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AfricaChapters 8 and 20
Demographic transition
Caliph
Matrilineal
Sharia
Jihad
Maghrib
Islamization
Timbuktu
Terms
Usuman Dan Fodio (Uthman or Usman) Led a jihad to establish a Muslim state, Fulani Empire Now in N Nigeria
Shaka Ruler in SE Africa. Developed military tactics that creates
Zulu state Zulu Wars (1879)
Between British and Zulu tribes British victory
Asante Akan State centered at Kumasi on the Gold Coast (Ghana)
Difference between polygamy and polygyny?
Chap 20
Triangular Trade Complex commercial system linking Africa, the Americas and
Europe Middle Passage
Slave voyage from Africa to Americas Royal African Co (1660’s)
British co controlled slave trade in New world colonies Indies piece
Unit in the exchange system of the west African trade Value of an adult male slave
William Wilberforce British reformer/abolitionist Helped end British slave trade in 1807
Chap 20
Stateless vs secret societies Stateless
Organized around kinship but lacking concentration of political power
No full time gov rule was by families or the community
Secret societies (in the forests) Controlled customs and beliefs Could limit the power of the ruler Members more loyal to group than their lineage Disputes often settled by allowing person to leave and build
another city Problems
Hard to organize trade, have building projects, prepare for war
Chap 8 Questions
Language Bantu
Migration provides a common linguistic base Religion
Animistic Natural forces personified as gods (creator deity) Deceased relatives are a link to spirit world Well developed concepts of good and evil
Islam expands to India and SE Asia opening trade Areas unaffected by C or I develop w/out writing
Economy N Africa had ties to world trade (Mediterranean and Arab) Sub-Saharan
Settled agriculture and ironworking Regional trade (mostly handled by professional merchants) Muslim migration changes this Overall raw goods are traded for manufactured goods
African Societies
Ghana
Mali
Songhay (Songhai)
Major Western Sudan Kingdoms
All are around/near the Niger River WHY?
Gold and salt Tax the imports and exports Gold in the south (Gold coast) Salt in the Sahara
Why is salt important?
Kingdoms
Wagadugu (Actual name) 800-1240 Know about them from Muslim traders
Extremely rich Gold, Ivory, salt Eventually involved in Trans-Saharan trade
Berbers (Almoravids) Invade and in 1076 massive decline
1240 absorbed into Mali Empire
Ghana
1230-1600 Founded by Sundiata Extremely wealthy
Mansa Musa Timbuktu (important trade and learning) and Jenne
(Djenne) Important port cities
Know a lot because of Ibn Battuta Muslims build mosques and universities
Spread language, laws and customs in West Africa
Mali
1375-1591
Gao (Capital) Was captured by Mali (dominated early on) Timbuktu and Djenne (Jenne) important cities
One of largest Muslim and African empires ever
Same as Mali based around same ethnic groups but conquer subordinate communities
Downfall Moroccan Muslim army equipped with guns
Songhay (Songhai)
Berbers Pre-Arab people of N Africa
Muslims push west from Egypt Cross into Spain
Almoravids (reforming Muslim Berbers) Eventually the Almohadis succeeded them
Islam was popular 1. Equality among believers 2. Unity of political and religious worlds (rulers like)
Social disparities continue
Spread of Islam
Prior to Islam Christian states were located in North Africa
Egyptian Christians (Copts) Copts spread into Nubia (Kush) Eventually conquered
Ethiopia continued cut off from other Christian communites
Christian kingdoms
Begins with Portuguese in 1400’s Estab factories (forts) Most important, El Mina, received gold Africans agreed to the trade
Between 1450 and 1850 12 million slaves shipped (80% after 1760) 1700’s are the heights of the trade 40% went to Brazil 1/3rd died on the way to the slave ships 18% died during the Middle Passage
African Slave trade origins
Slavery existed before Europeans or Muslims (they increased it) Used to increase a person’s status and wealth
Trans-Saharan trade Red Sea trade East African trade
3 million involved Controlled by Muslims (spread the idea of slavery)
Mostly women for domestic employment and sex Slavery was seen as a transition from pagan to Islam
African societies used slavery for plantations (East Africa)
Overall the slave trade had major effects on West Africa½ of the population it would have hadOnly Southern Africa is barely affected by slavery
Slavery in Africa
Major slave trading states Received guns (power) Coastal areas became very powerful
Asante (Ashanti) 1701-1820’s (start to decline) Modern day Ghana (W Africa)
Dahomey (emerged in 1600’s) Slave trade made them very powerful (20% of slave trade) Modern day Benin
Slave trade hurt creative processes that other African societies had
Asante and Dahomey
Portuguese controlled until about 1630 1441 brought 1st slaves to Portugal Sugar plantations cause a marked increase in the trade
Dutch take over after they seize El Mina English soon follow (need for plantation colonies) French get involved in the 1700’s
High mortality rates caused an increase in the trade Profitable business but not much more than other trade
English in late 1700’s profits were about 5-10% Slaves quickly become part of the Colombian Exchange Slavery was difficult anywhere it existed
Uncooperative, rebellions, running away all took a toll
Slave trade