m

Gqkoz jdo~qki ako` ~mk~ qdzti~dn go ko crdqkii

ndjigod go ~md djcoclwkt~mcqg~gdz mkrd addo

bcqjgoh Kbhmko lghqko~ xcq`dqz ~c idkrd ~md

jcto~qw) qdhkqnidzz cb ~mdgq idhki z~k~tz/81

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drdqw wdkq/;55

Gordz~ldo~ go ngzkz~dq lg~ghk~gco kon qgz` qdntj,

~gco mkz addo mkludqdn aw ~md jco~gotk~gco cb

~md jcofigj~ kon uccq hcrdqokojd kon xdk` cq

jcqqtu~ goz~g~t~gcoz/ md go~dqok~gcoki jclltog~w

mkz addo ukwgoh gojqdkzgoh k~~do~gco ~c ~md xkwz

go xmgjm ngzkz~dqz kzzcjgk~dn xg~m ok~tqki mkvkqn

drdo~z kqd uqdjgug~k~goh kjt~d rtiodqkagig~w6 ~mgz

gz jidkqiw qdfidj~dn go ~md Jcozcignk~dn Kuudkiz)

xmgjm mkrd addo lk`goh gojqdkzgoh qdbdqdojd

~c ztjm ngzkz~dqz go qdjdo~ ~gldz/ Mcxdrdq) ~md

qdodxdn k~~do~gco ~c ok~tqki ngzkz~dqz gz zddoaw zcld qdigdb udqzcoodi kz k ldkoz ~c ndfidj~

k~~do~gco bqcl lko,lknd ngzkz~dqz/ Bqcl ~mgz

udqzudj~grd) ncocqz kon zcld ukq~z cb ~md TO

jcozgndq ~mk~ rtiodqkagig~w ~c ok~tqki ngzkz~dqz gz

lcqd ukik~kaid) kz g~ ~z xg~m ~md okqqk~grd ~mk~

jcofigj~ gz oc~ k lkfcq zctqjd cb mtlkog~kqgko

oddn kon ~mk~ ~md qdlkgogoh mtlkog~kqgko gzztdz

jko ad ndki~ xg~m ~mqcthm ~djmogjki }dz kon

icoh,~dql ndrdiculdo~ go~dqrdo~gcoz/


18/52Bdgoz~dgo Go~dqok~gcoki Jdo~dq;=

Wdz) xd kii òcx ~mk~ uqc~dj~gco gz glucq~ko~) at~

òcxgoh xmk~ ~c nc kact~ g~ gz zcld~mgoh ngbbdqdo~/Kgn xcq dq) @kati) Ftod 15;1

Jclukqdn xg~m uqdrgctz ndjkndz) ~md uighm~ cb jg,rgigkoz gz adgoh lknd òcxo lcqd bcqjdbtiiw aw ~md

ldngk kon jgrgi zcjgd~w kon ~md GJQJ mkz addo

kaid ~c qkgzd g~z jcojdqoz lcqd ngqdj~iw kon jkongniw

xg~m ~md rkqgctz ukq~gdz ~c ~md jcofigj~ xmc mkrd

zmcxo k hqdk~dq xgiigohodzz ~c igz~do ~c tz kon ~c

bciicx jdq~kgo qdjclldonk~gcoz xd mkrd lknd jco,

jdqogoh ~md jcontj~ cb mcz~gig~gdz/Qd~c Z~cj`dq) GJQJ Mdkn cb Ndidhk~gco) @kati)

Cj~cadq =) 15;1;5;

Go ~md uqdrgctz zdj~gco xd icc`dn k~ k otladqcb gongjk~cqz ~mk~ uqcrgnd k {tko~g~k~grd ugj,~tqd cb ~md mtlkog~kqgko zg~tk~gco go Kbhmkogz~ko/

^mgz gojitndn k qdrgdx cb ~md jkiklg~ctz dbbdj~z

cb xdk~mdq kon c~mdq ngzkz~dq,qdik~dn drdo~z go k

jcto~qw go jcofigj~) xmdqd lcqd ~mko k ~mgqn cb

~md ucutik~gco z~qthhidz xg~m jmqcogj rtiodq,

kagig~w kon uqcbcton idrdiz cb ucrdq~w/ Xd ocx

~tqo ~c ~md uqc~dj~gco ngldozgco cb mtlkog~kqgkokj~gco/ Uqc~dj~gco ndjg~z kqd oc~) kixkwz) dkzw ~c

{tko~gbw at~ ldkztqdz ~c domkojd ~md zkbd~w kon

nghog~w cb k~,qgz` hqctuz kqd jqg~gjki ~c dbbdj~grd

mtlkog~kqgko kj~gco/

Kzzgz~kojd mkz kixkwz addo k~ ~md bcqdbqco~ cb ~md

ndjkndz cb mtlkog~kqgko kj~gco go Kbhmkogz~ko

kon mkz lkgoiw bcjtzdn co ~md lk~dqgki oddnz cb

Kbhmkoz go ngz~qdzz/ Xg~m k bdx d}jdu~gcoz) ztjm

kz ~md xcq` cb GJQJ kon TOMJQ) ~md uqc~dj,~gco oddnz cb Kbhmkoz xdqd lcz~iw ghocqdn k~ ~md

z~qk~dhgj) kz xdii kz ~md cudqk~gcoki) idrdi/ mgz xkz

~md jkzd to~gi qdik~grdiw qdjdo~iw) xmdo uqc~dj,

~gco adjkld k qct~god didldo~ cb crdqkii kokiwzgz

kon uqchqkl ndzgho/ Ocod~mdidzz) ~mdqd jco~gotdz

~c ad zghogjko~ jcobtzgco kz ~c xmk~ jcoz~g~t~dz

uqc~dj~gco go ~md jco~d}~ cb mtlkog~kqgko kj,

~gco) oc~xg~mz~kongoh ko khqddn ndog~gco kon

jcozgndqkaid gordz~ldo~ go ~qkgogoh go Kbhmkogz~ko

kon dizdxmdqd/;51 ^md bcqlki ndog~gco gz xgndiw

zddo kz jcojdu~tkiiw zcton at~ ikj`z uqdjgzgco)~mdqdaw jcluigjk~goh g~z ~qkozik~gco go~c gog~gk~grdz

kon uqchqklz ~mk~ kqd uqc~dj~grd go ~md zdozd cb

qdntjgoh cq diglgok~goh ~mqdk~z ~c ~md zkbd~w kon

nghog~w cb k~,qgz` hqctuz/

^mqdk~z ~mk~ tondqlgod ~md zkbd~w cb Kbhmkoz

gojitnd ~md ngqdj~ glukj~ cb ~md xkq co jgrgigkoz)ztjm kz ~md gongzjqglgok~d tzd cb gluqcrgzdn d},

uiczgrd ndrgjdz) kgq z~qg`dz) oghm~ qkgnz) kon gorci,

to~kqw ngzuikjdldo~/ ^mqdk~z jko kizc ad zctqjdn

~c ~md gongqdj~ kon kjjtltik~dn glukj~ cb xkqbkqd)

gojitngoh hdodqkigvdn gozdjtqg~w) ikxidzzodzz) kon

qdz~qgj~dn cq oc kjjdzz ~c mtlkog~kqgko uqchqklz

kon c~mdq dzzdo~gki zdqrgjdz/ Go knng~gco) rtiodq,

kagig~w jko cjjtq cq ad d}kjdqak~dn kz k qdzti~ cb

ngzkz~dq,qdik~dn hdondq,akzdn rgcidojd) qdbctidldo~)

ngzjqglgok~gco) kon lkqhgokigvk~gco cq oco,gojit,

zgco go ~md mtlkog~kqgko jkzdickn/

Cb jctqzd) qdigdb kj~cqz ~don ~c mkrd k iglg~dn jk,

ukjg~w ~c z~cu cq gomgag~ rgcido~ cq katzgrd admkr,

gcq go kqldn jcofigj~ cq jmkc~gj zd~~gohz/ Mcxdrdq)

g~ gz d{tkiiw jidkq ~mk~) k~ k lgogltl) mtlkog~kqg,

koz oddn ~c krcgn adgoh jcluigjg~ go tondqlgogoh

~md zkbd~w kon xdii,adgoh cb donkohdqdn hqctuz

kon ltz~ z~qgrd ~c domkojd uqc~dj~gco xmdo igrdz

kqd k~ qgz`/ ^mtz) uqc~dj~grd mtlkog~kqgko kj~gco

gorcirdz ko crdqkii mtlkog~kqgko z~qk~dhw akzdn cozcton kokiwzgz ~mk~ jidkqiw gndo~gdz jqgzgz,qdik~dn

uk~~dqoz cb mkql) gojitngoh katzgrd cq rgcido~

admkrgcq) ngzjqglgok~gco) kon tonghogdn igrgoh

jcong~gcoz/ K uqc~dj~gco idoz zmctin gobcql)

kon ad ukq~ cb) ~md crdqkii mtlkog~kqgko qdzucozd

k~ ~md z~qk~dhgj kon uqchqkllk~gj idrdiz/ Bqcl ~mgz

udqzudj~grd) drdqwcodgorcirdn go k mtlkog~kqgko

dondkrcq mkz k uqc~dj~gco qdzucozgagig~w/

Go Kbhmkogz~ko) ~mdqd mkz addo zghogjko~ gordz~,

ldo~ go ndrdicugoh k uqc~dj~gco gobqkz~qtj~tqdk

ndngjk~dn jitz~dq xg~m zta,jitz~dqz) kon c~mdq

bcqk) gojitngoh ~md Mtlkog~kqgko Jcto~qw ^dkl

-MJ^');5: xmdqd uqc~dj~gco gzztdz kqd ngzjtzzdn

~c bkjgig~k~d jccqngok~gco klcoh qdigdb kj~cqz kon

go~dqkj~gco xg~m c~mdqz ztjm kz ~md hcrdqoldo~

kon ~md GZKB/ Mtlkog~kqgko uqc~dj~gco ldjmk,

ogzlz kon uikw ko glucq~ko~ qcid go aqgohgoh ~c,

hd~mdq jcojdqodn z~k`dmcindqz ~c qdrgdx qdidrko~

gzztdz kz xdii kz ~md gndo~gjk~gco cb uqdrdo~grd cq

qdldngki kj~gco/ Ztjm uqc~dj~gco,bcjtzdn ldjmk,ogzlz kqd kj~grd ~mqcthmct~ ltjm cb ~md jcto~qw

xg~m ~md d}jdu~gco cb ~md zct~mdqo kon zct~mdkz~,

:/ MD UQC^DJ^GCO JMKIIDOHD



dqo qdhgcoz) hgrdo ~md iglg~dn cudqk~gcoki uqdz,

dojd cb qdigdb khdojgdz go ~mdzd kqdkz/ ^mdqd mkrd

kizc addo glucq~ko~ z~q gndz go ~md ndrdiculdo~ cb

ucigjw) ztjm kz Jgrgi,Lgig~kqw Htgndigodz) kon go

~md ndzgho kon ndigrdqw cb k lti~g~tnd cb ~qkgogoh

kon zdozg~gvk~gco uqchqklz/ Jccqngok~gco bcqk kizc

bkjgig~k~d gobcqlk~gco,zmkqgoh kon nk~k jciidj~gco

kon kokiwzgz) kz xdii kz ~md uqcigoh cb zudjgjuqc~dj~gco gzztdz/

Mcxdrdq) ~md ucig~gjz kon nwoklgjz cb ~md cu,

dqk~goh dorgqcoldo~) mghm z~kbb ~tqocrdq) kon k

qdik~grdiw xdk` mtlkog~kqgko jclltog~w ~mk~ gz

btq~mdq jcoz~qkgodn aw iglg~dn kjjdzz kon zdjtqg~w

jcojdqoz kbbdj~ ~md kagig~w cb khdojgdz ~c kj~t,

kiiw knnqdzz kon lg~ghk~d ~md uqc~dj~gco uqcaidlz

bkjdn aw ~mczd xmc jcoz~g~t~d ~md mtlkog~kqgko

jkzdickn/ Bqd{tdo~iw) z~qtj~tqd kon uqcjdzz ~k`d

uqdjdndojd crdq ztaz~kojd) kokiwzgz) kon dbbdj~grd

go~dqrdo~gco/ Lkow mtlkog~kqgkoz go~dqrgdxdn bcq

~mgz qducq~) gojitngoh ndngjk~dn uqc~dj~gco z~kbb)

kqd jcojdqodn ~mk~ ~mdqd gz k qditj~kojd ~c kj,

`ocxidnhd uqcaidlz ~mk~ mkrd zghogjko~ uqc~dj,

~gco gluigjk~gcoz) xmgid k rkz~ klcto~ cb ~gld gz

zudo~ co gog~gk~grdz -ztjm kz ~md ndrdiculdo~ cb

k Fcgo~ Kjjdzz Z~qk~dhw cq knrcjkjw gog~gk~grdz'

~mk~ nc oc~ ndigrdq cq kqd kakoncodn xg~mct~ ~md

kj~tki uqcaidl adgoh knnqdzzdn/

Kz dizdxmdqd) uqc~dj~gco jcojdqoz kqd kzzcjgk~dn

xg~m ukq~gjtikq hqctuz ztjm kz qdbthddz) qd~tqo,

ddz) ~mczd ztafdj~dn ~c jcdqjdn qduk~qgk~gco) GNUz)

xkq,kbbdj~dn jclltog~gdz) jmgin zcingdqz) tokj,

jclukogdn lgocqz) d~j/ Mcxdrdq) xmgid k bcjtz

co ukq~gjtikq hqctuz lkw ad tzdbti bcq jccqngok~,

goh) uqchqkllgoh) kon bton,qkgzgoh utquczdz) g~

qtoz ~md qgz` cb utqztgoh k ugdjdldki kuuqckjm

kon ~md hdodqk~gco cb nwzbtoj~gcokig~gdz ~mk~ qto

jcto~dq ~c uqgojguidn kon dbbdj~grd mtlkog~kqgkokj~gco/ Go ukq~gjtikq) ~mdqd gz k nkohdq ~mk~ ~mczd

xmc kqd lcz~ k~ qgz` kqd oc~ kixkwz gndo~gdn

cq uqgcqg~gvdn/ Go Kbhmkogz~ko) iglg~dn kjjdzz kon

goknd{tk~d jcrdqkhd cb ~mczd go oddn kqd zgh,

ogjko~ uqcaidlz0 ~mdzd kqd jcluctondn aw ko

toqdzcirdn ndak~d co oddnz,kzzdzzldo~ ~cciz kon

~md ok~tqd kon jclukqkagig~w cb krkgikaid nk~k/ Ko

gojcluid~d ugj~tqd cb oddnz kon rtiodqkagig~gdz

gorkqgkaiw tondqlgodz uqgcqg~gvk~gco/ mgz) go ~tqo)

jcluigjk~dz qdzctqjd lcagigvk~gco kon ~md kagig~w

cb mtlkog~kqgkoz ~c knrcjk~d kzzdq~grdiw co told~

oddnz) gojitngoh go qdik~gco ~c uqc~dj~gco/

Oc~xg~mz~kongoh ~md ndagig~k~goh kon ~gld,jco,

ztlgoh ngzjctqzdz co nk~k kon oddnz kzzdzzldo~z)

~md qdigdb jclltog~w mkz k uqd~~w hccn tondq,

z~kongoh cb ~md cqghgoz) nqgrdqz) kon qklgjk~gcoz

cb ndjkndz cb jcofigj~ kon ~md bkj~cqz ~mk~ zmkud

jmqcogj kon kjt~d rtiodqkagig~w/ To{tdz~gco,

kaiw) hqdk~dq uqdjgzgco co bkz~,jmkohgoh qdkig~gdz

go bqco~igod kon c~mdq xkq,kbbdj~dn jclltog~gdzxctin bkjgig~k~d uqcigoh cb uqc~dj~gco kon lk~d,

qgki oddnz) gb zdjtqg~w kon kjjdzz xmdqd oc~ ko gzztd/

Zglgikqiw) ~mdqd gz k xdii,hqctondn tondqz~kongoh

cb ~md jkiklg~ctz dbbdj~z cb xdk~mdq kon c~mdq ng,

zkz~dq,qdik~dn drdo~z go k jcto~qw xmdqd lcqd ~mko

k ~mgqn cb ~md ucutik~gco z~qthhidz xg~m jmqcogj

rtiodqkagig~w kon uqcbcton idrdiz cb ucrdq~w/ Go

hdodqki) kgn kj~cqz kizc mkrd k hccn kuuqdjgk~gco cb

gonghdoctz jcugoh ldjmkogzlz/ mdw ocx ~mk~

xmdo ~mdzd kqd ndhqkndn cq d}mktz~dn) ~md uqc~dj,

~gco uqcaidlz cb ~mczd go oddn cb mtlkog~kqgko

kj~gco ~don ~c adjcld lcqd kjt~d0 ztjm uqcaidlz

jko qkohd bqcl tondqkhd lkqqgkhd ~mqcthm jmgin

ikacq ~c ndk~m cb bklgiw ldladqz) ngzdkzd) kon

ngzuikjdldo~ qdik~dn ~c kqldn jcofigj~/

Xmk~drdq ~md ct~jcld cb ~md nk~k ndak~d) g~

gz xcq~m oc~goh ~mk~ Kbhmkogz~ko gz) dbbdj~grdiw) k

ocoz~cu uqcntj~gco bkj~cqw cb z~tngdz) ztqrdwz)

aqgdoh oc~dz) ~mgo` ~ko` qducq~z) kon knrcjkjw

ukudqz/ Zcld cb ~mdzd d}klgod kon d}uikgo ~mdiglg~dn qdzgigdojd cb ukq~gjtikq hqctuz ~c zmcj`z

kon uqcjdzzdz ~mk~ tondqlgod ~mdgq ztqrgrki cu,

~gcoz/;5> Go knng~gco) ngbbdqdo~ lcog~cqgoh ldjmk,

ogzlz) ztjm kz ~mczd jcojdqodn xg~m ~md ngqdj~

glukj~ cb ~md xkq co jgrgigkoz) GNUz) kon qd~tqoddz

uqcrgnd k qgjm qdzdqrcgq cb gozghm~z co ~md jmkoh,

goh mtlkog~kqgko jkzdickn kon ~md uqc~dj~gco

jmkiidohdz g~ bkjdz/;54 ^md jcluid}) lti~g,~gdqdn

mtlkog~kqgko uqc~dj~gco jccqngok~gco zwz~dl kizc

jco~qgat~dz ~c k rcitlgoctz gobcqlk~gco ficx kz@kati,akzdn z~qtj~tqdz ztuucq~ kon go~dqkj~ xg~m

jciidkhtdz xcq`goh k~ ~md qdhgcoki kon uqcrgojgki

idrdi go ~md jciidj~gco kon kokiwzgz cb nk~k/ Go~dozd

jccqngok~gco kon jciikacqk~gco kizc cjjtqz k~ ~md

ok~gcoki kon go~dqok~gcoki idrdi xg~m k qkohd cb

kj~cqz go kon ct~zgnd ~md mtlkog~kqgko kqdok/;52

^md oddn bcq xdii,gobcqldn jccqngok~gco kon

jciikacqk~gco klcoh kgn kj~cqz kon c~mdqz co

uqc~dj~gco lk~~dqz gz to{tdz~gcokaid0 ~md bcqlki,

gvk~gco cb uqcjdzzdzbqcl khqddn ^dqlz cb Qdbdq,

dojdz) fcgo~ z~qk~dhgdz) kon Kj~gco Uikoz ~c kootki

jcozcignk~dn kuudkiz kon lgn,wdkq qdrgdxzmkz



hqdk~iw domkojdn ndjgzgco,lk`goh) ucigjw bcqlt,

ik~gco) kon ~md ztz~kgokagig~w cb ngbbdqdo~ gog~gk~grdz

ztjm kz nk~k jciidj~gco kon knrcjkjw/ Ocod~md,

idzz) xmdo zudk`goh ~c ngbbdqdo~ khdojgdz kon

gongrgntki z~kbb go @kati go Ftod 15;1) g~ xkz jidkq

~mk~ ~mdqd xkz k qdlkq`kaiw iglg~dn tondqz~kongoh

cb ~md dzzdojd cb uqcaidlz gndo~gdn kz uqc~dj~gco

jcojdqoz) xmk~ gzztdz oddndn ~c ad uq gcqg~gvdnkon xmw) ~md utquczd kon ko~gjguk~dn ct~jcld

cb ukq~gjtikq gog~gk~grdz) kon ~md qdzucozgagig~gdz cb

ngbbdqdo~ kj~cqz xcq`goh co ukq~gjtikq go~dqrdo,

~gcoz/;58 Kilcz~ gorkqgkaiw) lk~dqgki kzzgz~kojd xkz

~md nclgoko~ uqdcjjtuk~gco cb zdogcq kgn udqzco,

odi) drdo xmdo g~ xkz kuukqdo~ ~mk~ gozdjtqg~w)

ngzjqglgok~gco) cq d}jitzgco bqcl ~md mtlkog~kq,

gko jkzdickn) ztjm kz ~mczd go ~md @kati Gobcqlki

Zd~~idldo~z -@GZ') xdqd ~md lcz~ uqdzzgoh uqca,

idlz bkjdn aw k~,qgz` hqctuz/ Go knng~gco) lkow

go~dqicjt~cqz) dzudjgkiiw ~mczd lcz~ dohkhdn xg~m

uqc~dj~gco gzztdz) d}uqdzzdn jcojdqo ~mk~ uqc~dj,

~gco xcq` xkz go nkohdq cb ncgoh oc~mgoh lcqd

~mko bddngoh ~md jitz~dq lkjmgod kon qdik~dn

qducq~goh qd{tgqdldo~z/

Glucq~ko~iw) drdo ~mcthm qdigdb xcq`dqz) gojitn,

goh ndngjk~dn uqc~dj~gco z~kbb) ndrc~d k ic~ cb

dodqhw ~c jciidj~goh nk~k kon jccqngok~goh ngb,

bdqdo~ ldjmkogzlz) ~mdqd kqd bdx gozghm~z co ~md

kj~tki) qdki,~gld ct~jcldz cb dbbcq~z ~c domkojduqc~dj~gco/ Toidzz ~mdqd gz k qdik~gcozmgu ad~xddo

kokiwzgz -gojitngoh oddnz kzzdzzldo~z') uqchqkl

ndzgho) kon ct~jcldz) ~md uqc~dj~gco jitz~dq gz go

nkohdq cb adjclgoh ko don go g~zdib/ Gonddn) g~ gz

uqcakaiw bkgq ~c zkw ~mk~ zcld cb ~md bqtz~qk~gco

~mk~ qdik~dz ~c ~gld,jcoztlgohgb oc~ cuuqdz,

zgrd go ~md dwdz cb zcld OHC kon TO udqzco,

odijccqngok~gco z~qtj~tqdz jko ad ~qkjdn ~c

bdkqz ~mk~ kii ~md dbbcq~ ncdz oc~ qdzti~ go gluqcrdn

uqc~dj~gco cq) xcqzd) ghocqdz cq zgndigodz gzztdz cblkfcq jcojdqo/ Xg~m qdbdqdojd ~c ~md bcqldq) ~md

lti~guigjg~w cb ldjmkogzlz jcojdqodn xg~m jmgin

uqc~dj~gco xkz gndo~gdn kz ko d}kluid cb ic~z cb

jccqngok~gco at~ ig~~id jikqg~w kz ~c xmk~ gz kj~tkiiw

kjmgdrdn/ Zcld go~dqrgdxddz kizc gongjk~dn) bcq

d}kluid) ~mk~ g~ xkz oc~ jidkq xmd~mdq ~md do,

dqhw gordz~dn go jclltog~w,akzdn kuuqckjmdz ~c

uqc~dj~gco xkz tzdbti) kz g~ xkz tojidkq xmk~ xdqd

~md kj~tki ct~jcldz/ C~mdqz oc~dn ~mk~ ~mdqd xkz

ig~~id jikqg~w co ~md zjkid cq ok~tqd cbjqgzgz,qdik~dn

hdondq,akzdn rgcidojd -HAR' gzztdz) odrdq lgon

xmd~mdq ndjikqdn cafdj~grdz kon kuuqckjmdz xdqd

kuuqcuqgk~d/;5=

^md gzztd ~mk~ xkz qkgzdn lcz~ qct~godiw go ~dqlz

cb uqgcqg~w jcojdqoz kon ct~jcldz xkz ~mk~ cb

kjjdzz/ Jidkqiw) ~md gzztd cb qdz~qgj~dn) iglg~dn) cq

oc kjjdzz mkz mthd gluigjk~gcoz bcq ~md zkbd~w kon

uqc~dj~gco cb rtiodqkaid hqctuz kon gongrgntkiz/

Od~xcq`z) bcqlki kon gobcqlki) kzzcjgk~dn xg~m ~md

Uqc~dj~gco Jitz~dq kon ~md GNU Xcq`goh Hqctu)

xdqd zddo aw zcld go~dqicjt~cqz kz uqcrgngoh kokjjdzz cb zcq~z ~c ucutik~gcoz go gokjjdzzgaid

kqdkz/ md qditj~kojd cb zcld `dw khdojgdz ~c kj,

`ocxidnhd ~mdgq iglg~dn ngqdj~ uqdzdojd go mdkrgiw

xkq,kbbdj~dn kqdkz) kon ~md uqc~dj~gco gluigjk~gcoz

cb ~mgz) xkz kizc gndo~gdn aw rkqgctz go~dqicjt,

~cqz kz k `dw jcojdqo/;57 Lkow OHC go~dqicjt~cqz

xdqd cb ~md rgdx ~mk~ ~md gzztd cb iglg~dn kjjdzz

mkn addo zgndigodn go ~md MJ ) hgrdo ~md ngbjti,

~gdz ~mk~ kqczd go qdik~gco ~c ~md k~~dlu~ ~c khqdd

co k Fcgo~ Kjjdzz Z~qk~dhw/;;5 Xmgid OHC kon TO

khdojw jcojdqoz kact~ adgoh kzzcjgk~dn xg~m ~md

ucig~gjki TO udqzgz~dn) ~mdqd xkz aqckn qdjchog~gco

klcoh qdigdb kj~cqz ~mk~ go ~md kazdojd cb k fcgo~

z~qk~dhw ~mdqd oddndn ~c ad zcld khqddldo~ co

kqdkz ~mk~ kqd k uqgcqg~w ~c kjjdzz kon k zmkqdn

tondqz~kongoh cb ncz kon nco~z ~mk~ adod~z

bqcl ~md d}udqgdojd cb ~mczd kiqdknw cudqk~goh go

qdlc~d cq ngbjti~,~c,kjjdzz kqdkz/

Ngzjtzzgcoz go @kati jcojdqogoh uqdzzgoh uqc~dj,

~gco gzztdz kon mcx ~mdzd xdqd gndo~gdn konuqgcqg~gvdn bqd{tdo~iw qdzti~dn go k qd,~diigoh cb

~md @kati Gobcqlki Zd~~idldo~z -@GZ' xgo~dq

nqklk/ md Odx Wcq` gldz uikwdn k jdo~qki qcid

go lcagigvgoh utaigj kon kgn xcq dq kohz~ kon

adik~dn kj~gco kz mdknigod kq~gjidz nqdx k~~do~gco

~c ~md ndk~mz cb otldqctz jmginqdo bqcl ~md jcin

kon hqczziw goknd{tk~d igrgoh jcong~gcoz/;;; ^md

qtzm cb ncocqz) TO) kon OHCz ~c cbbdq aiko`d~z

kon c~mdq kzzgz~kojd uqcrc`dn crdqntd {tdz~gcoz

co ~md ucigjw uczg~gcoz cb mtlkog~kqgko kj~cqz go~md bkjd cb k zghogjko~ gojqdkzd go tqako GNUz go

qdjdo~ wdkqz/;;1 G~ gz oc~dxcq~mw ~mk~ GNUz xmc

ficj` ~c tqako jdo~dqz c~mdq ~mko @kati qdjdgrd

idzz k~~do~gco ~mko ~mczd xmc kqd jcojdo~qk~dn go

~md jkug~ki0 qdzdkqjm zmcxz ~mk~ coiw 2$ cb ~mczd

ztqrdwdn go @konkmkq qdjdgrdn kzzgz~kojd/;;: Kj,

jcqngoh ~c TOMJQ) ~mdqd xkz k >4$ gojqdkzd go

jcofigj~,gontjdn GNUz go 15;;/ Mcxdrdq) zcld

`dw z~k`dmcindqz) gojitngoh ~md hcrdqoldo~) nc,

ocqz) kon ~md kgn jclltog~w) dbbdj~grdiw qdik~dn ~c

~mdzd tuqcc~dn Kbhmkoz kz djcoclgj lghqko~z) go,

jitngoh ~mczd xmc fidn xkq,qkrkhdn Mdilkon/;;>

D}uikok~gcoz bcq ~md nqklk~gj ucigjw zmgb~ rkqgdn0


21/52Kbhmkogz~ko6 Mtlkog~kqgkogzl go Tojdq~kgo gldz 1;

TOMJQ knrgzdn ~mk~ g~ mkn addo jcojdo~qk~goh

co 155)555 GNUz go qtqki kon c~mdq tqako kqdkz

xmdqd qdigdb zdqrgjdz xdqd ltjm xdk`dq ~mko

~mczd krkgikaid go @kati) TZKGN gongjk~dn ~mk~

adgoh uqdukqdn bcq k ngzkz~dq gz cod cb ~md lcz~

ngbjti~ ~mgohz ~c nc/;;4

Bqcl kow udqzudj~grd) g~ gz d}~qdldiw ngz{tgd~,goh ~mk~ k z~dknw gojqdkzd go tqako ngzuikjdldo~)

nqgrdo aw ~md go~dq~xgodn uqcaidlz cb xkq) go,

zdjtqg~w) kon ucrdq~w) qdjdgrdn iglg~dn kon gokn,

d{tk~d k~~do~gco to~gi mdknigodz uqcrc`dn k ztqhd

go kj~gco/;;2 G~ xkz ~md rgdx cb lkow go~dqicjt,

~cqz bklgigkq xg~m ~md xcq`gohz cb TOMJQ) ~md

GNU Xcq`goh Hqctu) Uqc~dj~gco Jitz~dq) kon ~md

MJ^ ~mk~ ~md jmgin GNU ndk~mz mkn jmkohdn ~md

ndak~d/ mdw tondqigodn ~mk~ drdo xmdo kjjdzz

xkz oc~ k uqcaidl) ucig~gjz kon bkti~w uqgcqg,

~gvk~gco uqcjdzzdz jctin ~qtlu uqgojguidn kon

uqc~dj~grd mtlkog~kqgko ndjgzgco,lk`goh/ ^mgz

d}udqgdojd xkz kizc k qdlgondq ~mk~ ~md uczg~grd

~qkozg~gco okqqk~grd ~mk~ mkz qduikjdn ~md ucz~,jco,

figj~) z~k~d,atgingoh okqqk~grd cb dkqigdq wdkqz oddnz

~c ad jmkiidohdn zc ~mk~ g~ ncdz oc~ adjcld ~md

bqkldxcq` zmkugoh mtlkog~kqgko ndjgzgco,lk`,

goh) gojitngoh qdzctqjd lcagigvk~gco dbbcq~z/;;8 ^md

z~cql cb ldngk k~~do~gco ~c ~md ndk~m cb `gnz go

~md @GZ kizc kjjdidqk~dn kj~gco aw ~md hcrdqoldo~

co ~md ndrdiculdo~ cb k ok~gcoki GNU ucigjw/ ^mgzgz xdijcld kon uqcrgndz) go uqgojguid) ko cuucq,

~tog~w ~c ndrdicu ucigjw ~mk~ gz oco,ukq~gzko kon

jco~qgat~dz ~c ntqkaid zcit~gcoz ~mk~ ~k`d kjjcto~

cb ~md lkzzgrd tqakogvk~gco) kon qdik~dn zdkqjm bcq

mtlko zdjtqg~w) ~mk~ jmkqkj~dqgvdz jco~dlucqkqw

Kbhmkogz~ko/

Qdjdo~ d}udqgdojd go Kbhmkogz~ko ucgo~z ~c ~md

glucq~kojd cb kokiwzgz ~mk~ idknz ~c jidkqiw ndodn

kon uqgcqg~gvdn uqc~dj~gco cafdj~grdz ~mk~ bddngo~c ~md ndrdiculdo~ cb ko crdqkii MJ ,kuuqcrdn

mtlkog~kqgko z~qk~dhw ~mk~ gz zmkudn aw uqc~dj~gco

jcozgndqk~gcoz kon uqcrgndz k uqc~dj~grd bqkld,

xcq` bcq kj~gco/ Go knng~gco) ~mdqd gz ko tqhdo~

oddn bcq ~md ndrdiculdo~ cb lcog~cqgoh -cq ztq,

rdw' zwz~dlz ~mk~ bkjgig~k~d qdzti~z,cqgdo~dn uqc~dj,

~gco kuuqckjmdz/ mdzd xctin) go uqgojguid) bkjgig,

~k~d jciikacqk~gco kon) glucq~ko~iw) ldkztqdldo~

cb glukj~ kon bkj~cqz ~mk~ nd~dqlgod ct~jcldz/

Ztjm ko kuuqckjm xctin kizc z~qdoh~mdo ~qkozukq,

dojw) kjjcto~kagig~w) kon òcxidnhd cb ~md xkw go

xmgjm ucutik~gcoz cb jcojdqo kqd jcugoh kon ~md

qcid cb mtlkog~kqgko dondkrcq go ~mgz qdhkqn/

Ukq~ cb ~md ngbjti~w kgn khdojgdz kqd bkjgoh go

Kbhmkogz~ko gz ~mk~) xg~m ~md d}jdu~gco cb GJQJ)

LZB) CJMK) kon k bdx c~mdqz) ~md lkfcqg~w cb

TO kon OHC khdojgdz kqd lti~g, lkonk~dn kon

ndki ac~m xg~m mtlkog~kqgko kon qdjcoz~qtj~gco#

ndrdiculdo~ khdonkz kz xdii kz knrcjkjw/ Ztjm

khdojgdz cb~do on g~ ngbjti~ ~c ngz~gohtgzm kjt~d

bqcl jmqcogj oddn/ Go knng~gco) ~md ikj` cq gokn,d{tkjw cb jkukjg~w,atgingoh gog~gk~grdz ~c ndki xg~m

gzztdz ztjm kz ~md jmqcogj uqcaidl cb hdondq,

akzdn rgcidojd -HAR' mkz zddo qdigdb kj~cqz kz,

ztld qdzucozgagig~w bcq HAR qdbdqqki zwz~dlz/ Kz k

qdzti~) ~mdqd gz goknd{tk~d k~~do~gco ~c ~md ~wudz cb

zwodqhgdz kon aqgnhdz ~mk~ oddn ~c igo` kon zmkud

dbbcq~z ~mk~ kqd ndzghodn ~c knnqdzz igbd,~mqdk~dogoh

gllgodo~ nkohdqz kon uqcjdzzdz hdkqdn ~c ~kj`,

igoh tondq,ndrdiculdo~) zwz~dlgj lkqhgokigvk~gco)

kon nddu,qcc~dn uk~~dqoz cb katzd/ Xg~m zudjgj

k~~do~gco ~c uqc~dj~gco) ~md ikj` cb ngz~goj~gco

ad~xddo jmqcogj kon kjt~d jcojdqoz mkz jichhdn

~md uqc~dj~gco kqjmg~dj~tqd kon jco~qgat~dn ~c ~md

jcobtzgco jcojdqogoh uqc~dj~gco go ~md jco~d}~

cb mtlkog~kqgko kj~gco/ Ikj` cb jikqg~w co ~md

dzzdojd cb k uqcaidl gz k qdjgud bcq bkgitqd xmdo

k~~dlu~goh ~c knnqdzz g~/

Bdx xgii ngzkhqdd ~mk~ bkj~cqz zmkugoh rtiodqkagi,

g~w xgii rkqw kz jco~d}~z jmkohd) ukq~gjtikqiw go qd,

ik~gco ~c ~md gzztd cb zdjtqg~w/ Zkbd~w jcojdqoz) bcqd}kluid) kqd cb~do lcz~ kjt~dgo jco~dz~dn kqdkz)

xmdqd kqldn jcofigj~ qdzti~z go bqd{tdo~iw jmkoh,

goh bqco~ igodz cq vcodz cb gofitdojd0 dbbcq~z aw

qdigdb kj~cqz ~c domkojd uqc~dj~gco go ztjm zd~~gohz

oddn ~c ad jco~d}~,zudjgj/ Gzztdz ztjm kz hdondq,

akzdn rgcidojd cq k aqckn qkohd cb uqcaidlz ~mk~

tondqlgod ~md go~dhqg~w cb jmginqdo kqd jmqcogj)

ok~gco,xgnd) ndduiw,qcc~dn zcjgd~ki kon ucig~g,

jkiiw,jmkqhdn gzztdz ~mk~ oddn ~c ad ~kjìdn go k

lkoodq hdkqdn ~c zwz~dlgj jmkohd/ Xmdo HARkon c~mdq uqc~dj~gco uqcaidlz kqgzd go ~md jco~d}~

cb jqgzgz zg~tk~gcoz) go~dqrdo~gcoz oddn ~c ad ~kg,

icqdn ~c ~md jgqjtlz~kojdz uqcrc`goh ~md uqcaidl

kon zmkugoh ~md cu~gcoz krkgikaid bcq uqdrdo~grd

kon qdldngki go~dqrdo~gcoz/ Go ztl) ~c ad dbbdj~grd)

mtlkog~kqgkoz oddn ~c ad~~dq kjòcxidnhd ~md

xkw go xmgjm uqcaidlz ~mk~ tondqlgod uqc~dj,

~gco cjjtq kon jmkohd) go k jqgzgz cq dldqhdojw

zd~~goh) kon utqztd qdldngki ldkztqdz kjjcqn,

gohiw/ Gndo~gbwgoh xmdo z~cu,hku cq icohdq,~dql

ldkztqdz kqd qd{tgqdn) kon ~md igo`khdz ad~xddo

~mdzd) gz jqg~gjki ~c dbbdj~grdodzz go zd~~gohz xmdqd

jmqcogj uqcaidlz kqd cb~do d}kjdqak~dn xmdo



tztki jcugoh ldjmkogzlz kqd tondq z~qdzz cq aqdk`ncxo/ D{tkiiw) ~mdqd gz k oddn bcq zc,jkiidn dkqiw

qdjcrdqw gog~gk~grdz ~mk~ ndlcoz~qk~d uqcntj~grd

qdigdb,ndrdiculdo~ igo`khdz kon dbbdj~grdodzz go

dorgqcoldo~z xmdqd mtlkog~kqgko uqchqklz jko

ad umkzdn ct~/

D}udqgdojd go Kbhmkogz~ko tondqigodz ~md gl,

ucq~kojd cb uqc~dj~gco ldjmkogzlz) kon qdik~dn

kj~grg~gdz) adgoh oco,ukq~gzkokon adgoh udq,

jdgrdn kz ztjmzc ~mk~ ~mdw kqd oc~ kzzcjgk~dn d},

jitzgrdiw xg~m cod ukq~w ~c ~md jcofigj~/;;= Kz ~mdGZKB nqkxncxo tobcinz) ucxdq d{tk~gcoz jmkohd)

kon tojdq~kgo~w kact~ ~md bt~tqd gojqdkzdz) ~md db,

bdj~grdodzz cb uqc~dj~gco ldkztqdz xgii ad hqdk~iw

glukj~dn aw ~md kagig~w cb ~md mtlkog~kqgko jcl,

ltog~w ~c cudqk~d glukq~gkiiw kon ~c dohkhd xg~m

kii kj~cqz ~mk~ zmkud ~md zkbd~w kon xdii,adgoh cb

k~,qgz` hqctuz/Kgn khdojgdz xg~m k z~qcoh mtlkog,

~kqgko bcjtz ~don ~c qdjchogvd ~md glucq~kojd

cb zwz~dlk~gj kon z~qk~dhgj dohkhdldo~ xg~m ~md

kqldn cuuczg~gco) mcxdrdq bqkhldo~dn) kon ~mdngbjti~w cb lkgo~kgogoh ldkogohbti ngkichtd

adwcon jclltog~w,idrdi jco~kj~z/ Khdojgdz ~mk~

mkrd `du~ ~mdgq ngz~kojd bqcl UQ^z -UqcrgojgkiQdjcoz~qtj~gco ^dklz' kon jcto~dq,goztqhdojw

cq z~kagigvk~gco uqchqklz kon mkrd k mgz~cqw cb

dbbdj~grd ukq~odqzmguz xg~m jclltog~gdz go jdq~kgo

hdchqkumgj kqdkz) kqd ad~~dq zg~tk~dn ~mko c~mdqz

~c dohkhd xg~m oco,z~k~d kj~cqz/ ^mdqd gz iglg~dn

jikqg~w co ~md d}~do~ ~c xmgjm ~md TO kon c~mdq

mtlkog~kqgko uikwdqz kqd gorcirdn go jqczz,igod

jclltogjk~gco co gzztdz ~mk~ qdik~d ~c uqc~dj~gco/

G~ gz dkzw ~c tondqz~kon xmw ~mdqd gz ig~~id cq oc

utaigj kj`ocxidnhdldo~ cb qdigdb khdojw go~dqkj,

~gco xg~m ~md kqldn cuuczg~gco) hgrdo zdjtqg~wkon ucig~gjki jcojdqoz) kon ko tondqz~konkaid

ndzgqd ~c lkgo~kgo ~qtz~dn qdik~gcozmguz/ Mcxdrdq)

g~ zmctin ad uczzgaid bcq jcojdqodn uqc~dj~gco

kon c~mdq kj~cqz ~c ndod ~md ukqkld~dqz xg~mgo

xmgjm go~dqkj~gco xg~m oco,z~k~d kj~cqz zmctin

kon jko cjjtq kon ~c zmkqd hdodqgj d}udqgdojdz

kon gozghm~z/ Kz ~md jqgzgz go Kbhmkogz~ko drcirdz)

k jkzd jko kizc ad lknd bcq hqdk~dq gordz~ldo~

aw ~md MJ^ go kthldo~goh ~md ztuucq~ cbkii

jcojdqodn z~k`dmcindqzgojitngoh qdigdb kj~cqzkon ~md kqldn cuuczg~gco~c jcqd mtlkog~kqgko

rkitdz/

Umc~c6JiktngcNdcik/Tzdnxg~mudqlgzzgco


23/52Kbhmkogz~ko6 Mtlkog~kqgkogzl go Tojdq~kgo gldz 1:

^md d}udqgdojd cb aqgohgoh k~~do~gco ~c ~md gzztd

cb oco,jclak~ko~ ndk~mz) bcq d}kluid ~mqcthm

~md qdhtikq qducq~goh cb TOKLK Mtlko Qghm~z

co jgrgigko jkztki~gdz kon c~mdq ngqdj~ jcozd{tdoj,

dz cb xkq) ucgo~z ~c ~md glucq~kojd cb lkgo~kgogoh

k zuc~ighm~ co uk~~dqoz cb mkql) kon ~md bkj~cqz

~mk~ hgrd qgzd ~c ~mdzd/ Drgndojd,akzdn knrcjkjw

kon qdik~dn go~dqrdo~gcoz) ztjm kz ngkichtd xg~mkqldn hqctuz kon c~mdqz go kon ct~zgnd hcrdqo,

ldo~) kqd d{tkiiw glucq~ko~/;;7 D}udqgdojd kizc

zmcxz ~mk~ dbbdj~grd uqc~dj~grd uqchqkllgoh

gojitndz lcagigvgoh ~md atw,go cb ~mczd xmc kqd

lcz~ qdzucozgaid) okldiw lgig~kqw kon lgig~ko~

jcllkondqz kon ~mdgq ucig~gjki ukq~odqz/ Ztjm

kj~cqz kqd adz~ zg~tk~dn ~c zdjtqd ztuucq~ bcq jcqd

mtlkog~kqgko rkitdz) gojitngoh ~md uqc~dj~dn z~k~tz

cb jgrgigkoz kon c~mdq donkohdqdn gongrgntkiz/ Nk~k

kon ndak~d co ~md gzztd cb jgrgigko jkztki~gdz) bcq

d}kluid) jctuidn xg~m ngqdj~ dohkhdldo~) xmdo

uczzgaid) xg~m ngrdqzd kj~cqz xmc mkrd gofitdojd

k~ ~md icjki) ok~gcoki) kon go~dqok~gcoki idrdi mkrd

addo goz~qtldo~ki go zmkugoh k~~g~tndz ~mk~) ~c

zcld ndhqdd) iglg~ gongzjqglgok~d kon ngqdj~ mkql

~c xkq,kbbdj~dn jclltog~gdz/;15 ^md qdntj~gco

go ~md uqcucq~gco cb jgrgigko jkztki~gdz k~~qgat~dn

~c GZKB kon g~z jmkohdn qtidz cb dohkhdldo~

gz ikqhdiw k jcozd{tdojd cb ~md ngqdj~ knrcjkjw

co xkq ~kj~gjz aw TOKLK kon c~mdqz rgz,,rgz

zdogcq lgig~kqw jcllkondqz kon Kbhmko cbjgkiz/Kz ucxdq aqc`dqz kon ~md nwoklgjz cb ~md kqldn

jcofigj~ jco~gotd ~c jmkohd) g~ xgii qdlkgo glucq,

~ko~ ~c lkgo~kgo icjki kon ok~gcoki idrdi od~xcq`z

kon k jidkq bcjtz co kj~gcokaid cafdj~grdz/ Go

kii ig`digmccn) g~ xctin uqcrd adodjgki bcq ~md

mtlkog~kqgko jciidj~grg~w ~c d}klgod ~md dbbdj,

~grdodzz cb ngbbdqdo~ go~dqrdo~gcoz ~c gndo~gbw xmk~

kj~tkiiw ndigrdqz go ~dqlz cb ad~~dq uqc~dj~gco go

ngrdqzd zd~~gohz/

^md tojidkq) cq jco~dz~dn) qdkig~w cb tuqcc~dn

Kbhmkozqdbthddz) qd~tqoddz) GNUz) kon k mcz~ cb

c~mdq jk~dhcqgdz;1; ~c ndzjqgad udcuid oc icohdq go

~mdgq uikjd cb cqghgo~donz ~c ad k lkfcq uqdcj,

jtuk~gco) ac~m go mtlkog~kqgko jgqjidz kon ndng,

jk~dn uqc~dj~gco bcqk/ Nclgoko~ gzztdz gojitnd6

-k' ~md zjkid kon jcoz~ko~iw,jmkohgoh ok~tqd cb

~md tuqcc~dn umdocldoco0 kon -a' ~md oco,go,

jitzgco cb ~md MJ^ kon ~md Uqc~dj~gco Jitz~dq go

z~qk~dhgj ndjgzgco,lk`goh co qdbthddz kon qd~tqo,

ddz/ TOMJQ jcozgndqz ~mdzd Kbhmkoz adwcon ~md

qdlg~ cb ndngjk~dn go~dq,khdojw jccqngok~gco bcqk)

ki~mcthm ~md zg~tk~gco cb qd~tqoddz gz zcld~gldz

qdrgdxdn k~ MJ^ ldd~gohz/ ^mgz ik~~dq ucgo~ gz ko

gzztd cb zghogjko~ jcojdqo) hgrdo ~md gluigjk,

~gcoz cb lghqk~gco kon qdbthdd ficxz -ct~xkqn kon

qd~tqo' bcq ~md ikqhdq jkzdickn cb Kbhmkoz go oddn

cb mtlkog~kqgko kj~gco go Kbhmkogz~ko/ md ikj` cb

jcozdoztz co otladqz kon jk~dhcqgvk~gcoz ~donz

~c ndfidj~ k~~do~gco bqcl ~md jcqd gzztd cb ndo,goh ko crdqkiiuqc~dj~gco z~qk~dhw bcq kii Kbhmkoz go

oddn cb mtlkog~kqgko kj~gco) gojitngoh qdbthddz

kon qd~tqoddz/ TOMJQ mkz ~qkng~gcokiiw addo

qditj~ko~ ~c dohkhd xg~m ~md xgndq mtlkog~kqgko

jclltog~w co qdbthdd gzztdz) kqhtgoh ~mk~ g~ ltz~

zkbdhtkqn g~z d}jitzgrd qdbthdd uqc~dj~gco lkonk~d/

TOMJQ jcozgndqz qdbthddz g~z jcqd qdzucozgagi,

g~w kon qz~ uqgcqg~w kon gz) ~mtz) idzz gordz~dn go

c~mdq bcqlz cb adgoh tuqcc~dn) oc~xg~mz~kon,

goh g~z goz~g~t~gcoki gozgz~dojd co adgoh go ~md idkn

co jcofigj~,gontjdn GNUz kon uqc~dj~gco lk~~dqz

go ~md jco~d}~ cb ~md 155> mtlkog~kqgko

Date post:	04-Apr-2018
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Afghanistan: Humanitarianism in Uncertain Times

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