By 1900 only 2 African Nations remained independent...

•Ethiopia•Liberia

Roots of Independence Movement

• Desire for freedom never abandoned

• Post WW1 &WW2 movements• American Civil Rights Movement• Nasser & Arab Nationalism

Struggle for Independence

Traditional Colony

• Colonial Government

• Export Based Economy

European Settled Colony• Colonial Government• Export Based Economy• White Minority Rule• Legalized

Discrimination

Ghana Becomes Independent• 1957• Lead by Kwame

Nkrumah• 1st Colony to Achieve

Independence• Avoids Tribal

Conflicts

Kwame Nkrumah

OAU• Nhrumah founded

the OAU--Organization of African Unity

• worked to promote African economic independence

Nkrumah & WEB de Bois work on Pan-African Movement

Rebellion in Kenya

• British colony of Kenya heavily settled by White farmers

• Took land from Kikuyu and Masai people

Mau Mau Rebellion• Mau Mau called

themselves the Land & Freedom Party

• protested for Independence

• mass arrests

Jomo Kenyatta

• Kikuyu leader• arrested for

“terrorism”• imprisoned for 8

years• became

President of Kenya

Jomo Kenyatta• Kenya becomes strongest democracy in

Africa• Kenyatta made Kenya an economic

success• He stays in power too

long = corruption & abuse

Ending Apartheid in South Africa

• African National Congress

• Political Party• began fight

against Apartheid

Apartheid•Non-white population not allowed to live in white cities•Forced them to work long distances from where their families could live

Nelson Mandela

• Leader of ANC• arrested and

jailed for 28 years

• 120 ANC leaders were jailed

The Years of Struggle

• 1960: Sharpeville Massacre–Stay at Home Campaign

• 1976: Soweto Uprising

Steve Biko• Biko organized student

protests against Apartheid

• banned person• Smuggled his writings

out• beaten to death by

police

Bishop Desmond Tutu• Anglican minister who

led international protest against Apartheid

• South Africa sanctioned

Impact of Sanctions• Worldwide

Protest against Apartheid

• Ban on Trade & Banking

• Financial Crisis in South Africa

F.W. de Klerk & Nelson Mandela

• De Klerk, white prime minister• negotiated with Mandela• released him from Prison• made agreement for free elections

with all South African’s allowed to vote

South Africa Avoids

Bloodbath

South African Independence• 1994: first free elections• Nelson Mandela elected President of

South Africa• 1994 to present: South Africans work

to create economic equality• tribunal: trials for criminal acts under

Apartheid

Problems Faced By Independent Africa

• Debt from Colonial Period• Pressure from World Bank to grow

colonial export crop to pay off debt.• Ethnic conflict• Health Issues

– Clean Water– High Infant Mortality Rate– Aids