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Age of Exploration. Causes “God, glory, and gold” Rise of “new” monarchies resulted in...

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Age of Exploration
Transcript

Age of Exploration

Causes

• “God, glory, and gold”• Rise of “new” monarchies resulted in

competition• Search for new knowledge• Improved navigation technology• Commercial Revolution• Religious desire

Advancements in Technology

• Advances in astronomy• Instruments– Magnetic compass– Latitude • Quadrant - 1450• Mariner’s astrolabe - 1480• Cross staff - 1550

Ships

• Portuguese caravel– Lighter, faster ship suited for exploration along

African Coast– Could sail into the wind

• Lateen sail and rope rigging– Quickly maneuver to take advantage of wind

• Axial rudder– Improved mobility

Portugal

• Motives for exploration– Economic – all water route to Asia– Religious – looking for help against Muslims

Prince Henry the Navigator

• 1394-1460• Financed numerous expeditions along the

West African coastline in hopes of finding gold

Bartholomew Dias

• 1450-1500• Rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488

Vasco da Gama

• 1469-1525• Followed Dias route and completed all water

travel to India in 1498• Brought back Indian goods creating a huge

demand• This hurt the Italian monopoly trade with Asia

Amerigo Vespucci

• 1454-1512• Explored Brazil• “America” named after him after he falsely

proclaimed he was first to sight new land (Cabral actually was first)

Portugal’s colonies

• Brazil– Administrative structure similar to that of Spain in

the New World– In the 17th century, large numbers of slaves from

Africa were brought to help import– Significant racial mixture between whites,

Amerindians, and blacks resulted

Christopher Columbus (Spain)

• 1451-1506• Ferdinand and Isabella financed voyages• 1492, reached the Bahamas, believing he had

reached the “Indies”• His four expeditions charted most of the

major islands in the Caribbean• His expeditions ushered in an era of European

exploration and domination of the New World

Bartholomew de las Casas

• 1474-1566• A Brief account of the destruction of the Indies– Publically criticized Columbus on his treatment of

Amerindians– Spread “black legend” in Protestant countries

where Spain was accused of using Christianity ostensibly killing natives• England was just as guilty

Treaty of Tordesillas

• 1494• Spain sought to secure Columbus’ discoveries • New world divided– Portugal• Brazil and claims in Africa

– Spain • Rest of Americas

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

• 1475-1517• Discovered Pacific Ocean in 1513

Ferdinand Magellan

• 1480-1521• His ship was the first to circumnavigate the

globe• Was killed in Philippines by natives

Conquistadores

• Hernando do Cortes– 1485-1547– Conquered Aztecs in Mesoamerica by 1521

• Francisco Pizarro– 1478-1541– Conquered Inca Empire along with Andes

Mountains in 1532

“Golden Age of Spain”

• “New Imperialism”• Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother

country• Mining gold and silver very important

• 1/5th of findings went to crown

• Goods shipped to Americas and did not allow for natives to form industries (no competition)

Encomienda System

• Why?– Spanish government sought to reduce the savage

exploitation of Amerindians in the Spanish Empire• Laws against exploitation was poorly enforced

Encomienda System

• Amerindians worked for an owner certain days, and for themselves others– Spain’s ability to utilize labor was major reason why

the Spanish Empire imported few slaves from Africa• Mestizos– Spaniards married Amerindian women creating

mixed descent• Creoles– Spaniards born in the New World to Spanish parents

“Old Imperialism”

• Africa and Asia• Characterized by establishing posts and forts

on coastal regions• This was complete opposite of “New

Imperialism”– Entire nations were conquered and exploited

Portugal Trading Posts

• By 1495, Portugal had established forts and posts along the Guinea Coast

• Da Gama set up trading posts in India

Alphonso d’ Albuquerque

• 1453-1515• Laid foundation for Portuguese imperialism• Established strategy of making coastal regions

a base to control the Indian Ocean• Did not seek to create an empire by

penetrating inland• Established an empire in Spice Island after

1510

Francis Xavier

• 1506-1552• Led Jesuit missionaries to Asia where by 1550,

thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan

Dutch Republic

• Dutch East India Company– Founded in 1602 and became force behind Dutch

imperialism– Expelled Portuguese from Ceylon and other Spice

Islands– By 1650, began challenging Spain in the New

World and controlled much of the American and African trade

France

• Jacques Cartier– 1491-1557– In search of a Northwest Passage, he explored the

St. Lawrence River region of Canada• Quebec– France’s first settlement in the New World, not

founded until 1608

England

• Came into exploration relatively late• John Cabot– 1425-1500– Explored northeast coast of North America– Henry VII not interested in colonization since no

gold or silver was found

England

• Jamestown (Virginia)– First permanent settlement, English– Founded 1607

• Tens of thousands of Englishmen came to the eastern coast of North America in the 17th and 18th century– Far more then France, Spain, and Portugal


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