Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy The “Common Man”The “Common Man” Universal male suffrageUniversal male suffrage Strict constructionismStrict constructionism Laissez-faire economicsLaissez-faire economics Democratization of Democratization of
nominations for elected nominations for elected officeoffice Party caucuses to national Party caucuses to national
conventionsconventions Increase in local and state Increase in local and state
elected officeselected offices Rise of third partiesRise of third parties Spoils systemSpoils system Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
“County Election”George Caleb Bingham1852
Election of 1824Election of 1824 Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans
fracturingfracturing Election of 1824 has four Election of 1824 has four
candidatescandidates Sec. of State John Quincy Sec. of State John Quincy
Adams Adams General/Senator Andrew General/Senator Andrew
Jackson Jackson Sec. of Treasury William Sec. of Treasury William
CrawfordCrawford Speaker of the House Henry Speaker of the House Henry
ClayClay ““Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain””
House of Representatives House of Representatives chooses Adamschooses Adams
ImpactImpact Establishment of Democrats and Establishment of Democrats and
National RepublicansNational Republicans Second Party SystemSecond Party System
John Quincy Adams (NR) (1825-1829)John Quincy Adams (NR) (1825-1829)
Son of Federalist John AdamsSon of Federalist John Adams National RepublicanNational Republican Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain
Most of his proposals rejected by a Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congresspro-Jackson Congress
Alienated the South and WestAlienated the South and West
Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828 Tariff of AbominationsTariff of Abominations
Second Party System (1828-1854)Second Party System (1828-1854) Democrats: Democrats:
States’ rights States’ rights Limited Limited
governmentgovernment Laissez-faireLaissez-faire ExpansionismExpansionism Pro-slaveryPro-slavery Equal opportunityEqual opportunity South and WestSouth and West Yeoman farmers, Yeoman farmers,
working class, working class, southern planters, southern planters, immigrantsimmigrants
National National Republicans/Whigs: Republicans/Whigs: American SystemAmerican System Strong federal Strong federal
governmentgovernment Mixed on slaveryMixed on slavery Social conservativesSocial conservatives New EnglandNew England Upper and middle Upper and middle
class professionals, class professionals, evangelical evangelical ProtestantsProtestants
Anti-Masonic Party: Anti-Masonic Party: issue party concerned issue party concerned
about Freemasonsabout Freemasons promoted economic promoted economic
nationalism and social nationalism and social conservatismconservatism
Liberty Party: Liberty Party: abolitionist partyabolitionist party
Free Soil Party: Free Soil Party: Prevent expansion of Prevent expansion of
slaveryslavery
Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay
Election of 1828Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson (D)Andrew Jackson (D) John Q. Adams (NR)John Q. Adams (NR) Political campaigns on Political campaigns on
national levelsnational levels Coffin HandbillsCoffin Handbills Jackson’s wifeJackson’s wife
““Old Hickory”Old Hickory” The Common ManThe Common Man
Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Smoker, Tobacco ChewerSmoker, Tobacco Chewer
War HeroWar Hero Spoils SystemSpoils System
Hired loyalists and friendsHired loyalists and friends A Strong ExecutiveA Strong Executive
Mandate from the peopleMandate from the people ““It was settled by the Constitution, It was settled by the Constitution,
the laws, and the whole practice of the laws, and the whole practice of the government that the entire the government that the entire executive power is vested in the executive power is vested in the President of the United States.”President of the United States.”
Endorsed states’ rightsEndorsed states’ rights Considered himself a Jeffersonian Considered himself a Jeffersonian
DemocratDemocrat
Andrew Jackson (D) (1829-1837)Andrew Jackson (D) (1829-1837) Veto PowerVeto Power
Maysville Road (1830)Maysville Road (1830) Peggy Eaton AffairPeggy Eaton Affair ““Kitchen CabinetKitchen Cabinet””
Private group of trusted Private group of trusted advisorsadvisors
Major IssuesMajor Issues Native RemovalNative Removal Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States
Jackson and Native RemovalJackson and Native Removal Indian Removal Act (1830)Indian Removal Act (1830)
Negotiate with Native tribes for Negotiate with Native tribes for removal west to lands west of removal west to lands west of the Mississippithe Mississippi
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)(1831)
Determined Native tribes not to Determined Native tribes not to be “foreign states” but as be “foreign states” but as “domestic dependent nations” “domestic dependent nations”
Worcester v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia (1832)(1832) Determined sovereignty of Determined sovereignty of
Native tribes therefore not Native tribes therefore not subject to state lawssubject to state laws
Apocryphal: “John Marshall had Apocryphal: “John Marshall had made his decision. Now let him made his decision. Now let him enforce it!” - Andrew Jacksonenforce it!” - Andrew Jackson
Trail of TearsTrail of Tears Many died from exposure, Many died from exposure,
disease, starvationdisease, starvation 60,000 removed; 15,000 died60,000 removed; 15,000 died
Jackson and the Nullification CrisisJackson and the Nullification Crisis Tariff of Abominations (1828)Tariff of Abominations (1828) South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)
State could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessaryState could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessary
Webster-Hayne Debates (1830)Webster-Hayne Debates (1830) Robert Hayne (SC)Robert Hayne (SC) Daniel Webster (MA): Daniel Webster (MA): “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and
inseparable!”inseparable!”
Jefferson Day Dinner (1830)Jefferson Day Dinner (1830) Andrew Jackson: Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.”“Our federal Union: It must be preserved.” John C. Calhoun: John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.”“The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.”
Tariff of 1832Tariff of 1832 South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification (1832)South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification (1832) Force Bill (1833)Force Bill (1833) Tariff of 1833Tariff of 1833
Election of 1832Election of 1832 Andrew Jackson (D)Andrew Jackson (D) Henry Clay (NR)Henry Clay (NR) William Wirt (Anti-Masonic)William Wirt (Anti-Masonic) All candidates elected by All candidates elected by
national party conventionnational party convention Bank of the United States Bank of the United States
was central issuewas central issue
Jackson and the Bank WarJackson and the Bank War Nicholas BiddleNicholas Biddle
Bank supported by Henry Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel WebsterClay and Daniel Webster
Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson ““You are a den of vipers and You are a den of vipers and
thieves. I have determined thieves. I have determined to rout you out, and by the to rout you out, and by the Eternal, I will rout you out!”Eternal, I will rout you out!”
““The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is trying to kill me, but I will kill trying to kill me, but I will kill it.”it.”
Death of the National BankDeath of the National Bank Jackson vetoed the charterJackson vetoed the charter Transferred funds to state Transferred funds to state
banks aka “banks aka “pet bankspet banks””
Election of 1836Election of 1836 Martin van Buren (D)Martin van Buren (D)
Jackson’s VPJackson’s VP
Whig CandidatesWhig Candidates William Henry William Henry
Harrison (OH)Harrison (OH) Hugh White (TN)Hugh White (TN) Daniel Webster (MA)Daniel Webster (MA) Willie Mangum (NC)Willie Mangum (NC)
Panic of 1837Panic of 1837
National debt paid off in 1835National debt paid off in 1835 Specie Circular (1836)Specie Circular (1836)
Purchase of federal lands by Purchase of federal lands by gold and silvergold and silver
Panic of 1837Panic of 1837 Land speculation and crop Land speculation and crop
failuresfailures Hard currency led to devalue of Hard currency led to devalue of
paper money and inflationpaper money and inflation Denial of Bank charterDenial of Bank charter States overextended in States overextended in
infrastructure projectsinfrastructure projects Banks closed; unemployment Banks closed; unemployment
increased; depression for next increased; depression for next five yearsfive years