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Age of Discovery
Mr. Stikes
• SSWH10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
• a. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors; include Zheng He, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and Samuel de Champlain.
• b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact.
• c. Explain the role of improved technology in European exploration; include the astrolabe.
Why?
• Reasons for the Age of Discovery:– Economic
• Monopolies– Muslim, Italian
• Goods from Asia:– Pepper– Cinnamon– Silk
Why?
• “Gold, Glory, God”
– Gold: make money
– Glory: become famous
– God: spread Christianity
Famous Explorers
• Zheng He• Prince Henry the
Navigator• Bartholomew Dias• Christopher
Columbus• John Cabot
• Vasco da Gama• Pedro Cabral• Ferdinand Magellan• Henry Hudson• James Cook• Samuel de Champlain• Jacques Cartier
Zheng He (1371-1435)
• Chinese
• Eunuch who served the Ming Dynasty in China
• Muslim?
Zheng He (1371-1435)
• Completed 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean
– #1 – 1405-7 – 317 ships with over 27,000 men, visited Java in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and India
– #2 – 1407-9 – similar route/fleet
– #3 – 1409-11 – more concentrated in SE Asia
Zheng He (1371-1435)
• Completed 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean
– #4 – 1413-15 – reached as far as E. Africa
– #5 – 1416-19 – returned to Arabia, E. Africa
– #6 – 1421-22 – returned to Arabia, E. Africa
– #7 – 1430-33 – Records destroyed
Zheng He (1371-1435)
Zheng He (1371-1435)
• Purpose:– Tribute– Trade
• Brought back riches, including wild animals (giraffes, zebras, ostriches)
• After 1433, China turned inward– Why?
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
• Portuguese, son of King Dom João I and Phillipa of Lancaster
• Commissioned sea voyages to Africa and India
• Claimed four major island groups in Atlantic
Bartholomew Dias (c.1450-1500)• Portuguese
• Voyage (1487-1488)– Passed Cape of
Good Hope – First European?
• Died on voyage to Brazil w/ Cabral
Cape of Good Hope
Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)• Italian (from Genoa)
• Sailed for Spain
• First documented voyage across Atlantic since the Vikings (≈ A.D. 1000)
• Believed in sea route to Asia
• Incorrect beliefs:– Asia stretched farther east (about 30° more)– Japan was 1,500 miles of Asian coast– Size of earth
• Believed the Canary Islands were only 2,500 miles from Japan
Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
• Gained support of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile– Why?
• Portuguese control of sea route around Africa• Small gamble = big reward
• Promised titles and land if he could find the way
Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
• First Voyage (1492-1493)– Three ships: Niña, Pinta, Santa Maria
– Landfall in the Bahamas, October 12, 1492• “San Salvador”
– Observed natives they called “Indians”
– Visited the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola
Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
• Second Voyage (1493-1496)– Founded colony on Hispaniola, explored
southern Cuba
– Isabella ordered the “Indians” converted to Christianity
• Third Voyage (1498-1499)– Explored Trinidad & Venezuela, arrested due
to chaos in Hispaniola
Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
• Third Voyage (1502-1504)– Explored Central America
– Marooned on Jamaica, rescued and returned to Spain
Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
Columbus Meeting the Native Americans
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• Solves dispute between Portugal and (Castilian) Spain– Splits world into Portuguese and Spanish
spheres of influence
• Mediation by Pope Alexander VI– Original line: set by Inter Caetera
(Papal bull of 4 May 1493)
• Later modified by Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)
John Cabot (c.1450-1499)• Italian (Venice), sailed for England
• 1497 – “discovered” North America– Newfoundland (probably)
Vasco da Gama (c.1469-1524)
• Portuguese
• First European to sail to India around Africa (1497-1499)– Visited Calicut, principal spice trading port in
India– Trip as a failure?
Pedro Cabral (c.1467-1520)• Portuguese
• Discovered Brazil (1500)– Accident
Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521)
• Portuguese
• Sailed for Spain
• First European to sail around southern tip of South America (1520)
• First to circumnavigate the world (1519-1522)
Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521)
• 5 ships left Spain (20 September 1519)
• Killed in fighting with natives in the Philippines (1521)
• Voyage continued with only one ship (the Victoria) on under Juan Sebastian Elcano, reaching Spain on 6 September 1522
Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521)
Jacques Cartier (1491-1557)• French
• Discovered St. Lawrence River (1534)
Sain
t Law
renc
e R
iver
Samuel de Champlain (c.1570-1635)
• French explorer
• Searched for Northwest Passage
• Founded Quebec (1608)
• Discovered that European methods weren’t useful in America– Solution: Befriend native peoples
Henry Hudson (1611)
• Sailed for both England and the Netherlands
• Claimed land for the Dutch East India Company– Including New Netherlands (New Amsterdam,
present day New York)
James Cook (1728-1779)
• British explorer of the Pacific Ocean, “commonly regarded as the greatest sea explorer of all time”*
* Oxford Companion to World Exploration, “Cook, James”
• 3 Major Voyages to Pacific:– #1 – Endeavor – 1768-1771 –
circumnavigated New Zealand, visited Australia
– #2 – Resolution – 1772-1775 – charted southern Pacific
– #3 – Resolution – 1776-1780 – search for NW Passage, discovered Hawaii, killed in Hawaii (1779)
James Cook (1728-1779)
DID YOU KNOW: James Cook was the first European to describe a kangaroo.
James Cook (1728-1779)
Green = First voyage, Red = Second Voyage, Blue = Third Voyage, Blue Dotted = 3rd Voyage After Death of Cook. Map courtesy of wikimedia.org.
• Demonstrated that there could be no Northwest Passage or inhabitable Southern Continent
• Shows the merging of science with sea exploration
James Cook (1728-1779)
Technology and Exploration
• Astrolabe:– Measures angle (altitude) of sun and starts– Used to determine latitude
• Compass:– Magnetic– Determines direction
Perfected by the Arabs
Perfected by the Chinese
Technology and Exploration
• Hourglass:– Determines time
• Maps:– Drawn by Cartographers– Much improved– Ptolemaic grid system
Technology and Exploration
• Sails:– Used Arab triangular sails– Multiple masts– Stern based rudder
Technology and Exploration
• Caravel– Incorporated
new tech.– Size:
≈ 65 feet ≈ 130 tons
Columbian Exchange
• The exchange of goods and people from Europe, Asia and Africa (the “Old World”) to the Americas (the “New World”)
Global Impact of Columbian Exchange
• Movement of peoples and cultures
• Exchanges of ideas
• European room for growth
Cultural Impact of Columbian Exchange
• Shelter for poor & outcasts
• Impact on natives– Positives– Negatives
• “Melting Pot”