After completing this topic, student should be able to:
1) Explain importance of striving and sustaining quality raw products
2) List main components in formulation with examples
3) Discuss the suitable analytical instrument to analyze sample
Standard of raw material?? With respect to physical and chemical quality?
Physical quality?
Chemical quality?
1) To guarantee the consistency of product quality
2) To ensure the product is effective and able to produce desired effect
3) To protect consumer from harmful product
1) RAW MATERIAL SOURCING
Constraint :
Poor quality, unreliable taxonomic
identification and adulteration
Heavily rely on import and collection
from the wild
Unstable supply of raw materials
Various form of material (leaves,wood/bark, root/rhizome,flower)
STEP 2 : RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, ANALYSIS ANDTESTING RELIABILITY
- Continuous process from planting to application
- To make exact standardised extract
- To develop pure analytical standards
STEP 3 : EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION
- Utilising latest and custom design extraction procedures usingequipment such as Spray, freeze, fluid bed or vacuum dryer
- Extract must match the botanical profile of the original plants, so thatfinal products are truly as nature intended
STEP 4 : DOWNSTREAM APPLICATIONS
- Extracts (solid, fluid or powdered) can be usedas ingredients for vitamin, pharmaceutical,cosmetic, food and beverages companies locallyand worldwide
- Promoting consumer products formulated fromthese extracts ; higher added value
Ex : Required temperature for fresh storage and during drying
Essential oil(Serai wangi)
Puree (Fruit/Mengkudu)
Fresh extract
Dried product
Spray dried
Nutraceutical is any substance that is a food or a part of food and provides medical
or human benefits including the prevention and treatment of disease.
It comes from word (nutrition + pharmaceutical)
Nutraceuticals can include :§ Minerals, vitamins and other dietary supplements§ Herbal products: garlic (allicin), ginger, echinacea, ginseng, liquorice, onion,
senna, turmeric (curcumin)§ Dietary enzymes: bromelain, papain§ Dietary fiber§ Hydrolyzed proteins§ Phytonutrients: resveratrol§ Carotenoids: lycopene§ Prebiotics§ Probiotics
Class/Components Source Potential Benefit
Fatty Acid
CLA Milk, meat Improve body composition, reduce cancer
DHA, EPA Fish oils, mustard,linseed, rapeseed
Reduce CVD, improve mental and visual function
Polyphenols
Anthocyanidine Fruits Nutralise free radicals, reduce risk of cancerCatechins Tea, babul pods,
rapeseed
Flavonone Citrus
Flavones Fruits, vegetables, soya
Proanhocyanidine Cocoa, chocolate, tea, rapeseed
Reduce CVD
Class/Components Source Potential Benefit
Saponins Soybean, GNC, chick pea
Lower cholesterol, anti cancer
Probiotics/Prebiotics/Synbiotics
Lactobacillus yogurt Improve GI health
Fructo-oligosaccharides
Whole grain, onions, cobination of proioticand prebiotic
Phytoestrogen
Daidzein , Zenistein Soybean, flax, lentilseed, maize, berseem, lucerne, subabul fodder
Reduce menopause symptoms, increase bone health
Lignans Flax, rye, vegetables Reduce cancer and heart diseases
Class/Components Source Potential Benefit
Caroteinoids
β- caroteine Berseem,lucerne ,oat fodder, maize fodder, carrots, vegetabels, fruits
Nutralise free radicals
Luteine Vegetabels Healthy vision
Zeoxanthine Eggs, citrus, corn
Lycopene Tomatoes Reduce prostate cancer
Dietary Fiber
Insoluble fiber Wheat bran Reduce breast, colon cancer
β-glucan Oats Reduce CVD
Whole grain Cereal grains
§ Definition?
- any kind of drug used for medicinal purposes
§ From botanical to synthetic drug
Gene or GenomeSequencing
TargetValidation
TargetDiscovery
Lead Discovery
Pre-Clinical
Manufac-turing
ClinicalPhase I
ClinicalPhase II
ClinicalPhase III Distribution
Drug Discovery AnimalStudies
Clinical Tests Commercialization
Continual process verification and continual improvement
Commercial scale manufacturing for drug product
Technology transfer
Process development and optimization (Pilot scale)
Process development and optimization (Lab scale)
Process screening
Development of Pharmaceutical
Cosmetic are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body
Toiletries are things that you use when washing or taking care of your body, for example soap and toothpaste.
Distilled Water
Emulsifiers
Emollients
Thickeners
EMULSIFIERSExamples : Polysorbates,Laureth-4,Potassium cetylsulfate ,CreamMaker Blend
Function:
§ keep unlike ingredient such as oil and water from separating in an emulsion
§ enhance the absorption of skincare ingredient
§ Petroleum,Waxes,Oils,Silicones Plant Oils, Natural Butters
Function:
§ Help keep the skin moist and supple
§ Reducing the water loss from the skin
§ Provide a protective film
§ Reduces friction when anything rubs against the skin
THICKENERSExample - Natural Waxes, Stearyl Palmitate, etc
Function :
- increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties.
Find basic ingredient used in formulation of toiletries product.Ex shampoo,toothpaste, soap
Flavor§ the distinctive taste of a food or drink/ an indication of the essential character of
something.
Type of flavor1) Natural flavoring substances:
Flavoring substances that are obtained from plant or animal raw materials, by physical,microbiological or enzymatic processes are classified as natural flavoring substances.
2) Nature-identical flavoring substances:
substances that are obtained by synthesis or are isolated through chemical processes, which arechemically identical to flavoring substances naturally present in products intended for consumptionby human beings.
3) Artificial flavoring substances:
These food flavorings are typically produced by fractional distillation and additional chemicalmanipulation naturally sourced chemicals or from crude oil or coal tar.
Fragranceextraction of aromatic compounds from raw materials, usingmethods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression,or enfleurage. The results of the extracts are either essentialoils, absolutes or butters, depending on the amount of waxes inthe extracted product.
§ pleasant, sweet smell.
Discuss method used to extract the aromatic compound
Packaging of product that contains essential oil;
§Product should be use sturdy card which will forms a strongpackage.
§Design of the ‘cuboid’ shape forms a rigid package andseveral packages could be stacked on top of each other,without damage or deformity taking place.
§Use high impact polystyrene insert which holds thecontainers firmly in position ensuring that spillage/damageis unlikely.
Manufacturing step/production flow inproduction of phyto medicine, nutraceutical,pharmaceutical, personal hygiene product, flavorand fragrance
Chemical analysis equipment is used to determine, characterize, and quantify chemical components in gas, liquid, and solid samples.
Examples equipment used are:
§ High Performance Liquid Chromatography
§ Gas Chromatography
§ Thin Layer Chromatography
§ Spectrophotometer
HPLC used to
separate,
identify, and
quantify each
component in a
mixture.
GCfor separating andanalyzing compoundsthat canbe vaporized withoutdecomposition.
TLC technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures
Spectrophotometer is a quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength
Flow chart for product preparation and analysis by ;
- Spectrophotometer- TLC- GC
Labelling requirements that conforms to ISO and USA’s FDA requirement