Agenda 2/2/15

1. Lecture #6: Pan-Africanism

2. Classwork - Read pages 106-111 & 139-143; Answer Questions 2-7 (pg 111) and Questions 1-4 (pg 143) Due in-class

African NationalismEuropeans developed a policy known as paternalism. Using this policy, European nations looked over their African “citizens” in a parental sense by providing them with necessities but also not allowing them freedom of choice.

Europeans often used direct rule by bringing in their own officials to run countries.

Ex: Cecil Rhodes

African Nationalism

Nationalists felt various tribes had to unite to create independence from Europe - (Us versus Them mentality)

Pan-Africanism emerges -

Pan-Africanism is the belief in unifying all of Africa and pride in african heritage.

Pan-African Flag Red = Blood

Black = People Green = Land

African Nationalism

Marcus Garvey - founder of Pan-Africanism and important part in African Nationalism

Leopold Sedar Senghor - a poet and president of Senegal (1960-80) Leader of the negritude movement.

Negritude Movement - encouraged Africans to value their heritage and reject negative European views on African traditions. Heavily influenced by Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey

Leopold Sedar

Senghor

The Negritude Movement

•Leopold Senghor studied political philosophy in France during the 1930s.

•A devoted socialist - however - he was still pro-West. As president he developed close ties to France and the US allowing for a stable and secure government. No military coups, etc.

As president Leopold Senghor promoted African socialism as a means of unifying Africans - at the same time, by remaining open to the Western world and not adopting (Marxist ideals) he encouraged Western growth and trade.

The Negritude Movement

Négritude is a literary and ideological (philosophical) movement that was developed by French speaking black intellectuals.

Negritude leaders felt a common black identity in Africa would create solidarity against former European colonial influence.

RastafarianismBelief that Haile Selassie was Jesus Christ - the returned messiah or God incarnate (human form)

Also believes in an Afrocentric world view as taught by Marcus Garvey

Helped to establish an opposing cultural viewpoint for Africans and African descendants.

Rastafarians viewed God and biblical stories through an African lens; slavery and Diaspora of the Jews similar to oppression they had suffered

Ethiopian Flag (Rasta Flag)

Ethiopian Jesus Haile Selassie

The End of WWII✦ As WWII ended, independence movements

in Africa and Asia gained strength

✦ The war had weakened colonial powers like Great Britain and France

✦ Also, some nations were supported by the Soviet Union or United States during the Cold War era.

✦ The US and Soviet Union supplied guns and money to various countries in Africa.

✦ The Cold War ushers in a new era of Imperialism: Capitalism vs. Communism

Europe is Weakened by

war!

New Nations Emerge

1.Ghana - In the Gold Coast region, Kwame Nkrumah organized strikes and boycotts to protest British rule. In 1957, Ghana was the first black African country to win independence.

2.North Africa - Libya, Tunisia, and Morocco win freedom in 1950s peacefully. But, a bloody war was fought by France over Algeria.

3.Kenya - Jomo Kenyatta led a series of violent attacks on the British who lived in Kenya. Eventually, the British left and Kenyatta became president.

The Colonial Legacy

1.Once free of European rule, many African nations were not prepared to run independently.

2.Decades of European rule, had weakened local African leaders - so there was no strong force to take control when Europeans leave

3.Rival tribes often fought with each other to gain political control.

Change in the map

Lasting Effects of Colonial Rule

1.civil war and political unrest - tribes fight over control and cause civil wars or genocide.

2.economic dependence - African countries were abused by Europe that they haven’t developed independent economies yet.

3.population explosion - Africa is the fastest growing region in the world. But, most of the population is under the age of 15.

Why so young and what problems does this cause?