Age of JacksonAge of Jackson

Unit IIICUnit IIIC

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

Rise of the Rise of the “common man”“common man” Among white male society, equal opportunity was Among white male society, equal opportunity was

evidentevident Universal male suffrageUniversal male suffrage Change from caucuses to conventionsChange from caucuses to conventions Selection of electors chosen more by votersSelection of electors chosen more by voters Increase in local and state electionsIncrease in local and state elections Rise of third partiesRise of third parties Spoils systemSpoils system -> patronage, loyalty -> patronage, loyalty FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Compare/contrast FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION: Compare/contrast

Jeffersonian Democracy and Jacksonian Jeffersonian Democracy and Jacksonian Democracy.Democracy.

Election of 1824Election of 1824 Sectional and ideological Sectional and ideological

differences lead to Dem-differences lead to Dem-Reps splitting upReps splitting up

Election of 1824 has four Election of 1824 has four candidatescandidates General/Senator Andrew General/Senator Andrew

Jackson (SOUTH)Jackson (SOUTH) Sec. of State John Quincy Sec. of State John Quincy

Adams (NORTH)Adams (NORTH) Sec. of Treasury William Sec. of Treasury William

Crawford (EAST)Crawford (EAST) Speaker of the House Henry Speaker of the House Henry

Clay (WEST)Clay (WEST) ““Corrupt BargainCorrupt Bargain””

House chose Adams over House chose Adams over Jackson despite Jackson Jackson despite Jackson earning popular vote and earning popular vote and most electoral votesmost electoral votes

Split among National Split among National Republicans and Jacksonian Republicans and Jacksonian DemocratsDemocrats

House Vote for Election of 1824House Vote for Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) Son of Federalist John AdamsSon of Federalist John Adams National Republican who favored National Republican who favored

strong central government and strong central government and federal programsfederal programs

Most of his proposals rejected by Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congressa pro-Jackson Congress

Alienated the South and WestAlienated the South and West Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of 1828 aka Tariff of Tariff of

AbominationsAbominations High protective tariffHigh protective tariff Encourage northern industries; Encourage northern industries;

Southern agriculture sufferedSouthern agriculture suffered

Election of 1828Election of 1828

During Quincy During Quincy Adams’s presidency, Adams’s presidency, Jackson built a Jackson built a popular coalition, popular coalition, especially in the especially in the West and SouthWest and South

Political campaigns Political campaigns on national levelson national levels Jackson’s wifeJackson’s wife Coffin HandbillsCoffin Handbills

Large turnoutLarge turnout Jackson soundly Jackson soundly

defeats Adamsdefeats Adams

““Old Hickory”Old Hickory” Unlike the previous presidentsUnlike the previous presidents

Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe-Smoker, Tobacco ChewerSmoker, Tobacco Chewer

War heroWar hero Exemplified common man successExemplified common man success Practiced the spoils systemPracticed the spoils system

Hired loyalists and friendsHired loyalists and friends Took office promising a strong Took office promising a strong

executiveexecutive ““It was settled by the Constitution, the It was settled by the Constitution, the

laws, and the whole practice of the laws, and the whole practice of the government that the entire executive government that the entire executive power is vested in the President of the power is vested in the President of the United States.”United States.”

Endorsed states’ rightsEndorsed states’ rights Considered himself a Jeffersonian Considered himself a Jeffersonian

DemocratDemocrat

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Vetoed more bills by Congress Vetoed more bills by Congress

than all predecessorsthan all predecessors Maysville Road (1830)Maysville Road (1830)

Vetoed federal funds as violation Vetoed federal funds as violation of intrastate commerceof intrastate commerce

Peggy Eaton AffairPeggy Eaton Affair ““Kitchen CabinetKitchen Cabinet””

Private group of trusted advisorsPrivate group of trusted advisors Whig PartyWhig Party

Established in 1833 in reaction to Established in 1833 in reaction to Jackson’s powerJackson’s power

Evolution of National Evolution of National RepublicansRepublicans

Henry Clay, Daniel WebsterHenry Clay, Daniel Webster Major IssuesMajor Issues

Native RemovalNative Removal Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States

Jackson and Native RemovalJackson and Native Removal Jackson encouraged settlement in Jackson encouraged settlement in

Native landsNative lands Benefits white Americans to exploit Benefits white Americans to exploit

resources, Deep South wanted resources, Deep South wanted fertile land for cottonfertile land for cotton

Indian Removal Act (1830)Indian Removal Act (1830) Negotiate with Native tribes for Negotiate with Native tribes for

removal west to lands west of the removal west to lands west of the MississippiMississippi

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)(1831) Determined Native tribes not to be Determined Native tribes not to be

“foreign states” but as “domestic “foreign states” but as “domestic dependent nations” dependent nations”

Worcester v. Georgia Worcester v. Georgia (1832)(1832) Determined sovereignty of Native Determined sovereignty of Native

tribes therefore not subject to state tribes therefore not subject to state lawslaws

Apocryphal: “John Marshall had Apocryphal: “John Marshall had made his decision. Now let him made his decision. Now let him enforce it!” - Andrew Jacksonenforce it!” - Andrew Jackson

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears Many died from exposure, disease, Many died from exposure, disease,

starvationstarvation 60,000 removed; 15,000 died60,000 removed; 15,000 died

Jackson and the Nullification CrisisJackson and the Nullification Crisis Tariff of Abominations (1828)Tariff of Abominations (1828) South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)

Inspired by Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsInspired by Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions State could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessaryState could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessary

Webster-Haynes Debates (1830)Webster-Haynes Debates (1830) Senator Robert Hayne (SC) promotes nullification and states’ rightsSenator Robert Hayne (SC) promotes nullification and states’ rights Daniel Webster responds with supremacy of U.S. Constitution, Daniel Webster responds with supremacy of U.S. Constitution,

nullification/secession is treason; “Liberty and Union, now and nullification/secession is treason; “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”forever, one and inseparable!”

Jefferson Day Dinner (1830)Jefferson Day Dinner (1830) Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.”Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.” John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.”John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.”

Tariff of 1832Tariff of 1832 Ordinance of Nullification (1832)Ordinance of Nullification (1832)

South Carolina passes nullification of Tariffs of 1828/1832South Carolina passes nullification of Tariffs of 1828/1832 Prepares military build up in preparationPrepares military build up in preparation

Force Bill (1833)Force Bill (1833) Jackson requests and granted authorization from Congress Jackson requests and granted authorization from Congress

to lead federal military to crush nullifiersto lead federal military to crush nullifiers Tariff of 1833Tariff of 1833

Henry Clay negotiates compromise to gradually lower tariff Henry Clay negotiates compromise to gradually lower tariff rates to 1816 levelsrates to 1816 levels

Jackson and the EconomyJackson and the Economy Jackson and the BankJackson and the Bank

Jackson believed Bank of U.S. as Jackson believed Bank of U.S. as unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Considered a private monopolyConsidered a private monopoly A force against the common manA force against the common man

Nicholas Biddle ran bank effectively but Nicholas Biddle ran bank effectively but “suspiciously”“suspiciously”

Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel WebsterWebster

““You are a den of vipers and thieves. I You are a den of vipers and thieves. I have determined to rout you out, and by have determined to rout you out, and by the Eternal, I will rout you out!”the Eternal, I will rout you out!”

““The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is trying to kill The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is trying to kill me, but I will kill it.”me, but I will kill it.”

Jackson denied Bank’s charterJackson denied Bank’s charter Transferred funds to state banks aka “pet Transferred funds to state banks aka “pet

banks”banks” Specie Circular (1836)Specie Circular (1836)

Purchase of federal lands by gold and Purchase of federal lands by gold and silver rather than bank notessilver rather than bank notes

Panic of 1837Panic of 1837 Land speculation and price decreaseLand speculation and price decrease Hard currency led to devalue of paper Hard currency led to devalue of paper

money and inflationmoney and inflation Denial of Bank charterDenial of Bank charter Banks closed; unemployment increased; Banks closed; unemployment increased;

depression for next five yearsdepression for next five years

Second Party System (1828-1854)Second Party System (1828-1854) National political campaigns and spoils National political campaigns and spoils

system galvanize political partiessystem galvanize political parties Democrats: Democrats:

states’ rights states’ rights laissez-faire and free tradelaissez-faire and free trade ExpansionismExpansionism Pro-slaveryPro-slavery equal opportunityequal opportunity South and WestSouth and West working classworking class Andrew Jackson, Martin van BurenAndrew Jackson, Martin van Buren

Whigs: Whigs: American SystemAmerican System strong federal governmentstrong federal government Mixed on slaveryMixed on slavery social conservativessocial conservatives New England, NorthernersNew England, Northerners upper and middle class professionalsupper and middle class professionals Henry ClayHenry Clay

Rise of Third PartiesRise of Third Parties Anti-Masonic Party: Anti-Masonic Party:

issue party concerned about issue party concerned about FreemasonsFreemasons

promoted economic nationalism promoted economic nationalism and social conservatismand social conservatism

introduced party conventionsintroduced party conventions Liberty Party: Liberty Party:

abolitionist partyabolitionist party Free Soil Party: Free Soil Party:

Prevent expansion of slaveryPrevent expansion of slavery anti-slavery party in latter yearsanti-slavery party in latter years

The End of the Jackson EraThe End of the Jackson Era ““After 8 years as president, I have only two After 8 years as president, I have only two

regrets. That I have not shot Henry Clay or regrets. That I have not shot Henry Clay or hanged John C. Calhoun.” - Andrew hanged John C. Calhoun.” - Andrew JacksonJackson

Panic of 1837 and Martin van Buren’s Panic of 1837 and Martin van Buren’s presidency drifted support toward Whigspresidency drifted support toward Whigs ““Martin van Ruin”Martin van Ruin”

Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison, a war hero and depicted common man, in a war hero and depicted common man, in 18401840 Log Cabin and Hard CiderLog Cabin and Hard Cider ““Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!”Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!”

Whigs win presidency, but Harrison dies in Whigs win presidency, but Harrison dies in officeoffice

John Tyler, a Whig, favors more John Tyler, a Whig, favors more Democratic policiesDemocratic policies

The nation enters period of expansion and The nation enters period of expansion and slaveryslavery