AFRICA: Shaped by its AFRICA: Shaped by its HistoryHistory

Turn to page 35 in the bookTurn to page 35 in the book

Africa’s kingdoms of the PastAfrica’s kingdoms of the Past

Ancient Egypt ….3100 – 30 BCAncient Egypt ….3100 – 30 BCNubia………….. 3100 – 1500 BCNubia………….. 3100 – 1500 BCAksum…………100 BC – AD 900Aksum…………100 BC – AD 900Ghana…............AD 600 – 1250 Ghana…............AD 600 – 1250 Mali ……………AD 950 – 1550Mali ……………AD 950 – 1550Songhai ………AD 1000 – 1591Songhai ………AD 1000 – 1591Asante ………..AD 1701 – 1874Asante ………..AD 1701 – 1874Benin …………AD 1275 – 1897Benin …………AD 1275 – 1897

Chapter 2, Section 1Chapter 2, Section 1African BeginningsAfrican Beginnings

Scientists believe 10,000 yrs. ago Africa’s Scientists believe 10,000 yrs. ago Africa’s 11stst farmers lived in the Sahara. farmers lived in the Sahara.

Changing TimesChanging Times

Hunters and Gatherers- (Earliest Hunters and Gatherers- (Earliest Africans) Africans) Hunted for meat and fur Hunted for meat and fur

They used wood, animal bones, and They used wood, animal bones, and stone for tools.stone for tools.

Farming and HerdingFarming and HerdingP.38P.38

People began to domesticate plantsPeople began to domesticate plants Domesticate means to adapt them for Domesticate means to adapt them for

personal use.personal use.

People then didn’t have to travel to People then didn’t have to travel to where the plants were growing they could where the plants were growing they could plant them where they were.plant them where they were.

Civilizations on the NileCivilizations on the Nile

A Civilization is a society with cities, a A Civilization is a society with cities, a government, and social classes.government, and social classes.

Civilizations usually have architecture, Civilizations usually have architecture, writing, and art.writing, and art.

Two Important Civilizations of Two Important Civilizations of Ancient AfricaAncient Africa

EgyptEgypt- 5000 years ago people 5000 years ago people

began farming along began farming along the Nile.the Nile.

- The people of Egypt The people of Egypt were ruled by were ruled by Pharaohs.Pharaohs.

NubiaNubia

- People started by - People started by hunting and fishing.hunting and fishing.

- 724 BC Nubians - 724 BC Nubians conquered Egypt.conquered Egypt.

- A.D. 350 Nubia was - A.D. 350 Nubia was conquered by the conquered by the Ethiopian kingdom of Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum.Aksum.

Bantu MigrationBantu MigrationP.40P.40

4000 years ago the 4000 years ago the Bantu people in Africa Bantu people in Africa began one of the began one of the largest migrations of all largest migrations of all time.time.

No one knows why.No one knows why. Experts study the Experts study the

routes the Bantu routes the Bantu people took.people took.

Migrate- To move from Migrate- To move from one place and resettle one place and resettle in another.in another.

Bantu people spread their Bantu people spread their language.language.

On their migration the Bantu people spread On their migration the Bantu people spread their language all over Africa.their language all over Africa.

Hundreds of ethnic groups were created. Hundreds of ethnic groups were created. Ethnic groups share languages, religions, Ethnic groups share languages, religions, family ties, and customs.family ties, and customs.

Some of the languages that are based on Some of the languages that are based on Bantu are: Zulu, Shona, Swahili, and Xhosa Bantu are: Zulu, Shona, Swahili, and Xhosa (KOH sah)(KOH sah)

Kingdoms, City-States, and Kingdoms, City-States, and Empires Empires (Chapter 2, Section 2)(Chapter 2, Section 2)

East African Trading Civilizations.East African Trading Civilizations.- One of the most powerful trading - One of the most powerful trading

civilizations in East Africa were the Aksum.civilizations in East Africa were the Aksum.- The development of Christianity was - The development of Christianity was

a very important event on the trading a very important event on the trading industry.industry.

- Around A.D. 600 the Aksum people - Around A.D. 600 the Aksum people began to decline, as Arabs took over began to decline, as Arabs took over trading. trading.

Cities of TradeCities of Tradep.44p.44

Traders from Africa traded animal skins, Traders from Africa traded animal skins, Ivory, and Gold with India and China.Ivory, and Gold with India and China.

They used Monsoon winds to cross the They used Monsoon winds to cross the Indian Ocean… Waited for the winds to Indian Ocean… Waited for the winds to change before they could come back. change before they could come back. (see map p. 43)(see map p. 43)

Trade also introduced Islam to the region.Trade also introduced Islam to the region.Also the language Swahili developed in the Also the language Swahili developed in the

area.area.

Rise of the City StatesRise of the City States

A city-state is a city that has its own A city-state is a city that has its own traditions, government, and laws. It is both a traditions, government, and laws. It is both a city and an independent nation.city and an independent nation.

The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam

The rise of Islam was spread throughout The rise of Islam was spread throughout Mali and other African City-States by Muslim Mali and other African City-States by Muslim traders.traders.

Many Muslims take a pilgrimage or religious Many Muslims take a pilgrimage or religious journey, to the city of Mecca.journey, to the city of Mecca.

European Conquest of AfricaEuropean Conquest of Africa(Chapter 2, Section 3)(Chapter 2, Section 3)

Portugal was the first of the European Portugal was the first of the European countries to explore Africa.countries to explore Africa.

When Portuguese explorers realized how When Portuguese explorers realized how rich East African coast was, they decided to rich East African coast was, they decided to seize the riches of the area.seize the riches of the area.

Portugal controlled East Africa well into the Portugal controlled East Africa well into the 1600’s1600’s

Europeans Colonize AfricaEuropeans Colonize Africa

In the mid-1800’s the Trans-Atlantic Slave In the mid-1800’s the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was over.Trade was over.

The scramble to colonize Africa begins.The scramble to colonize Africa begins. Colonize means to settle an area and take Colonize means to settle an area and take

control of it’s government.control of it’s government. Europeans wanted to colonize because of Europeans wanted to colonize because of

the natural resources.the natural resources. (Draw map on p.55)(Draw map on p.55)

Independence and its Challenges Independence and its Challenges

Chapter 2, Section 4Chapter 2, Section 4 Many Africans dreamed of Independence.Many Africans dreamed of Independence. One of the things that led to countries in One of the things that led to countries in

Africa becoming independent was the Africa becoming independent was the importance of Nationalism.importance of Nationalism.

Nationalism is a feeling of pride in one’s Nationalism is a feeling of pride in one’s nation.nation.

Africa and WWIIAfrica and WWIIPage 59Page 59

WWII inspired many African countries to WWII inspired many African countries to seek independence.seek independence.

Much of WWII took place in Northern Africa.Much of WWII took place in Northern Africa. African people fought with the Allies to free African people fought with the Allies to free

Europe from Germany and Italy.Europe from Germany and Italy.

Different Paths to Independence.Different Paths to Independence.

Ghana chose to boycott against British rule.Ghana chose to boycott against British rule. Boycott is to refuse to buy or use certain Boycott is to refuse to buy or use certain

products or services.products or services. Building a democracy is not easy.Building a democracy is not easy. USA is more than 200 years old, most USA is more than 200 years old, most

African countries, less than 50.African countries, less than 50. Democracy is a government in which Democracy is a government in which

citizens exercise power through elected citizens exercise power through elected officials.officials.

Europe is weakened!!Europe is weakened!!

After WWII Europe was weakened After WWII Europe was weakened financially and had no other option than to financially and had no other option than to let their countries in Africa become let their countries in Africa become independent.independent.

Issues for Africa TodayIssues for Africa Today(Chapter 2, Section 5)(Chapter 2, Section 5)

Farming is the most important economic Farming is the most important economic activity in Africa. activity in Africa.

Africans practice 2 types of farming.Africans practice 2 types of farming.

1) Subsistence farming 1) Subsistence farming

2) Commercial farming2) Commercial farming Commercial farming is the large scale Commercial farming is the large scale

production of cash crops for sale.production of cash crops for sale.

Economic IssuesEconomic Issues

African countries are now trying to reduce African countries are now trying to reduce their dependence on one export.their dependence on one export.

With one export countries have to worry With one export countries have to worry about something happening to their crop.about something happening to their crop.

Countries are trying to diversify their Countries are trying to diversify their economies.economies.

EducationEducation

African children must often contribute to African children must often contribute to their families income by working in the their families income by working in the fields.fields.

Unfortunately this contributes to many Unfortunately this contributes to many African children being illiterate.African children being illiterate.

Literate means being able to read and write.Literate means being able to read and write.

HealthHealth

Life expectancy is the average number of years Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live.a person is expected to live.

Andorra…..84 yearsAndorra…..84 years Japan….82 yearsJapan….82 years USA…..78 yearsUSA…..78 years Morocco…..71 yearsMorocco…..71 years South Africa…..52 yearsSouth Africa…..52 years Botswana……32 yearsBotswana……32 years

Millions of African children are born with the Millions of African children are born with the HIV virus and millions more adults die of AIDS HIV virus and millions more adults die of AIDS before the age of 50.before the age of 50.

The EnvironmentThe Environment

Much of the land in Africa has very poor Much of the land in Africa has very poor farming.farming.

People cut down or burn trees to clear land People cut down or burn trees to clear land for farming.for farming.

Without trees the land is exposed to rain Without trees the land is exposed to rain and wind that results in erosion.and wind that results in erosion.

The End!!!!!!!The End!!!!!!!