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75
CHAPTER III
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF MARATHWADA
REGION AND SELECTED FARMERS
INTRODUCTION
The chapter presents arief description in district-wise of Marathwada,
the area selected for the study. Based on primary and secondary data. In
secondary data it provides location, types of soil, Agro-climatic zones, farm
size wise distribution, land use pattern, cropping pattern and irrigation facility
for different sources. It also provides population profile in this region. In
primary data it explains the sample profile of farmer in Parbhani district.
SECTION A
District-wise Agricultural Profile of Marathwada Region
The state of Maharashtra came into existence on 1st May 1960 as a
consequence of bifurcation of the bilingual state of Bombay into unilingual
state of Maharashtra and Gujarat. It is situated more or less at a central place
in India. Marathi is the official Language in the State. As far as the name of
the state is concerned literally Maharashtra means a great nation. The name is
accidental Maharashtra was a farm of Prakrit, current in this part of the
country, and form it the region seems to have got its name. It is uncertain
whether the language derives its name from the region or Vice-versa.1
The Maharashtra is administratively divided into six divisions viz.,
Konkan, Nashik, Pune, Amravati, Nagpur and Aurangabad. The Aurangabad
division is known as Marathwada region. It was formally a part of Hyderabad
province.2 Maharashtra region consists of eight districts of Maharashtra State
namely Aurangabad, Jalna, Parbhani, Hingoli, Beed, Nanded, Latur and
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76
Osmanabad.3 Till 1981this region consisted only five districts except Latur,
Jalna and Hingoli, but in May 1981 Aurangabad and Osmanabad were
divided into Jalna and Latur district respectively and Latur on 1st May 1999.
Parbhani was into Hingoli. The entire region was formed as a part of the
princely state of the Nizam, and then known as Hyderabad State. Since May
1960, the region has been one of the divisions of Maharashtra state.
3.1 Location
Geographically Marathwada region is situated between 170. 35’N and
200
.40’N latitudes and 740.40’ E and 78
0.15’ longitudes. The region is
bounded by the Jalgaon, Buldhana and Akola districts on the north, by the
Nasik and Ahmednagar districts on the west, Solapur district on south side
and Andhra Pradesh on the east. The total geographical area of Marathwada
region is 64525 sq. kms. with 57.0 lakh hectares suitable for agriculture.
However net sown area is only 75 per cent of total geographical area. This is
12 per cent of the Maharashtra. In Marathwada district-wise geographical area
is Aurangabad 10100 sq. kms, Beed 10693 sq. kms., Nanded 12442.08 sq.
kms., Latur 7157.00 sq. kms., Jalna 7718.00 sq. kms., Hingoli 8056.05 sq.
kms., Parbhani 6511.58 sq. kms., and Osmanabad 7512 sq.kms.4
3.2 The Soil
Most of the region is covered with deep black cotton soil derived from
the Deccan trap volcanic rock. However, the soils vary greatly in texture and
depth. The deep black soils are found along the river banks of Godavari,
Manjara, Purna, Dudhana and Penganga and their tributaries and the soil is
capable of retaining moisture. In the years of favorable rainfall bumper rabi
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77
crops are grown in these areas. The soils are, however, course, shallows and
relatively poor, along the hill slopes and at the foots of the hills.
The major portion of the region is covered by medium black soil. The
medium and deep soil in the region is rich in plant nutrients and can support
good kharif or rabi crops like jowar, bajra, wheat, pulses, cotton, sugarcane
and groundnut.
Table 3.1
District-wise Classification of Soils in Marathwada Region
(in ‘00’ hector)
Sr.
No.
Types of Soils Aurangabad Parbhani Bed Nanded Osmanabad Marathwada
1 Deep black more
than 36” depth
164
(9.21)
229
(20.88)
137
(12.26)
248
(24.01)
55
(24.01)
833
(12.95)
2 Medium black
between 9” to 36”
depth
1048
(58.88)
715
(65.17)
726
(65.00)
495
(47.92)
1182
(84.25)
4166
(64.75)
3 Coarse and Shallow
below 9” depth
568
(31.91)
153
(13.95)
254
(22.74)
290
(28.07)
166
(11.83)
1431
(22.26)
Total 1780
(100.0)
1097
(100.0)
1117
(100.0)
1083
(100.0)
1403
(100.0)
6430
(100.0)
Source: Data supplied by Zilla Parishads.
Note: 1) Jalna, Latur and Hingoli districts are include in Aurangabad, Osmanabad and Parbhani
district.
2) Figures in the bracket represent percentage to total.
It is clear observed from the table 3.1 that the deep black soil covers
about 12.95 per cent portion of the Marathwada region. The medium black
soil covers about 64.74 per cent and the course and shallow soil covers about
22.26 per cent portion of the Marathwada region. It is also observed, the deep
black soil covers 9.21 per cent in Aurangabad district, 20.88 per cent in
Parbhani district, 12.26 per cent in Beed district, 24.01 per cent in Nanded
district, 3.92 per cent in Osmanabad district. From these figures it is clear that
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78
the percentage of deep black soil is the highest in Nanded district followed by
Parbhani district and it is the lowest in Osmanabad district.
The medium black soil covers about 64.75 per cent portion of the
Marathwada region. The medium black soil covers 58.88 per cent area of
Aurangabad district, 65.17 percent in Parbhani district, 65.00 per cent in Beed
district, 47.92 per cent in Nanded district, and 84.25 per cent in Osmanabad
district. These figures it is clearly showing that the percentage of medium
black soil is the highest in Osmanabad district and the lowest in the Nanded
district.
The course and shallow soil covers about 22.26 per cent portion of the
Marathwada region. The coarse shallow soil covers 31.91 per cent are of
Aurangabad district, 13.95 per cent in Parbhani district, 22.74 per cent in
Beed district, 28.07 per cent in Nanded district and 11.83 per cent in
Osmanabad district. From these figures it is clear that the percentage of coarse
shallow soil is the highest in Aurangabad district and the lowest in
Osmanabad district.
3.3 Agro-climatic Zones
Maharashtra State has been divided into nine broad agro climatic
zones.5 Marathwada region of the Maharashtra state falls under three zones,
I) Scarcity zones, II) Assured rainfall zone and III) Moderate to moderately
high rainfall zone. Western half of Parbhani, southern part of Nanded district
and remaining part of Aurangabad district, Beed and Osmanabad districts
come under assured rainfall zone. Moderately high rainfall zone includes
eastern part of Parbhani district and northern part of Nanded district. Western
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79
trap of Beed district and Aurangabad districts and Bhoom and Paranda talukas
of Osmanabad district came under in the scarcity zone.
3.4 Rivers
There are three important river basins in the Marathwada region viz.,
the Godawari, the Purna and the Penganga basin. Major portion of the region
lies in the Godavari basin. Therefore, ‘Godavari’ is the most important river
in the region. ‘Purna’ which is the biggest tributary of Godavari is the second
important river in the region. The Godavari rive enters the region through
Aurangabad district, runs on its southern boundary, separating it from Beed
distrct, flows through the Jalna, Parbhani and Nanded districts to enter the
Andhra Pradesh. The Purna basin comprises of the whole taluka of Sillod of
the Aurangabad district, Jafrabad taluka of the Jalna district, northern part of
Kannad taluka, eastern part of Khultabad taluka of the Aurangabad district
and Bhokardan Taluka of the Jalna district excluding small north-eastern
portion forming a salient feature between Jalgaon and Buldhana district. The
Purna enters the region from the north-west corner of Parbhani district and
flow south-east direction to fall into the Godavari about 15 miles up stream
from the Nanded district. The Penganga after collecting the waters of the
southern belts of the Buldhana and Akola districts drains the north eastern
margin with the aid of its tributary the Kayadhu river.
The other important rivers are Shivna, Dheku, Kham in Aurangabad
district, Manjra, Bindusara and Sindphana in Beed district, Penganga,
Manyad, Ashna and Lendi in Nanded district, Manjra and Terna in
Osmanabad district, Manjra in Lature district and Kayadhu, Karpara and
Dudhana in Parbhani district.
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80
3.5 Rainfall
To understand rainfall phenomenon some knowledge of meteorology is
necessary. This is difficult and complicated science, but its practical
manifestations affecting rainfall are comparatively straight forward. Rain is
caused by the cooling of a mass of atmosphere vapor to below the point at
which it condenses such cooling takes place when the air expands as the result
of reduction of pressure or moves from a warmer to a colder place. In the
first, stage of condensation minute particles form clouds. Furthers,
condensation causes these to coalesce.
Larger drops are formed, which being too heavy to be held up by air
current descent in the form of rain when moist air is removed from a lower to
higher elevation, as when it travels up a mountain side expansion occurs and
there is a lowering of temperature. If this is sufficient, condensation takes
place and rainfalls. Marathwada region revives an annual rainfall of 740.37
mm. The annual average rainfall is not uniform in all district of Marathwada
regions.
In last 15 years annual average rainfall is 651.07 mm. in Aurangabad,
806.8 mm. in Parbhani, 706.74 mm. in Beed, 879.27 mm. in Nanded, 701.6
mm. in Osmanabad, 696.64 mm. in Jalna, 784.6 mm. in Latur and 744.86
mm. in Hingoli. In last fifteen years highest annual average rainfall in Nanded
district and lowest in Aurangabad district.6
3.6 Distribution of size of holdings, area operated and their status of
irrigation in Marathwada region.
Land, a basic asset of an agrarian economy, is a pre-requisite for
cultivation, the major source of income and an index of household status. It is
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81
associated with control over and access to other resources.7
Table 3.2 shows
the distribution of size of holdings, area operated and their status of irrigation
in Marathwada region for the year 2000-2001.
The Small number of holdings (below 2 hectare) was 70.0 per cent in
the year 2000-01. Where small area operated was (20.16 lakh hectares) 39.0
per cent and the number of holdings receiving irrigation is 6.94 per cent. In
the case of small size holding net area irrigation was 4.71 per cent in the year
of 2000-01.
Table 3.2
Distribution of Size of Holdings, Area Operated and their Status of
Irrigation in Marathwada Region for the year 2001-02
(in lakh hectare)
Size of Holding Numbers of
Household
Area
Operated
(in ha.)
Number of Holdings
receiving irrigated
Net area
irrigated
(in ha.)
1 2 3 4 5
Small
(Bellow 2 ha.)
20.62
(70.0)
20.16
(39.0)
1.43
(6.94)
0.95
(4.71)
Medium
(2.1 ha. to 4 ha.)
6.47
(22.0)
17.15
(33.2)
0.85
(13.14)
0.95
(5.54)
Large (4.1 ha. & above ha.)
2.36
(8.0)
14.41
(27.9)
0.48
(20.34)
0.87
(6.04)
Total 29.45
(100)
51.72
(100)
2.76
(9.37)
2.77
(5.36)
Source: Computed from the data of Agricultural Census, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India (http://agcensus.nic.in).
Note: 1) Figures in parenthesis for column 2 and 3 are percentages to all holdings and the same for
column 4 and 5 are percentages of number of holdings receiving irrigation to total number of
holdings (4/2∗ 100) and percentage of Net area irrigated to total area operated (5/3∗100) with
respect to given size of holdings.
2) This does not include institutional holdings (viz., [PRs] institutional land used for
cultivation and area operated of the same).
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82
The medium size numbers of holdings (2.01 to 4 hector) were 22.0 per
cent in the year 2000-01. Where medium area operated was 33.2 per cent
hectare, and the number of holdings receiving irrigation was 13.14 per cent.
The medium size holdings net area irrigated is 5.54 per cent to total area
operated in hectare.
The large size numbers of holdings (4.1 ha. and above ha.) were only
8.0 per cent in the year 2000-01. Where large size area holding operated were
27.9 per cent hector and the number of holdings receiving irrigation was
20.34 per cent. The large size of holdings net area irrigated was 6.04 per cent
hector.
It is also sowing in same table net area irrigated was increased with
increasing the size of holdings. The large size numbers of holdings and area
operated were inverse relationship. Large numbers of holdings was only 8.0
per cent to total household and their area operating was near about 28 per cent
to total area operated. Small size of numbers of holdings was 70.0 per cent
and their operating area was only 39.0 per cent which is indicated disparity of
operating area and numbers of households. For the above mentioned table we
can say that, all size of holdings and their operated area and their receiving
irrigation is very large differences.
3.7 Land Use Pattern of Marathwada Region
For Marathwada region district-wise land utilization is given in the table 3.3.
In this region out of total geographical area of 64443.00 hundred hectares
about 3.47 per cent has been classified as forest area under land utilization
statistic for the year 2004-05. The major portion of the total geographical
Page 9
Dis
tric
t–w
ise
La
nd
Uti
liza
tio
n S
tati
stic
s in
Ma
rath
wa
da
Reg
i
Hea
d o
f th
e
Cla
ssif
ica
tion
Fo
rest
B
arre
n o
f
Un
cult
iva
ble
lan
d
La
nd
un
der
no
n-
ag
ric
ult
u
ra
l u
se
Cu
ltiv
ab
le
wes
t
Au
ran
gab
ad
72
6.0
(7.2
)
20
7.0
(2.1
)
60
5.0
(6.0
)
15
5.0
(1.5
4)
Nan
ded
8
54
.0
(8.2
6)
18
9.0
(1.8
2)
35
6.0
(3.4
5)
35
8.0
(3.4
6)
Osm
anab
ad
14.0
(0.1
9)
65
.0
(0.8
7
17
9.0
(2.3
9)
48
9.0
(6.5
3)
Bee
d
23
0.0
(2
.15)
24
5.0
(2.3
)
42
8.0
(4.0
1)
40
9.0
(3.8
3)
Par
bh
ani
64.0
(1.0
1)
82
.0
(1.3
)
28
9.0
(4.5
8)
22
6.0
(3.5
8)
Jaln
a 4
9.0
(0.6
8)
74
.0
(1.0
2)
20
9.0
(2.9
)
16
1.0
(2.2
3)
Lat
ur
18
.00
(0.2
5)
19
0.0
(2.6
5)
21
2.0
(2.9
6)
24
0.0
(3.3
5)
Hin
go
li
28
4.0
(6.1
0)
87
.0
(1.9
)
10
5.0
(2.3
)
11
8.0
(2.5
3)
Ma
rath
wa
da
223
9.0
(3.4
7)
11
39
(1.7
7)
23
83
.0
(3.7
0)
21
56
.0
(3.3
5)
Ma
ha
rash
tra
52
128
.0
(16
.95
)
17
261.0
(5.6
1)
13
925
.0
(4.5
3)
91
78
.0
(2.9
8)
So
urce:
1)
Dis
tric
t w
ise
Agri
cult
ura
l dat
a B
ase
for
Mah
aras
Mum
bai
, an
d (
Sep
tem
ber
20
04).
2)
Agri
cult
ura
l st
atis
tica
l In
form
atio
n, M
ahar
ash
tra
Sta
te (
200
6),
Par
t II
, C
hie
f S
ta
No
te:
Fig
ure
s in
bra
cket
s in
dic
ate
per
centa
ge
to t
ota
l ge
83
Ta
ble
3.3
wis
e L
an
d U
tili
zati
on
Sta
tist
ics
in M
ara
thw
ad
a R
egio
n f
or
the
yea
r 20
04
(Are
a in
'00
' hec
tare
s)
Cu
ltiv
ab
le
wes
t
Per
ma
ne
nt
Pa
stu
re
La
nd
un
der
Mis
call
-an
ion
s
Cu
rren
t
foll
ow
s
Oth
er
foll
ow
s
Net
So
wn
are
a
Area
sow
n
mo
re
tha
n
on
ce
15
5.0
(1.5
4)
37
2.0
(3.7
)
57.0
(0.5
6)
45
8.0
(4.5
5)
59
9.0
(5.9
4)
68
98
.0
(68
.45
)
36
19.0
(35
.91)
35
8.0
(3.4
6)
49
8.0
(4.8
2)
63.0
(0.6
0)
72
2.0
(6.9
8)
24
6.0
(2.3
8)
70
45
.0
(68
.19
)
11
55.0
(11
.18)
48
9.0
(6.5
3)
28
2.0
(3.7
7)
19.0
(0.2
5)
10
11.0
(13
.51)
71
1.0
(9.5
0)
47
85
.0
(63
.93
)
23
77.0
(31
.76)
40
9.0
(3.8
3)
36
7.0
(3.4
3)
13.0
(0.1
2)
91
2.0
(8.5
3)
48
1.0
(4.5
0)
76
01
.0
(71
.13
)
13
51.0
(12
.64)
22
6.0
(3.5
8)
13
4.0
(2.1
2)
14.0
(0.2
2)
35
3.0
(5.6
0)
25
4.0
(4.0
2)
48
95
.0
(77
.56
)
34
78.0
(55
.11)
16
1.0
(2.2
3)
25
1.0
(3.4
7)
10
9.0
(1.5
1)
90
8.0
(12
.57)
18
4.0
(2.5
5)
57
81
.0
(80
.00
)
15
43.0
(21
.35)
24
0.0
(3.3
5)
29
0.0
(4.0
5)
19
5.0
(2.7
2)
46
8.0
(6.5
4)
40
2.0
(5.6
2)
52
22
.0
(72
.96
)
20
24.0
(28
.28)
11
8.0
(2.5
3)
17
8.0
(3.8
1)
3.0
(0.0
6)
43
7.0
(9.3
8)
15
9.0
(3.4
1)
32
95
.0
(70
.70
)
19
23.0
(41
.25)
21
56
.0
(3.3
5)
23
72
.0
(3.6
8)
47
3.0
0
(0.7
3)
52
69.0
(8.1
8)
303
6.0
(4.7
1)
45
522
.0
(70
.65
)
17
470
.0
(27
.11)
91
78
.0
(2.9
8)
12
505
.0
(4.0
6)
24
87
.0
(0.8
1)
13
158
.0
(4.2
8)
12
042
.0
(3.9
2)
17
489
9.0
(56
.86
)
48
776
.0
(15
.86)
1)
Dis
tric
t w
ise
Agri
cult
ura
l dat
a B
ase
for
Mah
aras
htr
a: 1
96
0-6
1 t
o 1
997-9
8,
Eco
no
mic
an
d P
oli
tica
l w
eekly
, R
esea
rch F
oun
dat
ion,
atio
n,
Mah
aras
htr
a S
tate
(2
00
6),
Par
t II
, C
hie
f S
tati
stic
ian, C
om
mis
sio
ner
of
Agri
cult
ure
, P
une.
Fig
ure
s in
bra
cket
s in
dic
ate
per
centa
ge
to t
ota
l geo
gra
phic
al a
rea.
2004
-05
(Are
a in
'00' h
ecta
res)
Gro
ss
cro
pp
ed
are
a
To
tal
Geo
gra
ph
ica
l a
rea
36
19
.0
(35
.91
)
105
17
.0
(10
4.3
6)
10
077
.0
(100
)
11
55
.0
(11
.18
)
82
00
.0
(79
.37
)
10
331
.0
(100
)
23
77
.0
(31
.76
)
71
62
.0
(95
.68
)
74
50
.0
(100
)
13
51
.0
(12
.64
)
89
52
.0
(83
.77
)
10
686
.0
(100
)
34
78
.0
(55
.11
)
83
73
.0
(13
2.6
7)
63
11
.0
(100
)
15
43
.0
(21
.35
)
73
24
.0
(10
1.3
5)
72
26
.0
(100
)
20
24
.0
(28
.28
)
72
46
.0
(10
1.2
4)
71
57
.0
(100
)
19
23
.0
(41
.25
)
52
18
.0
(11
1.9
5)
46
61
.0
(100
)
17
470
.0
(27
.11
)
62
992
.0
(97
.76
)
64
434
.0
(100
)
48
776
.0
(15
.86
)
23
367
5.0
(75
.97
)
30
758
3.0
(100
)
and P
oli
tica
l w
eekly
, R
esea
rch F
oun
dat
ion,
tist
icia
n,
Co
mm
issi
on
er o
f A
gri
cult
ure
, P
un
e.
Page 10
84
area (70.65) per cent came under net shown area. Barren and uncultivable and
cultivable waste land is 1.77 and 3.35 per cent for the year 2004-05
respectively. Current and other fallows land account for 8.18 and 4.71 per
cent. Permanent pasture, land under miscellaneous and the remaining area
under non-agriculture use are 3.68, 0.73 and 3.70 per cent respectively.
The area under forest in Aurangabad, Nanded, Osmanabad, Beed,
Parbhani, Jalna, Latur and Hingoli districts was 7.2, 0.19, 2.15, 1.01, 0.68,
0.25 and 6.1 per cent respectively. It is highest proportion in Aurangabad and
lowest in Osmanabad district. The share of net sown area was lowest in
Osmananad (63.93 per cent) and highest in Jalna (80.0 per cent). The share of
net sown area was 68.45, 68.19, 71.13, 77.56, 72.96 and 70.65 per cent in
Aurangabad, Nanded, Beed, Parbhani, Latur and Hingoli districts
respectively. Net sown area was lowest in Osmanabad district because current
and other follows land share was very high in the district. The share of non-
agricultural use was highest 6.0 per cent in Aurangabad followed by Parbhani
(4.58 per cent), Beed (4.01 per cent), Nanded (3.45 per cent), Latur (2.96 per
cent), Jalna (2.9 per cent), Osmanabad (2.39 per cent) and Hingoli district
(2.3 per cent) respectively.
Area sown more than once was 17470.0 hectare which is 27.11 per
cent to total geographical area. The share of area sown more than once and
gross cropped area both was highest in Parbhani district and lowest in Nanded
district.
In Marathwada current follow and net sown area was highest share
compared to Maharashtra. It is also highest share was area sown more than
once and gross cropped area. The forest was very little share to total
Page 11
85
geographical area in Marathwada which is near about one fifth to
Maharashtra.
3.8 Cropping Pattern of Marathwada Region
The proportion of area under different crops at a point of time is called
cropping pattern. A change in cropping pattern implies a change in the
proportion of area under different crops. Cropping pattern in any region
depends upon physical characteristics of the soil, climates weather, rainfall
etc. It also depends upon the nature and availability of irrigation facilities and
institutional facilities as well. Economic motivation such as princes and
income, Maximization, farm size, insurance against risk, availability of inputs
and land tenure system also go into the determination of cropping pattern.8
The conditions of soil and climate in Marathwada region are such that
they contribute to a low value crops pattern and relatively low yield in most
of the important crops. A major part of the region consists of plateau are
where the rainfall is low and highly variable. The major crops grown in the
Marathwada region are jowar, bajari, pulses, groundnut, soybean, cotton,
sugarcane etc.
Table 3.4 shows the cropping pattern of Marathwada region during the
year 2008-09. In Aurangabad district mainly grown in jowar, bajari, maize
and wheat contributed 17.3 per cent, 10.4 per cent, 10.9 per cent and 4.2 per
cent, respectively. The cereals cropped area was near about 43 per cent and
the pulses were 8.9 per cent. Total foodgrain share was 51.6 per cent to gross
cropped area. Total oilseed cropped area was very little which is 2.7 per cent.
Cotton is the main crop contributed near about 24 percent in the year 2008-
09. The sugarcane is 1.7 per cent cropped area to gross cropped area.
Page 12
86
Ta
ble
3.4
Dis
tric
t-w
ise
Cro
pp
ing
Pa
ttern
in
Ma
rath
wa
da R
egio
n D
uri
ng t
he
yea
r 20
08
-09
(Are
a in
'00
')
Sr.
No.
Cro
p
Au
ra
nga
b
ad
Ja
lna
Beed
P
arb
ha
ni
Na
nd
ed
O
sma
na
ba
d
La
tur
Hin
go
li
Ma
rath
w
ad
a
Ma
ha
rash
t
ra
1
Ric
e
0.0
(0.0
)
0.0
(0.0
)
10
.0
(0.1
)
58.0
(0.7
)
80.0
(1.3
)
50
.0
(0.7
)
39
.0
(0.5
)
5.0
(0.1
)
24
2.0
(0.4
)
15
21
5.0
(6.8
)
2
Jow
ar
(kh+
ri)
18
22.0
(17.3
)
16
26.0
(21.9
)
31
11.0
(23.4
)
23
38.0
(27.9
)
13
87.0
(23.0
)
33
87.0
(47.3
)
153
0.0
(21.1
)
52
8.0
(12.0
)
157
29.0
(25.0
)
40
71
2.0
(18.3
)
3
Baj
ari
10
91.0
(10.4
)
31
8.0
(4.3
)
13
50.0
(10.2
)
62.0
(0.7
)
2.0
(0.0
)
17
1.0
(2.4
)
50
.0
(0.7
)
2.0
(0.0
)
30
46.0
(4.8
)
865
4.0
(3.9
)
4
Mu
ng
70.0
(0.7
)
21
2.0
(2.9
)
44
.0
(0.3
)
60
8.0
(7.3
)
28
8.0
(4.8
)
17
7.0
(2.5
)
77
.0
(1.1
)
12
2.0
(2.8
)
15
38.0
(2.4
)
426
6.0
(1.9
)
5
Mai
ze
11
42.0
(10.9
)
61
1.0
(8.2
)
11
2.0
(0.8
)
26.0
(0.3
)
10.0
(0.2
)
14
6.0
(2.0
)
59
.0
(0.8
)
15
.0
(0.3
)
21
21.0
(3.4
)
645
5.0
(2.9
)
6
Wh
eat
44
5.0
(4.2
)
17
9.0
(2.4
)
65
2.0
(4.9
)
34
5.0
(4.1
)
19
8.0
(3.3
)
39
8.0
(5.6
)
28
6.0
(3.9
)
20
3.0
(4.6
)
27
06.0
(4.3
)
10
21
8.0
(4.6
)
7
Tota
l
Cer
eals
45
09.0
(42.9
)
27
41.0
(36.9
)
52
51.0
(39.5
)
28
36.0
(33.9
)
16
85.0
(28.0
)
41
69.0
(58.2
)
197
5.0
(27.3
)
75
9.0
(17.3
)
239
25.0
(38.0
)
83
24
3.0
(37.4
)
8
Tota
l P
uls
es
91
9.0
(8.7
)
79
8.0
(10.7
)
10
75.0
(8.1
)
18
15.0
(21.7
)
17
31.0
(28.7
)
20
11.0
(28.1
)
175
2.0
(24.2
)
81
2.0
(18.5
)
109
13.0
(17.3
)
30
92
4.0
(13.9
)
9
Tota
l
Fo
od
gra
in
54
28.0
(51.6
)
35
39.0
(47.7
)
63
26.0
(47.6
)
46
51.0
(55.6
)
34
16.0
(56.7
)
61
80.0
(86.3
)
372
7.0
(51.4
)
15
71.0
(35.8
)
348
38.0
(55.3
)
11
41
67.0
(51.3
)
10
Gro
und
nut
(kh+
su)
39.0
(0.4
)
8.0
(0.1
)
94
.0
(0.7
)
42.0
(0.5
)
46.0
(0.8
)
11
5.0
(1.6
)
38
.0
(0.5
)
7.0
(0.2
)
38
9.0
(0.6
)
317
2.0
(1.4
)
11
So
yb
ean
62.0
(0.6
)
37
4.0
(5.0
)
71
4.0
(5.4
)
74
0.0
(8.8
)
63
2.0
(10.3
)
26
2.0
(3.7
)
211
1.0
(29.1
)
12
99.0
(29.6
)
71
94.0
(11.4
)
30
63
2.0
(13.8
)
Page 13
87
Ta
ble
No.
3.4
Co
nti
nu
e
Sr.
No.
Cro
pA
ura
nga
b
ad
Ja
lna
Beed
Pa
rb
ha
ni
Na
nd
ed
Osm
an
ab
ad
La
tur
Hin
go
liM
arath
w
ad
a
Mah
arash
t
ra
12
Tota
l
Oil
seed
28
3.0
(2.7
)
59
4.0
(8.0
)
117
4.0
(8.8
)
13
33.0
(15.9
)
91
8.0
(15.2
)
14
34.0
(20.0
)
29
28.0
(40.4
)
16
05.0
(36.6
)
11
26
9.0
(17.9
)
39
78
6.0
(17.9
)
13
Su
gar
can
e
17
5.0
(1.7
)
20
4.0
(2.7
)
44
4.0
(3.3
)
12
3.0
(1.5
)
19
2.0
(3.2
)
35
7.0
(5.0
)
38
4.0
(5.3
)
81
.0
(1.8
)
196
0.0
(3.1
)
76
84.0
(3.5
)
14
Cott
on
25
17.0
(23.9
)
28
59.0
(38.5
)
205
2.0
(15.4
)
20
44.0
(24.4
)
26
93.0
(44.7
)
24.0
(0.3
)
27.0
(0.4
)
10
57.0
(24.1
)
13
27
3.0
(21.1
)
31
46
0.0
(14.1
)
15
Gro
ss
cro
pped
are
a
10
51
7.0
(10
0.0
)
74
24.0
(10
0.0
)
13
28
8.7
(10
0.0
)
83
72.0
(10
0.0
)
60
22.0
(10
0.0
)
71
62.0
(10
0.0
)
72
46.0
(10
0.0
)
43
83.0
(10
0.0
)
63
02
1.0
(10
0.0
)
22
25
58.0
(100.0
)
Sou
rce:
“A
gri
cult
ura
l S
tati
stic
al I
nfo
rmat
ion M
ahar
ash
tra
Sta
te”,
Un
pu
bli
shed
Do
cu
men
t, (
20
06
-10),
Com
mis
sio
ner
of
Agri
cult
ure
Mah
aras
htr
a
Sta
te,
Pune-
1.
No
te:
Bra
cket
ed f
igu
res
ind
icat
ed p
erce
nta
ge
to t
ota
l gro
ss c
ropp
ed a
rea.
Page 14
88
The share of cotton was highest which is 38.5 per cent followed by 21.9
per cent jowar. Total foodgrain cropped area is 47.7 per cent included in
cereals (37 per cent) and pulses (10.7 per cent). Total oilseed cropped area is
8.0 per cent in that 5 per cent share alone soybean crop in Jalna district.
Sugarcane cropped area is 2.7 per cent in that district in year 2008-09.
In Beed district jowar is main crop accounted near about 23.4 per cent
followed by 5.4 per cent cotton, 10.2 per cent bajari and 8.8 per cent oilseed.
The share of foodgrain crop is 47.7 per cent included in cereal and pulses.
Soybean alone accounted 5.0 per cent cropped area to gross cropped area. The
share of sugarcane is 3.3 per cent cropped area. In Parbhani district highest
share is cotton followed by jowar, oilseed and mung which is 24.4, 23.4, 15.9
and 7.3 per cent respectively. The share of total foodgrain crop is around 48
per cent to gross cropped area. The share of cotton is near about 45 per cent to
gross cropped area in Nanded district. Jowar is the next important cropped
area (23.0 per cent), followed by oilseed, mung, wheat and sugarcane crop
which is 15.9, 4.8, 3.3, and 3.2 per cent, respectively.
Osmanabad district was predominantly grown in foodrgain crops. The
share of foodgrain cropped area is 86.3 per cent to gross cropped area. In
foodgrain crop only jowar is accounted 47.3 per cent cropped area followed
by total pulses (28.1 per cent), and oilseeds (20.0 per cent), respectively. The
share of sugarcane crop is only 5 per cent to gross cropped area in the year of
2008-09. Osmanabad and Latur is the very low area cropped in cotton crop. In
Latur district more than 40 per cent area cropped in oilseed crop followed by
27.3 per cent cereal crops, 24.2 per cent pulses. The share of sugarcane crop
is 5.3 per cent to gross cropped area. Hingoli district is the predominantly
cultivated in soybean crop accordingly 29.6 per cent followed by 24.1 per
Page 15
89
cent cotton and 12 per cent jowar. The share of oilseeds is 36.6 per cent to
gross cropped area during the year 2008-09.
The same table in Marathwada share of jowar is highest cropped area
followed by cotton and soybean. The share of foodgrain crops is 55.3 per cent
in which 38 per cent cereal crops and 17.3 per cent pulses cropped area. The
oilseed cropped area proportion is 17.9 per cent. The share of sugarcane is 3.1
per cent which is very love proportion in Marathwada. Marathwada is the
predominantly in jowar , cotton compared to Maharashtra. The share of these
cropped area is highest compared to Maharashtra. The oilseed cropped area is
same in Marathwada and Maharashtra during the same year. The share of
sugarcane crop proportion is very little lower than Maharashtra.
3.9 Irrigation
In an agrarian economy irrigation plays a vital role in the development
of agriculture sector in raising agricultural production and productivity. It is
one of the important factors of assured crop production. It permits better
utilization of other factor of production and that leads to increase in yield per
hector of land. It helps to generate employment potential which is very
important in the process of economic development, and especially agricultural
development.
In Marathwada, 55159.7 hundred hectare of land was cultivated during
the 2001-02. Of it, as much as 8797.4 hundred hectare were irrigated by well
and surface. In other words, 16.1 per cent of total area sown was irrigated.
Well source was the primary source, covering 59 per cent of the gross
cropped area. Surface irrigated near about 22 per cent of it. Other sources
were very small components of the gross cropped area. District-wise
Page 16
90
Ta
ble
3.5
Dis
tric
t-w
ise I
rri
ga
ted
Area
by
Im
po
rta
nt
So
urce
s in
Ma
rath
wa
da R
egio
n D
uri
ng t
he
yea
r 2
001
-02
(in
‘00
’ ha.
)
Sr. N
o.
Dis
tric
t S
ou
rce
of
Irrig
ati
on
N
et I
rrig
ate
d
Area
Irrig
ate
d
Area
mo
re
tha
n o
nce
Gro
ss
Irrig
ate
d
Area
Gross
Cro
pp
ed
Area
Per
cen
tage
Su
rfa
ce
Wel
l
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1A
ura
ngab
ad1
48.3
(10.1
)
107
3.5
(73.2
) 1
22
1.8
2
45.0
1
46
6.8
8
521.7
1
7.2
2Ja
lna
82
.1
(8.9
)
49
7.7
(54.1
) 5
79.8
3
40.1
9
19.9
73
33
1.9
1
2.6
3B
eed
503.6
(21.3
)
147
3.2
(62.4
) 1
97
6.8
3
85.1
2
36
1.9
9
726.2
2
4.3
4L
atur
734.0
(55.8
)
50
1.5
(38.2
) 1
23
5.5
7
9.0
1
23
5.3
7
091.7
1
8.5
5O
sman
abad
187.0
(13.7
)
92
1.0
(67.6
) 1
10
8.0
2
54.0
1
36
2.0
7
229.0
1
8.8
6N
anded
166.4
(20.9
)
41
9.8
(52.6
) 5
86.2
2
11.8
7
98.1
8
775.0
9.1
7P
arbh
ani
92
.7
(14.2
)
34
8.7
(53.4
) 4
41.3
2
12.0
6
53.4
6
484.2
1
0.1
9M
arat
hw
ada
19
14.1
(21.6
)
523
5.4
(59.0
) 7
14
9.5
16
47.9
8
79
7.4
55
15
9.7
1
6.1
Sou
rce:
Dis
tric
t-w
ise
Soci
o a
nd E
con
om
ic R
evie
w,
Mar
ch,
20
09,
Dep
t. o
f E
cono
mic
s an
d S
tati
stic
al o
f R
egio
nal
off
ice,
Aura
ngab
ad, M
ahar
ash
tra
Sta
te.
No
te:
1)
Hin
go
li d
istr
ict
is i
ncl
ud
ed i
n P
arbhan
i dis
tric
t.
2)
Fig
ure
in
par
enth
esis
fo
r co
lum
n 3
an
d 4
are
per
cen
tages
to g
ross
irr
igat
ed a
rea
and
the
sam
e o
f co
lum
n 9
is
per
centa
ges
of
gro
ss i
rrig
ated
area
to g
ross
cro
pped
are
a (7
/8*1
00
).
Page 17
91
proportion was highest 24.3 per cent in Beed, followed by Osmanabad
(18.8per cent), Latur(18.5 per cent), Aurangabad (17.2 per cent), Jalna (12.6
per cent), Parbhani (10.1 per cent) and Nanded (9.1 per cent). The share of
surface irrigation was highest 55.8 per cent in Latur and 8.9 per cent in Jalna,
district. Well irrigation was highest proportion 73.2 per cent in Aurangabad
followed by 67.6, 62.4, 54.1, 53.4, 52.6 and 38.2 per cent in Osmanabad Beed,
Jalna, Parbhani, Nanded and Latur district respectively during the year. The
extent of net irrigated area in the region was 7149.5 hundred hectare during
the year.
3.10 District-wise Population Statistics in Marathwada Region
Table 3.6 shows the district-wise population, sex ratio, density
and decadal growth rate in Marathwada as per 2011.
Current population of India in 2011 is estimated to be 1.21 billion which
is 17.31 per cent of the world’s population. Its means one out of six people on
the planet live in India. In India, as of 2011 census Maharashtra stands second
with its 35 district in terms of population in India. Growth rate of population
in Maharashtra is 15.99 per cent where country’s population growth rate is
17.64 per cent and its stands at 21st position in the country. The state literacy
rate 82.9 per cent against the national average of 74.0per cent stands at 12th
rank in the country.9 In Maharashtra, Marathwada region total population 18.7
lakhs with 16.7 per cent share in the total states population.
In Marathwada population person highest share is 19.7 per cent in
Aurangabad followed by Nanded, Bed, Latur, Jalna, Parbhani, Osmanabad and
Hingoli. Among the district of the region the highest percentage of male
person is seen in Bed district (52.3 per cent), followed by Aurangabad
(52.2 per cent), Osmanabad (52.1 per cent), Latur (52.0 per cent), Jalna
(51.8 per cent), Hingoli (51.7 per cent), Nanded (51.6 per cent) and Parbhani
Page 18
92
(51.5 per cent). On the contrary, female person has percentage to total district
population in region.
Table 3.6
District-wise Distribution of Population, Sex Ratio, Density and Decadal
Growth Rare of Population in Marathwada as per 2011Sr. No
District Person Mala Female Sex Ratio
Density Growth Rate
1 Aurangabad 3695928 (19.7)
1928156 (52.2)
1767772 (47.8)
925 365 27.33
2 Bed 2585962(13.8)
1352468(52.3)
1233494(47.7)
936 242 19.65
3 Jalna 1958483(10.5)
1015116(51.8)
943367(48.2)
951 255 21.84
4 Latur 2455543(13.1)
1276262(52.0)
1179281(48.0)
935 343 18.04
5 Nanded 3356566 (17.9)
1732567 (51.6)
1623999 (48.4)
942 319 16.7
6 Parbhani 1835982(9.8)
946185(51.5)
889797(48.5)
958 295 20.18
7 Hingoli 1178973(6.3)
609386(51.7)
569587(48.3)
953 244 19.43
8 Osmanabad 1660311(8.9)
864674(52.1)
795637(47.9)
932 219 11.69
9 Marathwada 18727748 (16.7)
9724814 (51.9)
9002934 (48.1)
942 285 19.36
10 Maharashtra 112372972(100.0)
58361397(51.9)
54011575(48.1)
922 365 15.99
Source: http://updateox com/india/district-wise-distribution-of population-in- maharashtra
Note: Provisional Population 2011 Census
In Marathwada, sex ratio is 942 which is little higher compared to
Maharashtra. Among the district of the Marathwada region the highest sex
ratio is 958 in Parbhani followed by Hingoli, Jalna, Nanded, Beed, Latur,
Osmanabad and Aurangabad. Among the district Parbhani, Hingoli and Jalna
district is higher compared to Marathwada and Maharashtra state. Density of
population in the state is 365 persons per square kilometer which highest
compared to Marathwada region. In this region Aurangabad district is highest
density followed by Latur, Nanded, Parbhani, Hingoli, Beed and Osmanabad.
Decadal growth rate is 27.33 per cent highest in Aurangabad and lowest 11.69
per cent in Osmanabad district.
Page 19
93
SECTION B
Profile of Sample Farmers in Parbhani District
The profile of sample cash crop farmers in Parbhani district is providing
the basic information in the area. This information includes socio-economic
characteristics, land particulars, livestock, implements and machinery, farm
building assets, cropping pattern etc.
3.11 General Information of Selected Cash Crop Farmers by Size of
Holdings
General information of selected cash crop farmers is presented in Table
3.7. As far as the general information of sample respondents are concerned out
of a sample of 400 households, 56.75 per cent small farmers, 25.0 per cent
medium farmers and 18.25 per cent large farmers. In case of 227 small
households were 65.9 per cent to general castes, 22.5 per cent to other
backward class and 12.0 per cent to other castes. In 100 medium farmers, out
of 69.0 per cent general castes, 23.0 per cent other backward castes and 8.0 per
cent were other castes.
Average family size was highest 4.8 persons in small farm followed by
4.3 persons in medium and 4.1 persons in large farm. At an overall level,
average family size worked out 4.5 persons, out of which children and adult
was 1.2 persons and 3.2 persons respectively. The proportion of children was
highest 29.0 per cent in small followed by medium and large farm which
indicated that proportion of children was decreased with increasing the size of
holdings. On the contrary, adult members were inverse relationship. The
Page 20
94
Ta
ble
3.7
Gen
era
l In
form
ati
on
of
Ca
sh C
rop
Fa
rmer
s
Sr.
No
.
Pa
rtic
ula
rs
Siz
e o
f h
old
ing
O
vera
ll
Sm
all
M
ed
ium
L
arg
e
1
To
tal
Nu
mb
er
of
Ho
use
hold
s 22
7 (
56.7
5)
10
0 (
25.0
)7
3(1
8.2
5)
40
0 (
100.0
)
2S
ocia
l S
tatu
sG
ener
al1
49 (
65.6
)69
(69.0
)5
2 (
71.2
)2
70 (
67.5
)
OB
C5
1 (
22.5
)23
(23.0
)1
6 (
21.9
)9
0 (
22.5
)
Oth
er (
SC
& S
T)
27
(1
1.9
)8
(8.0
)5 (
6.8
)4
0 (
10.0
)
3
Av
erag
e F
am
ily S
ize
(per
son
s)4
.84.3
4.1
4.5
I) C
hil
dre
n,<
14
1.4
(2
9.0
)1
.1 (
26.5
)0.8
(1
9.3
2)
1.2
(2
6.8
2)
II)
Adu
lt3.4
(7
1.0
)3
.2 (
73.5
)3
.3 (
80.7
) 3
.2 (
73.2
)
4M
arit
al
Sta
tus
(61.2
)(6
3.1
)(6
2.3
)(6
1.8
)
5A
ver
ag
e A
ge
(in
years)
42
.84
5.1
47
.544
.2
6
Ed
ucati
on
Sta
tus
I) I
llit
erat
e2
6.4
20
.72
3.0
23
.0
II)
Pri
mar
y4
2.4
27
.03
6.7
36
.7
III)
Sec
ond
ary
19
.83
6.7
26
.626
.6
IV)
Gra
du
atio
n &
ab
ove
and
oth
er1
1.3
15
.61
3.8
13
.8
V )
Tota
l10
0.0
100.0
10
0.0
10
0.0
7
Sex
I)
Mal
e5
1.1
51
.95
2.4
51
.8
II)
Fem
ale
48
.94
8.1
47
.648
.2
III)
Tota
l10
01
00
10
0.0
10
0
8
Occu
pa
tio
ns
I) C
ult
ivat
ion
67
.87
0.0
74
.069
.5
II)
All
ied a
gri
cult
ura
l ac
tivit
ies
10
.11
3.0
6.8
10
.3
III)
Agri
cult
ura
l la
bo
ur
14
.16.0
0.0
9.5
IV)
Oth
er8
.01
1.0
19
.210
.8
V)T
ota
l10
0.0
100.0
10
0.0
10
0.0
Sou
rce:
Fie
ld S
urv
ey.
No
te:
I)
Mar
ital
sta
tus,
Edu
cati
on,
Sex
and O
ccupat
ion a
re p
erce
nta
ges
to t
ota
l nu
mb
er o
f h
ou
seh
old
per
son.
II)
Oth
er o
ccupat
ion i
ncl
uded
pri
vat
e &
govt.
ser
vic
es,
bu
sin
ess
and t
rade.
Page 21
95
proportion of marital status was highest 63.1 per cent in medium farm
followed by 62.3 per cent large and 6.2 per cent in small farm. At an overall
level marital status was 61.8 per cent to total population. Average age of
selected farmers was 42.8 years, 45.1 years and 47.5 years in the farm size of
small, medium and large farm respectively. At an overall level, the average
age of family member was 44.2 years.
The level of education of the overall farmers, 23.0 per cent were
illiterate, 36.7 per cent attended primary school, 26.6 per cent attended
secondary school and 13.8 per cent attended graduation & above. Level of
education of the small farmers was 26.4, 42.4, 19.8, and 11.3 per cent in
illiterate, primary, secondary and graduation & above. In case of medium
farm, proportion of level of education was 20.7 per cent in illiterate, 27.0 per
cent attended primary school, 36.7 per cent in attended secondary school and
15.6 per cent graduation & above. Level of education of large farm 13.7 per
cent in illiterate, 29.7 per cent attended primary school, 36.4 per cent in
attended secondary school and 20.2 per cent graduation & above. It is
observed that level of education was increased with increasing in size of
holdings. On the contrary, the illiterate was decreased with increasing in size
of holdings.
In general information sex ratio was the important components. In case
of sex of male was highest 52.4 per cent in large farm followed by 51.9 per
cent medium and 51.1 per cent small farm. On contrary, female sex ratio was
inverse relationship. It indicates that disparity of sex in selected farmers.
Page 22
96
It is also observed from same table, occupation of cultivation was
highest 74.0 per cent in large farm followed by 70.0 per cent in medium and
67.8 per cent in small farm. At an overall level occupation of cultivation was
69.5 per cent. In case of allied agricultural activities, highest proportion was
13.0 per cent in medium farm followed by 10.1 per cent small and 6.8 per cent
in large farm. Agricultural labour was main occupation from small farm which
is highest 14.1 per cent followed by 6.0 per cent in medium farm. Large farm
is not occupies in agricultural labour. Proportion of other occupation was
7.9 per cent, 11.0 per cent, 19.2 per cent in farm size of small, medium and
large farm respectively, indicated that other occupation was increased with
increasing the size of holdings.
It an overall level occupationally, 10.8 per cent other (services, business
& trade), 9.5 per cent agricultural labour, 10.3 per cent were engaged in
agricultural allied activities and 69.5 per cent in cultivation.
3.12 Land Use Pattern of Selected Cash Crop Farmers
Table 3.8 presented land use pattern of selected cash crop farmers by
size of holding. It is observed from small farm, total land was 892.0 acres. The
net area under cultivation was 869.5 acres (97.48 per cent). An area of 292.8
acres was sown more than once which is 32.83 per cent to total land. The
gross cropped area was 1162.3 acres from sample farmers. About 2.1 per cent
of the total land came under cultivable waste and 0.45 per cent fallow land
which is very little share of the total land. The cropping intensity of the
selected small farm was 133.7 per cent.
In case of medium farm, total land area was 734.7 acres out of that
3.06 per cent cultivable waste, near about 2 per cent area in fallow land and
net cropped area was 95.0 per cent (698.0 acres). The total gross cropped area
Page 23
97
available for cultivation was 921.0 acres (125.36 per cent) to total land area.
The cropping intensity was 131.95 per cent. Area had sown more than once
was 30.35 per cent to total land for selected respondents.
The large farm, total land was 895.5 acres of which 94.1 per cent
(842.5 acres) under net cropped area. Land area which was not available for
cultivation was 3.07 per cent and 2.85 per cent area was cultivable waste to
total land. Area sown more than once was 26.58 per cent to total land. The
gross cropped area was 1080.5 acres (120.66 per cent) to total land. The
cropping intensity was more than 128.25 per cent.
Table 3.8
Land Use Pattern of Selected Cash Crop Farmers
(in acres)
Size of
groups
Total
Land
Cultivable
waste
Fallow
land
Net area
sown
Area sown
more than
once
Gross
cropped
area
Cropping
Intensity
Small 892.0
(100)
18.5
(2.1)
4.0
(0.45)
869.5
(97.48)
292.8
(32.83)
1162.3
(130.30) 133.7
Medium 734.7
(100)
22.50
(3.06)
14.00
(1.91)
698
(95.0)
223.0
(30.35)
921.0
(125.36) 131.95
Large 895.5
(100)
27.50
(3.07)
25.50
(2.85)
842.5
(94.1)
304.50
(26.58)
1080.5
(120.66) 128.25
Over all 2522
(100)
68.50
(2.72)
43.50
(1.72)
2410.0
(95.56)
820.3
(29.89)
3163.8
(125.45) 131.28
Source: Field Survey.
Note: Figures in brackets showing percentage to total land.
At an overall level, total land was 2522.0 of which net cropped area was
95.56 per cent. The cultivable waste land was 68.5 acre (2.72 per cent) and
fallow land in selected farmers was 1.72 per cent. The gross cropped area was
3163.8 acre (125.45 per cent) to total land. Cropping intensity was 131.28 per
cent.
Page 24
It is also observed from this table cropping intens
small farm followed by medium and large farm. Gross
sown more than once was also higher proportion in s
medium and large farm. Net cropped area was lowest
by medium and small farm. Cultivable waste land wa
followed by medium and small farm. Fallow land was
increasing size of holdin
Figure 3.1 Illustrates Land use pattern of selected cash crop
3.13 Source-wise Irrigated Area of Selected Cash Crop Farmers
Source-wise irrigated area with gross cropped area by farm
calculated and presented in Table 3.9. In this tab
was the primary source, covering 67.6 per cent of t
Figure 3.1 Land use pattern of selected cash crop
98
It is also observed from this table cropping intens
small farm followed by medium and large farm. Gross cropped area and area
sown more than once was also higher proportion in small f
medium and large farm. Net cropped area was lowest in large farm followed
by medium and small farm. Cultivable waste land was highest in large farm
followed by medium and small farm. Fallow land was
increasing size of holdings.
Illustrates Land use pattern of selected cash crop
wise Irrigated Area of Selected Cash Crop Farmers
wise irrigated area with gross cropped area by farm
calculated and presented in Table 3.9. In this table observed well irrigation
was the primary source, covering 67.6 per cent of the total irrigated area
�� ��
���
Figure 3.1 Land use pattern of selected cash crop farmer
cultivanle waste Fallow land Net area sown
It is also observed from this table cropping intensity was highest in
small farm followed by medium and large farm. Gross cropped area and area
sown more than once was also higher proportion in small farm followed by
medium and large farm. Net cropped area was lowest in large farm followed
by medium and small farm. Cultivable waste land was highest in large farm
followed by medium and small farm. Fallow land was increased with
Illustrates Land use pattern of selected cash crop Farmers
wise Irrigated Area of Selected Cash Crop Farmers
wise irrigated area with gross cropped area by farm size are
calculated and presented in Table 3.9. In this table observed well irrigation
was the primary source, covering 67.6 per cent of the total irrigated area
Figure 3.1 Land use pattern of selected cash crop farmer
Net area sown
Page 25
99
followed by 15.7 per cent tanks, 14.0 per cent tube-well and 2.7 per cent canal
system. Proportion of irrigation was similarly in size of holdings on sources.
Gross irrigated area and area irrigated sown more than once was highest in
large farm followed by small and medium farm.
Table 3.9
Land Source-wise Irrigated Area of Selected Cash Crop Farmers (in Acres)
Size of
groups
Total
land
irrigated
Well
area
irrigated
Tube well
area
irrigated
Tank
area
irrigated
Canal
area
irrigated
Area
Irrigated
more than
once
Gross
Irrigated
area
Small 467.0
(100)
342.0
(73.2)
92.0
(19.7)
0.0
(0.0)
33.0
(7.1)
138.0
(29.6)
605.0
(129.6)
Medium 361.0
(100)
262.5
(72.7)
35.0
(9.7)
63.5
(17.6)
0.0
(0.0)
87.5
(24.2)
448.5
(124.2)
Large 410.5
(100)
233.0
(56.80
46.5
(11.3)
131.0
(31.9)
0.0
(0.0)
134.0
(32.6)
544.5
(132.6)
Over all 1238.5
(100)
837.5
(67.6)
173.5
(14.0)
194.5
(15.7)
33.0
(2.7)
359.5
(29.0)
1598.0
(129.0)
Source: Field Survey.
Note: Figures in brackets showing percentages to total irrigated land.
Figure 3.2 Showing different source-wise irrigated area of cash crop farmers
in Parbhani district
����
���
������
��
� ���
��
� � �
��
Figure 3.2 Source-wise Irrigated Area of Cash Crop Farmers
Page 26
100
3.14 Livestock Assets, Implements, Machinery and Farm Buildings of
Selected Cash Crop Farmers
The information about livestock assets, implements, machinery and
farm buildings is presented in Table 3.10.
In case of livestock, bullock was highest 1.9 number in large farm
followed by medium and small farm. Cow and buffalo was highest in small
farm and decreased with increasing size of holdings. At an overall level,
average 0.9 number cow and 0.6 number buffalo per holders. Sheep or goat
was averagely higher in small farm followed by medium farm. Poultry or birds
were similar average number in small and medium farm. Sheep and poultry
were not tame for selected farmers. Other livestock was also same in all size of
holdings.
Farm implements included iron plough, wooden plough and bullock
cart. Farm size-wise average numbers of different types of implements by
sample farmers are presented in same table. Average per farmers iron plough
was 0.4 numbers in large and medium farm followed by 0.3 numbers in small
farm. At an overall level, average per farm iron plough was 0.3 numbers. Per
household wooden plough was highest in large farm followed by medium and
small farm. At an overall level, per farm wooden plough was 1.8 numbers.
Similarly observed from bullock cart, indicated that increased with increasing
average number in size of holdings.
Farm machinery includes tractors, oil or electric pump set, power and hand
sprayer, fodder cutter and other machineries including seed drill, drip etc. it
can seen from the table per farmer 0.06 number of tractor in small farm and
increased with increasing per farm number of tractor in medium and large
Page 27
101
Ta
ble
3.1
0
Av
erag
e L
ives
tock
Ass
ets
Im
ple
men
ts, M
ach
inery
an
d F
arm
Bu
ild
ing
s of
Sel
ect
ed C
ash
Cro
p F
arm
ers
Siz
e of
grou
ps
Liv
est
ock
Ass
ets
Im
ple
men
ts
Bu
llo
ck
Cow
B
uff
alo
S
hee
p/
Go
at
Pou
ltry
/
Bir
ds
Oth
er
Iro
n P
lou
gh
W
oo
den
Plo
ugh
Bu
llo
ck C
art
Sm
all
1
.3
1.0
0
.8
1.3
5.0
0
.3
0.3
1
.5
0.5
2
Med
ium
1
.6
0.8
0
.6
0.8
5.0
0
.3
0.4
1
.8
0.5
7
La
rge
1.9
0
.6
0.4
0
.0
0.0
0
.2
0.4
3
.0
0.8
8
Ov
er
all
1
.5
0.9
0
.6
0.9
4.1
0.2
5
0.3
1
.8
0.6
0
Siz
e of
grou
ps
Ma
ch
inery
Oth
er E
qu
ipm
en
ts
Fa
rm
Bu
ild
ing A
ssets
Tra
cto
r P
um
p S
et
Sp
ray
er
Pow
er
Fo
dd
er
Cu
tter
Oth
er
Ba
sket
S
pa
de
Sic
kle
F
arm
ho
use
Ca
ttle
Byre
Sto
rag
e
Oil
E
lect
ric
Sm
all
0.0
6
0.1
1
0.5
7
0.2
7
0.1
4
0.0
8
2.2
3
.0
1.3
0.1
1
0.6
8
0.1
3
Med
ium
0
.11
0
.18
0.7
0
0.2
1
0.2
8
0.1
4
2.7
4
.1
1.9
0.1
8
0.6
7
0.2
1
La
rge
0.1
2
0.3
4
1.1
0
0.1
5
0.2
7
0.1
5
3.4
4
.8
2.6
0.3
0
0.8
8
0.2
5
Ov
er
all
0.0
9
0.1
7
0.6
6
0.2
3
0.2
0
0.1
1
2.5
3
.6
1.7
0.1
6
0.7
1
0.1
7
Sou
rce:
Fie
ld S
urv
ey.
No
te:
Fig
ure
s sh
ow
s th
at a
ver
age
to t
he
nu
mb
ers
by s
ize
of
farm
.
Page 28
102
farmers. Oil and electric pump set was also observed to increase with
increasing size of holdings. At an overall level, per farmer 0.17 and 0.66
number of oil pump and electric pump set respectively. Per householder
sprayer was 0.23 numbers in overall level and increased with decreasing size
of holdings. At an overall level per householder fodder cutter and other
machineries were 0.20 and 0.11 numbers and increased with increasing the
size of holdings.
Information about farm building assets including farm house, cattle byre
and storage is presented in same table 3.10. Per householder farm house was
highest 0.30 numbers in large farm followed by 0.18 numbers in medium and
0.11 numbers in small farm. At an overall level, per householder was 0.16
numbers farm house. Similarly, for all size of holdings storage was increased
with increasing in size of holdings. Per householder cattle byre was highest
0.88 numbers in large farm followed by 0.68 and 0.67 numbers in small and
medium farm. At an overall level cattle byre was 0.71 numbers per farm.
Other equipments including basket, spade and sickle was indicated the
number of these equipments increased with increasing the size of holdings. At
an overall level, per householder were 2.5, 3.6 and 1.7 numbers in basket,
spade and sickle respectively.
3.15 Cropping Pattern of Selected Cash Crop Farmers
A wide range of crops are grown in the selected cash crop farmers. As
account for the season-wise cropping pattern was selected farmers by size of
holding during the study year given in Table 3.11.
Page 29
103
Ta
ble
3.1
1
Cro
pp
ing P
att
ern
of
Sel
ecte
d C
ash
Cro
p F
arm
ers
(i
n a
cres
)
Siz
e of
grou
ps
Kh
ari
f T
ota
l R
ab
i
Co
tto
n
Mu
ng
Uid
B
ajr
a
Ma
ize
So
yb
ea
n
Tu
r O
ther
W
hea
t G
ram
J
ow
ar
Sm
all
32
3.9
(27.9
)
31
.8
(2.7
)
2.3
(0.2
)
26
.2
(2.3
)
2.3
(0.2
)
17
1.1
(14.7
)
20.0
(1.7
)
10
.4
(0.9
)
58
7.9
(50.6
)
83
.3
(7.2
)
39
.9
(3.4
)
71
.6
(6.2
)
Med
ium
27
4.5
(29.8
)
45
.0
(4.9
)
5.0
(0.5
)
23
.5
(2.6
)
8.0
(0.9
)
12
8.0
(13.9
)
50.0
(5.4
)
8.0
(0.9
)
54
2.0
(58.8
)
50
.0
(5.4
)
56
.5
(6.1
)
60
.5
(6.6
)
Lar
ge
31
6.5
(29.3
)
70
.1
(6.5
)
11
.7
(1.1
)
23
.4
(2.2
)
27
.9
(2.6
)
14
3.5
(13.3
)
61.2
(5.7
)
10
.0
(0.9
)
66
4.3
(61.5
)
55
.5
(5.1
)
28
.2
(2.6
)
79
.2
(7.3
)
Over
all
91
4.9
(28.9
)
14
6.9
(4.6
)
19
.0
(0.6
)
73
.1
(2.3
)
38
.2
(1.2
0
44
2.6
(14.0
)
13
1.2
(4.1
)
28
.4
(0.9
)
17
94.2
(56.7
)
188.8
(6.0
)
12
4.5
(3.9
)
211.4
(6.7
)
Siz
e of
grou
ps
Rab
iT
ota
lS
um
mer
To
tal
An
nu
mT
ota
lG
ross
Cro
pp
ed
Area
K
ard
iO
ther
Gro
un
dn
ut
Oth
erS
uga
rca
ne
Fru
its
Fo
dd
er
Sm
all
10
.5
(0.9
)
5.8
(0.5
)
21
1.1
(18.2
)
78
.0
(6.7
)
3.7
(0.3
)
81
.7
(7.0
)
17
2.5
(14.8
)
31
.8
(2.7
)
15
.9
(1.4
)
22
0.2
(18.9
)
116
2.2
(10
0.0
)
Med
ium
14
.0
(1.5
)
5.0
(0.5
)
18
6.0
(20.2
)
34
.5
(3.7
)
2.5
(0.3
)
37
.0
(4.0
)
14
3.0
(15.5
0
11
.0
(1.2
)
16
.0
(1.7
)
17
0.0
(18.5
)
92
1.0
(10
0.0
)
Lar
ge
17
.5
(1.6
)
7.9
(0.7
)
18
8.3
(17.4
)
46
.5
(4.3
)
3.1
(0.3
)
49
.6
(4.6
)
13
0.7
(12.1
)
24
.1
(2.2
)
37
.2
(3.4
)
19
2.0
(17.8
)
108
0.4
(10
0.0
)
Over
all
42
.0
(1.3
)
18.8
(0.6
)
58
5.5
(18.5
)
159.0
(5.0
)
9.4
(0.3
)
168.4
(5.3
)
44
6.2
(14.1
)
66
.9
(2.1
)
69
.1
(2.2
)
58
2.2
(18.4
)
316
3.6
(10
0.0
)
Sou
rce:
Fie
ld S
urv
ey.
No
te:
Fig
ure
in p
aren
thes
is i
ndic
ates
per
centa
ge
to t
he
gro
ss c
ropped
are
a.
Page 30
104
Cropping pattern of overall sample farmers in kharif season
indicates that the area under cotton cultivation was highest 28.9 per cent
followed by 14.0 per cent under soybean compared to other kharif crops.
In rabi season proportion of area under jowar crop was 6.7 per cent
followed by 6.0 per cent under wheat crop, 3.9 per cent gram crop, 1.3 per
cent kardi and 0.3 per cent other rabi crops. In rabi season total crops under
area was 18.5 per cent to gross cropped area. The area in summer season
under groundnut crop was 5.0 per cent which is highest compared to other
summer crops. Sugarcane cropped area was highest 14.1 per cent in annual
season followed by fruits. At an overall level kharif season was highest
proportion followed by rabi, annual and summer season. Farm size-wise
analysis of cropping pattern was indicated that area under kharif season
56.7 per cent, 18.5 per cent under rabi season, 18.4 per cent under annual
and 5.3 per cent under summer season.
In case of small farm, cotton under cropped area was highest 27.9
per cent in kharif season, wheat cultivation in rabi season (7.2 per cent),
groundnut cultivation in summer season (6.7 per cent) and sugarcane
cultivation in annual season. Similarly, cropping pattern was observed in
medium and large farm for all seasons. The table of cropping pattern also
shown that cotton, soybean, groundnut, sugarcane and fruit were the major
cash crops. In kharif season mung, uid, bajra and tur was very little share
compared to other crops. kardi, gram was also small proportion in rabi
season.
Page 31
105
Reference:-
1. Government of India, (1961) “Census of India”, Vol. X,
Maharashtra, Part-IX, Census Atlas.
2. Tikekar, S.R. (1966), “Maharashtra-the land, Its People and Their
Culture”, Published by Maharashtra Information Centre,
Government of Maharashtra.
3. http://www.maharshtraonline.in
4. Godgil Gangadhar (1977), “Maharashtra Character on Article in
Maharashtra A Profile”, Khandekar, V. S. Felicitation Volume,
Edited by A. K. Bhagwat, Published by Amrit Mohostav Satkar
Samiti, Kolhapur.
5. Singh, R. L. (1989), “India: A Regional Geography”, Editor Singh
R. L., National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi.
6. Govt. of Maharashtra, (2006-10), “Agricultural Statistics
Information Maharashtra State”, Part-II, Chief Statistician,
Commissioner of Agriculture, Pune and Unpublished documents.
7. Madhura Swaminathan, (1986), “Introduction”, Credit for Rural
Development in Southern Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Pp.1-5.
8. Sinha, S. N. (1964), “Economics of Cropping Pattern in AICC”,
Economics Review, Vol. 15, No. 4, p. 78.
9. http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/india-current-
population.html
