Aggregate Lab-report (Repaired)

7/26/2019 Aggregate Lab-report (Repaired)

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ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

HIGHWAY ASSIGNMENT ON

AGGREGATE LAB TEST

NAME OF GROUP :

I. HAYLEAB TESFAYE CDE 0092/05

II. LAKEW MENGISTU CDE 0102/05

III. DEREJE KUMA CDE

I. KEMAL A/KADIR CDE

. DEREJE SEMAN CDE

I. ALEMAYEHU CDE

II. AYICHEW CDE

SUBMITTED TO:! I"#$%&'$(% S)*+("

1



ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, we wish to exress o!r heartiest "ratit!#e a$# are%iatio$ to o!r le%t!rer, Mr&

Sai'o$ for his re%io!s ti'e, atie$%e, "!i#a$%e, 'oti(atio$ a$# a#(i%e o$ %arr)i$" o!t all the

la*orator) tests& Witho!t hi', this ro+e%t wo!l# $ot t!r$ o!t to *e s!%%essf!l o$e&

Se%ial tha$s also to o!r %lass'ates for their i$#$ess a$# %o-oeratio$, %o$tri*!tio$s

thro!"ho!t this st!#) a$# hel !s while #oi$" this ro+e%t to 'ae it s!%%essf!l&

Tha$ Yo!

.



P,-#*') P%(%$*# ( )#,)$ )" A33%3)$

A Aggregate Tests

The ter' /A""re"ate0 refers to "ra$!lar 'i$eral arti%les that are wi#el) !se# for hi"hwa)

*ases, s!**ases, a$# *a%fill& A""re"ates are also !se# i$ %o'*i$atio$ with a %e'e$ti$" 'aterialto for' %o$%retes for *ases, s!**ases, weari$" s!rfa%es, a$# #rai$a"e str!%t!res& So!r%es of

a""re"ates i$%l!#e $at!ral #eosits of sa$# a$# "ra(el, !l(erie# %o$%rete a$# ashalt

a(e'e$ts, %r!she# sto$e a$# *last f!r$a%e sla"& The Aggregates Test is %arr)i$" o!t to $ow the

roerties of a""re"ates a$# the s!ita*le of the a""re"ates !se# i$ hi"hwa) %o$str!%tio$& The

a""re"ate tests that %arr) o!t i$ this la* are as *elow2

1.0 G%))$*(" A")-#*# 4 HMA G%))$*(" E"(

1.1 I"$%(&'$*("

A""re"ate is the 'ai$ roert) of the erfor'a$%e of the a(e'e$t la)ers& The "ra#atio$

of a""re"ate is the *le$# of arti%le sie of the 'ix that affe%ts the #e$sit), stre$"th a$# e%o$o')

of the a(e'e$t str!%t!re& There is (ario!s sie of sie(e to #esi"$ the roortio$ i$ a 'i$eral

a""re"ate 'ix&

1.2 O67'$*

A""re"ate "ra#i$" is %arrie# o!t to #eter'i$e the roortio$ of a""re"ate re3!ire# fro' ea%h

sto%ile to fit i$to the "i(e$ se%ifi%atio$&

1.8 A)%)$&#

• Sie(es 4 .5 '', 16'', 15'', 7'', 8&87'', 1&19'', 5&6.7'', 5&17, 5&5:7'';

• Sie(e Shaer

• Bala$%e 'a%hi$e

8



1. P%('&%

1& Aroxi'atel) 7 " a""re"ate fro' ea%h sto%ile are sie(e# i$ the se%ifie# sie(e sie&

.& After allo%ati$" the a""re"ate i$ the sie(e, the$ the 'e%ha$i%al sie(e shaer is !se# to sie(e

it&

8& The er%e$t assi$" the sie(e a""re"ate thro!"h the sele%ti(e sie are #eter'i$e# *) tai$"

the wei"ht retai$e# o$ ea%h i$#i(i#!al sie(es o(er the ori"i$al wei"ht of the a""re"ate&

6& The assi$" er%e$t the$ is lotte# o$ a 5&67 ower "ra#atio$ %hart&

7& I$ hi"hwa) ro+e%ts, the 'aterial that "ai$ the $o&6 sie(e is %alle# the %oarse a""re"ate

'ea$while the 'aterial that asses the $o&6 sie(e *!t retai$e# i$ the $o&.55 sie(e is $ow$ as

the fi$e a""re"ate&

1.5 R#&$

Example Calculations

The er%e$t retai$e# a$# assi$" o$ sie(e sie 16 '' is %al%!late# as *elow2

<er%e$t retai$e# 4=; > 155 xweight Total

sieve particular theonretained Weight

> 1551.55

175 x

> 12.5

S*

#*;

<++=

W*3,$

%$)*"

<3=

P)##*"3

W*3,$ <3=

P%'"$

%$)*"

<=

P%'"$

)##*"3

<=

S'**')$*("

LL <= UL <=

.5&555 5 5 5 155 155 155

16&555 175 1575 1.&7 9:&7 95 ?7

15&555 15. ?69 9&7 :? @9 ?5

7&555 .56 :66 1: @. 7. :.8&875 15. @6. 9&7 78&7 67 @.

1&195 1?. 675 1@ 8:&7 85 67

5&6.7 1@9 .9. 16 .8&7 1: 85

5&175 166 189 1. 11&7 : 1@

5&5:7 96 76 6&7 : 6 15

<a$ 76 5 :

Total 1200 100

6



<er%e$t assi$" 4=; > <er%e$t assi$" the sie(e sie hi"her tha$ the arti%!lar sie(e C

<er%e$t retai$e# o$ the arti%!lar sie(eD

> 155 = C 1.&7 =

> >?.5

1.@ D*#'&##*("

Fro' the res!lt a*o(e, we ha(e fo!$# that the er%e$ta"e retai$e# is 1.&7 = while the

er%e$ta"e assi$" is 9:&7 =& Ge$erall), we fi$# that the er%e$ta"e assi$" the *i""er sie(es

s!%h as the 15'' sies a$# a*o(e are hi"her while the er%e$ta"e assi$" the s'all sie(es is

lower& This "ra#atio$ of a""re"ates is (er) i'orta$t for the a(e'e$t str!%t!re *e%a!se itaffe%ts the #e$sit) a$# stre$"th& For the a""re"ate 'aterial that is retai$e# o$ a No& 6 sie(e 4for

arti%les lar"er tha$ . ''; is $ow$ as %oarse a""re"ate& Materials that asses the No&6 sie(e

*!t is retai$e# o$ a No& .55 sie(e 4 arti%les lar"er tha$ 5&5:7 ''; is $ow$ as fi$e a""re"ates

while the 'aterials that asses a No& .55 sie(e is referre# as fi$es& The "rai$ sie a$al)sis #ata

are !s!all) lotte# o$ a$ a""re"ate "ra#i$" %hart to ai# e$"i$eers to #eter'i$e a referre#

a""re"ate "ra#atio$ a$# re3!ire the "ra#atio$ of a""re"ates !se# for hi"hwa) ro+e%ts to

%o$for' to the li'its of a se%ifi%atio$ *a$#& Fro' what we %a$ see fro' the res!lts, the res!lts

%o$for' to the se%ifi%atio$ *a$# as set *) AASHTO&

1.? C("'&#*("

I$ %o$%l!sio$, we %a$ $ow that the res!lt %o$for' to the AASHTO se%ifi%atio$s a$#

therefore is s!ita*le for !sa"e i$ a(e'e$t #esi"$& The "ra#atio$ a$al)sis is (er) i'orta$t to

a$al)e the %orre%t "ra#atio$ 'ix so that it %a$ ro(i#e a#e3!ate #e$sit) a$# stre$"th for the

!sa"e o$ the roa# a(e'e$t #esi"$&

7



@



2.0 L(# A"3# A6%)#*(" T#$

2.1 I"$%(&'$*("

The test is #o$e i$ a%%or#a$%e with ASTM 181&The Los A$"eles test is a 'eas!re of

#e"ra#atio$ of 'i$eral a""re"ates of sta$#ar# "ra#i$" res!lti$" fro' a %o'*i$atio$ of a%tio$

i$%l!#i$" a*rasio$ a$# "ri$#i$" i$ a rotati$" steel #r!' %o$tai$i$" a se%ifie# $!'*er of steel

sheres& The $!'*er steel %har"es #ee$# !o$ he a'o!$t a$# "ra#i$" of the test sa'le& As the

#r!' rotates s self lates i%s ! the sa'le a$# the steel sheres, %arr)i$" the' !$til the) are

#roe# to the oosite site of the #r!' %reati$" a$ i'a%t-%r!shi$" effe%t& The %o$te$t s the roll

withi$ the #r!' with a$ a*ra#i$" a$# "ri$#i$" a%tio$ !$til the self late i'a%ts a$# the %)%le is

reeate#& After the res%ri*e $!'*er of re(ol!tio$s, the %o$te$ts are re'o(e# fro' the #r!' a$#

the a""re"ate ortio$ is sie(e# to 'eas!re the #e"ra#atio$ as er%e$t loss&

2.2 O67'$*

The o*+e%ti(e of this test is to as%ertai$ the #e"ra#atio$ of a""re"ates *) a*rasio$ a$# i'a%t&

2.8 A)%)$&#

• Los A$"eles a*rasio$ 'a%hi$e

• Sie(e 41?'', 1.&7'', 1&:'' a$# a$;

• Sie(e Shaer

• Bala$%e 'a%hi$e

2. P%('&%

1& The sa'le is washe# a$# #rie# a$# later the wei"ht is o*tai$e#&

.& The sa'le is la%e i$ LA A*rasio$ 'a%hi$e&

8& Ele(e$ steel *alls are a##e# i$ the 'a%hi$e&

6& The #r!' is rotate# for a*o!t 755 re(ol!tio$s at 85-88r'&

7& After *ei$" rotate#, the sa'le is re'o(e# fro' the #r!' a$# is sie(e# o$ $o& 1. sie(e& Later

the sa'le that is retai$e# o$ the sie(e o$ #rie# at the te'erat!re of 157 to 115&The

wei"ht of the sa'le is taes after the sa'le is %ooli$" #ow$&

:



2.5 R#&$

A33%3)$ #*;

<++=

W*3,$ ( #)+

<3= 6(%

W*3,$ ( #)+

<3= )$%

L(## <3=

1? C 1.&7 .7558975 1175

1.&7 C ?&7 .755

Wei"ht loss > 4Wei"ht of sa'le *efore a*rasio$; C 4Wei"ht of sa'le after a*rasio$;

> 7555 C 8975

> 1150 3

<er%e$t loss > sampleof Weight Total

lossWeight

x 155

>7555

1175 x 155

> 28

This res!lt is f!lfilli$" the R re3!ire'e$t of 85= a$# it is s!ita*le to *e !se# for roa# wors&

9



2.@ D*#'&##*("

Fro' this exeri'e$t, the a*rasio$ (al!e for a""re"ates ha(e *ee$ teste# a$# #eter'i$e#&

This (al!e is "i(e$ *) the er%e$t of weari$" or er%e$t loss for the a""re"ates& The a*rasio$

(al!e is i'orta$t si$%e it "i(es the 'eas!re'e$t of har#$ess for a""re"ates that are "oi$" to *e

!se# i$ hi"hwa) ro+e%ts& F!rther'ore it also !se# to #eter'i$e the 3!alit) of the a""re"ates

itself& I$ or#er to e$s!re that the a""re"ates la) its role effe%ti(el), the a""re"ates '!st ossess

s!ffi%ie$t stre$"th to retai$ loa# a%ti$" *) hea() 'a%hi$er) s!%h as roller #!ri$" %o$str!%tio$

ro+e%t a$# also to retai$ traffi% loa#i$" o$%e the roa#s is %o'lete& These a""re"ates sho!l# $ot

%r!sh, #e"ra#e a$# #isi$te"rate whe$ s!*+e%te# to this loa#i$"& A""re"ates that la% a#e3!ate

to!"h$ess a$# a*rasio$ resista$%e also 'a) %a!se %o$str!%tio$ a$# erfor'a$%e ro*le's&

e"ra#atio$ o%%!rri$" #!ri$" ro#!%tio$ %a$ affe%t the o(erall "ra#atio$ a$#, th!s, wi#e$ the

"a *etwee$ roerties of the la*orator)-#esi"$e# 'ix a$# the fiel#-ro#!%e# 'ix& The %ha$"e

i$ the L&A& A*rasio$ (al!e %a$ *e *ro!"ht a*o!t *) %ha$"i$" the se%ifi% s!rfa%e of the

a""re"ate sa'le, i&e&, the 'ore e3!al #i'e$sio$al or %!*i%al the a""re"ate sa'le starts off, the

'ore a*rasio$ resista$t the a""re"ate will see'& Theoreti%all), the lower the a*rasio$ (al!e, the

'ore a*rasio$ resista$t for the a""re"ate is& The soft a""re"ates will *e 3!i%l) "ro!$# to #!st,

whilst the har# a""re"ates are 3!ite resista$t to %r!shi$" affe%ts&

The (al!e of er%e$t loss %al%!late# is .8 =&This (al!e rerese$te# the a*rasio$ resista$t

for the "i(e$ a""re"ates sa'le& There are se(eral stes of re%a!tio$s that $ee# to *e%o$si#eri$" #!ri$" the test i$ or#er to 'i$i'ie errors a$# to "et 'ore #esira*le res!lts as state#

*elow2

1& Mae s!re that the a""re"ates sa'le is washe# a$# #rie# roerl) 4$ot i$terr!te#;

.& Mae s!re that the a""re"ates are sie(e a%%or#i$"l) follow the se%ifi%atio$& 4%ha$"e i$

sie will %ha$"e the roerties of a""re"ates itself a$# at the sa'e ti'e effe%t the

erfor'a$%e;

8& Mae s!re there is $o h!'a$ error whe$ ha$#li$" the test 4i&e& 'eas!re wei"ht; or tr) to

'i$i'ie it *) tai$" se(eral rea#i$"s&

6& Mae s!re that the sa'le is #rie# !$#er the te'erat!re of 157 to 115 after it is

re'o(e# fro' #r!'& 4%ha$"e i$ te'erat!re will affe%t the %ooli$" ro%ess a$# also the

sa'le wei"ht;

?



2.? C("'&#*("

Fro' the test that ha# *ee$ #o$e, we %a$ sa) here that it ha# a%hie(e# the 'ai$ o*+e%ti(es

that is to #eter'i$e the #e"ra#atio$ of a""re"ates *) a*rasio$ a$# i'a%t& The er%e$t loss

%al%!late# is .8= a$# this (al!e 'eas!re the a*rasio$ resista$t for the a""re"ates sa'le teste#&

This (al!e %a$ *e a%%eta*le si$%e it lies withi$ the R re3!ire'e$ts for L&A A*rasio$ Test that

is *elow 85=& The (al!e o*tai$e# i$#i%ate# that this sa'le %a$ s!stai$ or resist the ossi*le

a*rasio$ a$# i'a%t *efore or #!ri$" the ser(i%e erio# of roa# a$# it is s!ita*le to *e !se# for

roa# wor irrese%ti(e of other sta$#ar# test of a""re"ates& More re%ise (al!e %a$ *e o*tai$e# if

we %o$si#er the re%a!tio$ stes that ha(e *ee$ #is%!sse#&

15



8.0 PS )" S* %#*#$)"'

8.1 I"$%(&'$*("

The <olishe# Sto$e Jal!e 4BS 91.2 <art 11J; "i(es a 'eas!re of resista$%e of roa# sto$e to

the olishi$" a%tio$ of the $e!'ati% tire& K$#er %o$#itio$s si'ilar to those o%%!rri$" o$ the

s!rfa%e of the roa# where the s!rfa%e of the roa#s %o$sists lar"el) of roa# sto$e, the state of

olish of the sa'le will *e o$e of the 'a+or fa%tors affe%ti$" the resista$%e of the s!rfa%e to

si##i$"& The a%t!al relatio$shi *etwee$ <olishe#-Sto$e Jal!e a$# si##i$" resista$%e will (ar)

with the traffi% %o$#itio$, t)e of s!rfa%i$" a$# others fa%tors& All fa%tors, to"ether with the

rero#!%i*ilit) of the test, sho!l# *e tae$ i$to a%%o!$t whe$ #rawi$" ! se%ifi%atio$s for

roa#wor0s, whi%h i$%l!#e test li'it for <olishe# CSto$e Jal!e&

8.2 O67'$*

To 'eas!re the exte$t of a""re"ates i$ weari$" %o!rse that wo!l# *e olishe# !$#er the traffi%

flow&

8.8 A)%)$&#

• A$ a%%elerate# olishi$" 'a%hi$e, whi%h shall *e ri"i#l) 'o!$te# o$ a fir', le(el, a$#

resilie$t *ase of %o$%rete&

• Metal 'o!l#s for rearatio$ of se%i'e$s

• Fri%tio$ test

• British Sta$#ar# Sie(e

• Material %o$sisti$" of $o&8@ %or$ e'er) a$# air-floate# e'er) flo!r&

8. P%('&%

1& Se%i'e$s are reare# as show$ i$ the sta$#ar# a$# the arti%le !se shall ass the ?&7. ''

a$# *e retai$e# o$ the :&?6 '' British Sta$#ar# Sie(e&

.& Se%i'e$s are olishe# !si$" the olishi$" 'a%hi$e& Te'erat!re sho!l# *e withi$ .:

#e"ree elsi!s #!ri$" the olishi$" erio#&

8& Water a$# $o&8@ %or$ e'er) are fe# %o$ti$!o!sl) o$ the roa# wheel withi$ the erio# of 8

ho!rs& The$ the 'a%hi$e a$# the se%i'e$s are washe# to re'o(e the tra%e of the %or$

e'er)&

11



6& Ste . is reeate# with the air floate# e'er) flo!r rela%i$" No&8@ %or$ e'er) *!t the rate of

fee# of water '!st *e twi%e that of e'er) flo!r&

7& The se%i'e$s are store fa%i$" #ow$war#s !$#er water at te'erat!re of .7 #e"ree elsi!s

for #!ratio$ of to . ho!rs&

@& Later the se%i'e$s are re'o(e# fro' the water a$# teste# o$ the fri%tio$ tester&

:& Before the fri%tio$ is #o$e, the se%i'e$s a$# the r!**er sli#er '!st *e wette#& After #oi$"

this the e$#!l!' is release# fro' its ori"i$al ositio$ a$# the rea#i$" is tae$ fro' the

oi$ter&

8.5 R#&$

S'*+"

N(.

PSM)"

1 2 8 5

1 7. 7. 71 71 75 71&.

2 71 71 75 75 75 75&6

8 75 75 75 6? 6? 6?&@

7. 7. 71 71 71 71&6

M)" 50.@5

C("$%(

S'*+"

N(.

PS

M)"1 2 8 5

1 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7.

. 7. 7. 7. 71 71 71&@

M)" 51.>

al%!latio$

<SJ > S 7.&7 C

> 75&@7 7.&7 C 71&9

> 51.35

1.



8.@ D*#'&##*("

Fro' the test that ha# *ee$ %o$#!%te#, a (al!e that "i(es a 'eas!re of resista$%e *etwee$

the roa# sto$e a$# the olishi$" a%tio$ *) tire is #eter'i$e#& This (al!e is !s!all) referre# as the

olishi$" sto$e (al!e 4<SJ;& O$e of the 'ost 'a+or ro*le's i$ the roa# traffi% safet) is

si##i$"& The si##i$" resista$%e is 'ai$l) #ee$#s o$ fri%tio$ for%e *etwee$ tires a$# the roa#

s!rfa%e a$# the 'ai$ 'aterial that %o$tri*!te# i$ ro(i#i$" the resista$%e is the a""re"ates itself&

!e to this, the 'ai$ re3!ire'e$t i$ sele%ti$" the a""re"ates 'aterial for roa# wors is that it

%a$ ro(i#e a %ertai$ le(el of fri%tio$ whe$ ha(i$" %o$ta%t with the tire to e$s!re there is $o

si##i$" ro*le' that 'a) lea# to a$ a%%i#e$t& This test %a$ *e ass!'e# to rerese$t the a%t!al

i$tera%tio$ *etwee$ tires a$# the roa# s!rfa%e& I$ this test, fo!r se%i'e$s are 'a#e fro' ea%h

test sa'le, a$# are slit i$to airs a$# olishe# o$ two searate olishi$" r!$s& This is #o$e i$

or#er to i'ro(e the rero#!%i*ilit) a$# reeata*ilit) of the test& The res!lts are %aref!ll)

%he%e# for %o$siste$%) a$# are o$l) a%%ete# if set test %riteria are 'et& The hi"her the test

res!lt, the 'ore olish 4or si#; resista$t the a""re"ate is& Whe$ the (al!e is too s'all 4.5;, it

i$#i%ate# that the arti%!lar a""re"ate ha# $o resista$%e to si##i$"& Whe$ #esi"$i$" a roa#, the

roa# e$"i$eer se%ifies the 'i$i'!' <SJ (al!e that the a""re"ate !se# i$ the s!rfa%e %o!rse has

to ha(e& This 'i$i'!' (al!e re3!ire# #ee$#s o$ the (ol!'e a$# t)e of traffi% !si$"&

The <SJ (al!e also #ee$#s o$ the $at!ral t)es of ro%s itself& <SJ (al!es of $at!rall)o%%!rri$" ro%s ha(e *ee$ st!#ie# o$ a $!'*er of o%%asio$s& It has *ee$ fo!$# as a "e$eral r!le

that ro% t)es %o$sisti$" of a (ariet) of 'i$eral "rai$s of #iffere$t har#$ess or sie, or of har#er

"rai$s i$ a softer %e'e$ti$" 'atrix, "i(e hi"her <SJ (al!es tha$ ro%s %o'ose# of !$ifor'

"rai$s of !$ifor' har#$ess i$ a si'ilarl) har# 'atrix& The 'ost olish resista$t $at!rall)

o%%!rri$" ro% t)e is "rit sto$e& Fli$t, a har# sili%eo!s ro%, li'esto$e 4ex%eti$" a$ o%%asio$al

"ritt) t)e; a$# "ra$ite te$# to ha(e low <SJ (al!es a$# olish too 3!i%l) to *e !se# i$ s!rfa%e

%o!rses& Basalts a$# #olerites te$# to fall *etwee$ the low <SJ ro% t)es a$# the "rit sto$es&

The (al!e of <SJ %al%!late# for the "i(e$ a""re"ates sa'le teste# is 71&87& Fro' the

o*ser(atio$, we %a$ liste# #ow$ here se(eral ste of re%a!tio$s that $ee#s to *e %o$si#er whe$

the test is #o$e i$ or#er to a%hie(e a #esira*le res!lts a$# to 'i$i'ie errors& The stes are as

*elow2

18



1& Mae s!re that the sa'le is olish i$ olishi$" 'a%hi$e is #o$e !$#er %o$trol te'erat!re

of .:° 4i$%rease# of te'erat!re lea# to the #e%rease of olishi$" (al!e #!e to effe%t o$

r!**er resilie$%e !se# for orta*le si# resista$%e;

.& Mae s!re that the sa'le is sie(e a%%or#i$"l)&

8& Mae s!re $o h!'a$ error whe$ ha$#li$" the test 4tae se(eral rea#i$"s;

8.? C("'&#*("

The test #o$e o$ the a""re"ates sa'le ha# a%hie(e# it 'ai$ o*+e%ti(es that is to 'eas!re

the exte$t of a""re"ates i$ weari$" %o!rse that wo!l# *e olishe# !$#er the traffi% flow& The

<SJ (al!e for the teste# sa'le is 71&87& This (al!e %a$ *e a%%eta*le si$%e it 'eet the R

re3!ire'e$ts for <SJ Test that is o(er 65& This (al!e i$#i%ate# that the a""re"ates sa'le teste#

is s!ita*le i$ ro(i#i$" a#e3!ate resista$%e of ote$tial si##i$" that 'i"ht o%%!r #!ri$" the

ser(i%e erio# of roa# a$# it is s!ita*le to *e !se# for roa# wor irrese%ti(e of other sta$#ar#

test of a""re"ates& More re%ise (al!e %a$ *e o*tai$e# if we %o$si#er the re%a!tio$ stes that

ha(e *ee$ #is%!sse#&

16



.0 S'**' G%)*$- T#$

.1 I"$%(&'$*("

The se%ifi% "ra(it) is i'orta$t roerties that are re3!ire# for the #esi"$ of %o$%rete

a$# *it!'i$o!s& The se%ifi% "ra(it) of a""re"ate is the ratio of its 'ass to that of a$ e3!al

(ol!'e of #istille# water at the se%ifie# te'erat!re& This test is %arrie# o!t to #eter'i$e the

se%ifi% "ra(it) of a""re"ate fro' #iffere$t so!r%e a$# t)e& It also hels to "et the a*sortio$

(al!e&

.2 O67'$*

The test is to #eter'i$e the se%ifi% "ra(it) of a""re"ate&

.8 A)%)$&#

• A *ala$%e to er'it the *aset %o$tai$i$" the sa'le to *e s!se$#e# fro' the *ea' a$#

wei"he# i$ water&

• A well-(e$tilate# o(e$&

• A wire *aset or erforate# %o$tai$er&

• A sto!t, waterti"ht %o$tai$er i$ whi%h the *aset 'a) *e s!se$#e#&

• loth&

• A shallow tra)

• A$ airti"ht %o$tai$er

. P%('&%

1& The sa'le of 1 " a""re"ate is thoro!"hl) washe#, #rai$e# a$# the la%e# i$ the wire

*aset a$# i''erse# i$ #istille# water&

.& The$, the e$trae# air is re'o(e# fro' the sa'le *) lifti$" the *aset %o$tai$i$" it .7

'' a*o(e the *ase of the ta$ a$# allowi$" it to #ro .7 ti'es& The *aset a$# a""re"ate

re'ai$ %o'letel) i''erse# #!ri$" this oeratio$ for a erio# of .6 ho!rs afterwar#s&

8& The *aset a$# sa'le are the$ +olte# a"ai$ a$# the wei"he# i$ water&

17



6& The *aset a$# a""re"ate are re'o(e# fro' the water a$# e'tie# fro' the *aset o$ to

the #r) %loths&

7& The a""re"ate la%e# o$ the #r) %loth shall *e "e$tl) s!rfa%e C#rie# with the %loths& The

a""re"ate the$ wei"he#&

@& The a""re"ate is the$ la%e# i$ the o(e$ i$ the shallow tra) at a te'erat!re of 157

7 a$# 'ai$tai$e# at this te'erat!re for .6 ho!rs&

:& The$ it will *e re'o(e# fro' the o(e$, %oole# i$ the airti"ht %o$tai$er, a$# wei"he#&

.5 R#&$

W*3,$ (

#)+ *" )*%

<3=

W*3,$ (

#)+ *"

)$% <3=

S)$&%)$

*3,$ <3=

D%*

*3,$

A6#(%$*(" S'**'

3%)*$-

1555 7?@&@ 1557 ??5 5&7 .&67

A*sortio$ >air in sampleof Weight

air in sampleof Weight sampleof weight saturated −

x 155

>1555

15551557−

x 155

> 0.5

Se%ifi% "ra(it) >water in sampleof weight sampleof weight Saturated

air in sampleof Weight

−

>@&7?@1557

1555

−

> 2.5

1@



.@ D*#'&##*("

Fro' the test that ha# *ee$ #o$e, the se%ifi% "ra(it) for the a""re"ates sa'le is

#eter'i$e#& This test also is follow with the a*sortio$ test i$ #eter'i$e the a*sortio$ (al!e for

the sa'le& A*sortio$ for a""re"ates is i'orta$t si$%e it i$fl!e$%e the erfor'a$%e of

a""re"ates #!e to the #r)i$" ro%ess& A""re"ates with hi"h a*sortio$ (al!e will i$fl!e$%e the

effe%ti(e$ess of #r) e3!i'e$t to #r) the a""re"ates *efore *ri$" i$to 'ixi$" with ashalt&

iffi%!lties i$ extra%ti$" the water fro' a""re"ates will ro#!%e 'ix that easil) fails #!e to the

atta% of water& The *ala$%e of water left i$si#e the 'ix will soo$ %a!se the a""re"ates to loose

i$ter arti%le *o$#i$" a$# sill o!t easil)& It %a$ *e state# here that the "reater the water

a*sortio$ er%e$ta"e, the 'ore liel) that a$ a""re"ates will ha(e fro' s!s%eti*ilit) ro*le's

i$ %ol# %li'es 4rai$) #a);&

Be%a!se the a""re"ates for roa# a(e'e$t !s!all) 'eas!re *) its wei"ht, the$ the se%ifi%

"ra(it) is the i'orta$t fa%tor i$ #eter'i$i$" the #esira*le 'ix $ee#& Gra#atio$ se%ifi%atio$

o$l) a!the$ti% if the art of %o!rse a$# fi$e a""re"ates ha(i$" the se%ifi% "ra(it) $earl) the

sa'e& If the se%ifi% "ra(it) for the fi$e art hi"her tha$ the %o!rse art, the$ it res!lte# to 'ix

that ha(i$" $ot e$o!"h of fi$e a""re"ates& I$ oosite, if the se%ifi% "ra(it) for %o!rse art is

hi"her tha$ the fi$e art, the$ the 'ix ro#!%e# will %o$sists too '!%h of fi$e a""re"ates&

The a*sortio$ (al!e %al%!late# i$ ter's of er%e$ta"e for the a""re"ates sa'le that ha#

*ee$ teste# is 5&7=&Se%ifi% "ra(it) for the sa'le is .&67=& There are se(eral stes of re%a!tio$s that $ee# to *e %o$si#ere# whe$ the test is #o$e& If o$e of these stes is $e"le%te#, it

'a) %a!se (ariatio$ whe$ the res!lts o*tai$e#& The stes are as *elow2

1& Mae s!re that the a""re"ates sa'le is wash thoro!"hl) to re'o(e ossi*le existi$"

i'!rities 'aterial fro' the a""re"ates that 'i"ht effe%ts the erfor'a$%e later&

.& Mae s!re that the sa'le is %o'letel) i''erse# i$ the water for a*o!t .6 ho!r *efore

wei"ht is tae$&

8& Mae s!re that the sa'le is "e$tl) s!rfa%e-#rie# *efore wei"ht is tae$ to f!lfill f!ll)

sat!rate# s!rfa%e #r) %o$#itio$&

6& Mae s!re that the e$trae# air is re'o(es %o'letel) after i''ersio$& The rese$%e of

air will $ot allowi$" the water to a*sor* thro!"h a""re"ates a$# effe%ts the wei"ht tae$&

1:



7& Mae s!re there is $o h!'a$ error o%%!rs& The error %a$ *e re#!%e# *) tai$" se(eral

rea#i$"s #!ri$" test a$# fi$# the a(era"e&

.? C("'&#*("

This test a%hie(e# its 'ai$ o*+e%ti(e that is to #eter'i$e the se%ifi% "ra(it) of a""re"ates

fro' #iffere$t so!r%e a$# t)e a$# also hels to "et the a*sortio$ (al!e& Se%ifi% "ra(it) for

sa'le teste# is .&67= with a*sortio$ of 5&7=& This (al!e is %o$si#er s'all a$# %a$ *e

a%%eta*le& Fro' the res!lts o*tai$e#, we %o$%l!#e that these a""re"ates are s!ita*le for

roa#wor irrese%ti(e the other sta$#ar#s of tests re3!ire#& This is *e%a!se the low a*sortio$

(al!e for the sa'le i$#i%ate that the a""re"ates itself ro(i#e "oo# resista$%e of fail!re #!e to

the ossi*le atta% of water *efore a$# #!ri$" the ser(i%e of the roa#& More a%%!rate (al!es %a$

*e o*tai$e# if we %o$si#er the re%a!tio$s stes that ha(e *ee$ #is%!sse#&

19



5.0 F)*"## )" E("3)$*(" T#$

I"$%(&'$*("

The t)e of ro%s a$# t)e of %r!shi$" 'a%hi$e hi"hl) #eter'i$e the shae a$# sie of the

a""re"ates ro#!%e#& Elo$"ate# a$# fla) sto$es are $or'all) $ot (er) s!ita*le for roa#wor0s

si$%e the shae a$# the 'ae the' #iffi%!lt to %o'a%t& As s!%h the flai$ess a$# elo$"atio$ test

'!sh *e %arrie# o!t to #eter'i$e the s!ita*ilit) of the 'aterial&

5.1 F)*"## I" T#$

5.1.1O67'$*

This test is to #eter'i$e the s!ita*ilit) of the 'aterial&

5.1.2 A)%)$&#

• Sie(e 475'', 8:&7'', .7'', .5'' a$# a$;

• Sie(e Shaer

• Bala$%e 'a%hi$e

• A 'etal "a!"e late&

5.1.8 P%('&%#

1& Three sa'les of a""re"ates wei"hi$" .&7" ea%h is reare#2 Tte a""re"ates of the first

sa'le assi$" 75'' BS sie(e a$# retai$e# o$ 8:&7 '' BS sie(e, those of the se%o$#

sa'le assi$" 8:&7 '' BS sie(e a$# retai$e# o$ the .5 '' BS sie(e&

.& Ea%h sa'le is "a!"e# i$ t!r$ of thi%$ess o$ the 'etal "a!"e&

8& Fi$all), wei"he# the assi$" 'aterial of ea%h sa'le&

1?



5.1. R#&$

P)##*"3 #*

<++=

R$)*" #*

<++=

S)+ <N(#= P)##*"3 <N(#= F)*"##

*" <=

75 8:&7 5 5 5

8:&7 .7 ?7 11 11&79

.7 .5 16@ 1. 9&..

A(era"e @&@ =

Example calculation

The flai$ess i$#ex of a""re"ate assi$" sie(e sie 8:&7'' a$# retai$e# o$ sie(e sie .7''

was %al%!late# as follows2

Flai$ess i$#ex 4=; > 155

si$ x

aggregatenumber Total

g pasaggreateof Number

155?7

11 x

11.5>

A(era"e > fractionof No

frationsall of Summation

8

;..&979&1154 ++

> @.@

.5



5.1.5 D*#'&##*("

Base# o$ the res!lt o*tai$e#, ea%h sa'le %olle%te# has a*o!t less tha$ 17= fla)

a""re"ates& This shows that the sa'les are 3!ite s!ita*le to *e !se# for *it!'i$o!s 'ix& B!t, the

aroriate er%e$ta"e of fla) a""re"ates i$ ea%h sa'le is #eter'i$e# *) the se%ifi%atio$

state# i$ rese%ti(e 'a$!al !se# for #iffere$t !rose& For sa'le asse# 8:&7'' a$# retai$e#

o$ .7'' sie(e has flai$ess i$#ex 11&79= while sa'le, whi%h asse# .7'' a$# retai$e# o$

sie(e .5'' has the flai$ess i$#ex a*o!t 9&..=& This 'aes the a(era"e flai$ess i$#ex

*e%o'e @&@=& A""re"ates that fla) %o!l# alwa)s lower the wora*ilit) of %o$%rete a$# also

affe%ts its lo$"-ter' #!ra*ilit)& I$ *it!'i$o!s 'ixt!res, fla) a""re"ates 'ae for a harsh 'ix

that %a$ %ra% or *rea ! #!ri$" the %o'a%tio$ ro%ess&

5.1.@ C("'&#*("

After %arrie# o!t the test, the flai$ess i$#ex of the %olle%te# sa'le is #eter'i$e#& B)

$owi$" the a(era"e i$#ex of a*o!t @&@=, the sa'le %olle%te# is (er) s!ita*le for *it!'i$o!s

'ix& B!t, #iffere$t *it!'i$o!s 'ix 'a) re3!ire #iffere$t roortio$ of fla) a""re"ates&

Therefore, aroriate 'a$!al sho!l# *e referre# i$ or#er to "ai$ the ri"ht 'ixt!re of a""re"ates

for a$ a%%!rate *it!'i$o!s 'ix&

5.2 E("3)$*(" I" T#$

5.2.1 O67'$*

This test is to #eter'i$e the s!ita*ilit) of the 'aterial&

5.2.2 A)%)$&#

• Sie(e 475'', 8:&7'', .7'', .5'' a$# a$;

• Sie(e Shaer

• Bala$%e 'a%hi$e

• A 'etal "a!"e late&

.1



5.2.8 P%('&%#

1& Three sa'les of a""re"ates wei"hi$" .&7" ea%h is reare#2 the a""re"ates of the first

sa'le assi$" 75'' BS sie(e a$# retai$e# o$ 8:&7 '' BS sie(e, those of the se%o$#

sa'le assi$" 8:&7 '' BS sie(e a$# retai$e# o$ the .9 '' BS sie(e a$# the thir# sa'le

assi$" .9'' BS sie(e a$# retai$e# o$ the .5'' BS sie(e&

.& Ea%h sa'le is "a!"e# i$ t!r$ of le$"th o$ the 'etal "a!"e&

8& Fi$all), wei"he# the retai$e# 'aterial of ea%h sa'le&

5.2. R#&$

Example calculation

The flai$ess i$#ex of a""re"ate assi$" sie(e sie 8:&7'' a$# retai$e# o$ sie(e sie .7''

was %al%!late# as follows2

Flai$ess i$#ex 4=; >aggregatenumber Total

retained aggregateof Number x 155

155?7

1 x

1.05

A(era"e > fractionof No

frationsall of Summation

8

;11&657&154 ++

> 1.?2

5.2.5 D*#'&##*("

P)##*"3

#* <++=

R$)*" #*

<++=

S)+ <N(#= R$)*" <N(#= E("3)$*("

*" <=

75 8:&7 5 5 5

8:&7 .7 ?7 1 1&57

.7 .5 16@ @ 6&11

A%)3 1.?2

..



Base# o$ the res!lt o*tai$e#, ea%h sa'le %olle%te# has a*o!t less tha$ 7= elo$"ate#

a""re"ates& This shows that the sa'les are 3!ite s!ita*le to *e !se# for *it!'i$o!s 'ix& B!t, the

aroriate er%e$ta"e of elo$"ate# a""re"ates i$ ea%h sa'le is #eter'i$e# *) the se%ifi%atio$

state# i$ rese%ti(e 'a$!al !se# for #iffere$t !rose& For sa'le asse# 8:&7'' a$# retai$e#

o$ .7'' sie(e has flai$ess i$#ex 1&57= while sa'le, whi%h asse# .7'' a$# retai$e# o$

sie(e .5'' has the flai$ess i$#ex a*o!t 6&11=& This 'aes the a(era"e flai$ess i$#ex *e%o'e

1&:.=& A""re"ates that elo$"ate# %o!l# alwa)s lower the wora*ilit) of %o$%rete a$# also affe%ts

its lo$"-ter' #!ra*ilit)& I$ *it!'i$o!s 'ixt!res, fla) a""re"ates 'ae for a harsh 'ix that %a$

%ra% or *rea ! #!ri$" the %o'a%tio$ ro%ess&

5.2.@ C("'&#*("

After %arrie# o!t the test, the elo$"atio$ i$#ex of the %olle%te# sa'le is #eter'i$e#& B)

$owi$" the a(era"e i$#ex of a*o!t 1&:.=, the sa'le %olle%te# is (er) s!ita*le for *it!'i$o!s

'ix& B!t, #iffere$t *it!'i$o!s 'ix 'a) re3!ire #iffere$t roortio$ of elo$"ate# a""re"ates&

Therefore, aroriate 'a$!al sho!l# *e referre# i$ or#er to "ai$ the ri"ht 'ixt!re of a""re"ates

for a$ a%%!rate *it!'i$o!s 'ix&

.8



@.0 S(&""## T#$

@.1 I"$%(&'$*("

The so!$#$ess of a""re"ates or their resista$%e to the for%es of weatheri$" is !$#o!*te#l)

o$e of the 'ost i'orta$t %o$si#eratio$s i$ the sele%tio$ of a 'aterial for hi"hwa) 'aterial

%o$str!%tio$& The ri'ar) exos!re that o$e is %o$%er$e# with is alter$ate freei$" a$# thawi$"&

So'ewhat less fre3!e$tl) o$e 'a) *e %o$%er$e# with resista$%e of 'aterials to alter$ate heati$"

a$# %ooli$", wetti$" a$# #r)i$", or the a%tio$ of a""ressi(e waters&

The %o''o$ so!$#$ess re3!ire'e$t for a""re"ates is *ase# o$ a so#i!' or 'a"$esi!'

s!lfate so!$#$ess test&

The 'etho# 'a) *e !se# for Pa%%eta$%e of 'aterial *!t re+e%tio$ sho!l# *e *ase# o$

other #eter'i$atio$s s!%h as freei$" a$# thawi$" testsQ& Freei$" a$# thawi$" tests of a""re"ate

are also %o''o$l) !se# as the *asis for a so!$#$ess se%ifi%atio$&

I$ the arti%!lar %ase of a""re"ates for <ortla$# %e'e$t %o$%rete, so!$#$ess i$ freei$"

a$# thawi$" is so'ethi$" se%ifie# o$ the *asis of res!lts of tests i$ whi%h %o$%rete, 'a#e with

the a""re"ate, is exose# to alter$ate freei$" a$# thawi$" a$# the #eterioratio$ of the %o$%rete

is $ote#&

Se%ifi%atio$ *ase# o$ this t)e of test aears to *e *etter fo!$#e# tha$ those *ase# o$ a

s!lfate so!$#$ess test& It has *ee$ state# *) <owers, howe(er, that s!%h test are $ot %aa*le of

"i(i$" relia*le i$for'atio$ a*o!t #!ra*ilit) of %o$%rete as 'ost %o''o$l) !se# i$ the fiel#& Hes!""ests that a *etter aroa%h wo!l# *e 'eas!re'e$t of the le$"th of ti'e that the %o$%rete

re'ai$s i''!$e to frost atta% while it is exose# to 'oist!re&

@.2 O67'$*

• To #eter'i$e the resista$%e of a""re"ates to #isi$te"ratio$ *) sat!rate# sol!tio$ of so#i!'

s!lhate&

• To 'eas!re the resista$%e of a""re"ates to %)%le of freei$" a$# thawi$"&

• To +!#"e the so!$#$ess of a""re"ates s!*+e%t to weatheri$" a%tio$&

.6



@.8 A)%)$&#

• o$tai$ers

• Bala$%e 4a%%!rate to 5&51";

• BS Sie(e with s3!are oe$i$"s

• O(e$

@. P%('&%#

1& The sa'le of %oarse a""re"ate is washe# thoro!"hl) a$# #rie# to %o$sta$t wei"ht at 157-

115 a$# searate# it i$to the #iffere$t sies *) sie(i$" to ref!sal& Wei"hte# o!t the roer

wei"hts of sa'le for ea%h fra%tio$ are a$# la%e# it i$ searate %o$tai$ers for the test&

.& The$, the sa'les is i''erse i$ the reare# so#i!' s!lhate sol!tio$ for aroxi'atel) 19ho!rs i$ s!%h a 'a$$er that the sol!tio$ %o(ere# the a""re"ates to a #eth of at least i$& The

%o$tai$er is %o(ere# to re#!%e e(aoratio$ a$# re(e$t the a%%i#e$tal a##itio$ of extra$eo!s

s!*sta$%es& Mai$tai$e# the sa'les i''erse# i$ the sol!tio$ at a te'erat!re of .1 1 for

the i''ersi$" erio#&

8& The a""re"ate sa'le fro' the sol!tio$ is re'o(e# after the i''ersi$" erio# a$# the

er'itte# it to #rai$ for 17 7 'i$, a$# the sa'le is la%e# i$ the #r)i$" o(e$ 4157 to

115;& The sa'le at se%ifie# te'erat!re is #rie# !$til %o$sta$t wei"ht has *ee$ a%hie(e#&

!ri$" the #r)i$" erio#, the sa'les is re'o(e# fro' the o(e$, the$ the sa'le is %oole# to

roo' te'erat!re, a$# wei"he# at ti'e i$ter(als of $ot less tha$ 6hr a$# $ot 'ore tha$ 17 hr&

o$sta$t wei"ht 'a) *e %o$si#ere# to ha(e *ee$ a%hie(e# whe$ s!%%essi(e wei"hts for a$)

sa'le, 'a#e as #es%ri*e# a*o(e, #iffere# *) less tha$ 1&5" i$ the %ase of %oarse a""re"ate

sa'les&

6& After %o$sta$t wei"ht has *ee$ a%hie(e#, %ool the sa'les to roo' te'erat!re, whe$ the)

shall a"ai$ *e i''erse# i$ the reare# sol!tio$&

7& The ro%ess of alter$ate i''ersio$ is reeat a$# #rie# for 7 #a)s&

@& After the %o'letio$ of the fi$al %)%le a$# after the sa'le has %oole#, the sa'le# is washe#

to let it free fro' so#i!' s!lhate&

:& Whe$ the so#i!' s!lhate has *ee$ re'o(e#, the sa'le is #rie# at 157 to 115& The$,

wei"he# ea%h fra%tio$ of the sa'le&

.7



9& Wei"hte# a(era"e %al%!late# fro' the er%e$ta"e of loss for ea%h fra%tio$&

@.5 R#&$

A33%3)$ #*; W*3,$ ( #)+

13 <6(%=

W*3,$ ( #)+

13 <)$%=

P%'"$ (##1

16 ???&6 ??6&5 5&76

15 1555&: ??6&6 5&61

7 755&6 6?9&? 5&8

<er%e$t loss >1.25%

@.@ D*#'&##*("Base# o$ the res!lt o*tai$e#, a""re"ates of sie 16 ha(e loss a*o!t 5&76= after exose# to

lo$" erio# of weatheri$" ro%ess& For a""re"ates of sie 15 a$# 7 ha(e loss a*o!t 5&61= a$#

5&8= rese%ti(el) !$#er"o$e the sa'e ro%ess& Therefore, the total loss of the sa'le is a*o!t

1&.7=& ertai$ a""re"ates 'a) *e !$s!ita*le for a hi"hwa) %o$str!%tio$ ali%atio$ *e%a!se if

the a""re"ates !$a*le to resist the weatheri$" ro%ess hae$e#& This is *e%a!se a$ a""re"ate

that is $ot #!ra*le is !$sta*le h)si%all) a$# %he'i%all)& ra% 'a) o%%!r #!e to freei$" a$#

thawi$" ro%ess& Te'erat!re 'a) also affe%t its #!ra*ilit)& For i$sta$%e, water a%%!'!late# i$

the %ra% of the a""re"ates 'a) *e froe$ whe$ the te'erat!re #e%rease a$# 'elte# whe$ (i%e

(ersa& The freei$" a$# thawi$" ro%ess 'a) lea# to #isi$te"ratio$ of the a""re"ates& A""re"ates

!se# for roa#wa) %o$str!%tio$ s!*+e%t to le$t) of %he'i%al s!*sta$%es i$ the soil& This %he'i%al

se$te$%es 'a) *e a%i#i% or alali$it)& Therefore, a""re"ates s!*+e%te# to these %he'i%al

s!*sta$%es %a$ *e weathere#& This will #efi$itel) affe%t the a""re"ates #!ra*ilit) a$# stre$"ths of

the a""re"ates will *e re#!%e#& F!rther'ore, the *o$#i$" effe%t *etwee$ a""re"ates a$#

*it!'i$o!s 'aterials will affe%te# too& The$, the stre$"th of the a(e'e$t will *e affe%te# at last&

So, is i'orta$t to #eter'i$e the #!ra*ilit) of a""re"ates *) so!$#$ess test *efore it is !se# for

%o$str!%tio$&

@.? C("'&#*("

.@



The #!ra*ilit) of a""re"ates is %o''o$l) 'eas!re# *) so!$#$ess test, as se%ifie# i$ the

'a$!al& This test 'eas!res the resista$%e of a""re"ates to #isi$te"ratio$ i$ a sat!rate# sol!tio$ of

so#i!' or 'a"$esi!' s!lfate& It sti'!lates the weatheri$" of a""re"ates that o%%!r i$ $at!re&

Fro' the res!lt o*tai$e#, er%e$ta"e of loss of the sa'le %olle%te# is 1&.7=& therefore, the

sa'le is (er) #!ra*le a$# s!ita*le for hi"hwa) %o$str!%tio$&

.:



?.0 I+)'$ T#$#

?.1 I"$%(&'$*("

I'a%t (al!e of a$ a""re"ate is the er%e$ta"e loss of wei"ht of arti%les assi$" .&8@''

sie(e *) the ali%atio$ of loa# *) 'ea$s of 17 *lows of sta$#ar# ha''er a$# #ro, !$#er

se%ifie# test %o$#itio$& The a""re"ate i'a%t (al!e "i(es a relati(e 'eas!re of the resista$%e of

a$ a""re"ate to s!##e$ sho% or i'a%t, whi%h i$ so'e a""re"ates #iffers fro' their resista$%e

to a slowl) alie# %o'ressi(e loa#&

?.2 O67'$*

To #eter'i$e the a""re"ates i'a%t (al!e i$ the la*orator)&

?.8 A)%)$&#

• I'a%t testi$" 'a%hi$e

It %o$sists of a %)li$#ri%al ha''er of 18&7" sli#i$" freel) *etwee$ two (erti%al s!orts&

Its fall is a!to'ati%all) a#+!ste# to a hei"ht of 89 %'& There is a *rass late o(er whi%h a$

oe$ %)li$#ri%al steel %! of i$ter$al #ia'eter 15&. %' a$# 7 %' #eth is la%e# a$# fixe#

to the *rass late&

• Meas!re

A %)li$#er of i$ter$al #ia'eter :&7 %' a$# 7 %' #ee for 'eas!ri$" a""re"ate&

• Ta'i$" ro# of 1 %' #ia'eter a$# .8 %' lo$" ro!$#e# at o$e e$# a$# oi$te# at the other

e$#&

• Sie(e

1.&7 '', 15 '' a$# .&8@ '' oe$i$"s&

• Bala$%e

7555-" %aa%it)

• La*orator) o(e$ %aa*le of 'ai$tai$i$" a %o$sta$t te'erat!re ! to 115&

.9



?. P%('&%#

1& The a""re"ate is sie(e to o*tai$ the ortio$ assi$" 1.&7 '' a$# retai$e# o$ 15 '' sie(e&

.& The$, the a""re"ate o*tai$e# is washe# a$# #rie# at a %o$sta$t te'erat!re of 157 to 115

a$# the sa'le is %oole#&

8& The a""re"ate o*tai$e# i$ the %)li$#ri%al 'eas!re is fille# i$ la)ers, tae# ea%h la)er .7

ti'es with the ta'i$" ro#& Ksi$" the strai"ht e#"e, the s!rfa%e of ta'i$" ro# is le(ele#&

6& The$ the a""re"ate is wei"ht i$ the 'eas!re& This wei"ht of the a""re"ate is !se# for the

#!li%ate test o$ the sa'e 'aterial&

7& After that, the a""re"ate is tra$sferre# fro' the %)li$#ri%al 'eas!re to the %! i$ three la)ers

a$# ea%h la)er %o'a%te# *) ta'i$" i$ .7 stroes with the ta'i$" ro#&

@& The ha''er is release to fall freel) o$ the a""re"ate& The test sa'le is s!*+e%te# to a total

of 17 *lows&

:& The$, the a""re"ate sa'le is re'o(e# fro' the %! a$# is sie(e# thro!"h .&8@ '' sie(e&

9& Fi$all), the fra%tio$ assi$" the sie(e is wei"he#&

?.5 R#&$

S)+ A B

Wei"ht of %)li$#ri%al 'eas!re, W% 4"; .&? .&?Wei"ht of %)li$#ri%al 'eas!re, W% sa'le 4"; 8&6@ 8&6:

Wei"ht of a$,W 4"; 5&97 5&97

Wei"ht of sie(e sie .&8@'', Ws 4"; 1&6@ 1&6@

Wei"ht of sie(e sie .&8@'', Ws wei"ht of sa'le retai$e# 4"; 1&?@ 1&?@

Wei"ht of a$,W wei"ht of sa'le asse# 4"; 5&9? 5&99

S)+

N(.

A33%3)$

#*; <++=

W*3,$ 6(%

<3=

W*3,$ )$%

<3=

W*3,$ )##*"3 2.8@

++ #* <3=

A 1.&7 - 15 7@5 755 65

.?



B 1.&7 - 15 7:5 755 85

A(era"e 1.&7 - 15 7@7 755 87

A""re"ate i'a%t Jal!e, AIJ > 1558@&.si$ ximpact beforeweight Average

mm g pasaggregateof weight Average

1557@7

87 x

6.19%

?.@ D*#'&##*("

Base# o$ the res!lt o*tai$e#, sa'le A :&16= of a""re"ates i'a%t (al!e while sa'le B

has 7&.@= of a""re"ates i'a%t (al!e& This 'aes ! the a(era"e (al!e of @&1?=& A""re"ates

i'a%t (al!e is !se# to #eter'i$e s!stai$a*ilit) of a""re"ates #!e to #)$a'i% loa#i$" or stati%

loa#i$"& As we $ow, a""re"ates is a$ i'orta$t 'aterial !se# for roa# %o$str!%tio$, therefore,

traffi% loa#i$" will *e the %hief loa#i$" for a roa#wa)& A""re"ates !se# for roa# %o$str!%tio$

sho!l# *e a*le to s!stai$ hea() la#i$" alie#& This ara'eter is 'eas!re# *) i'a%t test& Fro'

the test %arrie# o!t, we $ow that the sa'le has low i'a%t (al!e& This shows that er%e$ta"e of

a""re"ates #efor'e# a$# %rashe# i$to s'aller arti%les is less& Therefore, this a""re"ates is (er)

s!stai$a*le to hea() loa#i$"& Exerie$%e has show$ that i$ ashalt roa# %o$str!%tio$, the 3!alit)of the %o!rses 4weari$" %o!rse l!s *i$#er %o!rse; is ri'aril) #ee$#e$t o$ the 3!alit) of the

i$#i(i#!al %o$str!%tio$ 'aterials& This is ese%iall) tr!e for weari$" %o!rses, whi%h are 'a#e

!si$" the Sto$e Masti% Ashalt ri$%ile& Here the %hoi%e a$# 3!alit) of the a""re"ate la)s a$

ex%etio$all) i'orta$t role&

85



?.? C("'&#*("

After %arrie# o!t i'a%t test, we %a$ %o$%l!#e hat the sa'le has a$ a""re"ate i'a%t

(al!e of @&1?=& This shows that the a""re"ates are (er) s!stai$a*le a$# har#& Therefore, it is

(er) s!ita*le to !se for roa#wa) %o$str!%tio$& The a""re"ates !se# for roa# %o$str!%tio$ sho!l#

*e har# e$o!"h to resist #)$a'i% loa#i$" #!e to hea() traffi%& Soft a""re"ates %a$ easil) t!r$

i$to s'aller arti%les whe$ s!*+e%te# to loa#i$"& Therefore, the a(e'e$t %o$str!%te# will $ot *e

stiff a$# stro$"&

81



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

B. Asphalt Tests

Ashalt ha(e $o o#or, are 'ore resista$t to weatheri$" a$# less s!s%eti*le to

te'erat!re tha$ tar& Ashalt will *e #issol(e# i$ etrole!' oils& A lar"e $!'*er of #iffere$t

la*orator) tests are erfor'e# o$ ashalt for the !rose of %he%i$" %o'lia$%e with the

se%ifi%atio$ that is *ei$" !se#& The Asphalt Tests that %arr) o!t i$ this la* are as *elow2

1.0 P"$%)$*(" T#$

1.1 I"$%(&'$*("

The e$etratio$ test is a$ e'iri%al test !se# to 'eas!re the %o$siste$%) of ashalt %e'e$t&

Ge$erall), the e$etratio$ of a *it!'i$o!s s!*sta$%e 'a) *e #efi$e# as #ista$%e i$ h!$#re#ths to

whi%h a sta$#ar# $ee#le e$etrates the 'aterial !$#er $ow$ %o$#itio$s of ti'e, loa#i$" a$#

te'erat!re&

The (ario!s "ra#es of ashalt %e'e$t are #isti$"!ishe# *) their har#$ess, as

'eas!re# *) a fiel# e$etratio$ test& For !roses of fiel# i#e$tifi%atio$, the %o$siste$%) of

ashalt %e'e$t 'a)*e aroxi'ate# at roo' te'erat!re as har# 4e$etratio$ 65-97;, 'e#i!'

4e$etratio$ 97- 175;, a$# soft 4e$etratio$ 175-855;& These li'itatio$s are flexi*le, as %o'lete

a%%!ra%) is $ot esse$tial& Yo! %a$ 'ae a$ aroxi'atio$ of the har#$ess while i$ the fiel#

*) atte'ti$" to !sh a share$e# e$%il or $ail 4i$ this la*, $ee#le has *ee$ !se#; i$to the

ashalt at ::F with a fir' ress!re of aroxi'atel) 15 o!$#s& Whe$ the e$%il oi$t e$etrates with #iffi%!lt) or *reas, the ashalt %e'e$t is har#& Whe$ it e$etrates slowl) with

little #iffi%!lt), the ashalt %e'e$t is 'e#i!'& If the e$%il e$etrates easil), the ashalt %e'e$t

is a hi"h e$etratio$ or soft "ra#e&

Theor)

<e$etratio$ Test is !se# to #eter'i$e the "ra#e of ashalt %e'e$t& I$ erfor'i$" the test,

the $ee#le is %aref!ll) *ro!"ht to %o$ta%t with the s!rfa%e of the sa'le, the$ release# so as to

exert a ress!re of 155 "ra's& The se%o$#s after the $ee#le is release#, the #ista$%e it e$etrate#

the sa'le is rea#, to the $earest 5&51 %e$ti'eter, o$ the e$etro'eter #ial& The reorte#

e$etratio$ is the a(era"e of at least three tests o$ the sa'e 'aterial whose (al!es #o $ot #iffer

'ore tha$ fo!r oi$ts *etwee$ 'axi'!' a$# 'i$i'!'& I$ a##itio$ to "ra#e #eter'i$atio$,

the e$etratio$ test is !sef!l for other !roses, s!%h as #ete%ti$" o(erheati$" or

8.



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

rolo$"e# heati$" of ashalts i$ stora"e ta$s& Also, whe$ the ashalt is extra%te# fro' a

a(e'e$t, the e$etratio$ test is !sef!l i$ #eter'i$i$" how the ashalt has %ha$"e# with a"e

a$# weatheri$"&

Penetration * ( R1 + R2 + R3 ) / 3

Where2 R is the e$etratio$ rea#i$" at #iffere$t lo%atio$s

1.2 O67'$*

To 'eas!re the e$etratio$ (al!e of ashalt whi%h is 'elte# a$# %oole# a$# et at a roo'

te'erat!re of .7o 4:: F;&

1.8 A)%)$&#

• <e$etratio$ Nee#le

• Water *ath

• Ti'e #e(i%e

• <e$etratio$ o$tai$er

• <e$etro'eter

• Ther'o'eters

1. P%('&%

1& The ashalt is heate# !$til it is fl!i# e$o!"h to o!r& The$ ashalt is o!re# i$to aroriate

sa'le %o$tai$er whi%h the %o$tai$er sho!l# *e lar"e e$o!"h s!%h that sa'le #eth is at

least 15 '' "reater tha$ 'axi'!' $ee#le e$etratio$ #eth a$# 'i$i'!' lateral #i'e$sio$

of :5 ''&

.& The sa'le %o$tai$er 4155"; is la%e #ire%tl) o$ the s!*'er"e# sta$# i$to the e$etro'eter&

The$ the sa'le %o$tai$er is ee %o'letel) %o(ere# with water at te'erat!re of

.7o±5&7o&

8& Nee#le hol#er is %he%e# a$# "!i#e# to e$s!re that $ee#le is %lea$e# a$# "!i#e# aarat!s

was f!$%tio$i$" roerl)& The e$etratio$ $ee#le is %lea$ with tol!e$e or other sol(e$t a$#

#ries it with a %lea$ %loth& The$ i$sert the $ee#le %aref!ll) i$ the e$etro'eter&

88



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

6& The $ee#le slowl) lowere# i$to the water *ath !$til the ti +!st 'aes %o$ta%t with the

s!rfa%e of the ashalt sa'le& The$ either $ote the e$etro'eter rea#i$" or set it to ero&

7& !i%l) the $ee#le hol#er is release# a$# allowe# the $ee#le to 'o(e !$#er its ow$ wei"ht

for a total of 7 se%o$#s, the$ lo%e# the ositio$ of the $ee#le& Get the rea#i$" i$ !$its of 5&1

''& 4If the sa'le %o$tai$er 'o(es #!ri$" the test, that res!lt sho!l# *e #is%ar#e#&;

@& Three e$etratio$ 'eas!re'e$ts at oi$ts o$ the s!rfa%e is 'ae $ot less tha$ 15 '' fro'

the si#e of the %o$tai$er a$# $ot less tha$ 15 '' aart&

1.5 R#&$

N&+6% ( "$%)$*(" P"$%)$*(" <++=

1 @?

. :8

8 @7

A%)3 @9

<e$etratio$ >8

@7:8@? ++

> @9 ++

86



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

1.@ D*#'&##*("

The e$etratio$ of a$ ashalt s!*sta$%e 'a) *e #efi$e# as the #ista$%e 4i$ h!$#re#ths of a

%e$ti'eter; to whi%h a sta$#ar# $ee#le e$etrates the 'aterial !$#er $ow$ %o$#itio$s of ti'e,

loa#i$" a$# te'erat!re& The sta$#ar# e$etratio$ test ro%e#!re i$(ol(es !se of the sta$#ar#

$ee#le !$#er a loa# of 155 " for 7 se%o$#s at a te'erat!re of .7 ° 4or ::° F;& This test is

ha$#le# for the !rose of testi$" the %o$siste$%) of ashalti% 'aterial ashalt exhi*its hi"h

s!rfa%e te$sio$ a$# %o$tai$ relati(el) lar"e a'o!$t of %ar*o$&

<e$etratio$ ra$"es s!%h as 85-65, 65-75, 75-@5, @5-:5, :5-97, a$# 97-155 'a) *e !se# i$

se%if)i$" the #esire# "ra#es of ashalt %e'e$ts reare# fro' etrole!'& The 'ost %o''o$

!se# ashalt i$ roa# %o$str!%tio$s i$ Mala)sia is the ashalt with e$etratio$ withi$ the ra$"e of

97-155&

Fro' the res!lt of e$etratio$ o*tai$e#, we %a$ sa) that the e$etratio$ rate whi%h

e3!i(ale$t to @? '' is a%%eta*le si$%e it fall i$ the e$etratio$ ra$"e of @5-:5& There is a

re%a!tio$ ste that we $ee# to tae i$to a%%o!$t #!ri$" ha$#li$" this test& For exa'le, the

ashalt se%i'e$ '!st *e teste# !si$" sta$#ar# $ee#le !$#er a loa# of 155 " for 7 se%o$#s at a

te'erat!re of .7° 4or ::° F;& These re%a!tio$ ste '!st *ei$" ra%ti%e to e$s!re the ashalt

reare# is s!ita*le for 'ix #esi"$ !se&

1.? C("'&#*("

The sta$#ar# e$etratio$ test ro%e#!re i$(ol(es !se of the sta$#ar# $ee#le !$#er a loa# of

155 " for 7 se%o$#s at a te'erat!re of .7 ° 4or ::°F;& The e$etratio$ of ashalt se%i'e$

o*tai$e# fro' the test is @? '', a$# the res!lt is a%%eta*le&

87



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

2.0 S($"*"3 P(*"$ T#$

2.1 I"$%(&'$*("

The softe$i$" test is #efi$e# as the 'ea$ of the te'erat!re at whi%h the *it!'e$ #iss

ofte$ a$# sa" #ow$war# a #ista$%e of .7 '' !$#er the wei"ht of a steel *all& I$ other wor#, it

%a$ *e si'lifie# that it is 4softe$i$" oi$t; the te'erat!re at whi%h *it!'e$ *e%o'es soft

e$o!"h to flow& The softe$i$" oi$t of ashalt is 'eas!re# *) the Uri$"-a$#-*allU test 4ASTM

Sta$#ar# .8?9;& The softe$i$" oi$t of %oal tar it%h is 'eas!re# *) the U%!*e-i$-waterU test

4ASTM Sta$#ar# @1;&

I$ "e$eral, with 'aterial of those t)es, softe$i$" #oes $ot tae la%e at a #efi$ite

te'erat!re& As the te'erat!re rises, those 'aterials "ra#!all) a$# i'er%eti*l) %ha$"e fro'

*rittle or ex%ee#i$" slow C flowi$" 'aterials to softer a$# less (is%o!s li3!i#& This 'etho# is

!sef!l I #eter'i$i$" the %o$siste$%) of *it!'e$ i$ esta*lish the !$ifor'it) of shi'e$ts or

so!r%es of s!l)&

Theor)

This test 'etho# %o(ers the #eter'i$atio$ of the softe$i$" oi$t of *it!'e$ i$ the ra$"e

fro' 85 to 17: 49@ to 817F; !si$" the ri$"-a$#-*all aarat!s i''erse# i$ #istille# water 485

to 95;, KS< "l)%eri$ 4a*o(e 95 to 17:;, or eth)le$e "l)%ol 485 to 115;&

Bit!'e$ is war'e# !$til it %a$ $o lo$"er s!ort 8&7 "ra's 'etal *all - this te'erat!re

is the softe$i$" oi$t&

Softe$i$" <oi$t >4 R1 R. ; V .

Where 2 R is te'erat!re rea#i$" !o$ the *all to!%hes the *otto' late

8@



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

Softe$i$" <oi$t Test Set

ASTM -8@ AASHTO T-78

For #eter'i$i$" softe$i$" oi$t of ashalt a$# tar !si$" the ri$" a$# *all 'etho#

BI-.11Sho!l#ere# Ri$"

Asse'*l)Ma%hi$e# *rass, hei"ht a#+!st'e$t 1 Set

BI-.1. Sta$#ar# Ball Steel *all, ?&78 '' #ia'eter& . <ie%es

BI-.18 Flash S!ortMesh wire "a!e (aria*le hei"ht

a#+!st'e$t1 Set

BI-.16 S!ort Asse'*l)Metal, ro(i#e# with ther'o'eterhol#er

1 Set

GE-.85 B!$se$ B!r$er Heat reso!r%es 1 <ie%e

GE-.8: As*estos Wire Ga!e 17 x 17 %' 1 <ie%e

GE-6.6 Beaer Glass 1555 'l %aa%it) 1 <ie%e

GE-

@6@&1Ther'o'eter ASTM 17 , . to 95o 1 <ie%e

2.2 O67'$*

To #eter'i$e the te'erat!re at whi%h a hase %ha$"e o%%!rs i$ the ashalt %e'e$t& It is

'eas!re# *) ri$" a$# *all 'etho# i$ a%%or#a$%e with ASTM 8@

2.8 A)%)$&#

• Steel *all, ?&78'' i$ #ia'eter, wei"hi$" *etwee$ 8&77"

• Ri$"

• Ball-%e$teri$" "!i#e• Ri$" Hol#er

• Bath

• Ther'o'eter

8:



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

2. P%('&%

1& The hot ashalt is o!re# i$to the ri$" a$# %oole# it to roo' te'erat!re for a*o!t 85

'i$!tes& The$, the sa'le is le(ele#&

.& Te ri$" is la%e# o$ the ri$" sho!l#er& the te'erat!re i$ the water *ath is 'ai$tai$e# at 7 ± 1

o for 65 'i$!tes a$# the sa'le is et i$ the water *ath at a le(el of $ot less tha$ 15. ''

a$# $ot 'ore tha$ 159 '' fro' the *otto' of the *ath&

8& <la%e the *all i$ ea%h *all %e$teri$" "!i#e *) !si$" for%es& The$ the heat is alie# at a rate

of 7 o er 'i$!te a$# 'ae s!re it is i$%rease# !$ifor'l)&

6& Te'erat!re of ea%h ri$" a$# *all is re%or#e# *) !si$" ther'o'eter whe$ the se%i'e$

s!rro!$#i$" the *all to!%hes the *otto' late &

2.5 R#&$

T#$ 1 . A(era"e

S($"*"3 P(*"$ <(C= 67 6@ 67&7

Softe$i$" <oi$t >.

6@67+

> 5.5 (C

89



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

2.@ D*#'&##*("

Si$%e the softe$i$" oi$t of ashalt 'aterial #oes $ot tae la%e at a$) #efi$ite

te'erat!re, *!t i$(ol(es a "ra#!al %ha$"e i$ %o$siste$%) with i$%reasi$" te'erat!re, a$)

ro%e#!re that is a#ote# for #eter'i$i$" the softe$i$" oi$t '!st *e ar*itrar) $at!re& The ro%e#!re i$ %o''o$ !se i$ hi"hwa) 'aterials la*oratories is $ow$ as the /ri$"-a$#-*all

'etho#0 a$# 'a) *e alie# to se'isoli# a$# soli# 'aterials& The ri$"-a$#-*all 'etho# is also

!se# to #eter'i$e the e$etratio$ i$#ex a$# i$ %o$+!$%tio$ with e$etratio$ a$# loa#i$" ti'e&

The softe$i$" oi$t is tae$ to *e the te'erat!re at whi%h ashalt 'aterial to!%hes the *otto'

of the %o$tai$er&

Fro' the res!lt a*o(e, the te'erat!re of the softe$i$" oi$t is "i(e$ as 67&7°& As for

ashalt with e$etratio$ of @5-:5, the te'erat!re of softe$i$" oi$t is i$ the ra$"e of 67° to

7.°& Th!s, we %a$ %o$%l!#e that the te'erat!re state# a*o(e is withi$ the ra$"e whi%h is

a%%eta*le

&As re%a!tio$ ste, it is i'orta$t to e$s!re that the water *ath floate# with i%es is heate#

"ra#!all) !$til its te'erat!re i$%rease#& Ashalt will *e%o'e softer as the te'erat!re of water

*ath rise, a$# th!s, the te'erat!re of whe$ the ashalt *e%o'e softer is $ote#&

2.? C("'&#*("

Te'erat!re of the softe$i$" oi$t of the teste# ashalt se%i'e$ is "i(e$ as 67&7°&

8?



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

8.0 *#'(#*$- T#$

8.1 I"$%(&'$*("

Jis%osit) %a$ si'l) *e #efi$e# as resista$%e to flow of a fl!i#& Jis%osit) "ra#i$" of ashalt

is *ase# o$ (is%osit) 'eas!re'e$t at @5 o & This te'erat!re was sele%te# *e%a!se it

aroxi'ates the a(era"e a(e'e$t s!rfa%e te'erat!re #!ri$" hot weather& Jis%osit) is also

'eas!re# at 1:5 o where this te'erat!re aroxi'ates the 'ixi$" te'erat!re&

Broofiel# rotatio$al (is%o'eter is !se# a%%or#a$%e to ASTM 665. to #eter'i$e the

(is%osit) of the ashalt %e'e$t at #iffere$t te'erat!res& Jis%osit) %a$ *e a#+!ste# *) *lowi$"

air thro!"h hot *it!'e$ - %a!si$" oxi#atio$ a$# a$ i$%rease i$ 'ole%!lar wei"ht - a$# lea#i$" to

'ore (is%o!s Pse'i-*low$Q or P*low$Q "ra#es&

8.2 O67'$*

To #eter'i$e the (is%osit) of the ashalt %e'e$t at #iffere$t te'erat!re&

8.8 A)%)$&#

• Broofiel# rotatio$al Jis%o'eter

8. P%('&%

1& The 15 'l of reheate# ashalt %e'e$t is o!re# i$to the ther'o%el a$# heat the sa'le to

1:5o& he% the te'erat!re *) !si$" ther'o'eter&

.& Sele%te# the aroriate si$#le a$# R<M to %arr) o!t the test&

8& Reorte# the res!lt i$ %e$tioises&

65



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

8.5 R#&$

Shear rate 4SR; > 6.8

< > 1688 at 1!" #

Tor3!e > 15 %Shear stress 4SS; > 13!.3

8.@ D*#'&##*("

There are two t)es of (is%osit), i&e& i$e'ati%s (is%osit) a$# a*sol!te (is%osit)& A*sol!te

(is%osit) of ashalt %e'e$ts, state# i$ oises, is 'eas!re# *) sta$#ar# test ro%e#!re AASHTO

esi"$atio$ T.5.& This test is !s!all) erfor'e# at a te'erat!re of @5° 4165°F;& The test

i$(ol(es the 'eas!ri$" of ti'e re3!ire# for a fixe# (ol!'e of the li3!i# to *e #raw$ thro!"h o$e

of se(eral se%iall) #esi"$e# %aillar) t!*es *) 'ea$s of a (a%!!'&

For li3!i# ashalts, the i$e'ati%s (is%osit) 'a) *e 'eas!re# with a "ra(it)-flow

(is%o'eter 4AASHTO esi"$atio$ T.51;& As re%a!tio$, the ti'e for the fl!i# to flow *etwee$

two oi$ts i$ a %aillar) t!*e !$#er %aref!ll) %o$trolle# %o$#itio$s of te'erat!re a$# hea# is

'eas!re#& Ksi$" the 'eas!re# ti'e i$ se%o$#s a$# the (is%o'eter %ali*ratio$ %o$sta$t, the$

%o'!te the (is%osit) of the 'aterial i$ f!$#a'e$tal !$its, stoes, or %e$tistoes&

8.? C("'&#*("

Fro' the (is%osit) test that has *ee$ ha$#le# o$to ashalt se%i'e$, we fo!$# that the

shear rate is @&9, < is e3!i(ale$t to 1@99 at 156 , ashalt0 tor3!e is 17= a$# shear stress is

186&8& As for ashalt se%i'e$ *ei$" reare#, the res!lts o*tai$e# are a%%eta*le&

61



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

.0 D&'$**$- T#$

.1 I"$%(&'$*("

!%tilit) is a "e$eral 'ea$t that the roert) of the 'aterial that er'its it to !$#er "o for a

"reas) #efor'atio$ witho!t *reai$"& !%tilit) 'a) *e f!rther #efi$e# as a #ista$%e i$

%e$ti'eters to whi%h a sta$#ar# sa'le of the 'aterial 'a) *e elo$"ate# witho!t *reai$"& This

test is ali%a*le o$l) to se'isoli# ashalti% 'aterial that is 'elte# *) "e$tle ali%atio$ of heat&

.2 O67'$*

To 'eas!re the %e'e$ti$" ower of the ashalti% 'aterial&

.8 A)%)$&#

• #!%tilit) 'a%hi$e

• 'ol#

. P%('&%

1& The ashalti% 'aterial is 'elte# *) a "e$tle heat a$# o!re# i$to a sta$#ar# 'ol#&

.& The 'i$i'!' %ross se%tio$ of the 'ol# is exa%tl) 1 %' .&

8& The 'ol# the$ is i''erse# i$ the water *ath whi%h the te'erat!re is 'ai$tai$e# a*o!t :: F&

6& After the sa'le has attai$e# the #esire# te'erat!re, the sa'le is la%e# i$ the #!%tilit)

'a%hi$e&

7& The 'a%hi$e is set to the o$e e$# hel# i$ fixe# ositio$ while the other e$# is !lle#

horio$tall) at a sta$#ar# rate&

@& The *eha(ior of the threa# was re%or#e# a$# the elo$"atio$ !$til it starts to *rea&

:& The$ the #ista$%e the 'a%hi$e has tra(ele# is re%or#e# whi%h is the #!%tilit) of the 'aterial&

6.



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

.5 R#&$

!%tilit) > 1.7 %'

.@ D*#'&##*("

Fro' the exeri'e$t, the #!%tilit) fo!$# is to *e 1.7 %'& Th!s it is %lassifie# as

#!%tile *e%a!se the 'i$i'!' li'it of #!%tilit) for the ashalt !se# sho!l# $ot *e less tha$ 155

'' a$# sho!l# *e aro!$# 1.7 ''& B) "etti$" the res!lts a*o(e it also shows the a*ilit) of the

'aterial to !$#er"o "reat #efor'atio$ 4elo$"atio$; witho!t *reai$"& Ge$erall), it also 'eas!res

the %e'e$ti$" ower of the ashalti% 'aterial a$# therefore the rese$%e of #!%tilit) is #esira*le

i$ 'ost ali%atio$s& The *i$#i$" roert) is (er) i'orta$t *e%a!se of the a(e'e$t roa# has to

e$#!re har# weather %o$#itio$s s!%h as hea() rai$, a%ri# %o$#itio$ a$# stro$" wi$#& Howe(er,

the (al!e of #!%tilit) is $ot as i'orta$t as the 'ere rese$%e or the la% of #!%tilit)&

.? C("'&#*("

Fro' the exeri'e$t, we %a$ %o$%l!#e that the sa'le teste# is a (er) #!%tile 'aterial, th!s

it %a$ !se# to *i$# the a""re"ates well i$ the a(e'e$t 'ix #esi"$ that is !se# for the roa#&

68



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

5.0 T,*" F*+ O" T#$ L(## (" H)$*"3 <)3*"3= 4 &# TFO

5.1 I"$%(&'$*("

Loss of heati$" is #efi$e# as the %o'o!$# of the 'aterial whi%h is (olatile e(aorate #!ri$"

the heati$" ro%ess& This (olatile %o'o!$# a%t!all) is the 'ai$ s!*sta$%e that is i'orta$twhi%h shows the *eha(ior of the 'aterial 4ashalt;&

5.2 O67'$*

To #eter'i$e the effe%t of heat a$# air o$ a fil' of se'i-soli# ashalt 'aterials& The effe%ts of

this treat'e$t are #eter'i$e# fro' 'eas!re'e$ts of sele%te# ashalt roerties *efore a$# after

the test&

5.8 A)%)$&#

• O(e$

• Rotati$" shelf

• Ther'o'eter

• %o$tai$er

5. P%('&%1& 75 "ra' of the 'aterial is wei"hte# %aref!ll) i$to a sta$#ar# flat %)li$#ri%al %o$tai$er&

.& The %)li$#er tha$ is la%e# i$ a se%iall) %o$str!%te# o(e$ a$# the te'erat!re is 'ai$tai$e#

at 1@8 for #!ri$" 7 ho!rs i$ the rotati$" #ire%tio$&

8& The o(e$ a%t!all) is set le(ele# a$# rotati$" i$ the horio$tal la$e

6& After *ei$" i$si#e for 7 ho!rs the sa'le the$ is tae$ o!t fro' the o(e$, %oole#, a$#

wei"hte#&

7& The$ the loss of the sa'le %a$ *e #eter'i$e#, a$# %o$(erte# to the er%e$ta"e of loss of

heati$" *ase o$ the wei"ht of the ori"i$al sa'le

66



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

5.5 R#&$

P)" 1 P)" 2

Wei"ht of a$ 4"; 99&. 9:&7

Wei"ht of a$ ashalt *efore heati$" 4"; 16@&9 167&5

Wei"ht of a$ ashalt after heati$" 4"; 16@&8 166&@

Loss i$ wei"ht 4"; 5&7 5&6

<er%e$t loss 4=; 5&97 5&:

A(era"e er%e$t loss 0.?>

Example calculation

<a$ 1 2

Ori"i$al wei"ht of ashalt > 4 Wei"ht of a$ ashalt *efore heati$"; C 4Wei"ht of a$;

> 16@&9 C 99&.

> 5>.@ 3

Loss i$ wei"ht > 4Wei"ht of a$ ashalt *efore heati$" ; C 4Wei"ht of a$

ashalt after heati$";

> 16@&9 C 16@&8

> 0.53

<er%e$ta"e loss i$ wei"ht >( )

( ) 155 x

weight +riginal

weight in ,oss

>@&79

7&5x 155

> 0.>5

A(era"e <e%e$ta"e Loss > ( )

.

:&597&5 +

> 0.?>

5.@ D*#'&##*("

For the two a$s, we ha(e a$ a(era"e er%e$ta"e wei"ht loss of 5&:9 = whi%h is s'all

*) %o'ariso$ a$# th!s it also shows the er%e$ta"e of (olatile 'aterial that is i$ the ashalti%

67



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

'aterial& I$#ire%tl), it also shows the #!ra*ilit) of the ashalt a"ai$st heat a$# wi$#& Hi"h

er%e$ta"e of wei"ht loss wo!l# also 'ea$ that the (olatile 'aterial %o!l# *e easil) e(aorate#

a$# th!s re#!%i$" the stre$"th i$ the ashalt& Ks!all), relati(el) hi"h te'erat!res are !se# i$ the

la$t 'ixi$" of ashalt %e'e$ts a$# a""re"ates& Howe(er, ex%essi(el) hi"h te'erat!res are

#etri'e$tal, har#e$i$" the 'ixt!re a$# re#!%i$" the a(e'e$t life& Se%ifi%atio$s !s!all)

res%ri*e the 'i$i'!' (al!es for the er%e$ta"e of retai$e# e$etratio$s for the (ario!s "ra#es

of ashalt %e'e$t&

5.? C("'&#*("

The ashalti% 'aterial fro' *oth of the a$s shows that it is #!ra*le to the hi"h

te'erat!re %o$#itio$ that 'a) *e i'ose# Xﾤ XZ[ ﾧ \6@

]X^XZ[O6@6@o46@_h6@6@6@6@`H6@6@ 6@b

6@6@6@6@6@6@6@6@6@6@6@6@6@H6@6@6@6@6@6@6@ﾧ 6@$" lo$" a(e'e$t life&

6@



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

M)%#,) M* D#*3"

1.0 P%)%)$*(" ( #'*+"# (% M)%#,) A")-#*#

1.1 I"$%(&'$*("

Ashalt 'ix #esi"$ is a %o'lex iss!e with a lot of (aria*les i$(ol(e#& Howe(er two'etho#s of 'ix #esi"$ ha(e *e%o'e o!lar worl#wi#e& The) are the Marshall Mix esi"$ a$#

the H(ee' Mix esi"$ Metho#& I$ Mala)sia the Marshall Metho# of 'ix #esi"$ has *e%o'e the

$or' i$ the roa# i$#!str)&

Before a$) ashalt 'ixes %a$ *e rela%e# a$# lai# o$ the roa#, the a""re"ate a$# the *i$#er

t)es are "e$erall) s%ree$e# for 3!alit) a$# re3!ire'e$t& Aroxi'atel) 17 sa'les are re3!ire#

to *e reare# to #eter'i$e the re3!ire# Oti'!' Ashalt o$te$t 4OA;& The reare# %ahe

sa'les are to *e a$al)e# for *!l #e$sit), air (oi# a$# sta*ilit)& B) !si$" the Ashalt I$stit!te

Metho#, the Oti'!' Ashalt o$te$t are #eter'i$e# fro' the i$#i(i#!al lots of *!l #e$sit),

(oi#s i$ total 'ix, a$# sta*ilit) (ers!s ar%%a$t ashalt %o$te$t& The a(era"e of the 8 OA

(al!es is tae$ for f!rther sa'le rearatio$ a$# a$al)sis&

A$other ro%e#!re #e(eloe# i$ K<M is the i$%l!sio$ of Resilie$t Mo#!l!s, whi%h is

%o$si#er as the i'orta$t ara'eter i$ the erfor'a$%e of a(e'e$t& As the re(io!s a$al)sis, a

"rah of resilie$t Mo#!l!s (ers!s er%e$ta"e of ashalt %o$te$t i# to *e lotte#& Fro' the "rah

the er%e$ta"e of ashalt %o$te$t is to *e lotte#& Fro' the "rah the er%e$ta"e of ashalt at the

oti'!' Resilie$t Mo#!l!s will *e #eter'i$e#&

The Oti'!' Ashalt o$te$t, !si$" K<M0s 'etho#, was a#ote# fro' ashalt I$stit!te *)

a(era"i$" the er%e$ta"e of Ashalt at oti'!' (al!e for Resilie$t Mo#!l!s, Marshall Sta*ilit),

B!l e$sit) a$# 6= JTM&

1.2 O67'$*

To reare sta$#ar# se%i'e$s of ashalti% %o$%rete for the #eter'i$atio$ of sta*ilit) a$# flow i$

the Marshall aarat!s a$# to #eter'i$e #e$sit), er%e$ta"e air (oi#s a$# er%e$t of a""re"ate(oi#s fille# with *i$#er&

6:



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

1.8 A)%)$&#

• 'o!l#

• filter aer

• Marshall %o'a%tio$ e#estal

1. P%('&%#

1& The a""re"ate is "ra#e# a%%or#i$" to the ASTM or BS sta$#ar#, the$ the a""re"ate are o(er

#rie# at 1:5-195o a$# a s!ffi%ie$t a'o!$t is wei"he# 4a*o!t 1.55"; for sa'le rearatio$

that 'a) "i(e a hei"ht of @8&7 '' whe$ %o'a%te# i$ the 'o!l#

.& The ashalt is wei"ht a$# is heate# to the a te'erat!re of a*o!t 1@5-1@7 o&

8& The a""re"ate is heate# i$ the o(e$ to a te'erat!re $ot hi"her tha$ .9 o a*o!t the *i$#er

te'erat!re&

6& A %rater is for'e# i$ the a""re"ates, the *i$#er o!re# i$ a$# 'ixi$" %arrie# o!t !$til all the

a""re"ate ate %oate#& The 'ixi$" te'erat!re shall *e withi$ the li'it set for the *i$#er

te'erat!re& The thoro!"hl) %lea$e# 'o!l# is heate# o$ a hot late or i$ a$ o(e$ to a

te'erat!re *etwee$ 165 a$# 1:5 o& Te 'o!l# is 151&@ '' #ia'eter *) :@&. '' hi"h a$#

ro(i#e# with a *ase late a$# exte$sio$ %ollar&

7& A ie%e of filter aer is fitte# i$ the *otto' of the 'o!l# a$# the whole 'ix o!re# i$ the

three la)ers& The 'ix is the$ (i"oro!sl) trowelle# 17 ti'es ro!$# the eri'eter a$# 15 ti'es

i$ the %e$tre lea(i$" a sli"htl) ro!$#e# s!rfa%e&

@& The 'o!l# is la%e# o$ the Marshall o'a%tio$ e#estal a$# "i(es 75 *lows&

:& Te se%i'e$ is the$ %aref!ll) re'o(e# fro' the 'o!l#, tra$sferre# to a s'ooth flat s!rfa%e

a$# allowe# to %ool to roo' te'erat!re&

9& Fi$all), the se%i'e$ is 'eas!re# a$# wei"he# i$ air a$# water 4for (ol!'e #eter'i$atio$;&

If the ashalt 'ix has a$ oe$ 4oro!s; text!re, the wei"hi$" i$ water will lea# to error i$

the (ol!'e a$# so the se%i'e$ '!st *e %oate# with a 'eas!re# 'ass of araffi$ 'ix& The

se%i'e$ is the$ 'are# a$# store# for sta*ilit) a$# flow 'eas!re'e$t&

69



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

1.5 R#&$

A#,)$

'+"$

W*3,$ ( )33%3)$ <3= W*3,$ ( )#,)$ <3= T($) *3,$ <3=

6&5 - 1 1.55 75&55 1.75&55

6&5 - . 1.55 75&55 1.75&55

6&5 - 8 1.55 75&55 1.75&55

6&7 - 1 1.55 7@&76 1.7@&76

6&7 - . 1.55 7@&76 1.7@&76

6&7 - 8 1.55 7@&76 1.7@&76

7&5 - 1 1.55 @8&1@ 1.@8&1@

7&5 - . 1.55 @8&1@ 1.@8&1@

7&5 - 8 1.55 @8&1@ 1.@8&1@

7&7 - 1 1.55 @?&96 1.@?&967&7 - . 1.55 @?&96 1.@?&96

7&7 - 8 1.55 @?&96 1.@?&96

@&5 - 1 1.55 :@&@ 1.:@&@5

@&5 - . 1.55 :@&@ 1.:@&@5

@&5 - 8 1.55 :@&@ 1.:@&@5

Calculation

Exa'le %al%!latio$ for the first sa'le with 6= Ashalt %e'e$ts %o$te$t&4Sa'le 6 &5 C 1;

= Ashalt e'e$t > =155 xcement asphalt of weight aggregateof weight

cement asphalt of weight

+

6&5 = > =1551.55

xcement asphalt of weight

cement asphalt of weight

+

Wei"ht of ashalt %e'e$t> 50 3

6?



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

1.@ D*#'&##*("

I$ the rearatio$ for the Marshall Mix esi"$, there are a lot of ro*le's that we ha(e

e$%o!$tere#& The heati$" o(e$ is a *it soile# a$# the te'erat!re i$si#e is $ot %o$siste$t,

therefore lea#i$" to lo$" wait for sa'le to *e rea#) for 'ixi$"& The a""re"ates '!st *e at 195 °

while the ashalt '!st *e at 1@7 ° *efore the 'ix %a$ *e #o$e& A$other ro*le' is whe$

o!ri$" the ashalt i$to the a""re"ates o$ the wei"hi$" s%ale& This is a 3!ite har# to #o

ro%e#!re *e%a!se the ashalt is extre'el) hot a$# we ha(e to o!r exa%t a'o!$t %al%!late# to

"et the #iffere$t 'ixt!res& A$# if we o(er o!r, we ha# to "et so'e aer to 3!i%l) wie off

so'e of the ashalt *efore the ashalt har#e$s a$# the 'ixt!re %a$0t *e #o$e& The thir# ro*le'

is the %o'a%ti$" 'a%hi$es alwa)s "i(e !s a har# *e%a!se it #oes$0t wor roerl)& We ha# to

resort to 'a$!al %o'a%tio$ *) !si$" o!r ha$#s& The 'a%hi$es will ha(e to *e ser(i%e#

fre3!e$tl) i$ or#er for it to wor roerl)& The +a% also has a *it of ro*le' while tr)i$" to "et

sa'le o!t fro' the 'ol#& So'e of the sa'le has ho$e)%o'*i$" *e%a!se it was $ot 'ixe# well

e$o!"h #!ri$" the 'ixi$" i$ the hot *owl&

1.? C("'&#*("

I$ %o$%l!sio$, we #i#$0t 'a$a"e to "et the sa'le #o$e withi$ a short erio# of ti'e

*e%a!se of all the ro*le's e$%o!$tere# *) !s s!%h as state# a*o(e& Howe(er, as we "o alo$",

the ro%e#!re *e%o'es a ro!ti$e a$# si'ler a$# therefore, we are a*le to 'ae the sa'le

'!%h faster tha$ *efore&

75



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

2.0 D"#*$- )" (* A")-#*#

2.1 I"$%(&'$*("

The se%ifi% "ra(it) a$# a*sortio$ of a""re"ates are i'orta$t roerties that are

re3!ire# for the #esi"$ of %o$%rete a$# *it!'i$o!s 'ixes& The se%ifi% "ra(it) of a soli# is the

ratio of its 'ass to that a$ e3!al (ol!'e of #istille# water at a se%ifie# te'erat!re& Be%a!se

a""re"ates 'a) %o$tai$ water-er'ea*le (oi#s, two 'eas!res of se%ifi% "ra(it) of a""re"ates

are !se#2 aare$t se%ifi% "ra(it) a$# *!l se%ifi% "ra(it)&

All 'ix #esi"$ 'etho#s !se #e$sit) a$# (oi#s to #eter'i$e *asi% HMA h)si%al

%hara%teristi%s& Two #iffere$t 'eas!res of #e$sities are t)i%all) tae$2

• B!l se%ifi% "ra(it) 4G'*;&

• Theoreti%al 'axi'!' se%ifi% "ra(it) 4TM, G'';&

These #e$sities are the$ !se# to %al%!late the (ol!'etri% ara'eters of the HMA&

Meas!re# (oi# exressio$s are !s!all)2

• Air (oi#s 4Ja;, so'eti'es exresse# as (oi#s i$ the total 'ix 4JTM;

• Joi#s i$ the 'i$eral a""re"ate 4JMA;

• Joi#s fille# with ashalt 4JFA;

B$l &ensit'

If the se%i'e$ has a s'ooth %o'a%t s!rfa%e, i&e& fairl) i'er'ea*le, *!l #e$sit) is si'l)

#eter'i$e# *) wei"hi$" i$ air a$# water& The$2

B!l e$sit),#>G'* x ρw

G'* > W V 4 WSS C WSKB ;

Where, # > *!l #e$sit) 4 " V %'8 ;

G'* > *!l se%ifi% "ra(it) of the 'ix&

ρw > #e$sit) of water > 1 " V ''8

W > 'ass of se%i'e$ i$ air 4 " ;

WSKB > 'ass of se%i'e$ i$ water 4 " ;

71

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#gmb

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#gmm

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#air_voids

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#vma

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#vfa

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#gmb

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#gmm

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#air_voids

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#vma

http://hotmix.ce.washington.edu/wsdot_web/Modules/05_mix_design/hma_volume_weight.htm#vfa



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

WSS > sat!rate# s!rfa%e #r) 'ass 4 " ;

oi in Total *i (T*)

The er%e$ta"e of air (oi#s i$ the 'ix is #eter'i$e# *) firstl) %al%!lati$" the 'axi'!'

theoreti%al #e$sit) TM 4ero (oi#s; a$# the$ exressi$" the #iffere$%e *etwee$ it a$# the

a%t!al *!l #e$sit), # as a er%e$ta"e of total (ol!'e&

JTM > 1 C 4 # V TM ; x 155

TM >G'' x ρw

G'' >c 1V 44 1- < * ; V Gse ; < * V G * D

Where, #>*!l #e$sit) 4 " V %'8 ;

ρw > #e$sit) of water > 1 " V ''8

G'' > 'axi'!' theoreti%al se%ifi% "ra(it) of the 'ix&

TM > 'axi'!' theoreti%al #e$sit) 4 " V ''8 ;

< * > ashalt %o$te$t, = *) wei"ht of the 'ix&

Gse > effe%ti(e se%ifi% "ra(it) of the 'ix

G * > se%ifi% "ra(it) of ashalt %e'e$t

ois in *ineral Aggregate ( *A )

The (ol!'e of (oi# i$ 'i$eral a""re"ate 4 JMA ; is a$ i'orta$t fa%tor for the ashalt 'ixt!re

#esi"$&

JMA>155 x c 1- 4 G'* 4 1- < * ; V Gs* D

Where, G'* > *!l se%ifi% "ra(it) of the 'ix

< * > ashalt %o$te$t, er%e$t *) wei"ht of the 'ix&

Gs* > *!l se%ifi% "ra(it) of the a""re"ate&

7.



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

ois ,ille -ith Asphalt ( ,A )

JFA > 4 JMA C JTM ; V JMA x 155

NB2 These %al%!latio$s i$(ol(e the 'a$i!latio$ of s'all #iffere$%es, therefore "reat re%isio$ is

$ee#e# for a%%!rate res!lts&

T-*') M)%#,) M*"*+&+ MA <%(+ A#,)$ I"#$*$&$ 19?9=

N(+*") M)*+&+

P)%$*' S*;M*"*+&+

MA

<%'"$=<++= <U.S.=

@8 .&7 i$%h 11

75 .&5 i$%h 11&7

8:&7 1&7 i$%h 1.

.7&5 1&5 i$%h 18

1?&5 5&:7 i$%h 16

1.&7 5&7 i$%h 17

?&7 5&8:7 i$%h 1@

6&:7 No& 6 sie(e 19

.&8@ No& 9 sie(e .1

1&19 No& 1@ sie(e .8&7

2.2 O67'$*

The test is to #eter'i$e the e$sit) a$# Joi# for se%i'e$s

2.8 A)%)$&#

• A *ala$%e to er'it the *aset %o$tai$i$" the sa'le to *e s!se$#e# fro' the *ea' a$#

wei"he# i$ water&

• A well-(e$tilate# o(e$&

• A wire *aset or erforate# %o$tai$er&

• A sto!t, waterti"ht %o$tai$er i$ whi%h the *aset 'a) *e s!se$#e#&

78



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

• loth&

• A shallow tra)

• A$ airti"ht %o$tai$er

2. P%('&%#

1& All 17 se%i'e$s are 'eas!re# a$# wei"he# i$ air a$# water for (ol!'e #eter'i$atio$& If

the ashalt 'ix has a$ oe$ 4 oro!s ; text!re, the wei"hi$" i$ water will lea# to error i$

the (ol!'e a$# so the se%i'e$s '!st *e %oate# with a 'eas!re# 'ass of araffi$ wax

.& The *!l #e$sit), JTM, JMA a$# JFA for ea%h se%i'e$ is %al%!late# a%%or#i$" to the

for'!las "i(e$ a*o(e& The$, the oti'!' ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t for those se%i'e$s are

#eter'i$e#&

8& After %o'leti$" those 'e$tio$e# ro%e#!res as a*o(e, the se%i'e$s are 'are# a$#

store# for sta*ilit) 'eas!re'e$ts&

Selection of +ptimum Asphalt -inder Content

The oti'!' ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t is fi$all) sele%te# *ase# o$ the %o'*i$e# res!lts of Marshall

Sta*ilit) a$# flow, #e$sit) a$al)sis a$# (oi# a$al)sis& Oti'!' ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t %a$ *e

arri(e# at i$ the followi$" ro%e#!re 4Ro*erts et al&, 1??@;2

1& The followi$" "rahs are lotte#2 As

o Ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t (s& #e$sit)& e$sit) will "e$erall) i$%rease with i$%reasi$"

ashalt %o$te$t, rea%h a 'axi'!', a$# the$ #e%rease& <ea #e$sit) !s!all) o%%!rs at

hi"her ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t tha$ ea sta*ilit)&

o Ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t (s& Marshall Sta*ilit)& This sho!l# follow o$e of two tre$#s2

Sta*ilit) i$%reases with i$%reasi$" ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t, rea%hes a ea, the$

#e%reases&

Sta*ilit) #e%reases with i$%reasi$" ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t a$# #oes $ot show a ea&

This %!r(e is %o''o$ for so'e re%)%le# HMA 'ixt!res&

o Ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t (s& flow&

76



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

o Ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t (s& air (oi#s& <er%e$t air (oi#s sho!l# #e%rease with

i$%reasi$" ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t&

o Ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t (s& JMA& <er%e$t JMA sho!l# #e%rease with i$%reasi$"

ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t, rea%h a 'i$i'!', the$ i$%rease&

o Ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t (s& JFA& <er%e$t JFA i$%reases with i$%reasi$" ashalt

*i$#er %o$te$t&

.& The ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t that %orreso$#s to the se%ifi%atio$s 'e#ia$ air (oi# %o$te$t

4t)i%all) this is 6 er%e$t; is #eter'i$e#& This is the oti'!' ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t&

8& The roerties at this oti'!' ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t are #eter'i$e# *) referri$" to the

lots& Ea%h of these (al!es are *ei$" %o'are# a"ai$st se%ifi%atio$ (al!es a$# if all are

withi$ se%ifi%atio$, the$ the re%e#i$" oti'!' ashalt *i$#er %o$te$t is satisfa%tor)&

Otherwise, if a$) of these roerties is o!tsi#e the se%ifi%atio$ ra$"e the 'ixt!re sho!l#

*e re#esi"$e#&

77



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

2.5 R#&$

A#,)$

'+"$

W*3,$ *"

)*% <3=

W*3,$ *"

)$% <3=

SSD B&

D"#*$-

TMD TM MA <= FA <=

6&5 - 1 1.1?&@ @:7&@ 1&..16 .&.86719 .&67:65@ ?&5:51 1:&79?9 69&687:

6&5 - . 11?6&6 @7?&@ 1&1?67 .&.8.?61 .&67:65@ ?&186. 1:&@6:?9 69&.61?@

6&5 - 8 11?.&7 @7@&? 1&1?66 d.&.19@57 .&67:65@ ?&:1:@ 19&1:@: 6@&78:??

A%)3 2.288?8 2.5?0@ 9.80?8 1?.>0>8 ?.?8>556&7 - 1 1..5&. @:@&6 1&..1@ .&.895:9 .&68?:?@ 9&.@:9 1:&99968 78&:915:

6&7 - . 1.89&1 @?.&8 1&.8?8 .&.@868: .&68?:?@ :&..96 1@&?7956 7:&8:676

6&7 - 8 1&1??1 .&.7?978 1&1?96 5&@@99 1:&59?78 7@&96.?8

A%)3 2.258?>9 2.89?9@ ?.@289 1?.812 55.99951

7&5 - 1 1..9&5 @::&. 1&..?5 .&..7666 .&6..68: 9&18. 19&::?6. 7@&@?:.7

7&5 - . 1.67&7 :58&5 1&.67? .&.?61@1 .&6..68: 7&.?78 1@&.:17 @:&67@6?

7&5 - 8 11?5&: 97&. 1&1?18 d1&5:@697 .&6..68: d77&7@. d@5&:1..8 d9&6981?

A%)3 2.259>08 2.228? @.?18@5 1?.525@ @8.0?@>?

7&7 - 1 1.6?&6 @??&9 1&.751 .&.:58?9 .&6578.. 7&@5?6 1:&7:69: @9&59.::

7&7 - . 1..8&8 @9?&. 1&..61 .&.9@?: .&6578.. 6&?.57 1@&?:8.7 :1&5157.

7&7 - 8 1.1.&5 @99&. 1&.16@ .&85.68. .&6578.. 6&.::@ 1@&611?1 :8&?8798A%)3 2.2>@@ 2.05822 .985> [email protected]>@@> ?1.009?1

@&5 - 1 1.87&1 5&:591 1&.877 .&8619@@ .&899669 1&?758 17&68518 9:&[email protected]

@&5 - . 1.69&8 5&:16? 1&.6?6 .&887676 .&899669 .&.199 17&@@1@9 97&9885.

@&5 - 8 11?5&6 5&@918 1&1?17 .&888.58 .&899669 .&818 17&:6.?: 97&85:7.

A%)3 2.88@>1 2.8>>> 2.1@0? 15.@1159 >@.1@@9

4 d - $ot %o$si#er;

7@



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

Calculation

Exa'le %al%!latio$ for the first sa'le with 6= Ashalt %e'e$ts %o$te$t& 4Sa'le 6 &5 C 1;

B!l #e$sit)

G'* >S.-SS/

/

W W

W

−

>@:7@&5..16&1

.1?@&1

−

> .&.86719

B!l e$sit) , # > G'* x w

> .&.87 x 1"V''

8

> 2.2851>

Theoreti%al Maxi'!' e$sit)

G'' >b

b

se

b &

0

&

0 +

− ;14

1

> 58&1

56&5

@59&.56&51

1+

−

> .&67:65@

TM > G'' x w

> .&67:65@ x 1"V''8

> 2.5?0@

Joi# i$ total Mix 4JTM;

JTM > 1551 x

T1/

d

> 9.0?01

Joi# i$ Mi$eral A""re"ate 4JMA;

7:



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

JMA >( )

sb

bmb

&

0 & x

−− 11155

>( )

@58&.

56&51.86719&.1155

−− x

> 1?.5>9>

Joi# Fille# with Ashalt 4JFA;

JFA ( )

155 x21A

2T1 21A −

( )

15579?9&1:

5:51&?79?9&1: x

−

>.85?

Where,

# > B!l #e$sit) 4"V%'8;

G'* > B!l se%ifi% "ra(it) of the 'ix

w > e$sit) of water 41"V''8;

TM > Maxi'!' theoreti%al #e$sit) 4"V''8;

< * > Ashalt %o$te$t, er%e$t *) wei"ht if the 'ix

Gse > Effe%ti(e se%ifi% "ra(it) of the 'ix

G * > Se%ifi% Gra(it) of ashalt %e'e$t

W > 'ass of se%i'e$ i$ air 4";

WSKB > Mass of se%i'e$ i$ water 4";

WSS > S!t!re# s!rfa%e #r) 'ass 4";

Gs* > B!l se%ifi% "ra(it) of the a""re"ate

79



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

7?



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

2.@ D*#'&##*("

For the res!lts o*tai$e#, we lotte# two "rahs& The first "rah is #e$sit) lotte# a"ai$st

the er%e$ta"e of *i$#er while the se%o$# "rah is Joi# i$ total Mix 4JTM; lotte# a"ai$st

er%e$ta"e of *i$#er& The first "rah is s!ose# to *e shae# lie a %rest %!r(e& Howe(er, *ase#

o$ o!r res!lts, we lotte# a #iffere$t "rah whi%h is $ot a%%eta*le& There are a few ossi*ilities

whi%h %o!l# ha(e lea# to the #iffere$%e i$ the "rahs& It %o!l# *e #!e to the sa'le 'a) still

%o$tai$s so'e (oi#s that has water with it *e%a!se it $ot f!ll) #rie#, th!s +eoar#ii$" the res!lts&

Se%o$#l), the wei"hi$" s%ale also 'a) "i(e i$a%%!rate res!lts *e%a!se it has the *!o)a$t effe%t of

the water o$ the wei"hi$" s%ale&

Mea$while, the "rah for the JTM a"ai$st the er%e$ta"e of *i$#er is a%%eta*le a"ai$st

the sta$#ar# "rah ro#!%e#&

2.? C("'&#*("

I$ the res!lts that we "et, we %a$ %o$%l!#e that the res!lts for the JTM a"ai$st er%e$ta"e

of *i$#er is $ot a%%eta*le #!e to so'e the 'istaes that ha(e *ee$ 'e$tio$e# a$# therefore

sho!l# *e re%tifie# a%%or#i$"l)& Mea$while the "rah for JTM a"ai$st the er%e$ta"e of *i$#er

%a$ *e a%%ete# *ase# o$ the sta$#ar# "rah ro#!%e# i$ the "!i#e *oo&

@5



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

8.0 M)%#,) S$)6**$- T#$

8.1 I"$%(&'$*("

The 'ost wi#el) !se# 'etho# of ashalti% 'ix #esi"$ is the Marshall 'etho# #e(eloe# *)

the K&S& ors of E$"i$eers& Sta*ilit) a$# flow, to"ether with #e$sit), (oi#s a$# (oi#s fille# with

*i$#er are #eter'i$e# at (ar)i$" *i$#er %o$te$ts to #eter'i$e a$ oti'!' for sta*ilit),

#!ra*ilit), flexi*ilit) a$# fati"!e resista$%e&

The 'e%ha$is' of fail!re i$ the Marshall test aarat!s is %o'lex *!t it is esse$tiall) a t)e

of !$%o$fi$e# %o'ressio$ test& This *ei$" so, it %a$ o$l) ha(e li'ite# %orrelatio$ with

#efor'atio$ i$ a a(e'e$t where the 'aterial is %o$fi$e# *) the tires, the *ase a$# the

s!rro!$#i$" s!rfa%i$"& Wheel tra%i$" tests ha(e show$ that resista$%e to lasti% flow i$%reases

with re#!%i$" *i$#er %o$te$t whereas Marshall sta*ilit) has a$ oti'!', *elow whi%h sta*ilit)

#e%reases& I'ro(e'e$t o$ the assess'e$t, *ase# o$ sta*ilit), is ossi*le *) %o$si#eri$" flow

a$# 'ost a"e$%ies set 'i$i'!' for sta*ilit) a$# 'axi'!' for flow for (ario!s !roses s!%h as

for roa#s, airorts a$# other fa%ilities&

I$ a##itio$ to *i$#er %o$te$t, sta*ilit) a$# flow *ei$" the ri'e (aria*les i$ the erfor'a$%e of

a$ ashalt sa'le& T)e of *i$#er, "ra#i$" of a""re"ates, the arti%le shae, "eolo"i%al $at!re of

are$t ro% 4'ost i'orta$tl), orosit); a$# #e"ree of %o'a%tio$ also la) a$ i'orta$t role i$

the erfor'a$%e of the ashalt itself

8.2 O67'$*

To 'eas!re the resista$%e to lasti% flow of %)li$#ri%al se%i'e$s of a$ ashalti% a(i$"

'ixt!re loa#e# o$ the lateral s!rfa%e *) 'ea$s of the Marshall Aarat!s& The 'etho# is

s!ita*le for 'ixes %o$tai$i$" a""re"ates ! to .7'' 'axi'!' sie&

8.8 A)%)$&#

• Marshall aarat!s

• Water *ath

• Ther'o'eter

• loth

• Wat%h

@1



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

8. P%('&%#

The #i'e$sio$ a$# se%ifi%atio$ of the Marshall aarat!s are exlai$e# i$ ASTM 177?& The

#ia'eter of the se%i'e$ is 151&@'' a$# the $o'i$al thi%$ess is @8&7''& Ta*le 8&1, tae$

fro' ASTM #177?, "i(es a %orrelatio$ ratio$ for sta*ilit) of se%i'e$s whi%h are $ot @8&7 thi%&

1. Three se%i'e$s, reare# a%%or#i$" to the sta$#ar#, are i''erse# i$ a water *ath for 85 at

@5±1.0°C.

2. The testi$" hea#s a$# "!i#e ro#s are thoro!"hl) %lea$e#& G!i#e ro#s are l!*ri%ate# a$# the

hea# 'ai$tai$e# at a te'erat!re *etwee$ .1&1 a$# 37.8°C.

3. A se%i'e$ is re'o(e# fro' the water *ath or o(e$ a$# la%e# i$ the lower +ar a$# the

!er +ar la%e# i$ ositio$& The %o'lete asse'*l) is the$ la%e# i$ the %o'ressio$-

testi$" 'a%hi$e a$# the flow 'eter a#+!ste# to ero&

4. The loa# is alie# to the se%i'e$ at a %o$sta$t strai$ rate of 75&9 ''V'i$ !$til the

'axi'!' loa# is rea%he#& The 'axi'!' for%e a$# flow at that for%e are rea# a$# re%or#e#&

The 'axi'!' ti'e that is allowe# *etwee$ re'o(al of the se%i'e$s fro' the water *ath

a$# 'axi'!' loa# is 85 se%o$#&

@.



KAW 3!" # $%&$WA' EN&%NEE(%N&

8.5 R#&$

A#,)$

'+"$

A%)3

*)+$%

( #)+

<++=

A%)3

,*3,$ (

#)+

<++=

H*3,$

C(%%)$*("

%)$*(

S$)6**$-

<KN=

C(%%'$

M)%#,)

S$)6**$-

<KN=

F( <++=

6&5 - 1 155&?8 @9&9: 5&9:9@ .&9. .&6::@7.d 5&.1

6&5 - . 155&96 @:&77 5&?59:7 6&:? 6&87.?18 5&86

6&5 - 8 155&.8 :5&6: 5&96:689 @&5? 7&1@59?6d 5&.7

A%)3 .852918 0.2?

6&7 - 1 155&?5 @?&.8 5&9:16 6&68 8&9@585. 5&8:

6&7 - . 151&9: @?&65 5&9@9 6&78 8&?8.565 5&6:

6&7 - 8 155&15 @?&1: 5&9:.@ .&65 .&5?6.6d 5&6:

A%)3 8.>9@1?1 0.

7&5 - 1 151&1: @6&?: 5&[email protected] @&.9 @&56?.1d 8&6:

7&5 - . 151&9: @9&?8 5&9::6 6&@? 6&11755@ 5&78

7&5 - 8 151&@ @9&6: 5&99@@ 8&8: .&?9:96.d 5&61

A%)3 .11500@ 1.?

7&7 - 1 151&8: :5&55 5&[email protected] 8&7@ 8&569.7d 5&78

7&7 - . 151&.5 @:&95 5&?5.7 @&?9 @&.??67 5&7@

7&7 - 8 151&18 @:&18 5&?1?.7 :&8. @&:.9?1 5&75

A%)3 @.511> 0.58@&5 - 1 151&. @@&98 5&?17@99 7&5: 6&@6.78@ 5&76

@&5 - . 151&5: @:&75 5&?581.7 6&9: 6&8?9.1? 5&6@

@&5 - 8 151&55 @7&58 5&?@1:7 8&75 8&8@@1.7d 5&7?

A%)3 .5208?? 0.58

4 d - $ot %o$si#er;

@8



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A#,)$

Marshall Sta*ilit) 7&6Joi# i$ total 'ix 4JTM; 7&@

A%)3 5.5

d B!l #e$sit) is $ot %o$si#ere# here&

Therefore, the Oti'!' Ashalt o$te$t for HMA Mix 5.5

@6



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8.@ D*#'&##*("

Base# o$ the res!lt o*tai$e#, 7&7= ashalt %o$te$t is the 'ost oti'!' %o$te$t re3!ire#

fro HMA 'ix& This shows %learl) i$ the "rah& B!t, #!e to the i$%o$siste$%) of the rea#i$", o$e

of the lots i$ the "rah $ee# to *e i"$ore# i$ or#er to o*tai$ 'ore a%%!rate rea#i$"&

I$%o$siste$%) of the rea#i$" is #!e to2

1& Error of the 'a%hi$e& Sille# erso$al is re3!ire# to 'o$itor the 'a%hi$e&

.& Error o%%!rre# #!ri$" 'ixi$" of sa'les& This is *e%a!se the %o$te$t of the ashalt

$ee#e# for ea%h sa'le is (er) har# to the #eter'i$e#& The ex%ess ashalt is (er)

#iffi%!lt to retrie(e fro' the a""re"ates&

8& Te'erat!re is (er) har# to %o$trol #!ri$" 'ixi$"& This is *e%a!se the o(e$ is $ot

f!$%tio$i$" well&

6& The %o'a%tio$ ro%ess $ee#s to *e %arrie# o!t 'a$!all) #!e the %o'a%tor fail to

wor 'e%ha$i%all)&

These are all the errors o%%!rre# #!ri$" the ro%ess of reari$" the sa'les& All these errors

'a) lea# to the i'erfe%tio$s of the rea#i$"& Therefore, so'e of the rea#i$"s re%or#e# are $ot

%o$siste$t& Base# o$ the o*ser(atio$ of the 'ix sa'les, sa'les with 6= of ashalt %o$te$t

ha(e 'a$) loose a""re"ates& This is *e%a!se the %o$te$t of ashalt $ee#e# as *i$#er is $ot

s!ffi%ie$t a$# the sit!atio$ is (i%e (ersa whe$ the ashalt %o$te$t i$%rease# to @=& Therefore, we

$ee# to #eter'i$e the oti'!' ashalt %o$te$t re3!ire# i$ or#er to ro#!%e sa'le with theoti'!' lasti% flow&

8.? C("'&#*("

After %arrie# o!t the test, we %a$ %o$%l!#e that the oti'!' ashalt %o$te$t $ee#e# is

7&7=& B!t, this fi"!re will *e #iffere$t if s!*+e%te# to #iffere$t %o$#itio$& Fa%tors affe%ti$" this

rea#i$" are te'erat!re, er%e$ta"e of a""re"ates, arti%les shae, a$# er%e$ta"e of fillers&

Therefore, se%ifi%atio$ i$ the 'a$!al $ee#s to *e referre# i$ or#er to a%hie(e the re3!ire#

Marshall sta*ilit)&

@7



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R%"'

! $ighwa) 1aterials 4A &uide -oo5 for -eginners67 (atnasam) 1uniand)7 (adin .mar

(adin Sohadi7 0enerbit .017 "88!

" $ighwa) Engineering7 0aul $ Wright7 th edition7 9ohn Wile) : Son7 %nc !;;

3 www&hi"hwa)s&"o(&s&%aV#o%sVreorts'a$!alsV'a$!alsVST<OVst.56-

15&#fMarshallMixsa'les#e$sit)a$#(oi#a$al)sistestro%e#!reghl>e$gie>K

TF-9

http://www.highways.gov.sk.ca/docs/reports_manuals/manuals/STP_DOC/stp204-



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