Africa During the Post classical Africa During the Post classical PeriodPeriod

African Kingdom Similarities and African Kingdom Similarities and DifferencesDifferences

Common Elements Common Elements in African Societiesin African Societies

Bantu migrationBantu migration AnimismAnimism lineage important in lineage important in

relation with godrelation with god

The Arrival of The Arrival of Islam in North Islam in North AfricaAfrica

Arrival of Islam Arrival of Islam (Spain, by 711)(Spain, by 711)

Berber AlmoravidsBerber Almoravids AlmohadsAlmohads succeed succeed

Berbers, 12th centuryBerbers, 12th century

The Christian The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopiaand EthiopiaCoptsCopts

Egyptian ChristiansEgyptian Christians spread to Nubia spread to Nubia

(Kush)(Kush)

EthiopiaEthiopia

Empires of AfricaEmpires of Africa Kingdoms of the Kingdoms of the

GrasslandsGrasslands CaravansCaravans Sahel - transfer pointSahel - transfer point

Sudanic StatesSudanic States Rulers sacredRulers sacred IslamIslam

The Empire of Mali The Empire of Mali Malinke peoples from Malinke peoples from

GhanaGhana Agriculture, gold tradeAgriculture, gold trade Sundiata (d.1260)Sundiata (d.1260)

the “Lion Prince”the “Lion Prince” mansamansa (ruler) (ruler) expanded stateexpanded state

MansaMansa Kankan Kankan MusaMusa pilgrimage pilgrimage Ishal al-Sahili (Sp. Ishal al-Sahili (Sp.

Architect) Architect) beaten clay beaten clay

architecturearchitecture

Empires of the Western Sudan

African KingdomsAfrican Kingdoms

City Dwellers City Dwellers and Villagersand Villagers

Jenne, TimbuktuJenne, Timbuktu

thrive with thrive with expansionexpansion

Some merchantsSome merchants Religious Religious

diffusion?diffusion? Majority farmersMajority farmers

The Songhay Kingdom The Songhay Kingdom (Capital: Gao)(Capital: Gao)

Middle Niger valleyMiddle Niger valley Independent by 700Independent by 700 Muslim by 1010Muslim by 1010 Sunni Ali (1464-1492)Sunni Ali (1464-1492) Hausa states, northern Hausa states, northern

NigeriaNigeria Muslim centerMuslim center

Political and Social Life in Political and Social Life in the Sudanic Statesthe Sudanic States

Fusion of traditionsFusion of traditions

Swahili Swahili CoastCoast

The Swahili Coast of East The Swahili Coast of East AfricaAfrica

Trading portsTrading ports Muslim influenceMuslim influence Cultural diffusion and synthesisCultural diffusion and synthesis

The Coastal Trading Ports The Coastal Trading Ports (*Mogadishu*(*Mogadishu*, Mombasa, Malindi, , Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar)Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar) Don’t need to know, just be familiarDon’t need to know, just be familiar

MadagascarMadagascar SEA importsSEA imports

Blended cultureBlended culture

The Swahili Coast

Swahili Coast (cont’d)Swahili Coast (cont’d) The Mixture of Cultures on the The Mixture of Cultures on the

Swahili CoastSwahili Coast Islam unifiesIslam unifies

Other CharacteristicsOther Characteristics Egalitarian/homogenous to Egalitarian/homogenous to

cosmopolitan/diversecosmopolitan/diverse

Key Exports & ImportsKey Exports & Imports

Two distinct “trading seasons”Two distinct “trading seasons”

Connection to China?Connection to China? When did this exchange with China end?When did this exchange with China end?

Africa During the Post classical Africa During the Post classical PeriodPeriod

African Kingdom Similarities and African Kingdom Similarities and DifferencesDifferences

Common Elements in Common Elements in African SocietiesAfrican Societies

Bantu migrationBantu migration one language baseone language base AnimismAnimism cosmologycosmology ethical codeethical code lineage important in lineage important in

relation with godrelation with god

The Arrival of Islam in The Arrival of Islam in North AfricaNorth Africa

Part of MediterraneanPart of Mediterranean Arrival of Islam (Spain, by Arrival of Islam (Spain, by

711)711) Berber AlmoravidsBerber Almoravids western Sahara, western Sahara,

assist conversionassist conversionAlmohadsAlmohads

succeed Berbers, succeed Berbers, 12th century12th century

The Christian Kingdoms: The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and EthiopiaNubia and EthiopiaCoptsCopts

Egyptian ChristiansEgyptian Christians welcome Muslimswelcome Muslims spread to Nubia spread to Nubia

(Kush)(Kush)

EthiopiaEthiopia heirs to Axumheirs to Axum King LalibelaKing Lalibela

Empires of AfricaEmpires of Africa II. Kingdoms of the II. Kingdoms of the

GrasslandsGrasslands Caravans across SaharaCaravans across Sahara Sahel (grasslands)Sahel (grasslands) transfer pointtransfer point

A. Sudanic StatesA. Sudanic States Rulers sacredRulers sacred IslamIslam from 900sfrom 900s supports statesupports state

B. The Empire of Mali B. The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince”“Lion Prince”

Malinke peoples from Malinke peoples from GhanaGhana

Agriculture, gold tradeAgriculture, gold trade Sundiata (d.1260)Sundiata (d.1260) mansamansa (ruler) (ruler) expanded stateexpanded state

Mansa Kankan MusaMansa Kankan Musa pilgrimage to Meccapilgrimage to Mecca

Floods land with goldFloods land with gold brings back Ishal al-Sahilibrings back Ishal al-Sahili architect from Muslim architect from Muslim

SpainSpain beaten clay architecturebeaten clay architecture

Empires of the Western Sudan

African KingdomsAfrican Kingdoms City Dwellers and City Dwellers and

VillagersVillagers Jenne, TimbuktuJenne, Timbuktu

thrive with thrive with expansion of Mali, expansion of Mali, SonghaySonghayMandinka Mandinka juulajuula

Some merchantsSome merchants Religious diffusion?Religious diffusion?

Farmers the Farmers the majoritymajority

The Songhay Kingdom The Songhay Kingdom (Capital: (Capital: Gao)Gao)

Middle Niger valleyMiddle Niger valley Independent by 700Independent by 700 Muslim by 1010Muslim by 1010 Sunni Ali (1464-1492)Sunni Ali (1464-1492) expanded territoryexpanded territory successors: successors: askiaaskia Defeated by Morocco, 1591Defeated by Morocco, 1591 Hausa states, northern Hausa states, northern

NigeriaNigeria Kano becomes Kano becomes

Muslim centerMuslim center

E. Political and Social Life in the E. Political and Social Life in the Sudanic StatesSudanic States

Fusion of Muslim, Fusion of Muslim, indigenous traditionsindigenous traditions

Swahili Swahili CoastCoast

The Swahili Coast of East AfricaThe Swahili Coast of East Africa Trading portsTrading ports

Muslim influence strongMuslim influence strong Rest of population remains traditionalRest of population remains traditional Significangt cultural diffusion and synthesisSignificangt cultural diffusion and synthesis

The Coastal Trading Ports The Coastal Trading Ports (*Mogadishu*(*Mogadishu*, , Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar)Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar) Don’t need to know, just be familiarDon’t need to know, just be familiar

MadagascarMadagascar southeast Asian immigrants, bring bananas, southeast Asian immigrants, bring bananas,

coconutscoconuts

Blended cultureBlended culture Bantu, IslamicBantu, Islamic SwahiliSwahili spreads along coastspreads along coast trade with Asiatrade with Asia

The Swahili Coast

Swahili Coast (cont’d)Swahili Coast (cont’d) The Mixture of Cultures on the The Mixture of Cultures on the

Swahili CoastSwahili Coast Islam unifies along with SwahiliIslam unifies along with Swahili

Other CharacteristicsOther Characteristics Egalitarian and homogenous to Egalitarian and homogenous to

cosmopolitan and diversecosmopolitan and diverse Key ExportsKey Exports

Ivory, gold, iron, slaves, exotic animalsIvory, gold, iron, slaves, exotic animals Key ImportsKey Imports

Textiles, Silks, porcelain (China and India)Textiles, Silks, porcelain (China and India) When during the year did this take When during the year did this take

place?place? Two distinct “trading seasons”Two distinct “trading seasons”

What was the connection between What was the connection between the Swahili Coast and China?the Swahili Coast and China?

When did this exchange with China When did this exchange with China end?end?