Agenda

• Handout National Security Vocab

• Matching: Bureaucracy – Hand back papers

• Rank Foreign Policy Goals

• Notes• Fishbowl?• Foreign Policy Quiz

• Enter Grades• Agenda/H.W.

Foreign PolicyStriking A Balance In A Global

Society

What should our foreign policy goals be? Rank the following in order of importance.• Defending the United States against attacks from other nations.• Supporting humanitarian interests• Protecting weaker nations against foreign aggression• Supporting democracy in other nations• Protecting jobs of American workers• Securing a favorable balance of trade• Defending our allies and participating in mutual defense alliances• Getting involved with the United Nations peacekeeping activities• Achieving worldwide arms control• Giving aid to foreign countries

Foreign Policy Continuum (Military, Economic, & Diplomatic)

Isolation Foreign Aid Economic Sanctions Blockade Declared War

Neutrality Diplomacy Political Pressure Military Intervention (Collective Security) (Covert Action:

Police Action)

Intro• Definition:

– Aspect of governmental action involving choices about relations with the rest of the world.

• Key Ideas– Complex– Tied to domestic policy-choose what to prioritize

• What factors impact foreign policy?– Alliances, economy, players involved, agenda setting,

elections, media, public opinion

Components

• Military

• Diplomacy

• Economics

• Environment

Players

1. Public2. President

– Constitutional Role, Access to Info, Easier for 1 person– Variety of Options

• Negotiate Treaty• Executive Order/Agreement• Recognition• Sanctions (Economic)• Covert Ops• Military Involvement (deploy troops)• Diplomacy—Secretary of State & Other Envoys• Nominate Ambassadors, Consuls etc.

Players3. Congress

– Senate: Ratify Appointments & Treaties– Declare War– Power of the Purse– Oversight– When f.p. conflict between Pres. & Congress… who

wins? – Pres. Wins; Courts try to stay out of the way

4. Secretary of Defense5. Joint Chiefs (JCS)6. National Security Council (NSC): Coordinate policy7. CIA: Intelligence gathering & analysis

Policies & Doctrines Historically• Isolationism

– Monroe Doctrine– Roosevelt Corollary

• Containment (Communism/U.S.S.R.)– Early Cold War

• Truman Doctrine/Marshall Plan• Eisenhower Doctrine• Flexible Response

– End of the Cold War• Détente

• Internationalism– Regional Org./NGOs/UN– Bush Doctrine…A Break from

International Cooperation?

Military• Washington’s Farewell Address…• Military foreign policy and use of force has often been a

means to an end– Revolution– Mexican-American War– Cuba– Panama– WWI and WWII– Korea– Vietnam– Dominican Republic– Grenada– Kosovo– Iraq– AND THE LIST GOES ON AND ON….

Policy Steps

• Problem Identification• Agenda Setting-competitive process• Policy Formulation-brainstorming. Develop

proposed courses of action• Policy Adoption-approve a proposal. Long and

complex process. Usually incremental• Budgeting• Policy Implementation• Policy Evaluation

Gulf War: A Case Study

• Aug. 2, 1990– Saddam invades Kuwait– Iraq controls 1/5 of the World’s oil

• George H.W. Bush responds with sanctions– No force—economic sanctions

• Iraq ignores, builds up troops on Saudi Border—Saudi’s request US military intervention– US builds a force up of 250,000 to Saudi Arabia– November 1990, US considers military intervention

• January 17, 1991: US attacks Iraqi forces

Gulf War: A Case Study

• Why does it take 5 months for the U.S. to decide to go to war?– Images of Vietnam– Not sure if he would attack Saudi Arabia– Should we fight for Kuwait– Had to get Saudi approval to bring US troops in

• US needed staging base for operations

– Wanted to make sure USSR wouldn’t intervene

Gulf War: A Case Study• Why does it take 5 months for the U.S. to

decide to go to war?

– Took time to build coalition• Bush fears that if Hussein not stopped, he might

continue to expand• Why is this not in America’s interest?

– Needed to gather military force in order to attack.

– Opposition from Colin Powell/Norman Schwartzkopf/other advisors

Gulf War: A Case Study

• Was Bush Alone in His Support for Kuwait?– Margaret Thatcher—British PM join Bush– Hawks: Those who called for not only operations

in Kuwait but expansion of war into Iraq• Dick Cheney—Secretary of Defense

– Paul Wolfowitz working under Dick Cheney in Defense Dept.– Donald Rumsfeld

• Brent Scowcroft—National Security Advisor• William Webster—CIA Director

Gulf War: A Case Study• Why did the military leaders and politicians differ

in their positions towards military action…All had the same briefings, intelligence?– Different experiences

• Bush: WWII (won)/Powell: Vietnam (lost)• Different perceptions of Saddam.

– Bush viewed Saddam as the new Hitler– Powell: Saddam was an evil but rational calculator w/ a desire for

resources

• Cheney/Bush connections with Saudi Royal family• Bush/Cheney were politicians…what’s the impact?

Gulf War: A Case Study• Why do these two groups disagree in this way?

– Politicians take into account political party and Congressional elections (which were imminent)

• Concern with price of oil as a politician because would be blamed for increase in price

• How’s this different for military leaders?• Colin Powell-Vietnam Syndrome; Schwartzkopf-no exit

strategy– Dick Cheney: Changing/New World Order emerging

as USSR goes thru reforms—influences Pres. Bush• Maybe try to cultivate good relations within the Middle East• US may play an unopposed role with collapse of USSR—

assert U.S. leading role as the “New Rome”• Make sure U.S. is acknowledged as leader in post-Cold War

world and US will be a dominant watchdog power

“The Decision”• George HW Bush & UN decided to limit the operation to

ejecting Saddam out of Kuwait…not extend into Iraq as Cheney and others wanted

• Over the next decade economic sanctions placed on Iraq • UN Security Council ordered Iraq to eliminate under

international supervision its biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons programs– UN inspectors enter Iraq…but operations obstructed by

Saddam…inspectors forced out in 1998…leads to US missile strike on Iraq (Clinton Administration)

• Relationship b/n US and Iraq continue to worsen…

2000 Presidential Election: Bush v. Gore• 2000 Presidential Election

– Al Gore (VP under Clinton) v. George W. Bush

• Bush v. Gore Decision– Supreme Court rules to end recount in Florida…

awarding George W. Bush presidency.• Bush wins election (271-266) despite losing popular

vote Sandra Day O'Connor Questions Court Decision

9.11

• Nearly 3,000 people die on 9/11

Timeline of 9/11 NYC

Build up for War…• 9/11: Changed the US Forever…

– Airport Security– Patriot Act…Decreased Civil Liberties– Defense Spending Doubled ($306 billion 2001 v.

$712 billion in 2011)– Anti-Muslim Sentiment in US Rises– Led to involvement in 2 wars…cost over $1 trillion

• U.S. Seeks out those responsible– Al-Qaeda & Osama bin Laden

• Terrorist cell harbored by the Taliban in Afghanistan

• Al-Qaeda: History of Anti-American activity• Responsible for bombings of US embassies

and USS Cole in 90s

War in Afghanistan• “Form this day forward, any nation that continues to

harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the U.S. as a hostile regime.”

-Sep. 20, 2001—George W. Bush

• Oct. 7, 2001: U.S. begins war against al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in Afghanistan

• Osama bin Laden goes into hiding in mountains along Afghan/Pakistani border…–Nearly captured in Battle of Tora Bora

• With war raging in Afghanistan in 2003, the U.S. pivoted to Iraq?...why?

“Axis of Evil”• How do we get involved in Iraq then?

– None of the hijackers involved in 9/11 attacks were from Iraq– Iraq had no affiliation with al-Qaeda

• “States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger. They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred.” –George W. Bush—Jan. 29, 2002– In reference to Iraq, Iran, and North Korea

• Bush Doctrine– Preventative War: Held that the United States should depose foreign

regimes that represented a potential or perceived threat to the security of the United States, even if that threat was not immediate

War in Iraq• Why did we go to war with Iraq?

– Bush Administration claims:• Iraq had terror connections w/ al-Qaeda

– Truth: No Ties Ever Found• Iraq had Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)

– No WMDs ever found…falsified evidence

– What could explain this war?• Bush Doctrine• Key Officials in George W. Bush Admin.

– Dick Cheney: VP– Donald Rumsfeld: Sec. of Defense– Paul Wolfowitz: Deputy Sec. of Defense– Brent Scowcroft: Foreign Intell. Advisor– Where did we see these names before and what did they want?

• Why was Iraq of strategic interest to US foreign policy?

War in Iraq (2003-2011)• UN Inspections in Iraq

– Nov. 2002-March 2003 UN weapons inspectors enter into Iraq to begin search for WMDs

– By March 2003, no WMDs had been found…

• War in Iraq begins…March 20, 2003– Despite calls for allowing UN inspections to

continue, in March, 2003, US invades Iraq– US lacks international support from UN and

key nations like France, Germany, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey

• Infamous “Mission Accomplished” Speech– On May 1, 2003 Pres. Bush claims an end to

major combat operations in Iraq…but the true war was just about to begin…

War in Iraq• U.S. withdrawal…

– Began June 2009-Dec. 18, 2011– May 2007, 55% of Americans believed that the Iraq War was

a mistake, and 51% of registered voters favored troop withdrawal.

– 2008 George W. Bush signed the U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement. It included a deadline of 31 December 2011, before which "all the United States Forces shall withdraw from all Iraqi territory“

• SOFA failed to be met…all troops gone by Dec. 18, 2011

– Iraqi “power-sharing” government established under shia Prime Minister, Nouri Al-Maliki…

Iraq Today• Casualties of War

– Civilian Casualties: 133,000-1.3 million– US Soldiers Killed: 4,489 (4,347 since “Mission

Accomplished)– US Soldiers Wounded: 32,021 (official)-100,000 (estimated)

• Current Situation• http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/dzphtv/mess-o-potamia---2014-edition• http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/6mpwy3/isis-militants-in-iraq• http://thedailyshow.cc.com/videos/a6yqrp/mess-o-potamia---now-that-s-what-i-call-

being-completely-f--king-wrong-about-iraq• http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/gt99v3/the-iraq-pack• http://thecolbertreport.cc.com/videos/k8orr2/obama-s-response-to-isis-in-iraq---mark-

mazzetti

Military• Usually the last option…why?• Shift towards internationalism

– Regional organizations– UN– NGOs– Collective security

• Treaties– Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963- banned atmospheric testing– SALT & SALT II– Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972- agree to limit missile

sites & interceptor missiles– START-(1991) further reduce arsenals—Mandate elimination

of strategic nuclear weaponry

Criticisms1. Military-Industrial Complex

– Alliance between Dept of Defense, members of Congress, and industries building weapons

– Related to high costs.2. $-How much to spend?

– Tied to agenda and domestic policy3. President has too much power

– War Powers Act4. Too many cooks in the kitchen: too much info

and advice– Competition for President’s “ear”

Economics• Growing aspect of F.P.--Global economy and

competition• Goal: Favorable Balance of Trade; Access to

markets & resources.• Trend: Increasing Interdependence…Efforts to

promote cooperation– GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade)– IMF (International Monetary Fund)– NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)– WTO (World Trade Organization)-U.S. complained to

WTO regarding China’s trade practices

What Major Foreign Policy Issues Are Facing the United States Currently?

• Revolves around what ID as problem– Terrorism– Drugs– Human Rights– Environment– Disease