Agenda-Spring Summer 2011

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Shaken, bunot stirred

Buildings desigfor Californianearthquakes

The technical journal for AECOMs g

Building Engineering ser

Spring/Summer 2011

Staying grekeeping waSustainablebuildingsfor cold climate

High andmightyA new tall buildfor Macau

Are green

buildingshealthy?

Building Engineering


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Foreword

As building engineers, our role is todesign solutions that work better,

perorm more efciently and deliver

more productively.

Some o our many ideas or new

ways o delivering sustainable

thinking around the world have ound

their way into this issue o Agenda.

Weve selected projects that reect

the breadth and range o creative

engineering innovation that AECOM is

known or, delivering sustainable

thought leadership in particular.

Even the smallest project can cast awide sphere o inuence. A great

example is the zero carbon homes

development in the U.K., a potential

blueprint or uture housing develop-

ments that is generating considerable

interest. At the other end o the

sustainable scale, our work delivering

two key commercial buildings in

Edmonton, Canada, demonstrates

that it is possible to build sustainably

while acing the extreme challenges o

a cold climate. Integrating orm and

unction gave rise to a visuallyexciting, highly sustainable ofce

development in Perth, Australia.

Seismic activity sets its own set o

design challenges. Our team rose to

the challenge when asked to design a

critical essential services acility able

to withstand powerul earthquakes inCaliornia, U.S. Vibration in building

movement, but rom a dierent

perspective, inuenced our thinking

or a new home or the highest

resolution microscope in Australia.

Similarly, FC Spartak Moscow Stadium

has sophisticated advanced analysis

to thank or its elegant yet robust

structures. In Macau, a new tall

building has made headlines, built

using our innovative ast-track

construction solution.

AECOM is committed to ignitingcreative excellence. Our experts

continue to think ahead, leading the

way on key issues worldwide. In this

issue, David Cheshire puts orward

some thinking about occupant

comort green buildings, while Andy

Parkman considers the opportunities

acing city leaders.

Agenda is a rich showcase or the

dynamic variety and breadth o

challenge that we ace in our day-to-

day work, driving our determination to

evolve the best possible solutions orour clients worldwide.

Ken Dalton

Chie Executive

Global Building EngineeringE: [email protected]

With the low carbon agenda driving thinking atgovernment levels globally, now more thanever AECOM continues to evolve new ways todrive a sustainable agenda.

26

4

6

34

2 Agenda Spring /summer 2011


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4 Housing benets Innovativezerocarbonhomesbreak

newgroundintheU.K.

6 A sharp focus on the detail TheMonashCentreforElectron

Microscopy(MCEM),Victoria,Australia.

10 Are green buildings healthy? Aregreenbuildingsalsohealthybuildings?DavidCheshireinvestigatesfromtheU.K.

16 Meeting thesustainable vision

AnewlandmarkbuildingforPerth,WesternAustralia,looksgoodandexceedssustainabilityexpectations,explainsMarcelloGreco.

20 Shaken, but not stirred DavidKilpatrickandShaqAlam

reportfromCalifornia,U.S.ona

criticalbuildingdesignedtosurvivemajorseismicactivity.

26 Staying green, keeping warm JillPedersonandJohnMunroe

showcasetwosustainablecommercialbuildingsinCanadadesignedfor

extremecoldclimates.

34 Air chairs: seats of cool JimSaywellandAlastairMacGregor

keeptheircoolinthebusy,sunnyairpoinSanJose,U.S.

40 Dynamic design FCSpartakMoscowsnewMoscow,

Russiastadiumismakingheadlines.AndyCowardgoesintothedetail.

46 High and mighty DavidLee,HoiYeunLeeandChester

Chanreviewinnovativefast-trackconstructiontechniquesforthestrikin258-meter-tallGrandLisboaHotelandCasino,Macau.

52 Emerging city challenges AndyParkmanconsiderssustainable

optionsforcitiesthatareexperiencingeconomicgrowth.

54 References

55 On site: Zayed University

40 46

16

20

Technical editorPeterAyres

EditorHelenElias

Graphic designMattTimmins

Building Engineering executiveKenDaltonHamidAdibMikeBiscotteSteveCampbellAbdulHaghGeoffHardySteveHodkinsonDavidLeeAndrewMcDougallAndrewSchoeld

Contact/subscribeAgendaisthetechnicaljournalforAECOMs

globalbuildingengineeringservices.TechnicalpaperssubmittedtoAgendaarebothreviewedbyaneditorialboardandpeer-groupveried.Agendaisreadbyourclientsandourexpertsaroundtheworld.

Sendusyourthoughtsandsubscribetofutureissues:[email protected].

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Spring/Summer 2011 Agenda


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Housing

benetsSpecial tapes and

seals ensure required

air tightness levels.

The energy centre includes sola

thermal panels, an air source he

pump (ASHP), a ground source h

pump (GSHP), a biomass boiler a

a spare bay for future renewable

energy technology testing.

The biomass boiler, ground and

air source heat pumps all run

independently to demonstrate

that these renewable

technologies can each generateenough low carbon heat to meet

zero carbon requirements.

Roofs are covered with solar

photovoltaic tiles (63 kWp in total),

providing enough renewable

electricity to achieve net zero

carbon emissions in each home

irrespective of heat source. Excesselectricity is sold back to the

national transmission system.

Residents have moved into one of the U.K.s largest zerocarbon developments in Slough, Berkshire. GreenwattWay uses the latest construction methods and

technologies to deliver zero carbon housing to Level 6 ofthe U.K. Code for Sustainable Homes. ItisimportantfortheU.K.housingmarkettotrialdifferentlowcarbontechnologiesandfullyunderstandtheirperformanceinalowenergyhome.TherstU.K.developmentwherethisrangeofrenewabletechnologieshasbeendeployed,GreenwattWay,willalloweffectivemonitoringofeachsystem. Thedevelopment,tenhomeswithtwoorthreebedroomsandafewonebedroomats,aninformationhubandanenergycenter,willbemonitoredfortwoyearstoimproveunderstandingofenergyusageandrequirements.Eachhomehasaprivatepatioarounda

sharedgarden,withspacetogrowvegetables.

Zero carbon homesbreak new ground

ZERO CARBON MEASURES

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The ventilation

system features

high efciency

heat recovery.

A north-facing roof light

above the stairs allows

natural daylight

penetration into the

houses, also acting as a

chimney opening in

summer to draw out

warm air.

A grey water recycling

system recycles bath and

shower water to ush toilets

and recover waste heat. A

centralized rainwater

harvesting system collects

rainwater to ush toilets

and provide water for

irrigation and car washing.

Low carbon heating and hot

water is supplied via an

innovative low temperature, low

heat loss district heating

system serviced from the

energy center.

By testing a wide range ofsolutions, Greenwatt Way isenabling research into the reallife benets of living in zerocarbon homes:

the energy center will test vedifferent types of renewable energgeneration, including: an air andground-source heat pump, abiomass boiler, solar thermal paneand solar photovoltaic tiles

a low temperature district heatnetwork will reduce heat losses anmaximize heat source performanc

low energy appliances, cooking anlighting technologies

low water use ttings, rainwaterharvesting and greywater (includinheat) recovery

energy monitoring/smart meteringsystems.

REAL LIFE BENEFITSRESEARCH



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The Monash Centre forElectron Microscopy (MCEM),Victoria, Australia, is a purpose-built laboratory, one of a handfulof similar facilities around theworld. The center houses tenmicroscopes, including thehighest resolution electron

microscope in Australia.AECOM was briefed with thechallenge of eliminating almostall noise and vibration in theMCEM. Engaged by MonashProject Management, AECOMworked closely with lead archi-tectural consultant, ArchitectusMelbourne.

Matthew Stead, AECOMsglobal acoustic practice leader,led the team for this one-of-a-kind project. There are only ahandful of facilities worldwide

with this type of specication.Andrew Tull, a member of the

team who had previously workedon the award-winning AustralianSynchrotron, traveled to Germanyand Holland, to meet with thelead scientist from McMasterUniversity, Ontario, Canada, toinspect similar facilities.

Investigation into otherinternational facilities provided

the team with insight into howthe detailed specications couldbe achieved in the Australianenvironment, where the locationof the building within a workinguniversity campus provided afurther set of unique designchallenges.

Designing for the unknownThe assignment was a chal-

lenge as the microscopes to beinstalled within the facility werestill not known at the time ofbuilding design. This meant thata comparison of vibration criteriabetween different electronmicroscope manufacturers wasneeded to maintain maximumexibility in the buildings design.

A combination of conservativedesign, allowing for future capac-

ity, and exibility in the penetra-tions into the rooms for futureservices addressed the unknownspecications. The conservativeapproach resulted in a designthat addressed the most strin-gent specications of potentialequipment to be installed in thelaboratories.

The initial brief nominatedmechanical vibrations of

A world-class research facility located in the heartof Monash Universitys Clayton Campus, Victoria,Australia, called for innovative mechanical servicesnoise and vibration design solutions to ensure that

ten highly-sensitive electron microscopes achievemagnications to atomic scales.

A SHARP FOCUS

ON THE DETAIL

Interlocking glasspanels allow light toenter the internalspaces.


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A comparison of vibration criteriabetween electron microscopemanufacturers was needed tomaintain maximum exibility in the

buildings design.

The building form is a perfect square, sitting on top of a spherical mound.

THE CLAYTON CAMPUS

sources, including pumps, fans,generators, cooling towers,lifts and other miscellaneousair conditioning equipment, anda roadway to the west, alongwith numerous car parks. Thesefeatures meant that there werenumerous potential sources ofexcessive vibration that requiredsignicant treatment.

In fact, preliminary measure-

ments found vibration levels to beclose to the criteria levels, makingthe design critical to ensure theywere not amplied in any way.

Similarly, the site was sur-rounded by numerous noisesources including the additionof aircraft noise overhead andthe daily activity of the cam-pus, resulting in noise levelsabove 60 dBA. Additionally, the

mechanical services for the build-ing would be another source ofvibration and noise if not carefullydesigned.

The perfect cocoonThese stringent technical

requirements formed the basisof the buildings architectureand design its form a perfectsquare sitting independently atop

a spherical mound sculpted fromthe earth.

The mound, 50 meters indiameter, is the rst deviceused to isolate the buildingfrom surrounding disturbances,dening an exclusion zone forinterference. The square buildingsits above the mound, built on aseries of isolated oor slabs andfoundations, each individually

Electron microscopes

are extraordinary. These

extremely large and

expensive pieces of

equipment are difcult

to operate. Usingelectrons as a source of

imaging (having a lesser

wave length than light),

they can achieve a resolution thousands of

times greater than light microscopes, with

the resulting image able to be magnied mor

than a million times.

The Clayton Campus MCEM FEI Titan3

microscope (the most noise and vibration

sensitive version) has a resolution of 0.08 nm

smaller than the distance between atoms.

Achieving this kind of magnication is no

easy feat, with the performance of electronmicroscopes heavily dependent on their

environment. The more inert the space

housing the microscope, the better the

image. The three main sources of disturbanc

being vibration, noise and electromagnetic

interference.

The improved analysis of the atomic

structure of material enabled by world-

class facilities such as the MCEM enables

scientists to build on our understanding of

material properties, helping to advance the

design of materials for new technologies in

a predictive manner. Applications includecomputer chips, electronic devices,

nanotechnologies, alloy design and structur

materials used in space and aeronautical

engineering. More

generally, atom

structure inuences

chemical functionality

and reactivity,

important elements in

materials, chemical and

drug design.



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inspectedandtestedduringconstructiontoensurevibrationisolationwasachieved.Thisbuild-ingisuniquetoAustralia,featuringthreeskinstoisolatethesensitiveinteriorlaboratoriesfromthehustleandbustleofdailyactivityonthecampusoutside. Eachofthenineindividuallaboratoriesiscocoonedwithinmultiplelayersofstructureandmaterial.Plywoodisusedtobrace

thefullytimberstructure,whileanouterskinofinterlockingglasspanelsallowslighttoentertheinternalspaces. Eachlaboratoryisconstructedfrommasonrywithinthebuild-ingscore.Thespaceforthemostsensitiveinstrumentisspeciallydesignedwithelectromagneticeld(EMF)shieldingtoshunelectromagneticinterference. Thebuildingisdesignedtoallowtheequipmentithousestooperate

perfectly.Itisalsostrongonutility,withhighdoorsandwidecorridorsallowinglargeequipmenttobedeliveredtothebuildingsloadingbayandsubsequentlymovedintothedesignatedlaboratorywithrelativeease. Withtheneedtoisolateanyimpactofthemechanicalplantonthelaboratories,thesystemwasdesignedtoachievelowair-owvelocity,withlargeductcross-sectionsandnoisecontroloftheplantwarrantinglongductruns.

TheHeating,VentilatingandAirConditioning(HVAC)systemselectedtominimizeairmovementwithinthelaboratorieshasmultiplefunctionsequipmentcooling,roomheatingandcooling,andemergencyventilationintheeventofanSF6gasleak.(HazardousSF6gasisusedintheoperationoftheelectronmicroscopes.) Equipmentcoolingandroomheatingandcoolingisachieved

throughchilledceilingpanelssup-pliedbyadedicatedchilledwaterceilingpanelloop(at17C)viathebuildingsair-cooledchillerplant,minimizingairmovementinandaroundthemicroscopes. Outsideair(100percentfresh)isalsodeliveredat19Cviaconstant-volumeair-handlingunitslocatedremotelyintheadjacentplantroom,andsuppliedatlowvelocitythroughspeciallydesigneddiffusersnearoorlevel.Aprocess

coolingwatersystemremovesheatfromtheassociatedmicroscopeequipment. Mostoftheplantwaslocatedinanotherbuildingtoreducevibrationtransmittedtothelaboratories.Flexibleconnectionswerealsousedtopreventtransmissionacrosstheisolatedslabsandisolatedwalls. Acousticallylinedductworkformedwithsteelofincreasedthicknessandacousticattenu-atorscontrolnoisebreak-inand

Stringent technical requirementsformed the basis of the buildingsarchitecture and design.

The buildingis designedto allow theequipmentit housesto operateperfectly.

break-outfromductworkenteringthelaboratories. Thebuildingsmechanicalservicesweredesignedtoisolatevibrationandnoiseusingthesource,pathandreceiverapproach.Rotatingplantwascarefullyselectedtominimizenoiseandvibrationlevelsthroughcomparisonofdifferentselectionsandefciencyofoperation.Theoperatingspeedwasreviewedto

ensureitdidnotcoincidewiththenaturalfrequenciesofthecriti-calbuildingstructure.Vibrationsourceswerecarefullyisolatedwithselectedspringandneopreneisolators.

The new buildinghas won manyarchitectural designawards.

8 Agenda Spring /Summer 2011


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Treatmentofthepathwasachievedbyphysicallyseparating,asmuchaspossible,theplantfromthesensitiveelectronmicroscopes,withservicesductedintothelabo-ratoriesinseparateconduitsviaanundergroundculvert.Thefurtherawaytheplant,thelowerthenoiseandvibrationlevels.Theseparationwascriticalbecauseotherwiseexcessivenoise,vibrationandelectromagneticinterference(EMI)

isolationwouldbeneeded. Thepathofnoiseattenuation,designedtolimitairanduidowvelocities,deploysinternalacousticlining.Thevibrationpathattenuationwasfurtherimprovedbyincludingnumerousstructuralbreaksinboththeductworkandbuildingstructure,includingthefoundations,thetimberframesandsupports. Finally,receiverattenuationwasachievedthroughinstallationofsoundabsorptiononwallswithin

themostsensitivelaboratories,andthroughthemassive900mil-limeterthickconcretefoundationsunderthesensitivelaboratoriestominimizevibration. Withnon-standarddesignandmaterials,timeandeffortwastakentoensurecontractorswereawareofthespecialneedsand

requirementsoftheinstallation,anapproachnotnormallyemployedonstandardbuildings.Particularfocuswasplacedonexiblecon-nectionsingaspipeworkandEMIisolatorsinductworkatdesignatedspacings.Arigorousinspectionprocessalsohelpedwiththequal-ityassuranceprocess.TheMCEMsinherenthigh-levelthermalinsulation,combinedwiththeuseofminimaloutsideair,helpsthe

facilitysthermalperformance.Itsanindicationthatoperation-criticaldesign,andsustainablesolutions,arenotnecessarilymutuallyexclusive.

Delivering on performance Sinceitwascommissioned,theMonashCentreforElectronMicroscopyhasperformeduptodesignexpectations.AccordingtoDrPeterMiller,manageroftheMCEM,thefacilitys$9millionplusTitan3double-aberrationcorrected

transmissionelectronmicroscopehasperformedexceptionallywellsinceinstallation,whiletwoofveoldermicroscopeshaveseenadramaticimprovementintheirperformancesincebeingmovedtothefacilityfromelsewhereonthecampusonebyafactoroffourandanotherbyafactoroften.

Operation-criticaldesign, andsustainablesolutions,are notnecessarilymutuallyexclusive.

Asoneofthemoststableelectronmicroscopyfacilitiesofitskindtobebuiltanywhereintheworld,theMCEMisattractinginternationalattention,notonlyfortheresearchbeingconductedusingoneoftheworldsbestelectronmicroscopes,butalsoforthedesignofthefacility. Alongwithwinningthe2009AustralianInstituteofArchitectsVictoriaChapterAwardforPublic

Architecture,andthe2009VictorianEngineeringExcellenceAwardforinfrastructureprojectsupto$20million,thefacilityhasalsobeenrecognizedbytheAustralianAcousticalSociety. Fromavibrationandnoiseperspective,thebuildingisoperatingwellwithinthespeci-edparameters,withmonitoredambientvibrationlevelslessthan0.3micrometers/second(m/s);withthecriteriagenerallybeing

greaterthan0.5m/s. Residualvibrationcomesfromvehiclemovementsand,onwindydays,fromthetreesontheMonascampus.Indeed,afewtreeswereremovedduringlandscapingduettheirproximitytothefacility. Withonlythreedoubleaber-rationcorrectedTitan3electronmicroscopesintheworld,theMonashCentreforElectronMicroscopyisnowanimportantcontributortoboththeAustralianandinternationalscientic

community.

Thisfeature,basedonanarticlepublishedintheJuly2010issueofEcolibrium,isreprintedwithpermissionfromAIRAH.www.airah.org.au



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David Cheshire wonders just what it takesto make a building healthier. In a healthybuilding, occupants are not distracted byenvironmental discomfort or preventedfrom working by chronic, building-relatedillness. A healthier building can potentiallyincrease productivity, reduce absenteeism,

promote higher job satisfaction and improveengagement with the organization. What doorganizations have to lose?

Are greenbuildingshealthy?

Organizations increasingly

seek greener buildings.Green buildings are all welland good, but are sustainablebuildings also healthy for thepeople who work in them? Howcan an employer ensure thata building provides a healthyinternal environment? Can theinterior affect occupants? Is itenough to follow good practiceand carry on designing buildingsin the way that we always do?

Wanting to know the answers

to these probing questions,the U.K.s Royal Institute ofChartered Surveyors (RICS)called in AECOMs sustainabilityexperts to investigate.


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Green,orsustainable,buildingdenitionsoftenlayclaimtobeinghealthy.Forexample,agreenbuildingshouldmeetthefollowingobjectives8:

efcientlyusingenergy,water,andotherresources

protectingoccupanthealth,improvingemployeeproductivity

reducingwaste,pollution,environmentaldegradation.

Theseimportantobjectivesaretoobroadandneedtobebrokendownintowaysthatcanbeclearlydenedandmeasured.Thiswasthestartingpositionformanybuildingenvironmentalassessmentmeth-ods.EnvironmentalassessmenttoolssuchasBREEAM,LEEDand

GreenStarallmeasurewhetherabuildingisconsideredtobegreen. EachoftheseschemesincludesasectioncoveringoccupanthealthandInternalEnvironmentalQuality(IEQ),withthemeasurescoveringsimilarissues,demonstratingastrongoverlapbetweenhealthinbuildingsandenvironmentalassessmentmethods. However,itisstillhardtonddirectevidencethatgreen

buildingsareactuallyhealthierforoccupants. Thebestwaytoassessthehealthinessofgreencomparedtoconventionalbuildingsispostoccupancyevaluations(POEs)todirectlysurveytheimpactofgreenbuildingstrategies.

WereviewedaselectionofpubliclyavailablePOEsofgreenbuildings,ndingthatoccupantstendtohaveahighersatisfactionandlowerabsenteeismingreencomparedtoconventionalbuild-ings.However,thestudiesalsoshowedthatgreenbuildingshadalargerrangeofperformancethanconventionalbuildings,indicatingthatsomegreenbuildingswereunderperformingandinsomecaseswereworsethanconventional

buildings.Lightingandacousticsperformanceingreenbuildingswasworsethaninconventionalbuildings9. Withoutsufcientevidencebasedonpostoccupancyevaluationsthatgreenbuildingsareindeedhealthy,weidentiedarangeofindividualmeasuresfromlaboratoryandeldworkstudiesresearchingthehealthimpactsoftheinternalphysicalenvironment.

Healthy buildings:A quick guide

The World Health Organization(WHO) denes good healthas a state of complete

physical, mental and socialwell being, not merely theabsence of disease andinrmity. 1

Intermsofhealthinbuildings,Bluyssenetal2saythattheidealsituation(foroccupanthealth)isanindoorenvironmentthatsatisesalloccupantsanddoesnotunnecessarilyincreasetheriskorseverityofillness. Thetwokeycategoriesofillhealthhavebeenidentiedas3:

stressinduceddiseases/disorders,

relatingtosensorydiscomfort(smell,heat),andphysicalandmentaleffects(tiredness,depression,anxiety)

diseases/disordersinducedbyexternalnoxiouseffects,suchasirritation,infectionandtoxicchroniceffects.

Althoughsalary,benetsandeffectivemanagementhavethegreatesteffectson

jobsatisfactionandemployeeengagement,theeffectoftheinternalenvironmentisalsosignicant.Gallupsurveyshaveindicatedthatemployeesarethreetimesaslikelytobengagedwiththeircompaniesiftheyworkincomfortableenvironments4. Peopleareabletopsychologicallyadapt

toawidevarietyofenvironmentalconditionsForexample,aseriesofsurveys(PoE)studyingoccupantreactionstodiscomfortfoundthatpeoplecopedthroughamixofenvironmentalalterations(closingcurtains),changesinbehavior(adjustingclothing);andpsychologicalcoping(ignoringtheproblem).Whileoccupantsfrequentlyalteredtheenvironmenttomakeitmorecomfortable,(bintroducingfansanddesklampsorcoveringuppoorlyplacedlightingsensors),themainresponsetomanyproblemsremainedpsychologicalcoping. Thissolutionisnotideal.Arecentreviewofthehealthimpactsofbuildingsstated:Humansaresurprisinglyadaptiveto

differentphysicalenvironments,buttheworkplaceshouldnottestthelimitsofhumaadaptability5. Reducingstresslevelsassociatedwithinternalenvironmentscanpotentiallyincreaseproductivity,reduceabsenteeismandimproveorganizationalperformance. Indeed,workplaceswithfewerstressorsandimprovedenvironmentalsatisfactionaresignicantlylinkedtohigherjobsatisfactionWorkerproductivityhasbeenlinkedtophysicalandbehavioralfactorssuchasventilation,heating,lighting,ofcelayouts,interactionanddistraction7.

1Spring/Summer 2011 Agenda


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Healthy green measures Lookingathealthybuildings,weestablishedthesekeytopics: visualenvironment daylight articiallight indoorairquality ventilation sourcecontrol thermalenvironment acousticenvironment.

Daylighting

Daylight,stronglylinkedtohumanhealth,helpsregulateourdailybodilyrhythms.Ofceworkershaveastrongpreferenceforgooddaylight.Indeed,gooddaylightandaviewoutaretraditionallyassociatedwithseniorityinorganizations.However,potentialheatloadandglaremeansfewofcesusedaylightastheprimarysourceoflighting10.Daylightandlightingareareaswheregreenbuildings

havebeenfoundtobelackinginrecentlypublishedPostOccupancyEvaluations,comparedtoconventionalbuildings11. Studiesinschoolsandofcesshowedsignicantlyhigherperformanceintests(between10and20percent)inroomswithhighpredicteddaylightfactors,whileaviewoutwasassociatedwitha1016percentincreaseinperformanceinofces12.Workerswithaviewoutwere86percent

morelikelytobeengaged13,while14researchalsofoundthatworkersinwindowedofcesworkedfor15percentmoretimethancolleagueswithoutwindows. Glarecontrolisrecommended,despiteitsrelativelyhighcost,asagoodwayofprovidingoccupantcontroltospaces,aswellasreducingsolargains,especiallyimportantinhotclimateswithhighsolargains.Areductioninglarewasassociatedwitha37percent

increaseinreadingspeedanderrorreduction17.Itwasalsofoundthatoccupantsclosetowindowsweremoresatisedonnorthandsouthelevations,duetolowerglareandluminancethanontheeastandwestfaade16. Thekeyoutcomesaretomeetbestpracticestandardsfordaylightfactorsbyimprovingthepenetrationofdaylightintorooms,maximizetheoccupantviewout,andprovideglarecontrolfor

occupants. TherelativegreenandhealthyperformancefordaylightingmeasuresaresummarizedinFigure01.Thispresentstheapproximateimpactofeachofthemeasuresonhealthandsustainability,estimatedbasedontheevidencefoundintheliterature,anddiscussionswithstakeholdersandgreenbuildingexperts.

02 Lowheightpartitions.Theseallowgreaterpenetrationoflightingthroughthebuildingacrossanopenplanarea,aswellaspotentiallyallowingagreaterproportionofoccupantstohaveaviewoutorintoanatrium.Studiesinschoolsandofcesshowedsignicantlyhigherperformance(between10and20percent)inroomswithhighpredicteddaylightfactors.Furthermore,studiesshowedthataviewoutwasassociatedwitha1025percentincreaseinperformance 17.Researchshowsthatinavarietyofsituationsandfordifferentlightingmeasures,workersinlowcubiclesaresignicantlymoresatisedwithlightingconditionsthanthoseinhighcubicles 18.

Low height partitions

Humans are surprisingly adaptive to differentphysical environments, but the workplace shouldnot test the limits of human adaptability.

01 Daylightandviewout.Bluebarsontheleftshowtheimpactonhealth(longer=higherimpact).Greenbarsontherightshowtheimpactonsustainability.Whereameasurehasanegativeimpactonsustainability,thebariscoloredred.Anexampleofapracticalmeasureistheuseoflowheightpartitionsinopenplanspace.

Healthy

Not green

Green

Daylight and view out

Glade control

Glass partitions

Low desk partitions

High reectance nishes

Shallow plan/atrium

Perimeter workspaces

High impactLow impactHigh impact

12 Agenda Spring/Summer 2011


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Indoor air quality Numerousstudieshavereportedhealthandproductivityincreaseslinkedtoindoorairquality(IAQ).

Onestudy

19

foundperformanceofofceworkincreasedby5percentwhenairqualitywasimprovedtoahighlevelfromtheaverageleveloftenfoundinpractice.AsurveydescribedintheU.S.EPAs1989reporttotheU.S.Congress 20theaverageself-reportedproductivitylossduetopoorindoorairqualitywas3percent.Areport 21onseveralstudiesconductedinlocalgovernmentdepartmentsintheU.S.,U.K.andDenmarkshowedlargenumbersofhealth

complaintsrelatedtoairqualityandventilation(2043percentheadaches,2857percentlethargy,1237percenteyeirritation)whichcouldpossiblyresultinlossofproductivity.

Thereportconcludedthatbothventilation/airmovementandhumiditycanhaveaprofoundeffectonproductivityinthe

workplace;howevertheycannotbesingledoutbythemselves. SourcecontrolofpollutantsaimstoimproveIndoorAirQuality(IAQ)byremovingsourcesofpollutionfromwithinbuildings.Pollutantsmayarisefromfurnishings,equipment,constructionmaterials,oreventheventilationsystemcomponentsthemselves.ManyofthesesourceswereidentiedduringstudiesofSickBuildingSyndrome(SBS).Thissyndromewasintroducedto

describeavarietyofsymptomscausingdiscomfortandalackofwellbeing,whichappearedlinkedtoparticularbuildings,oftenairconditionedofcespaces.Studieshaveshownlinksbetween

Indoor air quality: Source control o f pollutants

Low VOCs

Flush out/bake out

Post occupancy IAQ

Dedicated tenant risers

Permanent entryway

Smoking banHealthy

Not green

Green

Avoid legionella

Indoor plants

High impactLow impactHigh impact

03Indoorairquality:sourcecontrolofpollutants.Bluebarsontheleftshowtheimpactonhealth(longer=higherimpact).Greenbarsontherightshowtheimpactonsustainability.Whereameasurehasanegativeimpactonsustainability,thebariscoloredred.

Numerous studies have reported health andproductivity increases linked to indoor air quality.

Pollutants may arise fromfurnishings, equipment,construction materials, oreven the ventilation systemcomponents themselves.

SBSsymptomsandspecicbuildingparameterssuchasCOlevels22showingapotentiallinkbetweenbuildingsystemsand

productivity. Instudieswheresubjectsperformedtasksrepresentativeofofcework(typing,addition,andproofreading)testperformanceimprovedby4percentafterremovinganunseensectionofoldcarpetfromthetestspace23.Similarstudies24withofceequipmentfoundthattexttypingerrorsdiminishedby16percentandtypingspeedimprovedslightlyoremovingoldmonitorsfroman

ofcespace. VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)havebeenconsideredaspossiblecontributoryfactorofSBS,asareknownirritants.FormaldehydeisthemainconstituentofmostVOCs.Itarisesfromarangeofindoorsourcessuchasureaformaldehydefoam(UFF)cavitywallinsulation,particle

Working inhot and coldenvironmentscan hinderperformanceand comfort.



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andberboard,andcleaningagents.AccordingtotheWHO(2000),formaldehydelevelsareofconcerninover10percentoftheindoorenvironmentsinwhichtheyhavebeenmeasured.Productslabelledgreen(timber,ooring,paints)showedsignicantlylessVOCemissionsthantheirtraditionalcounterparts 25.Laboratoryandeldstudies 26foundthatplantsreliablyreduced

thelevelofVOCsby75percent,tobelow100ppb.AstudyofbuildingBake-Out(heatingupthebuildingtoreleasegasesbeforeoccupation)showedthatthisreducedtheinitiallevelofVOCfollowingthetoutofanapartment,andoverthefollowingsixmonths27.ThekeyoutcomesaretoreducethelevelofVOCsandotherpollutantsintheindoorenvironment,byeitherreducingthelevelsintroducedinfurnishings

andttings,orbyimplementingstrategiestoremoveindoorpollutants. Anexamplemeasureistheush-out/bake-outofabuildingbeforeoccupation.Thelevel

ofVOCsinabuildingishighestduringandimmediatelyafterconstruction,duetooff-gassingfromnewfurnishingsandnishes.ThelevelofVOCscanbereducedbyushingthebuildingoutwithahighlevelofventilationbeforeoccupationforaminimumofsevendays.Theoff-gassingcanbeenhancedbyraisingtheinternaltemperature(bakeout),whichencourageshigherratesof

off-gassing. ThismeasureseekstoreducethelevelofVOCsintheinternalenvironmentlinkedtohealthissuesandSBS.However,thismeasuredoesincreaseenergyusepriortooccupationduetohighventilationratesandraisedtemperatures.

Thermal comfort Creatingcomfortablethermalenvironmentsisoneofthekey

dutiesofbuildings,allowingustoliveandworkcomfortablyinarangeofdifferentexternalclimaticconditions.Workinginhotandcoldenvironmentscanhinderperformanceandcomfort.

04Thermalcomfort.Bluebarsontheleftshowtheimpactonhealth(longer=higherimpact).Greenbarsontherightshowtheimpactonsustainability.Whereameasurehasanegativeimpactonsustainability,thebariscoloredred.

Creating comfortable thermal environmentsis one of the key duties of buildings, allowingus to live and work comfortably in a range ofdifferent external climatic conditions.

Incoldenvironments,humanperformanceisreducedlargelyduetophysiologicalreasons,althoughdecreasedmotivationandpainatthermalextremescanalsoplayapart.Humanscancopewithmildheatthroughsweating,thoughthiscanalsobeaccompaniedbyareductioninperformancethroughincreasedirritabilityanddrowsiness28. Studiesoninternalthermal

environmenthavecontinuedsincetheBritishIndustrialFatigueResearchBoardstartedresearchinthe1930sonfactoryworkers.Thesestudiesshowthatarticiallyadjustingtheclimatehadbenetsonworkproductivity,psycho-motorandcognitiveactivities29.(Inthe1970s,anenergybalanceequationforthermalcomfortwasproduced30,basedonlaboratoryexperiments,withrepeatableresultsthatarethebasisof

manyoftodaysthermalcomfortstandards).However,morerecenteldstudiesindicatethatworkerscanadapttoarangeofconditionsoutsidethepredictions.Someresearchers31havesuggestedthetheoryofadaptivecomfort,whichstatesIfachangeoccurssuchastoproducediscomfort,peoplereactinwayswhichtendtorestoretheircomfort32.Thisindicatesthatallowingoccupantstocontrolsystemsmayallowthermalsystemsagreaterrange

ofcomfortabletemperatures.Arelaxeddresscodealsoallowsoccupantstoadapttodiscomfortbyadjustingtheirlevelofclothing.Thiscouldincludewearinglighterclothesinsummer,orremoving

jacketsandties,thoughincertainorganizationstheprevailingculturemaynotallowthis. Areviewof24ofce-basedstudies33statedperformance

Thermal modeling

Thermal zoning

Dress code

Steam humidication

Low impactHigh impact High impact

Thermal environment

Healthy

Not green

Green



15/56

05Acousticpartitionsbetweenworkspacesinopenplanofcescanreducethetransmissionofsoundsbetweenworkspaces.Noise,especiallyconversationandringingtelephones,isoneofthemostdisturbingfactorsinopenplanofces.Thiscanbemeasuredusingthesoundintelligibilityindex(SII).Thekeywaysofimprovingtheacousticperformanceofworkspacepartitionsareincreasingpanelabsorptionandincreasingpanelheight.

06Dedicatedtenantrisers/separateprinter/copierrooms.Photocopiersandotherofceequipmentcancauselocalhighconcentrationofinternalpollutants,

suchasVOCs,particulatesandozone.Dedicatedtenantriserswillremovethesepollutantsfromthesource,whileseparateroomswillkeepthemapartfromthepeopleworkinginthebuilding.

increaseswithtemperatureupto2122C,anddecreaseswithtemperatureabove2324C.Thehighestproductivityisatatem-peratureofaround22C.Thestudyalsonotedthathightemperatureswereoftenassociatedwithlowven-tilationratesandpoorairquality,

whichcouldalsoaffectproductiv-ity.Individual/desktoptemperaturecontrolshavealsobeenstudied,withone34reviewof20studiesshowingameanincreaseinpro-ductivityof5.5percent.Therewasalargevariationinresultshowever,from0.2percent35to24percent36. Humidityalsoaffectscomfort.Arangeof4060percentrelativehumidity(RH)isgenerallyconsid-eredacceptable.Thecombinationofhightemperaturesandhigh

humiditycauseafeelingofoppres-sionorsultriness,whichoccursataround70percentRH21C,or60percentRHat23C.Thisalsoaffectsperceivedindoorairquality(IAQ):loweringthetemperatureandhumidityimprovesperceivedIAQ,evenwhentheventilationratereduces37.Whenthehumiditydropstolessthan40percentRH,dryskin,lipsandthroatscanbeanissue,andbelow20percentitcanhavenegativeeffectsontheeye

blinkingrate(contactlensusersareparticularlyaffected).Lowerhumiditypromotesdustgenera-tion,increasetheperceptionofsmellsandirritationfromcigarettesmoke38.

Thekeyoutcomesforthethermalenvironmentaretoprovideanenvironmentthatmeetscomfortstandardsintermsoftemperatureandhumidity,whileallowingoccupantssomemeansoflocalcontrol.Thismayincludeopeningwindowsinnaturally-

ventilatedbuildings,orhavinglocalthermostatsandfansinairconditionedofces.

Conclusions Ourresearchidentiespracticameasuresthatcanbeimplementeinofcestoimprovethehealthandwellbeingofoccupants,rangingfrommeasurestoimproveairqualityandtheacousticenvironment,throughtoimprovingthedaylightandviewout.The

researchshowslinksexistbetweegreenandhealthybuildings,butsomemeasureswithpositivehealthbenetsareactuallydetrimentaltotheenvironmentalimpactofthebuilding. Mostimportantly,thereisaglobalbodyofevidencethatshowslinksbetweenthesehealthybuildingmeasuresandimprovementsinproductivity,physicalandmentalhealth,andemployeeengagement.

David CheshireisasustainabilityconsultantbasedinAECOMsLondonOfce.E:[email protected]

Our research identiespractical measures that canbe implemented in ofcesto improve the health andwellbeing of occupants.



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Meeting the

sustainable visionLandmark buildings can both look goodand successfully exceed sustainabilityexpectations. Its a matter of integratingbuilding form and function with world-class low-energy knowledge and a rigorous

design approach, reports Marcello Greco.

The vision for the four-story7,200-square-meter building at 2Victoria Avenue, Perth, was to achievea sustainable design that exceeded theprevious standard design practice for

Western Australia. ThespeculativecommercialofcedevelopmentwascommissionedbyStockland,Australiaslargestdiversiedpropertygroup,aleadingdevelopmentcompanythatownsandoperatesmajorlandmarkofcesandretailcomplexes.LikeAECOM,Stocklandhasanenlightenedreputationforrespectingtheenvironment,identifyingandrespondingtotherisksandopportunitiesassociatedwithclimatechange. Stocklandsetadualvisionforthebuilding,believingenvironmentalandeconomictargetstobeasimportantascreatingavisuallystimulatingnew

landmarkbuildingforPerth.TheTerraceRoadlocationoverlooksPerthsSwanRiverforeshoreanopenrecreationalparklandabuttingtheriver,andadjacenttothepicturesqueSupremeCourtGardensandfamousBellTower.Giventhesceniclocation,thenewbuildinghadtointegratesympatheticallywiththeimmediateenvironment,aswellasdeliverastatementofthedevelopmentcompanysstrongprinciplesofsustainabilityandquality.

Exceeding the vision TwoVictoriaAvenuewasdesignedbyWoodheadArchitects,withAECOMcommissionedtodevelopthebuildingservicessolutionsandprovideadviceon

acoustics,sustainability(ESD)andGreenStaraccreditationwiththeGreenBuildingCouncilofAustralia(GBCA). Ourdesignsolutionsaddressedthebrieftoevolveavisuallyinterestingfour-storysustainablebuildingthathasquicklybecomeacceptedasanewlandmarkforPerth.AsustainableagendainformedtheAECOMteamsthinkingforeachdesignchallenge.Theexibledesignsolutionallowsformaximumcommercialviabilitythroughthepotentialforsplit-tenancyoccupationofthelargeroorplates.Alltenancyareasarecooledbyactivechilledbeamswithoor-by-oorplant.Fully

automatedoperablelouversminimizesolarradiationload,whileindividuallyaddressablelightingdesignallowsgreaterexibilityoftheofcespacesandprovidesoutstandingenergyusagecontrol.

TherstthreehelicalwindturbinesinWesternAustralia,locatedontherooftop,providegreenenergytoaportionofthebuilding,withtheon-sitegeneratedpowerreducingdemandfromthegridandthebuildingscarbonfootprint. Theprojectbeatallexpectations,achievinga6StarratingontheGBCAGreenStaraccreditationscheme,basedontheOfceDesignv2ratingtool.A6Starratingisthehighestpossible,representativeofworldleadingsustainabilitypractice.Thedevelopmentalsoachieveddesired5starNABERSenergyefciencyratingandaPropertyCouncilofAustralia(PCA)GradeA.

GREAT EXPECTATIONS

2 Victor ia Avenue Benchmark

WATER USE kL/m2

0

0.75

0.50

0.25

1.0

1.25

1.50

Saving

4414kL

0.69 1.01

Equivalent of~$4400 or ~4.4 Olympic-

sized swimming pools

Equivalent of~54 households or

~6,400 m2 of 5 star ABGR ofce space

CO2

EMISSIONS kg of CO2

/m2

1500

7550

25

100

125

51

.7 114

Saving

-447.3tonnes of

CO2

150

ENERGY USE kW.hrs/m2

0

7550

25

100

125

Saving

-520.5MW hrs

51

.5* 124

Equivalent of$78,000 per annum

*(including 36 MW.hrs from wind turbineswhich represents 10 percent of thebuildings energy use)



17/56

Two Victoria Avenue, a prestigenew speculative commercialofce development in Perth,Western Australia, is the rstproject to be awarded a 6-Starrating (Ofce Design v2) under theGreen Star environment ratingscheme established by the Green

Building Council of Australia(GBCA).

Setting the standardfrom start to nish Thedeveloperseconomictargetswereofequalimportancetothelesstangibleaestheticobjec-tivesofcreatingalocallandmarkbuildingforPerth.Thesetargetsaffectedthedecisionmakingprocessfortheproject,inuenc-ingeverydesigndiscipline.Allof

themanyinnovationinitiativesdevelopedtodeliveragainstthechallengingbriefweresubjectedtowholelifecostingandcostbenetanalysesusingcuttingedgetech-nology.Indeed,insomeinstancesanalysisavailabilitytrailedbehindourdesignagenda.

Thisrigorousprocesstooktheprojectbeyondinitialestimates,providinganexemplarybuildingwheretheimpactofsuccessfulsustainabledesigninitiativesisvalidatedbysolidengineeringandeconomicviability. Theinitialcapitalrequiredtodeliverthebuildingwasapproxi-mately15percenthigherthantheequivalentcostofastandardofcebuilding.However,energyandwaterefciencyimprovements

Thefaadelightingprovidesabalancingarchitecturalelementto2VictoriaAvenue,Perth,WesternAustralia.

Green Star isacomprehensiveenvironmentalratingsystemestablishedbyGreenBuildingCouncilAustralia(GBCA)toevalu-atetheenvironmentaldesignandconstructionofbuildings.SimilartoBREEAMorLEED,GreenStarwasdevelopedforthepropertyindustryinorderto:

- establishacommonlanguage- setastandardofmeasurement

forgreenbuildings- promoteintegrated,whole-

buildingdesign- recognizeenvironmental

leadership- identifybuildinglife-cycle

impacts- raiseawarenessofgreen

buildingbenets.

NABERSisaperformancebasedratingsystem(formallytheAustralianBuildingGreenhouseRating)forexistingbuildings,developedbyGBCA.NABERSmeasurestheenvironmentalperformanceofabuildingduringitsoperation.

PCA Grades.ThePropertyCouncilofAustralia(PCA)gradesbuildingsfromA(Highest)toD(Lowest)accordingtocriteriasetoutinthePCAGuidetoOfceBuildingQuality.

reducedandthusoffsetopera-tionalcostbyapproximatelyA$80,000perannum. Allofthesustainabilityinitiativeimplementedweremonitoredandtrackedthroughouttheconstruc-tionphasetoensurethatallthestringentGreenStarratingcriteria

werefollowed.ThisincludedtheuseofAmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE)andU.K.sCharteredInstitutionofBuildingServicesEngineers(CIBSE)guidelinesforpre-commissioningcommissioningandqualitymoni-toringforthebuildingservices,controlandmanagementsystemsduetotheabsenceofequivalentAustralianStandardsfortheseprocesses.

Sustainabledesigninitiativesare validatedby solidengineering

andeconomicviability.

AUSTRALIAN BUILDING

RATING SCHEMES


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1 Daylight harvesting via lightsensors, and the dimming ofarticial lighting

Presenceandlightdetectors,

combinedwithstrategiczoningofthebuildingenabledenergysavingstobemaximized.

2 Victoria Avenue CO2

emissions breakdown

Heating 1%

Cooling25%

Generalventilation 4%

Domestic waterheating 4%

House lighting18%

Lifts 15%

Generatortesting 4%

Supplementalcooling loop 8%

Pumps6%

Fans15%

2 Vertical axis wind turbines

Thewinddirectionisfairlypredict-ableinPerthwithsouth-westerlywindsintheafternoonswhichworkswellforthisbuildingslocation,makingverticalaxiswindturbinesparticularlysuitable.Thecentrallocationof2Victoria

AvenueinthePerthCBDprovidedchallengestoouracousticteam,whoevaluatedtheenvironmentalimpactaspartoftheirdutiesintheprojectteamandadvisedthecityauthorities,enablingnegotiationswiththeneighbors.

2 VICTORIA AVENUE: SUSTAINABLE DESIGN FEATURES

3 Grey water treatment plant,waterless urinals

Thegreywatertreatmentplantrecycleswaterfromshowersand

basins.Combinedwithwatersavingaccessories,theplantsavesmorethanfourOlympic-sizedswimmingpoolsofwatereachyearwhencomparedtoanaveragebuilding.

4 Indoor air quality

Theairexchangeeffectivenesswassubjecttocomputermodeling,combinedwithnaturallightandviewstotheoutside.Thisinnova-

tionmakestheinteriorenvironmentpleasingandcomfortable.Thelowerairow,inconjunctionwiththechilledbeams,enablesafullfreshairsystemthatprovidesabetterinternalenvironment.

Air exchange effectivenessdemonstrated byCFD modeling

Tenant equipment is excluded from the base build assessment,however the energy use compares well against predictions. Ourteam carried out tenant reviews to ensure that the t out design

aligned with the landlord systems and energ y saving initiatives.

Total tenant occupancy and hours adjusted

Modeled totaltenant

5 star tenant

Tenant BMSmeasurements

D J F M A M J J A S

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

TonnesCO2

Month

Carbon emissions track well in comparison with the predictionand NABERS rating target.

Predicted vs actual cumulative CO2

base building emissions

Month

D J F M A M J J A S

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

TonnesCO2

Actualconsumption

Predictedconsumption

5 star NABERSenergy benchmark

Whole building occupancy and hours adjusted

Modeled totaltenant

5 star wholebuilding

Whole building BMSmeasurements

D J F M A M J J A S

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

TonnesCO2

Month

Chillers occupancy and hours adjusted

Modeled totalbase building

5 star NABERSenergybenchmarks

Actual BMSmeasurements

D J F M A M J J A S

20

16

12

8

4

0

MWh

Month

HVAC fans occupancy and hours adjusted

Modeled totalbase building

5 star NABERSenergy benchmarks

Actual BMSmeasurements

D J F M A M J J A S

876543210

MWh

Month

Water is the most heavily weighted resource in the WesternAustralia version of the Green Star rating tool. The initiatives in2 Victoria Avenue exceeded expectations.

DHW cumulative predicted vs actual energy usage

Actualconsumption

Predictedconsumption

5 star NABERSenergy benchmark

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

TonnesCO

2

D J F M A M J J A S

Month

PERFORMANCE TRACKING

Natural light and views to the outside helpmake the internal environment comfortable.



19/56

0 5 10 15 20 25

$6.5M

$5.5M

$4.5M

$3.5M

$2.5M

Year

NPVcurrentdollars

VAV

Displacement

Chilled beam

5 Active western faade

Thewesternfaadeprovidesthe

greatestheatgains,accordingtothecomputermodelofthethermalperformanceofthebuilding.Asolartrajectorymodelfor2VictoriaAvenuedemonstratedthebenetsofautomaticsolarpatternoper-atedlouversprovidedabenetintermsofnetpresentvalueofthebuilding. Theoperatedlouversaresupportedbyapurposedesignedsecondarystructure.Ourlightingengineersdesignedacablingsys-

temthatprovidedawardwinningfaadelighting,withallassociatedwiringcarefullyconcealedinthesystem.

6 Efcient water coolingtowers for chillers

Thecoolingtowersusedinthecoolingsystemat2VictoriaAvenuehavebeenspeciedtobleedapproximately40percentlesswaterthanthedesignstandardforWesternAustralia.Theseenviron-mentalinnovationsallowforwatersavingsintheorderof4,414kLornearlyfourandahalfOlympicsizeswimmingpoolseveryyear.

7 Active chilled beams

Activechilledbeamsusewaterasthemainheattransfermedium,whichcomparedwithairbasedairconditioningsystemscanexchangeheat4,000timesmoreefcientlythanair.Asmallamountofairinducesairowthroughtheactivechilledbeamsandproducenetsavingsontheplantroomoorspace,fanpowerandenergyrequirements.

Air side life cycle analysis

The designincluded complexcomputermodeling andsimulation.

Thenalstagesofcommission-ingoverlappedwiththerstof2VictoriaAvenuesoccupantsmovinin.AECOMengineerswereabletoremotelyaccessthebuildingmanagementsystemandassistwiththedetectionofteethingissuesintheinstallations.Lighting

controls,advancedlouvercontrolsirrigationwaterusage,wereamongstsystemsthatwerecloselmonitored. AECOMhascontinuedtomonitoandcontrastbuildingperformanceagainstmodeledperformancepost-construction.Ourteampro-ducesregularreports,comparingdesignintentwithactualperfor-manceonanumberofparametersThedesignincludedcomplexcomputermodelingandsimulatio

thatpredictedtheperformanceofthebuildingoverseasonsandinaccordancetooccupancylevels.Ourdesignestimatesprovedtobeaccuratewhencomparedtotheactualenergyusageofthenished2VictoriaAvenueinuse.

Marcello Grecoisanassociatedirector,BuildingEngineeringwithAECOM,basedinPerth,WesternAustralia.E:[email protected]

AECOM continues to monitor and contrast buildingperformance against modeled performance.

The award winningbuilding exteriorlighting solution

carefully concealswiring within the

faade.



20/56

Designing for the big one

Shaken,butThe brief to design a critical essential servicefacility that must survive major seismic activitygave AECOM engineers an opportunity to breaknew ground. David Kilpatrick and Shaq Alamreport from California, U.S.

The $28.9 million IETMC buildingis located at the southeast quadrantof Interstate 15 and State Route 210,Fontana, California, U.S.

The new facility houses thecombined services of the CaliforniaHighway Patrol (CHP), the CHP911 communication center andthe California Department ofTransportations management andemergency services groups.

The new building, operational 24hours a day, seven days a week, isequipped with the latest technologiesto respond to any major emergencies.

The building is also designed tofunction as a 911 emergency operationcenter that will serve as the commandpost for the county and localmunicipalities in the event of a major

public catastrophe.With a location close to majorearthquake fault lines, it was impera-tive that this important building bedesigned to remain standing in theevent of any scale of seismic activity.

INLAND EMPIRE TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT CENTER (IETMC)

notstirred

The IETMC building, Fontana,California, U.S.A.



21/56

Building design for high seismicareas draws on the thoughtfulexpertise of experts responsiblenot just for the building, butprotecting human life during an

earthquake.Structural engineering in high

seismic areas such as SouthernCalifornia, U.S. involves designmethods above and beyondconventional building engineeringpractice. In-depth expertise in theeld of earthquake engineeringis essential in order to developstructural solutions that suc-cessfully protect human life andproperty during a signicantseismic event. The responsibil-

ity of such a design challengebecomes all the greater, and evenmore complex, when the brief is todesign a critical essential servicefacility able to remain operationalduring and subsequent to a cata-strophic earthquake. Particularly

when the building in question isto be located near major seismicfaults. AECOMs structural teamin Orange, California took on thischallenging task designing the

Inland Empire TransportationManagement Center (IETMC)for The Department of GeneralServices (DGS), State ofCalifornia.

Californias new 43,000-square-feet IETMC essential facility islocated near three major faults,including the San Jacinto and thefamous San Andreas Fault. Bothfaults are capable of a 7.5 magni-tude seismic event with little or nowarning.

With the brief to design afacility with an excellent chanceof survival during a catastrophicseismic event, AECOMs structuralteam drew on innovative buildingtechnology and performance-based design expertise to meet

this unique design challenge.

The teamThe California Building Code

(CBC) approval and review require-

ments for a base-isolated buildinginvolve a very comprehensiveprocess. Design and performanceof the isolators and dampers,including critical material proper-ties, must be veried by full scaletesting in order to be acceptableby the designer and buildingauthorities.

A group of highly trainedprofessionals from various eldsof expertise worked together asan integrated team to complete

the task. AECOM in conjunctionwith DGS assembled a team ofhighly qualied technical expertsto navigate through the rigorousdesign process.

Base isolation is a structuralengineering technique thatenhances the performance ofthe structure of a building byreducing its response to ground

accelerations. This reduces theforce levels felt by the structureslateral load resisting system andalso the oor level accelerationsthat non-structural components inthe building will experience.

It is common for the lossassociated with damage to abuildings contents to exceed thecost of damage to the buildingsmain lateral resistance elements.In the case of the IETMC, as anessential service facility, it was

not only critical to protect the mainstructural system but it was alsonecessary to prevent or minimizeany damage to the non-structuralbuilding systems. This allows the

user to maintain critical missioncapabilities with minimuminterruption.

The IETMC building rests on abase isolation system of naturalrubber isolators in conjunctionwith viscous uid dampers. Thiscombination is expected to deliverthe high level of performancedemanded by the exacting anduncompromising project designcriteria.

T1

T2

Period

BaseShear

Withoutisolation

Withisolation

Increasing dampingEffect of seismicisolation(Accelerationresponse spectrumperspective):increased periodof vibration ofstructure to reducebase shear.

BASE ISOLATIONBASE ISOLATION



22/56

Site geo-hazard determination Therststepindesigningabaseisolatedbuildingistodeterminethesite-specicseismicdemand,intheformofasite-specicresponsespectradevelopedusingaprobabilisticseismichazardapproach(PSHA).Next,

representativeground-motiontimehistoriesareselectedfromasuiteofexistinggroundmotions,withconsiderationgiventoresponsespectradevelopedforthesite,localandregionalgeologyandsitefaultingcharacteristics. ThePHSAforthesitewasperformedtoestimatepeakhorizontalandverticalgroundaccelerationsandvepercentdampeddynamicresponsespectrafortwodesignearthquakeevents

designatedasthedesignbasisearthquake(DBE)andtheupper-boundearthquake(UBE). ThePSHAyieldedpeakhorizontalgroundaccelerationsof0.7gforDBEand0.85gforUBEevents,whichwerecomparedwithCBCrequiredminimaandfoundtoexceedtheCBCrequirements.TheverticalpeakgroundaccelerationvaluesforDBEandUBEwere0.64gand0.81grespectively.Representativetimehistories

withmagnitudes,faultdistancesandsourcemechanismsthatareconsistentwiththosethatcontrolthedesignearthquakeswerethen

TheCBCdenesdesignbasisearthquake(DBE)andupper-boundearthquake(UBE)asseismicdesigneventshavingexceedanceofprobabilitiesoftenpercentin50yearsandtenpercentin100yearsrespectively.Thesetwoeventscorrespondtoapproximately475-and950-year

averagereturnperiod(ARP)earthquakes.TheUBEismathematicallyequivalenttothemaximumcapableearthquake(MCE)denedinCBC1655Aforseismicdesignofbaseisolatedstructures.

EarthquakesneartheIETMCprojectsiteareexpectedtobeashighas7.5ontheRichterscale.

4.2kmfromtheCucamongaFault(Potential6.9Richterscale)

11kmfromtheSanJacintoFault

(Potential6.7Richterscale)15kmfromtheSanAndreasFault

(Potential7.5Richterscale)

Table 01 Recommended earthquake events and strong motion recording stations for

selected time histories.

Earthquake

Magnitude

Mechanism

Strike

Dip

Rake

Stationname

Stationowner

losest

distanceto

ault(km)

USGSsite

lassication

Izmit-Koeaeli,

urkey

- -

. 4 r t lat s tr ik e

slip

274

4

89 180 Yarimca

etkim

tation

KOER 2.6 USGS C

Landers, CA

1992-06-28

. rt lat strike

slip 140 90

ermo ire

Station

CSMIP . USGS C

Landers,

- -

. rt lat strike

slip 4

Lucerne

alley

. U

Northridge, CA

1994-01-17

. thurst/

reverse

4 L reservoir

Rinaldi

tation

L . USGS C

Faultsources,historicalseismicityandliquefactionsusceptibility

Key

Site

Faults

Seismicity

8.5 to 9.5

7.5 to 8.5

6.5 to 7.5

5.5 to 6.5

Less than 5.5

Unknown magnitude

Liquef. Suscept.

(USGS OF00-444_ PP1360)

Very high

High

Moderate

Low

Very low

Earthquakesnear theIETMCprojectsite areexpected to

be as highas 7.5 onthe Richterscale.

selected.ThePacicEarthquakeEngineeringResearchCenter

(PEER)recommendation,selectingrecordswithmagnitudeswithin0.25unitsfromtargetvalues,wasused.Thetargetvaluesforthesitewereestablishedbetween6.5and7.5forthemaximummagnitudeearthquake.ThreetimehistorieswerethenselectedandscaledusingEZ-FRISKversion7.20(RiskEngineering,2006),fortheDBEandUBEevents.

Preliminary building andisolator design phase

Whilethegeo-hazardreportwasbeingdeveloped,thestruc-turalengineeringteamworkedwithotherdisciplinesandclienttodevelopthebuildinglayoutthataccommodatedtheclientsrequirementsandallowedforabaseisolatorlayoutthatwouldminimizeupliftonthenaturalrub-berisolators(elastomericisolatorscanresistlimitedtensilestresses

The facility is built to survivethe tests of time and nature.

EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITIES



23/56


24/56


25/56

Damper testing TheviscousuiddampersdesignedandfabricatedbyTaylor

DeviceswerealsosubjectedtorigoroustestprotocoldevelopedbyTaylorDevicestoconrmtheirdesign.Thedampersdonotinvolvethelevelofmaterialvariabilityassociatedwithnaturalrubberisolatorsthereforethetestandqualityassuranceprogramsfocusonconrmingmanufacturingtoler-ance,materialgradesanddampingcharacteristicofthedamper.Allthetestresultsofviscousdamperwerewithintheacceptablerangegiveninprojectspecications.

Theseresultswerereviewedbytheengineerofrecord,independentpeerreviewerandDSA,priortonalapprovalandinstallation. Insummary,thedesignofabaseisolatedbuildinginvolvestheintegrationofmultipleengineeringdisciplines,complexmathematicalanalysisandelaboratetestingprotocol.Theendresultisafacilitywithanexcellentchanceofsurvival

Damper design requirements

MCE Design

Force at MCE Design

Velocity (Kips)

Total Stroke

(inches)

MCE Design

Velocity (ips)

Daming Velocity Coefcient (C) and

Exponent ()

Quantity o

dampers

325min. to439max.* +/-26 62 Lowerboundcurve: C=68.51,=0.38;

Upperboundcurve:C=92.69, =0.38

8

F=CV; F=DameprMCEDesignForce(Kip);V=DameperMCEDesignVelocity(inches/second);

C=Dampingcoefcient,asdenedbyF/V (kip-sec/inches); =DampingVelocityExponent

Topleft:UCSDtestlabreactionbeamandmovementtable.

Bottomleft:TheUCSDtestfacilitywasusedbecausetheMINIndustriestestingequipment

couldnotmovelaterally26inches.

Right:CompressionstiffnesstestatMINIndustries,Malaysia.

Installeddamperandisolatorsinthecrawlspacebelowthebuilding.

A facilityto survivethe testsof time andnature.

theUCSDtestfacility.ThisaddedvericationwasusedtocalibratetheUCSDandproductiontestresults. Theproductiontestresults,alongwiththerandomsampletests,providedthenecessarydatatovalidatetheconsistencyoftheproductionisolatorspropertiesandconrmtheanalyticalbuildingmodel.Theresultswerereviewedbytheengineerofrecord,inde-pendentpeerreviewerandState

ofCaliforniaplancheckdivision(DSA)priortonalapprovalandinstallation.

duringacatastrophicseismicevent,builttosurvivethetestsoftimeandnature.

Acknowledgements TheauthorswouldliketothankallspecialtyconsultantsandproductmanufacturersfortheircontributiontotheprojectincludinCoffmanEngineers,Diaz-Yourman&Associate,WilsonGeosciencesInc,HAI,MACTEC,Stantec,TaylorDevices,RSLandIDS.

David KilpatrickisassociateprincipalandseniorstructuralengineerwithAECOMbasedin

Orange,California.E:[email protected] Alamisvicepresident,BuildingEngineeringandstructuraengineeringmanagerwithAECOMbasedinOrange,California.E:[email protected]

Thefacilityisdesignedtosurviveevenacatastrophicseismicevent.



26/56

Staying green,

keeping warmSustainable buildings in cold climates

Winnipeg,

Canada

London,

U.K.

Edmonton,

Canada

Moscow,

Russia

Helsinki,Finland

Reykjavik,

Iceland

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

Annual sunshine hours

Annual average solarinsolation (kWh/m2)

4

3

2

1

0

Design lowDesign high

Design temperaturesin order of increasinglatitude (C)

40

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

Winnipeg,

Canada

London,

U.K.

Edmonton,

Canada

Moscow,

Russia

Helsinki,Finland

Reykjavik,

Iceland

THE EXTREME CLIMATE CHALLENGE

Jill Pederson and John Munroe look at two

new Canadian buildings that showcasesuccessful energy efcient solutionsdespite their extreme local climate.

Designing a highly energy efcientbuilding with a comfortable

environment for occupants thatis also cost effective in a climatewhere the temperature can varyby 65C (117F) over the courseof a year, is the kind of challengethat engineers nd hard to resist.

An extremely cold climatecan present unique challenges,but can also provide a means toachieve even greater sustainablesolutions compared to otherbuildings in the same climate, ifapproached properly.

These two case studies, bothbuildings recently completed inCanada, demonstrate that it ispossible to design highly energyefcient buildings that operatesuccessfully and sustainably in anextreme climate.

There are two key factors behind

the design of success andsustainable buildings for coldclimates.

1 Understand the local climate

Athoroughunderstandingoftheclimateandanalysisofweatherinformationcanallowdesignerstondadvantages.Solarinsolationcanbequitehighinanextremelycoldclimate,despitethetemperaturevariance.Capturedappropriately,solarenergycanprovideanexcellentsourceofdaylightandradiantheatinthecoldmonths,reducingthe

energyrequirementforabuilding.

2 Buffer the building

Providingabufferbetweenthebuildingoccupantsandtheextremesoftheclimateiscritical.Ahighperformancebuildingenvelopecandramaticallyreducetheloadsonitsoperatingsystemsandtheimpactoftheweatherextremesontheoccupants.

An extremely coldclimate can presentunique challenges,but can alsoprovide a meansto achieve evengreater sustainablesolutions.



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Thespaceismaintainedatanoperativetemperaturerangeof

19.2C(66.6F)to22.6C(72.7F)onawinterdesignday,meaningtherequirementforperimeterheatingwasdeemedunnecessarywiththetriple-glazedOption#1curtainwall.

Earth tubes EpcorTowertakesadvantageofauniquesystemofearthtubesusedtopre-heatandpre-coolthebuildingoutdoorair. Thetowerwasdesignedwithtwoverticalintakeshaftsdown

theparkadeexteriorwalls,con-structedwithglycolheatinglinestoutilizelowgradeheatrecoveredfromastackcondenserontheboilerplant.Oncepastthelowestparkadelevel,theshaftsturn90tocontinuehorizontallybelowtheparkadestructure.Theearthtubesformalooparoundthebuildingscore,connectingtothemaintowerairhandlingunitwhichprovidestherestoftheconditioning(Figure 04). Theearthtubesareacombina-

tionofprecastconcretepipesandpouredconcreteplenumswithinternalcolumnsforstructuralsup-port.Theplenumsare9.5meters

(31.2feet)wideand2.5meters(8.2feet)high.Withanairow

rateof18,877L/s(40,019cfm)perearthtubethisequatestoavelocityof0.79m/s(155.5fpm).Theearthtubesaredesignedforthemaximumload,whichoccursinheatingmodeforthisbuilding.Thedesiredtemperatureriseisfrom-34C(-29F)to6C(43F),6C(43F)beingtheconstantgroundtemperaturebelowthefrostline,resultingina40C(72F)delta.Usingaheattransferrateof0.5C/meter(10.0F/ft)eachearthtube

neededtobe80meters(262feet)inlength.Theactuallengthoftheconstructedearthtubesare116meters(380feet)and97meters(318feet). Theearthtubesprovidesig-nicantsavingsontheventilationheatingandcoolingloadsfortheEpcorTower.An8,760-hourannualanalysiswasusedtocalculateenergysaved.Inheatingmodetheearthtubesaves1,473,994 kW/year(5,033,953MBH/year).Incooling

modeitsaves84,874kW/year(289,860MBH/year).ThisequatestoapproximatelyCDN$51,687/yearincostsavings.

Earth tubes: a quick guide

Earthtubesexploitgeothermalexchangebetweentheairandthesurroundingearthusingthermallyconductivematerialasaseparation.Thegreaterthesurfaceareaincontactwiththeground,thebettertheheattransfer.Becausegroundtemperatureremainsconstantbelowthefrostline,thegroundcanbeusedtoheatairinwinterandcoolairinsummer.Tomaximizetherateofheattransfer,itisidealtoowairatlowvelocitythroughtheearthtubestoprovideadequatelagtimeforheattransfertooccur.Basedonpreviousexperienceinthisclimate,effectiveheattransfercanbeachievedatanairspeedof1.02m/s(200fpm).

05Schematicofboilerstackcondensersystem.Theheatingsystem,sizedfor7,719kW(26,362MBH),hasthepossibilityforfutureexpansion.Thestackcondensingsystemincreasestheoverallboilerplantefciencyfrom85percentto95.5percent,adifferenceof998kW(3,408MBH)ofinputpower,bycapturingbothsensibleandlatentheat.

04 Thedesignoftheearthtubesystemwasoptimizedtomakeuseoftheexistingfoundationsystemtominimizeanynewworkormaterials.

Epcor Tower takes advantage of a uniquesystem of earth tubes used to pre-heatand pre-cool outdoor air.

F

luegasout

Heating waterheat exchanger

Glycol heatexchanger

To/from boilerreturn water

To/from intakeshafts

Supply fan

Commonstack

Boiler Boiler Boiler



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Exhaust air heat recovery Aheatrecoveryunitlocatedattheexhaustoutletcaptureswaste

heatfromexhaustairinthegeneralexhaustsystemandreturnsittoaheatingcoilinthemaintowerairhandlingunitviaaglycolrun-aroundloop. Theexhaustairheatrecoveryiscapableofprovidinga19C(66F)temperaturerisefor37,754 L/s(80,0038cfm)ofoutdoorair.Thislessenstheloadonthemainheat-ingcoilinthetowerairhandlingunitandboilersystem.

Winter free cooling

InEdmontonsclimate,winterfreecoolingispossible.Duringthewintermonthswhentheoutdoorairwetbulbtemperatureislessthanthechilledwatertemperature,inthiscase6.7C(44.1F),theentirecoolingloadcanbeachievedthroughthecoolingtowers.Thisisaccomplishedbyprovidingcoolingtowerscapableofrunningyearroundwithintegralimmersion

heaters.Infreecoolingmode,thechillersareturnedoffandbypassedcompletely.

Thechillerplantiscurrentlysizedat6,400kW(1820tons)withthepossibilityforfutureexpansion.Winterfreecoolingcanbeused39percentoftheyearinEdmonton,givingasignicantloadreductionfromthechillersystem.

Stack condenser Thebuildingdeploysconven-tionalboilersinconjunctionwithastackcondenser.Theboilersarebreechedtogethertocombineuegasespriortoenteringthestack

condenserasshowningure 05.Heatintheuegasesisextractedintwoseparateheatexchangercoilswithinthestackcondenser:oneusingwaterandoneusingglycol.Theuegastemperatureisloweredbelowitsdewpoint,result-ingincondensationandextractionoflatentheat,inadditiontothesensibleheat.Waterfromtherstheatexchangerisreturnedtothe

heatingwatersystemandpreheatstheboilerreturnwater.Glycolfromthesecondheatexchangerisused

toheattheintakeshaftsoftheearthtubesasadditionalpre-heatingfortheincomingair.Analysis Thebuildingisexpectedtouse121kWh/m2/year(40.5MJ/ft2)ofregulatedenergy4.TheannualprojectedbuildingenergycostisCDN$767,177/year4(2009Canadiandollars).ThereferencebuildingfollowsASHRAEStandard90.1. TheEpcorTowerdemonstratesenergyefciencyinasevere

climatewhilemaintainingoccu-pantcomfort.Usingtheenergysavingmeasures,thebuildingisexpectedtoachievea41.4percentenergyusereductioncomparedtoASHRAEStandard90.14.TheprojectistargetingaLEEDSilverratingforthecoreandshell,andiscurrentlyontracktoachieveLEEDGold.

06Energymodelresults4.

Energy summary by end use Energy type Proposed building Reference building Energy

savings

[%]Energy

[MJ]

Intensity

[kWh/m2]

Energy

[MJ]

Intensity

[kWh/m2]

Regulated energy

Lighting Electricity 11,041,525 32 11,041,525 32 0.0%

Spaceheating Naturalgas 11,735,923 34 33,868,138 99 65.3%

Spacecooling Electricity 1,921,993 6 2,239,791 7 14.2%

Pumps Electricity 1,006,892 3 510,488 1 -97.2%

Fans Electricity 12,404,154 36 14,095,987 41 11.4%

Servicewaterheating Electricity 3,322,195 10 3,322,195 10 0.0%

Subtotalregulatedenergy 41,522,690 121 65,078,123 190 36.2%

Non-regulated energy

Plugloads Electricity 6,286,640 18 6,286,640 18 0.0%

OtherBaselinepart-control

packageheat

Naturalgas 22,699,697 66 22,699,697 66 0.0%

Subtotalnon-regulatedenergy 28,986,336 85 28,986,336 85 0.0%

Total energy summary Proposed building Reference building Percent savings

Energy

Percent

savings costEnergy

[MJ]

Cost

[$]

Energy

[MJ]

Cost

[$]

Electricity 36,073,404 $301,490 37,496,625 $833,117 3.8% 3.8%

Naturalgas 34,435,622 $305,184 56,567,834 $501,331 39.1% 39.1%

Total 70,509,026 $1,106,674 94,064,459 $1,334,447 25.0% 17.1%

LEED EAc1

Subtotalregulatedenergycosts 41,522,690 $765,821 65,078,123 $993,593 36.2% 22.9%

Exceptionalcalculationmethodearthtubeheating -4,736,330 -$41,976 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%

Exceptionalcalculationmethodearthtubecooling -305,802 -$6,704 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%Exceptionalcalculationmethodprop.part-condparkadeheating -973,443 -$8,627 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%

Manualcalculationcondenserpumps 2,641,967 $58,700 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%

Manualcalculationexteriorlighting 6,052 $54 6,052 $54 0.0% 0.0%

Renewableenergycredit 0 $0 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%

Net total 38,155,128 $767,177 65,084,175 $993,646 41.4% 22.8%

This type oflow energyapproachcan offersignicantannualenergysavings.



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08Summerclimateconcept.

mostofthewinter,theyexceedtheperformanceofastandardtriple-glazedfaadeconguration.Whilethebufferzonesareconguredinwinterforthermalinsulationandfreshairheating(inthecaseofthesouthatrium),theircongurationchangeswiththeseasons.

Per-oorairhandlingunitsfurthertemperfreshairasneces-saryandblowitintoapressurizedsuboorplenumoneachlevel,fromwhereitenterstheofcespaceatoutletslocatedmostlyalongtheperimeter.

Summer fresh air cooling anddehumidication Thebuildingstayscoolbyresist-ingheatgainsandtappingnaturalsourcesforcoolingandventilation.

Activationofthebuildingmasspro-videscomfortableradiantcoolingandreducesthesizeofmechanicalequipment. Freshairentersthemodulethroughthesouthatriuminsum-meraswell,althoughinthiscaseitowsfreely,withouttheaidofthepermoduleairhandlingunit,sinceheatrecoveryisnolongerneeded.Aninternalshadeisdrawntoblocksolargains,forminganexhaustplenumbetweenitselfandthe

faade.Highandlowopeningsfeedventilationoftheplenum.Thewaterwallisactivatedwithchilledwatertocoolanddehumidifyincomingair.Althoughitmayseemstrange,awatersurfacethatiscoolerthanthedewpointoftheairwilldehu-midifyit.Therstmechanicalairconditioningsystemsworkedinthisway,bysprayingdropletsofcoldwateracrossastreamofair.Theper-oorfancoilsfurthercondi-tionfreshairandblowitintothepressurizedplenum,fromwhich

itcontinuesthroughthedisplace-mentventilationsystem. Thedoublefaadeisrecon-guredtorejectsolarheatandsealtheinteriortohotoutdoorair.Inwinter,bothfaadewallsaresealed,whereasinsummerthelineofenclosureretreatstotheinnerwall,behindtheprotectionofthehorizontallouverblindsinthefaadecavity.Solarheatabsorbed

bytheblindsispurgedthroughapsautomaticallyopenedintheouterfaade.Theinnerfaadeiskeptclosedtopreventthepassageofhotairintotheinterior. Airexitstothesolarchimneyviathenorthatrium.Theairthenrisesnaturallyupthesolarchimney.As

inareplacechimney,theairrisesbecauseitiswarmer,andthereforemorebuoyantthanthecoolerairsurroundingit,andbecausewindacrossthetopofthechimneygeneratesadraft.Ablackbodymassexposedtosolarradiationsuspendedinthesolarchimneycollectssolarheat,augmentingthebuoyancyeffectbywarmingtheairwithin.

Intermediate season

Whenoutdoorconditionsarepleasant,theyarefreelyadmit-tedtothebuildinginterior.Whenthedirectuseofnaturalsourcesmaintainsacomfortableenviron-ment,theairhandlingunitsaredeactivated. Theconditionsforthismodedependmostlyonthetemperaturesofoutdoorairandthefaadecavitybuttypicallyareaminimumout-doorairtemperatureof10C(50F),andafaadecavitytemperature

rangeof15C(59F)to25C(77F). Ventilationiscompletelydrivenbysolar-augmentedthermalbuoyancyandwind,throughthesolarchimney.Sincetheairisnotconditioned,itcanenterthroughlargeopeningsinthefaaderatherthantherestrictiveheatingcoil,coolingcoilorheatexchangerinanairhandlingunit.Thusairmove-mentrequiresmuchlesspower,sothatthepressuredifferencesgeneratedbythechimneyaresufcient.

Boththeinnerandouterwallsofthefaadeareopened,theinnermanually,andtheouterautomatically.Thesouthatriumisalsoconguredthisway.Thisventssolargainsfromthefaadecavityoratriumwhileallowingventilationairintotheofces.Shadesandscreensaredrawnasnecessaryforglareandsolarloadcontrol. 09Intermediateseasonclimateconcept.

This building potentiallysets a new North Americanstandard for the integrationof workplace qualityand energy efciencywith elegant, humanearchitecture.



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Year-round daylighting strategies Thebuildingenjoyshighceilingsthatallowdaylighttopenetratedeeperintothespace.Naturallightingprovidesamorepleas-antworkplaceenvironmentandreduceselectricalenergyuseforlighting.Sincenaturallighting

produceslessheatthanelectriclighting,itcanalsoeffectivelyreducecoolingloads. Daylightpenetrationispre-served,whenblindsinthefaadecavityareclosed,bylightredirec-tion.Theupperportionoftheblindsareindependentlyadjustabletoreectsunlightontotheceilingsoftheofces. Thedoublefaadepresentedachallengefordaylighting,becauseitextendstheedgeofthebuild-

ingbeyondtheperimeteroftheoccupiedspace.Thismeansthatthedepthofeffectivedaylightingwouldbereduced.Thischallengewasmetbysteppingtheslabup,inthefaadecavity,totheleveloftheraisedoorabove.Thisalloweddaylighttopenetratedeeperintothespace.

Simulation results Detaileddaylightsimulationsevaluatedthenaturalluminous

environmentforthenewdowntownofce,givinghighlyaccuratepre-dictionsoflightlevelsandbright-nessdistributionsinthevisualeld.Thesimulationsinthisstudyareforanovercastsky,typicallyusedbecausethesymmetryofits

brightnessdistributionabouttheverticalaxisgivesagoodimpres-sionofoverallperformance,andallowsfaircomparisonbetweendifferentschemes.Thesimulationresultsshowdaylightperformancewithdaylightfactorsofabout3percentinthemiddleoftheoor

plate.Thisleadstoadaylightautonomyofabout70percentclosetothefaadeandabout40percentatadepthof10meters(33feet). DetailedthermalsimulationsonTRNSYSevaluatedthethermalconditionsaswellasbuildingenergyconsumption.AcomparisontoareferencebuildinginaccordancetoCanadasMNECBshowedenergysavingsof60percent.

Radiant slabs Eachoorinthetoweris2,744m2(29,536ft2),dividedintotwo828m2(8,913ft2)loftspaces,a193m2(2,077ft2)centralbridge,coreareaandtwoatria.Thetwolofts,andthecentralbridge,arethedesignatedworkspaceoneachoor. Heatingandcoolingisachievedprimarilyviaexposedradiantceilings.Theoorsareconstructed

of240millimeter(9.5inch)thickconcrete,with19millimeter(0.75inch)tubing,on203millimeter(8inch)centers,embeddedatadepthof65millimeter(2.5inches)fromthebottomoftheslab.Eachloftisdividedinto9-meter

12Daylightsimulationresults 5.

Distance to faade [meters]

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Daylightautonomy[%]

h = 3.3m h = 3.5m

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

13Simulationresultsonbuildingenergyperformance.

Total energy savings: -60.1%25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5000

0

Totalenergyconsumption[MW

h/a]

Reference Proposed

-81%

-63%

-30%

Tower Podium Parkade

(30-foot)by12-meter(39-foot)zones.Eachoorhas12,192linearmeters(40,000feet)ofembeddedtubing,controlledfromindividualmanifolds,in120-meter(394-foot)sections.Theslabswithinthedoublewallcavitiesalsohavetubing,inaseparatecontrolzone

fromtheinteriorspace. Incoolingmode,waterbetween18.3C(64.9F)and20C(68F)iscirculatedthroughthetubing.Basedonthemodeledinternalloadsof45W/m2(14Btuh/ft2)(averageacrosstheloft)thiswillmaintainaceilingsurfacetemperatureofbetween20C(68F)and22C(72F).Inheat-ingmode,theslabtubingwatertemperatureisadjustedtotherange23.9C(75.0F)and29.4C

(84.9F),whichmaintainsaceilingsurfacetemperatureofbetween22C(72F)and25C(77F).Theslabswithinthedoublewallfaadearemodulatedbasedoncurtainwallframetemperature.Thetemperatureiskeptabove4C(39F)topreventcondensation.Thesemeasuresresultinoperativespacetemperaturesof20C(68F)to26C(79F)annually.

Displacement ventilation

Ventilationisprovidedbyanunderoor,displacementsystem.Pre-conditioned100percentoutsideairisdrawninoneachoorfromthesouthooratriumbyfourcustomunderoorfancoilunitsof604L/s(1280cfm)each.

Detaileddaylightsimulationsevaluatedthe naturalluminous

environmentfor the newdowntownofce.



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Eachunitconsistsofacentrifugalfan,heatingcoilandcoolingcoil.Humidicationismaintainedthroughsurfaceevaporation,andcondensationonaheatedand

cooledwaterfeaturelocatedinthesouthatrium. Thefancoilsprovidenaltemperingtotheatriumair,discharging18.3C(64.9F)airyearroundintotheunderoorplenum.Thehumidityofthedischargedairiscontrolledbetween15percent(minimumwinter)and50%(maximumsummer).Thefancoilsmaintainaminimumplenumstaticpressureof37.4Pa(0.005lb/in2).Inoordisplacementdiffusersallow

airtopassintooccupiedspaceatamaximumvelocityof0.2m/s(39.4fpm). Asolartoweronthebuildingsnorthenddrawsstratiedairfromeachoor,dischargingatthetopduringcoolingmonthsorintotheparkadeduringheatingmonths.Duringthecoolingseason,ablackbodyabsorberatthetopofthesolartowerisheatedbysolarradia-tiontoenhancethenaturaldraftofstratiedairfromtheoors.Theparkadeairhandlingunitshave

heatrecoverycoilsthatextractexcessenergyfromthesolartowerairandreturnthisenergyaspre-heatingtothesouthatriumairhandlingunits.

Geothermal system Allbuildingcoolingseasonheatrejectionisstoredina280boreholegeo-exchangeeldbeneaththebuilding.Spacedat4.5-meter(15-

foot)centers,eachboreholeis122meters(400feet)deep,providingatotalinstalledlengthof68,320linearmeters(224,147feet). TheaveragegroundtemperatureatdepthindowntownWinnipegisapproximately11.1C(52.0F).Theeldrejectsandabsorbsheattothegroundatlooptemperaturesvaryingfrom-3.9C(25.0F)atpeakextractionrateto38.6C(101.5F)atpeakchargerate.Theenergystoredandreleasedisequivalent

to2,400MWh/year(8,640GJ/year).Peakextractionrateis1,406.8kW(4,800MBH)andpeakstoragerateis3,517kW(12,000MBH).

Chilled water plant Three1,580kW(449tons)screwchillersusingR-134arefriger-antchargeanddischargethegeothermaleld.Duringwinter(geothermalelddischargemode),thechillersoperateat-3.9C(25.0F)/1.7C(35.1F)chilledwatersupply/returntemperatureand

38.6C(101.5F)/32.7C(90.9F)condenserwatersupply/returntemperature.Thecondenserwaterisusedtoprovidealowtemperature(32.2C/26.7Csupply/

14 Summeroperativetemperature. 15 Winteroperativetemperature.

The design could hardly be more easilyadaptable to changes in use. Thisbuilding is designed to last.

return)loopservingthemainfancoilunitsinthetower.Duringsummer(geothermaleldchargemode),thechillersoperateat4.4(39.9F)/11.1C(52.0F)chilled

watersupply/returntemperatureand32.2C(90.0F)/26.7C(80.0Fcondenserwatersupply/returntemperature.

Boiler plant Tomakeupthetotalheatingload,sevenhighefciency,naturagascondensingboilersof985kW(3,362MBH)inputcapacityeachareinstalled.Thesefeedahightemperature,71C(160F)/50C(122F)supply/returnloopthat

servepre-heatcoilsintheatria.Theboilershaveanominal90.4%efciency(thermal)atpeakoperatingconditions.Theboilersprovide2,470MWh/year(8,892GJ/year)ofthebuildingheatingload.

Jill PedersonisamechanicaldesignerwithAECOMbasedinCalgary,Canada.E:[email protected] Munroeisvicepresident,Design+Planning,CanadaWest

withAECOMbasedinCalgary,Canada.E:[email protected]

A solartower on thebuildingsnorth end

drawsstratied airfrom eachoor.



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Under the watchful eye of theinternational airport industry,the rst airport terminal tobe built in America since 9/11had to exceed high travelerexpectations. The design teamcollaborated on an Americanairport rst, developing Air

Chairs for sleek new TerminalB, San Jose Airport. AlastairMacGregor and Jim Saywellreport.

Part of a major airport expansionand renovation program, theconstruction of Terminal B atthe Norman Y. Mineta San JoseInternational Airport, the rstnew terminal to be constructed inAmerica since 9/11, is a landmarkdevelopment, designed to handlea passenger capacity of 8.5million travelers a year.

Designed by FentressArchitects, the new Terminal Bat San Jose is one of the most

advanced airport terminals inthe United States. Located in theheart of the Silicon Valley, sus-tainability and energy efciencywere key drivers for the program.

The design-build projectwas awarded to Hensel PhelpsConstruction Company in 2006,with AECOM providing high per-formance building consulting ser-vices including the development

of the conceptual MEP designsolution, energy simulation andbuilding commissioning.

Even taking into account thata large percentage of an airportsenergy requirements are dueto equipment that is difcult tomake more energy efcient, suchas baggage handling systemsand jet bridges, the new terminaldesign was able to reduce theenergy use of the building by over6,600,000kBTU/year, a reduction

of over 13.5 percent from theCalifornia Energy Code baseline.

The new terminal at San JoseAirport has won a number ofprestigious awards including theBest Overall Project and BestTransportation Project at the2010 Best of Awards (NorthernCalifornia) since it opened duringsummer 2010.

Air Chairs: seats of cool



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The challenge at San Jose SanJoseAirportsnewTerminalBincludesexpansionoftheholdroom/concourseoftherecentlycompletedNorthConcourse,allow-ingoperationofthetwoprojectsasasinglecombinedconcoursewiththesameventilationstrategy

throughouttoavoidoccupantcom-fortissuesorenergyinefciencies. TheNorthConcourseemployedanairdisplacementsystemaspartofthelow-energydesignstrategy,designedtocoolandventilatethehigh,openconcourseandadjacentholdroomareas.Thistypeoflowenergyapproachcanoffersigni-cantannualenergysavingsoveramoretraditionalmixed-airsystemintheMediterraneanclimateofSanJose,astheelevatedsupply

airtemperatureallowsforagreaterperiodoffreecooling. Theimplementationofsuccess-fuldisplacementventilationatSanJosewas,however,complicatedbytheadjacentholdroomareas.Theholdroomsaretheareasalongsidetheconcoursewherepeople

congregateastheywaittoboardights.AtSanJoseInternationalthisspacehasafully-glazedwestfaadeandalowerceilingheightthanthemainconcourse,andisgenerallymoredenselyoccupied.Thusthecoolingloadinthespaceissignicantlyhigherthanthe

concourse.Asaconsequence,theoriginaldisplacementdesignwaspushedtothelimitintermsofcoolingcapacity.Inordertokeepthedischargevelocitybelowtherecommended0.4m/sandsupplytemperatureabove64F(~18C)toavoidoccupantcomfortissues,theoriginalNorthConcoursedesignwasforcedtoutilizelargedrumdiffusers,whichwerepositionedevery15feet(~4.5meters),alongthefullyglazedwestfaade.

However,duringtheconstructionofTerminalBitbecameappar-entthattheinitialdisplacementventilationstrategywithintheNorthConcoursewasraisingconcernbothoperationallyandaestheticallywithintheholdroom.Thoughthisdesignperformed

DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION: THE FACTS

adequatelyfromacoolingandventilationperspective,therewereseveraloperationalissuesthatdissatisedtheclient:theaestheticswereobjectionable,withthelargewhitedrumstakingupasignicanamountofoorarea,limitingfurniturelayoutsandboarding

queuingzones.Inaddition,thedrumdesignhadalreadybeenadaptedtoincorporateadomedtoptopreventthembeingusedassurfacewheretravelerscouldleavunwanteditems.

The newterminaldesignreducedenergy use.

Existingdrumdiffusersusedintheairportterminalpassengerareas.

Athermaldisplacementventilationsystemsuppliesairatatemperatureafewdegreesbelowambientatlow-levelfromaninteriorperimeter,allowingittodriftacrossthespace.Thecool,freshairrisesoverheatsources,suchastheoccupantsorasurfacebeingwarmedbythesun,ascendingtohighlevelswhereitisexhaustedfromthebuilding.

Displacementventilationiswell-suitedtohighvolumespaceslikeanairportconcourse,wherehighceilingsallowtheairtostratify,keepingtheoccupiedlevelcoolwhilewarmstaleaircollectsatthetopofthespace,whereitisexhausted.Thequalityofenvironmentissignicantlyimprovedwhencomparedtoamoreconventionalmixed-airsystem.

AirstreamlinesandtemperatureatSanJoseairportterminal.



36/56

buildingspecialistsinvestigatedpotentialalternatedisplacementventilationstrategies,lookingtodevelopasolutionthatwouldprovidetheperformancelevelrequired,whileincreasingtheexibilityoftheholdroomandimprovingthevisualinteriordesignaesthetic. Giventhatthischallengewasset

duringconstructiontherewereanumberofsystematicandphysicalconstraintsthatwereinevitablycarriedforwardfromtheoriginalinstallationthatneededtobeconsidered,includingthenumberandpositionofthepenetrationsintheoorslabthroughwhichthesupplyairwastobedelivered. Solutionsconsideredincludeddevelopingsmaller,more

frequentlyplacedbutaestheticallyappealingdiffusers;andincorpo-ratingdiffusersintopiecesofxedfurnituresuchasthegatecounters. Thecoreobjectiveoftheinitialstudywasasolutionprovidinggreat

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