AGE OF REVOLUTIONS

VOCABULARY TERMS

AGE OF REASON (PLACES & THINGS)

• The Age of Enlightenment--Reason not tradition • Philosophes--They spread new ideas of

enlightenment• Heliocentric--The theory that the sun is in the center

of the universe• Geocentric--The theory that the universe is centered

around the earth• Natural law--The universal moral law understood

with the use of reason this said God made the earth and left alone so humans are responsible

MORE THINGS• Encyclopedie This book had 28 volumes of the new theories

and was banned by the Catholic Church• Salon A conversation party hosted by rich people to

improve their knowledge• Enlightened despots These were absolutist ruler to governed

with Enlightenment principles (included three) • The Bill of Rights This bill limited the monarch control over

Great Britain and in making laws so that Parliament had complete control

• The Act of Settlement This was the exclusion bill in law form that passed the prohibiting Catholics from ruling England

• The Act of Union This act stated that England and Scotland became Great Britain

• House of Hanover Became the ruling dynasty of Great Britain in 1714, replacing the Stuarts. George I and George II were Hanoverian kings.

MORE THINGS• Deism The religious philosophy based on natural law• Methodism The religious philosophy that

valued community work• The Restoration The return of the Stuart monarchy when

Charles II became king after Cromwell died• Constitutional monarchy A King or Queen is the official

head of state but power is limited by a constitution.• The Exclusion Bill This bill suggested excluding

Catholics From becoming the Monarch but it did not pass• WhigPeople who oppose James because he was Catholic• Tory People supported the hereditary monarch system

but not necessarily Catholic• The Glorious Revolution The change in the government

from James II to William of Orange

MORE THINGS (American Revolution)• The American Revolution--The war in which the

American colonists won independence from British rule.• Navigation Act --The list of goods that the colonies

could only trade with England The Proclamation of 1763The British forbade Americans from settling west

of the appellation Mountains even though the colonists had fought against Indians and won that land (In French and Indian War)

• The stamp act This act stated there must be proof of paid text by official stamp on documents

• No taxation without representation Colonists demanded to have members to Parliament even though the colonists votes would matter very little compared to Britain's population

MORE THINGS (American Revolution)• Boston massacre British soldiers fired into a crowd

of Bostonians who were throwing snowballs at them. 5 people died but Paul Revere called the event a massacre as a propaganda

• The Boston tea party Parliament had granted the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade and the price increase and new tax angered colonist. Man disguises Indians and led by Samuel Adams boarded British ships in the Boston and dumped all the tea.

• Lexington and Concord The British charged Massachusetts colonists and it was known as the shot heard around the world.

• The Declaration of Independence A written statement agreed upon by the Continental Congress stating the reasons they desired independence from Britain, written by Thomas Jefferson

MORE THINGS (French Revolution)• The Three Estates 1st estate= clergy, 2nd estate=

nobility, 3rd estate= middle, working, lower classes• Bourgeoisie French middle class Estates-

General An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France

• The national assembly A group of Third Estate delegates that broke ties with the Estates General. Drafted a constitution for France at the Oath of the Tennis court. Marked the first stage of the revolution.

• The tennis court oaths The third estate to many; information of a constitutional monarchy for political representation

MORE THINGS (French Revolution)• Storming of the Bastille--Destruction of the

prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution.

• The great fear--After an angry mob of French citizens stormed and destroyed the Bastille, a prison, rebellion spread from Paris into the countryside. From one village to the next, wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants. A wave of senseless panic called the Great Fear rolled through France

PEOPLE (Scientists & Philosophers)

• Nicholas Copernicus--He said the earth is round and rotated on its axis

• Johannes Kepler--He discovered elliptical orbit• Galileo Galilei--He found mountains on the Moon, a

pendulum swing, and the law of uniformity acceleration of a falling object

• Francis Bacon--He created the scientific method and believe knowledge is power (empiricism)

• René Descartes--He created analytical geometry and said "I think therefore I am“

MORE PEOPLE• Isaac Newton He discovered the laws of motion, inertia,

calculus and the mathematical law of gravitation• Andreas Vesalius He is the founder of anatomy• William Harvey The Doctor who proved blood flowed to the

body via the heart and veins• Robert Hooke He used a microscope to find cells in vegetable

tissue• Robert Boyle He did experiments with the temperature of

gas• Joseph Priestly He carbonated drinks and use carbon dioxide

and oxygen• Antoine Lavoisier He did experiments of combustion• Maria Lavoisier She was the wife of a scientist who she

translated scientific essays for and illustrated his books

MORE PEOPLE• Thomas HobbesHe believes we should live under a ruler

because people need a leader and he wrote the leviathan about a world without a government in which life was "nasty brutish and short“

• John Locke He is the founder of empiricism and liberalism. He wrote the "two treaties of government" about the authority at Rulers being limited by humans

• Baron de Montesquie He believes in the separation of powers with a legislative executive and judicial branch

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau He wrote "the social contract" about a government made by the people

• Voltaire He was a satrist who believed in the freedom of speech and said "I disapprove of what you say but I will defend to death your right to say it“

• Immanuel Kant He believed in two worlds a physical and spiritual

MORE PEOPLE• Madame de Pompadour She was the mistress of

Louis XV's and she hosted salons and promoted education

• Frederick II of Prussia A despot who outlawed torture and school

• Maria Theresa of Austria A despot who made elementary schools and freed serfs on her estate

• Joseph II of Austria A despot who ended serfdom, funded hospitals, and gave religious freedom to Jews and protestants

• William of Orange (William III) and Mary I William was hesitant and invading England because he would be fighting against James which was his wife Mary's father

MORE PEOPLE• King George I King of England during the American

Revolution• George Grenville Became prime minister of Britain

in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

• Louis XVI - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. He and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.