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Dr. Robiyanto H. Susanto, Sriwijaya Universityrobiyanto@tidal-lowlands.org

Integrated Lowland Development Workshop, Jan 21, 2009, Jakarta, Indonesia

Agricultural Development in the Lowlands:Dynamics, Perspective and Time Frame

Lesson Learned from STLD and the Way Forwards

The integration of the programme conducted to support the foodproduction in the lowlands schemes under the StrengtheningTidal Lowlands Development (STLD) is only possible with thesupport of related parties. i.e.: The Directorate General of WaterResources, Ministry of Public Works; Rijskwaterstaat Partner forWater of the Netherlands, Local government of South Sumatraprovince, Banyuasin district, West Kalimantan province, KubuRaya and Sambas districts, the support from the Ministry of

Agriculture, the Republic of Indonesia; the Water UsersAssociation/ Farmers Group, and the Community Organizers

Highlights

Food security in Indonesia and the global challenge Room for intensification of existing agriculture (rice, other

food crops, tree crops etc, linked to the optimalisation of thelowlands schemes)

The Lesson learned from LWMTL/ STLD: Assessment neededWater Control Infrastructures, Operation and maintenancewith Water Users Association (WUA); Farming systemtechnology with farming systems approach; Mechanizedoperation and maintenance

Multi stakeholders participation: Governments-Farmers/WUA-NGO-Academics-Private Sectors

Capacity building and human resources development on thelowlands issues The way forward to propagate the success stories in the

lowland for food production to other prospective existinglowland schemes

Closing remarks

WORLD POPULATION

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:World_population.PNG

Present and Future Population 2000-202 5 (x 1000)

0,0

20.000,0

40.000,0

60.000,0

80.000,0

100.000,0

120.000,0

140.000,0

160.000,0

180.000,0

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Sumatra

Java, Bali and Nusa

Tenggara

Kalimantan

Sulawesi and Maluku

Papua

Source: BPS, 2007

Achievement Level of Predicted Self Food Sufficiency, 2006-2025

(10,000)

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

2006 2010 2015 2020 2025

Harves tedarea(000ha) Productivi ty (tonGKG/ha) Yie ld (000tonGKG)

Demand(eq. 000tonGKG) Balance(000tonGKG)Source: Litbang Deptan, 2007

Assumption : increase area 0,37%, increase productivity 0,48%

Deficit

30.000-40.000 ha/year in Java to non-agric. uses

WORLD MARKET PRICES FOR RICE OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS

HARGA PASAR DUNIA PADI UNTUK 10 TAHUN TERAKHIR

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Jan Feb Mrt Apr

PriceinUS$/ton

Tidal-Lowland & Coastal Areas in Indonesia

Figure 1. Tidal Lowland Distribution in Indonesia

Type of Lowlandsaccording to Ramsar

Convention(Davies et al, 1995)

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Reclaimed Lowland Area in Indonesia Sponsored by Government:

Mainly for Transmigration and Food Production areas

Source: Directorateof LowlandsandCoast,DirectorateGeneral of Water Resources 2007

Lokasi

Area of LowlandsDeveloped Lowland Area

to be Cultivated Area

Tidal (ha) Inland (ha) Total (ha) Tidal (ha)Inland(ha)

Total (ha)

Sumatra 6,604,000 2,766,000 9,370,000 691,704 110,176 801,880

Kalimantan 8 ,1 26, 900 3 ,5 80, 50 0 11 ,7 07, 400 69 4, 935 194, 76 5 88 9, 700

Sulawesi 1,148,950 644,500 1,793,450 65,930 18,780 84,710

Papua 4,216,950 6,305,770 10,522,720 - 23,710 23,710

2 0, 09 6, 80 0 1 3, 29 6, 77 0 3 3, 39 3, 57 0 1 ,4 52 ,5 69 3 47 ,4 31 1 ,8 00 ,0 00

Note:In additionapprox.2.4 mil hawas reclaimedbyspontaneoussettler andthe privatesector

CONSERVATION OF NATURALRESOURCES WITHIN THELOWLANDS AND COASTAL

AREAS

Lowland-Wetland Ecosystem Biodiversity

Mangrove forest: 90.00 ha(estuarinemangrove,with more

then 20 smallriversmenaderingwithin theareas)

Migratory birds nesting place

Areas for wildlife, such as: Sumatran

Tiger, Estruary crocodile, Tree tiger,

etc..

Sources of fishery for

the nearby areas

Clay Soil vs Peat Surveying and Mapping

Kondisi vegetasi rawadi lokasiDesaPedamaran.

Pengeborandititik47, vegetasi dominankumpai&purun,kedalamangambut3,5 m,

karakteristikkematangansaprik-hemik

Kondisi lahanrawayang terbakar

Lokasi surveyyang ditanami padi sonor PerkampungannelayanJungkalPengeborandi titik77, vegetasi dominanpakis&perpat,kedalaman3,5m,

karakteristik kematangansaprik-hemik

TECHNOLOGY &

WAY OF LIFE ADAPTATION TO

THE LOWLAND-COASTAL AREASENVIRONMENT

Aquaculture

Paddy floating nursery

Consideration for the Development and Management ofLowland-Coastal Areas

Geology and PhysiographyLowland Reclamation SchemesClimate and HydrologyHidrotopographySoil/ type of peatFarming/ Cropping SystemSocio-Cultural IssuesEconomic SettingInstitutional IssuesEnvironmental issues

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MODIFIED LOWLAND-COASTAL AREASENVIRONMENT FORSETTLEMENT &

FOOD PRODUCTION

Lowlands ofSumatra

Lowland Development in South Sumatera(Income of 500 US$/year/family: OKI, Muba, Banyuasin )

LowlandDevelopment

in West

Kalimantan

Soil moisturedistribution under

different water table/soil surface condition

(Skaggs, 1990a)

Rooting zone under shallowand deep water table (right,30 cm below soil surface;and left 60 cm below soilsurface) (Skaggs, 1990b)

Water table profile undermodified rooting zone condition

(with surface or subsurfacedrainage systems)(Skaggs, 1990c)

Consideration on topographyand natural layout for the

drainage systemsdevelopment (contour)

(Skaggs, 1990d)

Drainage developmentunder the help of

government:Telang I, Banyuasin,

South Sumatra

Primary canal

Secondary canal

Agricultural fields

Movable flap gates

Public andeconomicfacilities,

home yards

Drainage flapgate + sliding gate

Tertiaries

Fasilitas

umum dan

ekonomi,

lahan

pekarangan

Pintu klep + pintu sorong

Saluran tersier

Lahan pertanian

Pintu klep yang dapat dipindahkan

Saluran sekunder

Saluran primer

Bridges, gates, canals within

the lowland scheme

Before upgrading

After upgrading

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The Lesson learned from LWMTL/ STLD:

Assessment needed Water ControlInfrastructures,

Operation and Maintenance with Water UsersAssociation (WUA);

Farming system technology with farmingsystems approach;

Mechanized operation and maintenance

Land and Water Management Tidal Lowlands LWMTL

Strengthening Tidal Lowlands Development -STLD

June 2004 July 2008

Paddy field based reclamation condition in Telang - Saleh 2008(Community based development)

Farmers meeting in Tekarang, Sambas,

West Kalimantan, July 8 & Nov 20, 2007

Structure with flapgate that can be operated for irrigation or drainage (high

tide/low tide) by changing flapgate position. Design recommended by

STLD project; inputs from Indonesian Government

Farm machineries

JanuariFebruari

MaretApril

Mei

Juni

September

OktoberNovember

Desember

Agustus

Juli

P8-

12S Telang Banyuasin: Farmers Participation

Trials in Sumber Mulyo, P6Telang-Banyuasin

MowingBucket trialFlailMower trial. DredgingBucket trial.

Mechanized canalmaintenance survey.

Hand-over ofgranted equipments:Bupati,DGWR,Prof.Schultz- Holland

Total yield for first and second cr op in tons/ha for the example tertiary blocks ofthe three pilot areas in South Sumatra (LWMTL-STLD, 2004-2008)

0

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

rice rice rice rice rice rice

Pilot area 1 Pilot area 2 Pilot area 3

First and second crops

Yieldinton/ha

2004

2005

2006

2007

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High rice yield in West Kalimantan after introduction of new water control

infrastructure and proper agronomic inputs. All inputs from farmers and

local government; only assistance from STLD

An example of integrated lowland development inBanyuasin district, South Sumatra Province

LumbungDesaModern

Deptan,P17 TelangII

KemitraanPUSRI

KemitraanSwastadiP10-TelangI, 700ha

AgropolitanDepTrans

diMuaraPadang

PuskesmasTerapung

Pilot AreaIndonesia-

Belanda750 ha

DarmagaAir di P8,

TelangI

DarmagaAir diGasing

DarmagaAir

SimpangPU

UPGB

PerumBulog-

RiceEs tate

PerbaikanTataAir

PeranPupukOrganik

Air Bersih& Sanitasi

BankBRI

CONSTRAINTS ON LOWLAND-COASTAL AREASMANAGEMENT

Single use vs Multiple uses Spatial Planning

Data availability

Misconception wrong way of thinking Lack of knowledge

In appropriate site or program selection

Sectoral egoism

Coordination Sustainability

Transportation and Accessibility

Water supply and Sanitation Environmental Issues Conservation of Natural Resources

Socio-Cultural (local people, transmigrant)

Funding

GIS - SupportMIS, Management Information

System

Dissemination of

Data & Information

Seminar

Workshop

Field trip

Journal

Prosiding

Books

Lectures Notes Brosur

Leaflet

Websites

Research & Developmentfor undergraduate,Master, Doctor programs

www.pusdatarawa.or.id

www.banyuasinkab.go.id

www.tidal-lowlands.org

Multi stakeholders participation:Governments-Farmers/ WUA-NGO-

Academics-PrivateSectors-Banks

Multi

stakeholders

partisipation onIntegrated

Lowland

Development inBanyuasin

district, South

Sumatra

PERUM BULOG Dep. PU

Universitas Sriwijaya InstitutPertanianBogor

DepartemenPertanian

Jerman

Batan Balit Padi PolyAgro

PemkabBanyuasin

Malaysia Jepang Belanda

KomisiIIDPR-RI

ChinaAustralia & Korea

BPTP Sumsel-Deptan

INS

KomisiIIIDPR-RI

Visit of BI - Banks to the lowland Banyuasin, January 9, 2009

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Capacity building and humanresources development on thelowlands related issues

UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA

STRATEGIC PLAN

VISION, MISSION and GOAL

Advisory committee (1993-2008)

Task-Concept: Tim Pendamping terdiri dari tenaga ahli dantenaga lapangan mengerjakan sendiri hal-hal yangdianggap perlu demi kelancaram kegiatan

Technical Assistance: Tim Pendamping memberikanbantuan teknis kepada pihak lain yang m elakukan kegiatanterkait dengan sistim usaha yang dilakukan

Dissemination of Info: Keterlibatan Tim pendamping padakegiatan Lokal, Regional, Nasional, dan Internasionalmembantu penyebaran informasi

Capacity Building & Human Resources Development onLowlands-Coastal areas Management

Research for Undergrad-Master-Doctorate Training & Extention

National Training on Lowland Management forState University Lectures year of 2002 and 2003conducted by Sriwijaya University & Ministry of Education, HRD project

FirstGroup 2002Participants:

UniversitasSyiah Kuala,BandaAceh

UniversitasSumateraUtara(USU),Medan,

UniversitasAndalas,Padang,SumateraBarat

UniveritasRiau (UNRI) Pekanbaru,Riau

UniversitasJambi(UNJA) Jambi

UniversitasBengkulu,Bengkulu

UniversitasLampung,Lampung

UniversitasLambung Mangkurat (UNLAM) Banjarmasin

UniversitasPalangkaraya(UNPAR) Kalteng

UniversitasTanjung Pura, Pontianak,Kalimantan Barat

UniversitasSyamRatulangi(UNSRAT) Menado,Sulut

UniversitasHasanuddin(UNHAS) Sulsel

UniversitasMataram(UNRAM) NTB

Second Group2003

Students Lowland Soil Judging Contest, Dec 2008, Telang, Banyuasin,South Sumatra

15 groups of3 stdnsfrom

UGM

IPB

Unpad

UNS

Unila

Unja

Usu

Unri

Unlam

DEGREE & NON DEGREE programcollaboration

National Planning Agency Local Governments Sriwijaya University

NON DEGREE program:

Development Planning Monitoring and Evaluation Program and Project Management Investment Planning Management of Grant and Overseas Loan Performance based Budget Planning Planning of Coastal Areas

DEGREE program : MSi -MSc

Double Degree on Integrated LowlandDevelopment and Management

Media Response on the Double Degree Program on

Integrated Lowland Management

Lowland Development WorkshopDelft, Netherland, February 27 March 3, 2006

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Meeting of Prof. Bart Schultz with Bappenas Directors

Jakarta, August 28, 2006

City Drainage Systems,Class2008

DD-ILDM Students,1st Group in the Netherlands,

2nd group at Sriwijaya University

REGIONAL REFRESHER SEMINAR

climate change and coastal lowland

development in (sub)-tropical environments

Tjg Api-Api

P8-TelangI

Palembang, Indonesia,July 21-25, 2008

40 Unesco-IHE alumni

from 9 South East Asia

countries

Visit of the Iranian ICID delegation toPalembang and Telang, August 24-26, 2008

The way forwards to propagatethe success stories in thelowland for food production toother prospective existinglowland schemes

South Kalimantan - LowlandsSouth Kalimantan Existing Schemes

Danda Besar

Terantang Jejangkit

Belandean

Tabunganen

Jelapat

Sei Muhur

Sei Seluang

BarambaiBelawang

South Kalimantan Scheme: Danda Besar

Gambar Saluran dan Bangunan Di Danda

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Visit of Bappeda-Agric-Water Resources Riau province toTelang 5 Desember 2008

Provinsi RiauJambi Interest of Lowlands Development Visit to Telang -December 2008

(Pamusiran, Jambi)

Application of landpreparation system TOT

(no plowing)Traditional rice varieties

mp o proc or dcr d o d

o g r

Inventory by Rapid RuralAppraisal (RRA)

Assessment of neededadditional infrastructure in

relation to potential for yieldincreases.

Training of local NGO/Consultant. ManpowerCapacity Building local

government by PDTL team

PriorityDevelopmentPlanning WaterManagement

Need for extra or improvedTertiary structures

Need for TAM (on-farmwater management) Budget

TB and Regular

Maintenance

Upgrading presentwatermanagement

system. Special BudgetPlanning. (DAK) Need of

Dikes, extra canals,secondary structures

Legalization P3A/Gapoktanincluding PUSRI fertilizersupplier/storage facilityEmpowerment of UPJA

Government Budgets forhand tractors, workshop,

milling facilities, rice storage

Mechanicallandpreparation,HYV,

fertilizers,herbicides/pesticides

Requiredtimeperiod2-3years

Yield:1-2 ton/ha

(GKP)

Yield:4-6 ton/ha

(GKP)Implementation of improvement

water management control system atsecondary at Flooding type C/D and

at tertiary level forFlooding type A/B/C

Training of farmers forproper water management/land preparation, farming

system technology.O&M inputs by P3A/

Gapoktan

Training farmers for properfarming system technology,Enforcements of UPJA and

P3A/Gapoktan and theiryearly budgets including

those for O&M andALSINTAN/SAPRODI

Requiredtimeperiod2-3years

Yield:6-8 ton/ha

(GKP) or doublecropping

Established O&M,Ricemilling,ricestorage,workshops,fertilizerstorageand supply.

HYV

Areas now bush land (acids,/stagnant water or peat soil.

Also not yet reclaimed areaswith potential for

development includingenvironmentalconsiderations.

Inventory / investmentplanning. Ownership model:

Community based orIndustry based

Requiredtimeperiod5years

Needed inputs for higher rice production

(STLD 2008)

In order to get an idea of the work to be doneand the approach to be followed it has to berealised that it concerns 4 million ha existingareas where P3As will have to be establishedand legalised, water control structures willhave to be improved, or newly installed andthe TAM programme will have to be applied.

If this would have to be done in say twentyyears, it would mean about 200,000 ha peryear. This is an enormous challenge and canonly be realised when really a rolling traincan be established.

In formulating future developments and directions in the tidallowlands a distinction will have to be made in the

improvements in reclaimed areas, new reclamations and the

conservation of areas not to be reclaimed (Schultz, 2006)

improvements in reclaimed areas.

new tidal lowland reclamation projects.

environmental considerations andsustainability.

first generation problems.

improvements in reclaimed areas. Related to theimprovement options in reclaimed areas quite someexperiences are available now (Hartoyo Suprianto, etal., 2006). Based on these experiences the firstpriority would have to be to make better use of thedeveloped infrastructure by a better operation and

maintenance, both at on-farm and main systemlevel. The experiences as outlined above may serveas a guidance;

new tidal lowland reclamation projects. In generalterms the areas that have a potential for reclamationhave been identified in the Nation wide study of 1984(Ministry of Public Works, 1984). It may be expectedthat sooner, or later the remaining potential tidallowland areas (about 4 million ha) will be reclaimed.This is still a very substantial area compared to thepresent total cultivated area with paddy rice in thecountry of about 8.5 million ha;

environmental considerations and sustainability. Untilsome twenty years ago, ecological data were notoften used in reaching a decision on lowlanddevelopment projects. This has led to variousunforeseen consequences. Increasingly ecological

data are used in all decisions on future lowlanddevelopment projects. In the tidal lowland areasespecially the deep peat areas are basically unsuitablefor development and would have to be preserved;

first generation problems. In newly reclaimed areas,several problems can be regarded as first generationproblems.

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The steps taken would be:

to work out the proposed approach in such a detail that decisionscan be taken;

to explore for some selected areas the willingness of farmers,provincial and district authorities to enter in such an approach (I)

to prepare standard formats for: application forms (II),participatory planning (III); draft improvement plans (IV),finalization of the improvement plan (V); operation rules attertiary (VIa) and secondary level (VIb), required maintenance atsecondary (VIIa) and tertiary level (VIIb); and maintenance

to specify the facilitation activities for which the Netherlands hasindicated its willingness to give support. The actual facilitationwould have to be implemented by local NGOs or specialised localconsultants.

determination of the indicative cost per ha for facili tation at adeclining basis, related to the gradual development of thisactivities on a routine basis.

I.Generalinventoryof theconditions in potential area/scheme,based on rapidruralassessment (RA) approach.Consultation with Kepala Desa(s) on application

II.Application to theDistrict Government for integratedimprovement at tidallowland scheme,or thesecondaryblocklevelby theKepala Desa

III.Participatoryplanningon improvement needs in theconcernedarena in closeconsultation with theWaterManagement Agencies andthe District AgriculturalService(TAM) and thePreparation ofa draft improvement plan,

includingoperation rules for thewater control structures at tertiaryandif requiredat secondary levels

IV.Presentation ofdraft improvement plan to theKepala Desa andthe farmers.Reactivation/establishment/training/legalization ofP3A/Kelompok Tani at secondary block level

V.Finalization ofimprovement plan andapprovalbythe P3As/Kelompok Tani that in themean timewouldhavebeenlegalized.Also approvalbythe concernedGovernment Agencies

VIIbIf secondary water control structures havebeen installed,operation oftheses structures byDistrict staff,or subcontractedto P3A,based on

theagreedoperation rule

VIIIa.Maintenanceoftertiarycanaland tertiarywater control structures by theP3As

VIa.Submission TAM provisions and materials forthe tertiarywatercontrol structure,construction bythefarmers undersupervision of Districtstaff, Clearingof tertiarycanals bytheP3A,Improvedsupply of farm inputs,improvement of farmingsystemstechnologies andpost harvestprocessing.

VIbClearingof secondary canals,if possiblebyP2As under contract with theDistrict PU,otherwisebycontractors.If requiredconstruction ofsecondary water control structures by contractors.

VIIa.Operation oftertiarywater control structures bytheP3A, basedon theagreedoperation rule.Monitoringandevaluation functioningof TAM,farmingsystems,agriculturalpractices andwater management

Figure2. Proposed developmentfor integrated improvementof thereclaimed tidallowlands (PDTLProposal 2008)

Remarks

Integration (vertical, horizontal, area)

The technology know how to havebetter lowlands development underexisting scheme for food crops is there

Food security is critical in the comingyears

How to propagate development tidallowlands

The answer is with us