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After the Great WarPart 1: False Optimism
#1: No More War
• Woodrow Wilson’s League of Nations– Established to prevent future wars– Many nations joined- but NOT USA?!– Ultimately weak
• Kellogg-Briand Pact- agreement to outlaw war forever– …at least until someone breaks it…
#2 Roaring 20s
• Economy apparently thriving– Industry doing well– New products and marketing– Assembly line Model T in USA– Buying on credit…. :o– This would cause trouble…
#3 Women’s Suffrage
• Women had worked in factories during war• In 20s women gained suffrage (voting rights)
in:– Britain– USA– Germany
And so the world was changing . . .But it was about to change in some unexpected
ways . . .
The Great Depression
• October 1929- The Stock Market Crash• Signals the beginning of the Great Depression• Unemployment skyrockets• Worldwide economic crash• Germany hit the hardest…
Economic Depressions can have unintended side-effects . . .
Totalitarianism: How Did it Happen?
What is Fascism?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg
Eva Braun
I. What is Fascism?All forms of Fascism share some
basic features:• extreme nationalism• It glorifies action, violence, and
discipline• encourages blind loyalty to the
state• undemocratic• They reject the concepts of
“equality” and “liberty”• glorified war• sworn enemies of socialism and
communism
Fascism Spreads
• As the Great Depression spread, other nations looked to Fascist leaders to save them
• Italy- Mussolini• Spain- Franco
Germany goes Democratic:Weimar Republic
• At the end of the war in 1918, Germany was on the brink of chaos
• Kaiser William II abdicated• Moderate leaders forced to
sign the Treaty of Versailles
• 1919 The Weimar Republic:• Was led by a prime minister, or chancellor• Included a bill of rights
What went wrong in Germany?
• Germans of all classes blamed the government for the hated Treaty of Versailles
Problem #1
#2 Economic Trouble
• inflation began to spiral out of control– An item that cost 100 marks in July 1922 – In August 1923 it cost 944,000, making the mark almost
worthless– A loaf of bread or newspaper cost tens of thousands of
marks– Wages went up, but not enough, as middle class families
saw their savings wiped out• Many Germans accused Marxists and Jews of an
imaginary conspiracy to betray Germany
• The miseries of the 1923 inflation came back when the Great Depression hit
• Germans turned to an energetic leader
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hitler_and_Mussolini_June_1940.jpg
Eva Braun
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
#3: Enter Adolf Hitler
• Hitler became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi, party
• The Great Depression played into his hands
• As unemployment rose, Nazi membership grew to almost a million
• He promised to end reparations, create jobs, and rearm Germany
• Hitler urged Germans to unite• He said that Germany must
expand to provide room for the “master race”
• He also argued that Germany would need a strong leader, or Fuhrer
• In 1933, other conservative politicians decided Hitler should become chancellor
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Do Not Write- Hitler’s Third Reich• Like Mussolini, Hitler
appealed to nationalism by recalling his nation’s past glory
• Germany’s 1st Reich was the Holy Roman Empire
• Germany’s 2nd Reich was the empire of Bismarck that ended with WWI
• Hitler predicted his 3rd Reich would dominate Europe for 1,000 years
Hitler’s Plan Part 1: CONTROL
• Like Mussolini, Hitler came to power legally
Within a year, Hitler was the master of Germany. Hitler quickly:
• Suspended civil rights• Destroyed the Communists• Disbanded other political
partiesThe Nazis dominated Germany, and
Hitler dominated the Nazis, purging any perceived threats
http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/23-0463a.gif
• To achieve his goals- brutal system of terror
• The Nazis controlled all aspects of life from government, to religion, to schools
• Elite SS troops enforced Hitler’s will
• His secret police, the Gestapo, rooted out opposition
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E2%80%9CGive_me_four_years%E2%80%99_time%E2%80%9D.jpg
Part 2: Help the Masses
To combat the Great Depression, Hitler launched massive public works projects
• Roads and housing were built• He began to rearm quickly (in
violation of the Treaty of Versailles)
• His programs stimulated business and reduced unemployment
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Part 3: Nazi Ideology: Make a ScapegoatSomeone to blame!!!
• According to Hitler, Germans belonged to a superior “master race” of Aryans, or light skinned Europeans
• He claimed that Germany had not lost WWI, but were betrayed by Marxist, Jews, corrupt politicians, and business leaders
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Part 4: “Reeducate” the Children: Nazi Youth
• Like Italian Fascists and Russian Communists, the Nazis indoctrinated their young people with their racist ideology
• Young people pledged loyalty to Germany and undertook physical fitness programs to prepare for battle
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Part 5: CensorshipPurging German Culture
• Nazis used art and education as propaganda• School courses and textbooks were rewritten• At huge public bonfires, Nazis burned books they
disapproved of
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Purging German Culture
• Hitler despised Christianity as “weak” and “flabby” and he planned to replace religion with his own radical creed
• The Nazis took control of all Protestant churches and shut down Catholic churches
Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
Looking Ahead
• By the late 1930s, Hitler had total control of Germany, Europe’s second Fascist state
• He sought to extend his control of Germany to German control over Europe
http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/images/photodb/23-0464a.gif