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Chapter 21 Age of Imperialism
Chapter 21
Age of Imperialism
Causes:Industrial Revolution leads to economic
competition for resources & new marketsNationalism…
Desire for more powerRacism…
White Europeans thought they were superior to all other races (White mans burden , ethnocentrism, paternalism)
Social DarwinismReligion…
Moral responsibility to civilize the “savages”
Imperialism
Forms of ImperialismSpheres of influence (see slide #
15)the claim by a state to exclusive or
predominant control over a foreign area or territoryEX: China
Indirect RuleLocal rulers were allowed to maintain their
positions of authority and statusCost less and convenient
Direct RuleLocal rulers were removed from power and
replaced with officials from the mother countryImpact the indigenous people, took away their
rights
Forces working against Africans and AsiansInternal
Variety of cultures and infightingTechnology disadvantageEmpires weakened over the centuries in Asia
and AfricaExternal
European technological advances (EX: The Maxim Gun)
Spanish American WarGain Puerto Rico, Guam
and the Philippines by treaty and Cuba is “free” from Spanish control
Philippine-American WarEmilio Aguinaldo led
Philippine resistanceUS spends 400 million and
4000 American lives to defeat the Philippines in a 3 year war20,000 Philippine casualties
of warAs many as 500,000
Philippine civilians
United States Imperialism
Another Shotgun Wedding
Description: A woman (Hawai'i) and Uncle Sam are getting married, kneeling before the minister (McKinley) who is reading from a book entitled "Annexation Policy". The bride seems ready to bolt. Behind the couple stands Morgan (jingo) with a shotgun.
http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/~soma/cartoons/
US Imperialism in the late 19th Century
1819: Britain established the colony of SingaporeSir Thomas Raffles
1839: China fights Britain to keep out opium (an addictive drug from India) but fails
By 1900 China has been carved into Spheres of Influence
Imperialism in Asia (1880-1914)
Imperialism in Asia (1880-1914)
1898: U.S. makes Philippines a colony1899: U.S. establishes the Open Door
policy that allows all nations to trade with China
1900: Boxer Rebellion – Chinese rebels attack foreigners and fail
1911: Chinese revolt and establishes a republic in China
Spheres of Influence in China in 1900
British Control of India Great Britain gained power in India during
the 18th centuryBritish East India Company
Given power by the British government to become more involved in Indian politics and military affairs
SepoysHired soldiers that protected companies interests
Great Rebellion or the 1st War of Independence (1857)Cause; bullets greased with cow and pig fat
Sepoys refused to use bullets, revoltedFresh British troops conquered the rebellion
Mohandas Gandhi Viceroy
British government ruled India directly through a official called a ViceroyRepresentative of the monarch
Put into place after the 1st War of Independence
GandhiBorn 1869 in western India;
educated as a lawyerPracticed in South Africa
representing Indian workersReturned to India to led fight
for independenceNon-violent protestDesired equal rights as citizens
of the British Empire
Pre Imperialism in Africa:Thousands of small tribes/kingdoms
each with their own languageEuropeans traded with African tribes
with little motivation to conquerEuropeans explored Africa…
Ex: David Livingstone spent 30 years exploring the continent
Imperialism in Africa (1880-1914)
European nations tended to stay near the coast and establish only trading posts
Why did Europe have trouble conquering Africa earlier?Tough terrain and riversMalariaPowerful African armiesLack of motivation (Prior to 1880s)
What has changed?
Imperialism in Africa (1880-1914)
1884-1914: Africa is divided up totally by European countries
Ethiopia & Liberia are the only free countries
France has the largest African empire: as big as the United States
U.S. & Russia are the only two countries without African colonies
Imperialism in Africa (1880-1914)
European leaders met to divide the colonial borders in Africa to avoid war
Who was there?Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France,
Germany, Russia, U.S.A., Portugal, Denmark, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium and Turkey
Problem?Didn’t take tribal boundaries into
consideration
Berlin Conference (1884)
Impact of Imperialism in AfricaEconomic instabilityIncrease in poverty
Food shortagesSpread of diseasePoor quality of life:Literacy, birth rate, life
expectancy all declinePolitical corruption“Success, like charity,
covers a multitude of sins.” Alfred T. Mahan
Effects of Colonial RuleIntroduced representative institutions
Democracy
Developed plantation agricultureExploitation of native labor
Began modern economic system (High taxes)
Railroads, highways, schools, communication, medicine
Resistance movements
Spain (Until 1898) Philippines
Holland Dutch East Indies
United States (After 1898)
Philippines
France Indochina
Great Britain Singapore. Hong Kong
Controlling Country Part of Asia
