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Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A....

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Aggregates for Concrete
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Page 1: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Page 2: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Fine Aggregate

Sand and/or crushed stone

< 5 mm (0.2 in.)

F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate

Page 3: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Coarse Aggregate

Gravel and crushed stone

5 mm (0.2 in.) typically between

9.5 and 37.5 mm (3/8 and 1½ in.)

Page 4: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Rock and Mineral Constituents in Aggregates

1. Minerals

2. Igneous rocks

3. Metamorphic rocks

4. Sedimentary rocks

Page 5: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Rock and Mineral Constituents in Aggregates

Silica Quartz, Opal

Silicates Feldspar, Clay

Carbonate Calcite, Dolomite

1. Minerals

Page 6: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Rock and Mineral Constituents in Aggregates

Sulfate Gypsum, Anhydrite

Iron sulfide Pyrite, Marcasite

Iron oxide Magnetite, Hematite

1. Minerals

Page 7: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Rock and Mineral Constituents in Aggregates

Granite Syenite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite

Pegmatite Volcanic

glass Felsite Basalt

2. Igneous rocks

Page 8: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Rock and Mineral Constituents in Aggregates

Conglomerate Sandstone Claystone, siltstone,

argillite, and shale Carbonates Chert

3. Sedimentary rocks

Page 9: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Rock and Mineral Constituents in Aggregates

Marble Metaquartzite Slate Phyllite Schist

4. Metamorphic rocks

Amphibolite Hornfels Gneiss Serpentinite

Page 10: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Normal-Weight Aggregate

Most common aggregates Sand Gravel Crushed stone

ASTM C 33

Produce normal-weight concrete 2200 to 2400 kg/m3 (140 to 150 lb/ft3)

Page 11: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Lightweight Aggregate (1)

Expanded Shale Clay Slate Slag

ASTM C 330

Produce structural lightweight concrete 1350 to 1850 kg/m3 (90 to 120 lb/ft3)

Page 12: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Lightweight Aggregate (2)

Pumice Scoria Perlite Vermiculite Diatomite

Produce lightweight insulating concrete— 250 to 1450 kg/m3 (15 to 90 lb/ft3)

Page 13: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Heavyweight Aggregate

Barite Limonite Magnetite Ilmenite Hematite Iron Steel punchings or shot

ASTM C 637, C 638 (Radiation Shielding)

Produce high-density concrete up to 6400 kg/m3 (400 lb/ft3)

Page 14: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Aggregate Characteristics and Tests (1)Characteristic

Test

Abrasion resistance

ASTM C 131 (AASHTO T 96), ASTM C 535, ASTM C 779

Freeze-thaw resistance

ASTM C 666 (AASHTO T 161), ASTM C 682, AASHTO T 103

Sulfate resistance ASTM C 88 (AASHTO T 104)

Particle shape and surface texture

ASTM C 295, ASTM D 3398

GradingASTM C 117 (AASHTO T 11), ASTM C 136 (AASHTO T 27)

Fine aggregate degradation

ASTM C 1137

Void content ASTM C 1252 (AASHTO T 304)

Bulk density ASTM C 29 (AASHTO T 19)

Page 15: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Aggregate Characteristics and Tests (2)Characteristic

Test

Relative densityASTM C 127 (AASHTO T 85)—fine aggregate ASTM C 128 (AASHTO T 84)—coarse aggregate

Absorption and surface moisture

ASTM C 70, ASTM C 127 (AASHTO T 85), ASTM C 128 (AASHTO T 84), ASTM C 566 (AASHTO T 255)

Strength ASTM C 39 (AASHTO T 22), ASTM C 78 (AASHTO T 97)

Def. of constituents

ASTM C 125, ASTM C 294

Aggregate constituents

ASTM C 40 (AASHTO T 21), ASTM C 87 (AASHTO T 71), ASTM C 117 (AASHTO T 11), ASTM C 123 (AASHTO T 113), ASTM C 142 (AASHTO T 112), ASTM C 295

Alkali Resistance

ASTM C 227, ASTM C 289, ASTM C 295, ASTM C 342, ASTM C 586, ASTM C 1260 (AASHTO T 303), ASTM C 1293

Page 16: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Grading of Aggregate

―Grading is the particle-size distribution of an aggregate as determined by a sieve analysis using wire mesh sieves with square openings.

ASTM C 33ASTM C 33

Fine aggregate―7 standard sieves with openings from 150 μm to 9.5 mm

(No. 100 to 3/8 in.)Coarse aggregate―13 sieves with

openings from 1.18 mm to 100 mm (0.046 in. to 4 in.)

Page 17: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Range of Particle Sizes

Page 18: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Fine-Aggregate Grading Limits

Sieve sizePercent passing by

mass9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 100

4.75 mm

(No. 4) 95 to 100

2.36 mm

(No. 8) 80 to 100

1.18 mm

(No. 16) 50 to 85

600 µm (No. 30) 25 to 60

300 µm (No. 50) 5 to 30 (AASHTO 10 to 30)

150 µm (No. 100) 0 to 10 (AASHTO 2 to 10)

Page 19: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Maximum Size vs. Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate

Maximum size ― is the smallest sieve that all of a particular aggregate must pass through.

Nominal maximum size ― is the standard sieve opening immediately smaller than the smallest through which all of the aggregate must pass.

The nominal maximum-size sieve may retain 5% to 15%

Page 20: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregate

1/5 then narrowest dimension between sides of forms

3/4 clear spacing between rebars and between rebars and the form

1/3 depth of slabs

Size should not exceed ―

Page 21: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Coarse Aggregate Grading

Sieve sizePercent

passing by mass

37.5 mm

(1½ in.)

100

25.0 mm

(1 in.)

95 to 100

12.5 mm

(½ in.)

25 to 60

4.75 mm

(No. 4)

0 to 10

2.36 mm

(No. 8)

0 to 5

Size No. 57 25 to 4.75 mm [1 in. to No. 4]

Page 22: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Grading Limits

Page 23: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Reduction of Voids

Page 24: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Dispersion of Aggregates

Page 25: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Fineness Modulus (FM)

Obtained by adding the sum of the cumulative percentages by mass of a sample aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.

The specified sieves are: 150 µm (No. 100), 300 µm (No. 50), 600 µm (No. 30), 1.18 mm (No. 16), 2.36 mm (No. 8), 4.75 mm (No. 4), 9.5 mm (3/8 in.), 19.0 mm (3/4 in.), 37.5 mm (1½ in.), 75 mm (3 in.), and 150 mm (6 in.).

Page 26: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Sieve Analysis and FM of Sand

Sieve size

Percentage of individual fraction

retained, by mass

Percentage

passing, by mass

Cumulative percentage

re-tained, by mass

9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 0 100 04.75 mm

(No. 4) 2 98 2

2.36 mm

(No. 8)13 85 15

1.18 mm

(No. 16)20 65 35

600 µm (No. 30) 20 45 55300 µm (No. 50) 24 21 79150 µm (No.

100)18 3 97

Pan 3 0 —Total 100 283

Fineness modulus = 283 ÷ 100 = 2.83

Page 27: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Maximum Aggregate Size and Water Requirement

Page 28: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Maximum Aggregate Size and Cement Requirement

Page 29: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Combined Aggregate Grading

Page 30: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Videograder

Page 31: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Moisture Conditions

Page 32: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Bulking of Sand

Page 33: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Page 34: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

D-Cracking

Page 35: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Drying Shrinkage

Page 36: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Harmful Materials (1)

Substances Effect on concrete

Test designation

Organic impurities

Affects setting and hardening, may cause deterioration

ASTM C 40ASTM C 87

(AASHTO T 21)(AASHTO T 71)

Materials finer than the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve

Affects bond, increases water requirement

ASTM C 117

(AASHTO T 11)

Coal, lignite, or other lightweight materials

Affects durability, may cause stains and popouts

ASTM C 123

(AASHTO T 113)

Soft particles Affects durabilityASTM C 235

Page 37: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Harmful Materials (2)

Substances

Effect on concrete

Test designation

Clay lumps and friable particles

Affects workability and durability, may cause popouts

ASTM C 142

(AASHTO T 112)

Chert of less than 2.40 relative density

Affects durability, may cause popouts

ASTM C 123ASTM C 295

(AASHTO T 113)

Alkali-reactive aggregates

Causes abnormal expansion, map cracking, and popouts

ASTM C 227, C 289, C 295, C 342, C 586 C 1260, C 1293

(AASHTO T 303)

Page 38: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Harmful Reactive Substances

Alkali-silica reactive substances

Alkali-carbonate reactive

substancesAndesitesArgillitesCertain siliceous limestones and dolomites

Chalcedonic cherts

ChalcedonyCristobaliteDacites

Glassy or crypto-crystalline volcanics

Granite gneiss

GraywackesMetagray-wackes

OpalOpaline shales

PhylitesQuartzites

QuartzosesChertsRhyolitesSchistsSiliceous shales

Strained quartz and certain other forms of quartz

Synthetic and natural silicious glass

Tridymite

Calcitic dolomitesDolomitic limestones

Fine-grained dolomites

Page 39: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Popouts

Page 40: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Iron Particles in Aggregates

Page 41: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Alkali- Aggregate Reactivity ( AAR ) — is a reaction between the active

mineral constituents of some aggregates and the sodium and potassium alkali hydroxides and calcium hydroxide in the concrete.

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (ACR )

Page 42: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)

Visual Symptoms Network of cracks Closed or spalled joints Relative displacements

Page 43: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Visual Symptoms (cont.) Fragments breaking out of

the surface (popouts)

Mechanism1. Alkali hydroxide + reactive

silica gel reaction product (alkali-silica gel)

2. Gel reaction product + moisture expansion

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)

Page 44: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Influencing Factors Reactive forms of silica

in the aggregate, High-alkali (pH) pore

solution Sufficient moisture

If one of these conditions is absent ― ASR cannot occur.

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)

Page 45: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Test Methods Mortar-Bar Method

(ASTM 227) Chemical Method

(ASTM C 289) Petrographic Examination

(ASTM C 295) Rapid Mortar-Bar Test

(ASTM C 1260 or AASHTO T 303)

Concrete Prism Test (ASTM C 1293 )

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)

Page 46: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Controlling ASR Non-reactive aggregates Supplementary cementing materials

or blended cements Limit alkali loading Lithium-based admixtures Limestone sweetening (~30%

replacement of reactive aggregate with crushed limestone

Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)

Page 47: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Effect of Supplementary Cementing Materials on ASR

Page 48: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (ACR)

Influencing factors Clay content, or insoluble residue

content, in the range of 5% to 25% Calcite-to-dolomite ratio of

approximately 1:1 Increase in the dolomite volume Small size of the discrete dolomite

crystals (rhombs) suspended in a clay matrix

Page 49: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Alkali-Carbonate Reaction

Test methods Petrographic examination

(ASTM C 295) Rock cylinder method (ASTM

C 586) Concrete prism test (ASTM C

1105)

Page 50: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Alkali-Carbonate Reaction

Controlling ACR Selective quarrying to avoid

reactive aggregate Blend aggregate according to

Appendix in ASTM C 1105 Limit aggregate size to smallest

practical

Page 51: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Handling and Storing Aggregates

Page 52: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Recycled-Concrete Aggregate

Page 53: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Page 54: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Water Absorption

Page 55: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Videos 1/6

Aggregates Grading curves

Page 56: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Videos 2/6

Void content Fineness modulus

Page 57: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Videos 3/6

Gap graded aggregate Particle shape

Page 58: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Videos 4/6

Bulk Density (Unit Weight) Specific Gravity

Page 59: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Videos 5/6

Absorption Beneficiation

Page 60: Aggregates for Concrete. Fine Aggregate n Sand and/or crushed stone n < 5 mm (0.2 in.) n F.A. content usually 35% to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregate.

Aggregates for Concrete

Videos 6/6

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WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base · leucosphaera , Pusula leucosphaera F.A. Schilder, 1931 - syn of: Dolichupis leucosphaera (F.A. Schilder, 1931) levantina , Niveria levantina

WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base · leucosphaera , Pusula leucosphaera F.A. Schilder, 1931 - syn of: Dolichupis leucosphaera (F.A. Schilder, 1931) levantina , Niveria levantina

Documents

f.a 2 ch 7

f.a 2 ch 7

Documents