Agricultural Nd Use of Fertlizer

8/7/2019 Agricultural Nd Use of Fertlizer

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Agricultural chemicals are used by farmers to maintain and treat their crops from possible risks

of welting, drying up, and infestations ofpests and insects. Agricultural chemicals that have long

been used by farmers are the fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and pesticides.

These chemicals have aided farmers for a healthier and abundant harvest.

Fertilizers are plants growth and development enhancers. It is sprayed or sprinkled over plants.

It contains nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous. Along with those chemicals are some

nutrients needed by the plants to grow.

Herbicides are chemicals used to eliminate other plants that hinder the growth and development

of the main plants. These plants are specifically weeds. When sprinkled or sprayed with

herbicides, weeds will easy dry up and die. Weeds do not just disappear after cutting them off

the ground. After some time it will grow back. But with herbicides, it will take more time for them

to grow again. And sometimes they will never grow back on the same spot.

Insecticides are chemicals used to kill or ward off insects that feed on the plants. But there are

issues regarding this chemical because certain types of insecticides contaminate vegetables,

which is very dangerous when eaten by humans. There were also cases when humans inhale

insecticides, it m ay cause illnesses in the respiratory system.

Pesticides are chemicals used by farmers to kill pests such as rats, mites, birds, snails, bacteria

from eating and destroying their crops. Normally these chemicals appear like foods in the eyesof these pests. And by eating those chemicals, those pests eventually die.

Those are just some of the chemicals you may be selling once you enter the agricultural

chemicals retail business. You may start building your agricultural chemicals business by getting

to know the products or the chemicals themselves. This means learning their effects,

ingredients, and usage instructions. It is also best if you find agricultural chemicals suppliers or

creators so that you will not have to worry where you can get your materials. You also might

want to have your store known to many farmers and agriculturists so that you can have more

clients.

You must have a separate location for this business since you will be handlingchemicals, which

must be out of reach of children because it is poisonous and can be deadly when swallowed or

played with. These chemicals also have to be stored in a specified temperature that is why you

must have a specialized container or cabinet for your products.

If your location is situated in the city, you just have to create different promotional steps for your

business. Advertise by using informative brochures, fliers, posters, and even commercial ads in

television and radio. You need to do all the steps possible in order for you to reach farmers and

planters in the rural areas.

But if you do not want to worry about building your name and reputation, you may just go for

franchising. That way you have lesser efforts in letting the people familiarize themselves with

your business. You will even get all the support you might need from the company.

Now you already know how to start an agricultural chemical retail business. It is easier for you to

go about the matters in your business and still have the great chance of success.


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Plant protection chemicals include chemical materials and their formulations protectingtheplants and agricultural crops from all kinds of diseases, pests and weeds. If plant

protectionchemicals are not used in agricultural protection today, the crop yield results in a loss of

nearly %65. For this reason, it is highly important for farmers to know the plant

protection chemicals well, and have enough information about the applications, mixing and storing

techniques of these chemicals.

Plant protection chemicals can be classified in various ways;

As per physical conditions:

They can be classified into two groups as;

Solid Formulations

L

iquid FormulationsIn accordance with the formulation type, solid formulations canbeclassified as:

Powder formulations

Dry seed treating formulations,

Qettable powder formulations

Granule formulations

In accordance with the formulation type, liquid formulations canbeclassified as:

Emulsifiable formulations

Aolutions and liquid dips

Aummer oil and winter oil

Flowable concentrate or suspension concentrate formulations

Liquid formulations that can be used without being diluted

Although it seems easy to prepare the chemicals for application, the process can affect

the successof the application if necessary care is not given.

While preparing the solid formulations for application, theprocedure is as follows;

Bin of the spraying tool is filled with thewater at the rate of 1/3 (three for one). Chemical in an

enough amount is put to a clean tin, bucket or to a plastic container. Somewater is added to

thechemical and this mixture is emulsified through stirring with a clean stick. With this process,

the whole of the chemical particles are damped withwater.After that step, thewater is added to

the emulsion with constant stirring. This process goes on till thewater level reaches up to the

middle level of the container. This mixture is immediately added to thewater inside the bin of


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the tool. Then, while stirring the emulsion, thewater is added till thewater level reaches up to the

top level of the bin.

While preparing the liquid formulations for application, theprocedure is as follows;

Bin of the spraying tool is filled with thewater in the rate of 1/3 (three for one).Water in an

amount of half of the container is added to a clean tin, bucket or to

a plastic container. Liquidchemicals in an enough amount is added to this water. By stirring this

emulsion, a mixture is obtained. The following procedure is similar with the one in solid

formulations. The prepared chemical mixtures should be applied immediately.

It is dangerous to take a break for eating, smoking or resting, because some deterioration can be

seen in chemical as per the pH and toughness of the used water. If there are two living factors

harmful for the plant, it will be both time-efficient and cost efficient to use the chemicals together

by mixing them instead of using them seperately. However it is important to be careful by choosing

thechemicals to be mixed with each other should have same formulation type generally.

Consult agricultural organizations if needed

The first thing to do while choosing the chemicals is reading the labels of the chemicals. One can

find some information about the mixing cases of the chemicals with other chemicals on the labels. If

the label information is not enough, the information can be got from chemical mixture schemes. If

there is not enough information on chemical mixture schemes, it will be useful to consult

agricultural organizations.

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Agriculture has seen a drastic growth in the last few decades.Each andeverycountryacross the globe has given importance to agriculture by introducing


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agricultural activities in school and in many other private institutions.

These activities play a vital role in agricultural values among human being.

Agricultural fertilizing involves mainly conservation of natural resources.Every human

being should be aware of the natural resources available in their countryand should

play an important role in protecting it for the future.

Agriculture with modern trend

Agricultural Fertilizers

Agriculture, in the last few decades with the help of modern technology has shown

significant improvement resulting in growth of many agro based companies. Modern

agriculture not only involves farmers but also scientists who research on the soil and

other ingredients which are helpful for fertilizing. Fertilizers can be either Organic orInorganic. These fertilizers are of different shape and size. Most typical form of fertilizer

is powder form that is granular form. There are many fertilizers which are which are in

liquid form. Depending on the climatic conditions and the type of plant/farm

appropriate fertilizer can be used.

Inorganic fertilizers are not being preferred by farmers as it does not contain enough

natural nutrients. With the help of modern technology scientists have proved that usage

of organic fertilizers have no harm to the farm. These inorganic fertilizers contain worm,

manure, guano, etc.Inorganic fertilizers mainly consist of ammonia. Nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers are

the other most commonly used fertilizers across the globe.

Problems with fertilizers:


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Mountain Fertilizing

Even though agricultural fertilizers are being used to protect farm, there are instances

that these fertilizers can be harmful. One major problem is that these fertilizers cannot

replace the natural ingredient available in soil. There are few crops which require

natural substances like zinc, copper, iron etc in soil. These natural substances in soil

cannot be replaced by any fertilizer. The other major problem farmers face is the over

fertilization.

A TractorAgriculture fertilizing in summer is a common activity being followed by most of the

farmers across the globe.Even though this agriculture fertilizing in summer involves

many artificial fertilizers it is being widely used because of its capability to improve

productivity.


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Similar to fertilizers, agricultural fertilizersare also of 2 types: Organic agricultural

fertilizers and Inorganic agricultural fertilizers. One of the main reason people have

started to use these agricultural fertilizers is to increase their productivity. With the

blended mixture available farmers are able to achieve their productivity and also able to

sustain in this competitive market.Scientists across the globe have helped the farmers

by inventing new fertilizers which can act as an alternate to many natural fertilizers.

Not everyone will be able to master in this agrobusiness. There are many scientists

who havededicated their entire life for agro industry. Most of the organic fertilizer

sources come from animal, plant or mineral. Agricultural fertilizers are of different types

and depending on the climatic condition you can choose the type of product for your

farm. It is each and every ones responsibility to take care of the natural minerals. With

the emission of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide to earths atmosphere there are

many objections across the globe by farmers on not to use artificial fertilizers. Other

major problems faced by farmers are pests which occur when nitrogen fertilizers are

overused. However, scientists are working hard to mitigate these problems.

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Minimizing fertilizer usage using Toro dripirrigation

2 COMMENTS


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The major aim of any management occupation is to use minimum effort andminimum products to increase the yield of the goods that are manufactured. This law

applies well for the agriculture field also. The agricultural products that are cultivatedsuch as crops, fruits, vegetables, etc, should be cultivated in such a way so that they

utilize very minimum amount of water and fertilizers for their growth. This was

implemented only after the advent of the Drip irrigation systems, which was marketed

by the ToroDrip Irrigation Company. This is the trustworthiest product that any farmer

can use. They are completely reliable and are easy to use and are not harmful to the

plants that they are used on.

What is Drip irrigation?

Battellepicture

Drip irrigation technique is one of the most commonly used and effective technique to

conserve water and to provide correct irrigation and equal amount of irrigation of water

and other subsidiary products which are necessary for the growth of the crop or fruit orvegetable. There are many varieties of using this irrigation system. We could place some

nozzle type arrangements near each plant in the field, which is then connected to a

common pipeline, which provides the correct water in the fields. These products help us

to wet the regions only near the plants and not all over the field.


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How does this prevent soil erosion?

Soil erosion is one of the common problems in the conventional method of irrigation of

the plants in the field. Then a large current of water is allowed to flow through the fields,

the water ruses and takes all the

Multi_Xeri-Bug

nutrients and the loose humus topsoil from the fields. This soil is very important and is

very rich in minerals and nutrients that are essential for the growth of the crop. Butwhen the drip irrigation technique is used, a controlled flow of water is achieved. Toro

Drip Irrigation can also be useful in controlling the place where the water should be

irrigated. This can maintain good humus in the soil, which increases the growth of the

plants, and therefore we can achieve a good increase in the plants productivity.Also we

can be able to re use the field soon after the harvest is over, as any water does not wash

the humus content away. The ToroDrip Irrigation Company uses these types of

products in many parts of the world.

The problem of pests on agricultural crops were known to man since adoption of crop husbandry in a

systematic way. This awareness f problem led methods for their control. The current annual loss due to

insect, pests and diseases in the agricultural sector is around Rs.15,000 crore and over 20 million man

days are lost due to the vector borne diseases. The country is in no position to accept the loss of food

grain caused by pests in the agricultural fields as well as the damage caused to stored grain of which

losses by insects and pests are of most economic importance. Chemical means of plant protection

occupy the leading place as regards their total volume of application in integrated pests management and

diseases of plants. But pesticides cause toxicity to humans and warm-blooded animals. Therefore, there


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is a need to develop biopesticides which are effective, biodegradable and do not leave any harmful effect

on environment.

Agriculture is the back-bone of Indian economy. Upto 70% of the population is engaged in farm sector

directly or indirectly. Growing Indian population needs sufficient farm produce. Farming and the

agriculture crops are susceptible t attacks by various kinds of pests in form of insects, fungus, bacteria or

virus or weeds and control of these has become necessary to reduce losses to a minimum.

Heavy use of synthetic chemicals for pest control started from 1940s. Till then we were using natural

insecticides namely rotenone from the roots of derris plant, and pyrethrum from the flower heads of a

species of chrysanthemum.

After twenty years it was found that the level of synthetic pesticides were building and were not

biodegradable and their harmful effects started coming out.

A study of the pesticides-use pattern in the country has revealed that cotton, which accounts for just 5 per

cent of the cropped area, consumes about 52 to 55 percent of the pesticides. Rice grown over 24 per

cent of the cropped area uses about 18 per cent, vegetables raised over 3 per cent area, about 14 percent plantation crops covering 2 per cent of the area, 8 per cent and cereals, millets and oilseeds

extending over 58 per cent of the area, 7 per cent. Sugarcane uses 2 per cent of pesticides and other

crops grown over 6 per cent of the cropped area account for another 2 per cent. The per hectare

consumption of pesticides in the country is far lower than that in some of the developed countries. But the

number of chemicals that are sold in the country and the indiscriminate use of plant protection chemicals

are matter of grave concern.

The first chapter describes the relevance of this study with supporting data. Although, demand for

pesticides will continue to grow for agricultural production cannot be cut down but alternatives will have to

be developed before pesticides targets human beings.

Indian agricultural strategy from mid-sixties has been mainly on fertilisers, irrigation and use of highyielding varieties. But the farmers ignore adopting some essential crop husbandry practices in crop

production, as for example, non-adoption of pre-monsoon ploughing, synchronising sowing dates,

rogueing, crop rotation and seed dressing. Other practices like growing continuous cropping, ratooning,

growing alternate host crops in the same field year after year, excessive use of nitrogenous fertilisers and

excess irrigation are still continuing which are aggravating pest problems. Farmers can achieve more

than 80% relief from pest problems, if they strictly adopt cultural practices and seed treatment with

agrochemicals. Seed treatment helps protect crops from seed and soil-borne pests in the early phase

during and after germination.

This is not only cost-effective but also ensures optimum plant population per unit area and higher yields.

For instance, wheat seeds treated with vitavax/bavistin @ 2 g/kg and 20 ml. Neem oil/Neem rich-I

reduces loose smut infection upto 98%. Similarly, sorghum and pulses seeds treated with

monocrotoophos @ 4 ml/kg. and 20 ml nedm oil/neem rich-I of seed reduces shootfly and stemfly

incidence by 95%. Pre-monsoon ploughing helps reduce soil pest population through exposure to sun

and predator birds. Bajra intercrop in groundnut helps reducing the incidence of leaf minor and sorghum

bean combination helps in curbing the stem borer in sorghum and aphids in bean.


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A chapter describes the pests, pesticides and various classifications used to understand chemical

pesticides with respect to their target or with respect to their activities. Essential components of pests

management and pesticides management are described briefly.

Pesticides management has become very important and they should only be applied when either cultural

or biological control means may not be effective or pests population have reached to a high level. Other

components like presentation, cooperative efforts, rotation of crops, timing of sowing have been

mentioned which all form the overall control scenario. Changing pests scenario with respect to

environment, pesticides have been discussed.

To make out necessity for biological control, some of the harmful effects, so far noticed have been

compiled including build up of BHC, DDT residue. The report of various agencies have been included to

emphasize the need for biological control. The chapter also contains average dietary intake of DDT and

BHC residues in various countries (expressed as mg/person/day).

Biopesticides are the use of biocontrol agents, normally the chemicals which have been produced by

plants or organisms which feed on the pests or use them as a substrate to grow and nourish on them.

The biochemicals act as toxic agent to pests check the growth of pests and in process themselves getdegraded and in due course of leave not much harmful effect on plants or human beings or environment.

Various types of organisms which act as pesticide have been classified into parasitoids, predators,

pathogens. They help in maintaining another organisms population at lower density than would occur in

their absence.

Chemicals produced by biological activities like terpines and sterols can be extracted from marine flora

and have been found to be toxic. Some of the organisms can be used as pesticides. Thus, a vast array of

chemicals or natural resources are available for regulated control of pests management and economic

forest management. Switching over to biologically produced chemicals will be ecofriendly as well as

conserve the non available petroleum and energy resources.

In India, the neem plant has been in use from the first century BC for medicinal purposes and control ofcertain diseases. Since then, it had been used in various ways to protect greenery. It has been found that

chemicals extracted out of their seeds and seed kernels are effective bio-pesticides. This has been

verified by various field trials and India has got a potential of about 6.0 million tonne of neem seeds per

year and potential to produce upto one lakh tonne of neem oi. The neem products are competitive in

prices and quality. As a result of the extensive research all over the world, neem based products have

been formulated and are in the market. To name a few, Margosn O and Bioneem developed by W.R.

Grace International Co., Philadelphia, USA, and Azation and Turplex developed by Agri Dyne

Technologies, Salt Lake City, USA, are being marketed after registering with Environmental Protection

Agency, USA. Neem Azal developed by Trifolio M GmbH, Lahnau, W. Germany also is in the market. In

contrast, there are more than two and a half dozen products developed in India and of them about a

dozen are in the market after registering with Central Insecticide Board, Faridabad.

In addition to the toxic chemical available from neem, there are a thousand plant species found to

possess insecticidal properties. Some of them, like Pyrethrum obtained from Chrysanthemum

Cinerarifoliumt flower, nicotine sulphate from waste tobacco materials, rotenone obtained from extraction

of ground roots of derris and alium oil fraction of garlic and bitter gourd seeds have been in use prior to

developing synthetic pesticides and were effective. Their use has now been re-established by field trials

and effectiveness has been checked against various pests and the various pesticides out of them have

been developed in patented for use needs to be promoted. This source for toxic chemicals which is


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biodegradable is getting wasted because they are somewhat slower in action and secondly large scale

manufacturing and supply distribution is not possible for them. Therefore, higher advertising cost and low

profitability discourage their utilisation. Some of the important sources of toxic chemicals from higher plant

groups have been listed in a chapter.

Field trials have been extensively carried out on use of biopesticides and some of the uses are described

crop-wise and pest-wise. It is interesting to note that cotton as a crop forms hardly 5% of the total

agriculture production, but it consumes about 50% of our total pesticides production. Field trials have

clearly shown that bollworms which are the major group of pests in cotton can be effectively controlled by

Trichogramma. The parasitoid Chelonus blackburni, introduced from other countries, attacks all the three

species of bollworms. It was mass-multiplied and tested in the cotton-growing tracks of Karnataka, Tamil

Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab. The green lace wing Chrysopa scelestes is an

effective predator against cotton aphids, American bollworms, thrips and mites. The mass production

technique of this predator to cover a wider area has been standardised in India. The sugarcane internode

borer is an important pest as sugarcane in south India. the luxurious dense vegetative growth prevents

insecticieal application.

Inundative rlease of Trichogramma at weekly intervals has been found to give adequate control on thepest. Its utility and cost-effectiveness have been demonstrated in large-scale field experiments in the field

areas in Tamil Nadu. The release of this parasitoid was very effective against sugarcane top borer in

north Bihar. The release of Epiricrania melanoleuca parasitoid in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and

Sriganganagar and Bimdi districts of Rajasthan resulted in a saving of Rs.4 crore by controlling

sugarcane plant hopper. The parasitoid was released at 4,000-5,000 cocoons and four to five lakh

eggs/ha. The fungus Metarhizium sp. was found to eliminate plant-hopper totally is less than half the cost

of 10 to 14 sprays of pesticides.

Similarly, the pest of oil seeds have been controlled by Telenomus predator, Ninon and Microplitis

machlipennis szepl. Field trials have also conducted on pests of oil seeds where parasitoids like Elasmus

nephantidis, Brachymeria nephantidis, Xanthopimpla sp. are used in control of leaf caterpillar in Kerala.

In the rice ecosystem, an important biological control approach is conservation of the existing natural

enemy complex. At least nine parasite species have been reported to attack rice stem-borers besides

some predators. Lycosid spiders are potential predators of brown plant-hoppers.

Ther mirid predator, Cyrtorphinus lividipennis, is an other effective predatory bug feeding on brown plant

hopper. The rearing technique has been standardised in laboratory host insects and release at 100 mirid

bugs or 50-75 eggs/m2 at 10 days interval are very effective.

A chapter also covers the use of biopesticides against crops vegetable pest, tamarind pests in vegetables

predatory mites, Amblyseius tetranychivorus and Phytoseilus parasimilis have been identified to kill

effectively the phytoiphagous mite species on vegetables such as brinjal and bhindi.

The cutworm complex was found attacked by entormopathogenic nematode Neoapleccollaris. The white

grubs in potato were found infectoids, Chelonus baclburni, C. Kellieae.

Cultural practices-destruction of alternate hosts (Impomoea spp.), removal and burning of plant residues

after harvest, deep ploughing of field after harvest, earthing-up, crop rotation and use of short-duration

varieties help reduce the weevil infestation. Such practices can control many other pest-attacks and are in

line with healthy agricultural practice.


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One of the foremost requisites for biological control programmes is the availability of adequate

information on the presence or absence of natural enemies pests etc. in a particular area where control is

needed. Production of suitable parasitoid in local insecory under initial guidance by scientific plant

protection laboratories is essential.

A brief collection of information on global scenario, it is generally accepted that about 1000 tonne of bio-

insecticides are produced in the USA and it is estimated that about 2000 to 3000 tonne is the world wide

production. Some of the bioinsectidices have been tested and registered in various countries. Most

common is the B.T. which is found effective against 90 different insects.

Eighty per cent present tonnage of B.T. is used to control the insects of lettuce and cole crops,

particularly cabbage looper (Trichoplusia sp), tobacco bud worm (Heliothis virescens), Tobacco horn

(Manduca sexta) and several other forest pests.

In Thailand, control of rice pests assumed critical importance as largest brown plant hopper intercepted

their extensive rice production and chemical pesticides showed failure year after year. Brown plant

hopper was keep under complete biological control and on pest resistant varieties.

Indonesian experience that insecticides induce explosion of pest population but integrated pests

management has increased rice production by 12%. Whereas this reduced pesticides used on cotton by

about 50%. They relied on trichogramma in cotton pests. This reduction of pesticides use has not cost

any significant decline in cotton fields. Although real economics is not available, using Trichogramma has

been twenty times cheaper than chemical pesticide usage in the USA.

In Andhra Pradesh, four commercial laboratories are mass-multiplying an egg parasitoid Telenomus

prolitor to control castor semilooper. Trichogramma sp. parasitises 50 to 95 per cent of eggs of this pest in

Gujarat. Microplitis maculipennis parasitises the larvae to the extent of 70 to 90 per cent. For mustard

crop, severely attacked by aphids, there are effective natural enemies, parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae and

coccinellied beetles.

Pod borers are serious pests of pulses of which gram pod borer, Heliothis armigera, is prominent. The

parasitoids, Trichogramma and Campoletis spp. were attempted for field release. Other possible natural

enemies are Barcon hebetor and Telenomus sp. the NPV is the most effective insect pathogen of this

pest and this is being mass-multiplied in various centres for large-scale field use.

In control of apple pests, the chalcid parasitoid aphelinus mali which was first introduced in the Kullu

valley and later in Kodaikanal and Coonoor of the Nilgiris, has played an important role. A natural

parasitisation of 70-80 of wooly aphid of apple is recorded after decades of field release, indicating the

establishment of the natural enemy. In the control of San Jose scale of apple and other fruit trees two

important parasitoids, Encarsia perniciosi and Aphytis sp. are more promising. The former species has

established itself in many apple growing tracts. For the control of another serious apple pest, codling

moth, two exotic species of Trichogramma were found effective in Ladakh.

The fungus, Metarhizium sp. was found to cause 100% destruction of sugracane plant-hopper Pyrilla

perpusilla in North India. Detailed studies on culturing and dosage habve been made and the method of

mass production of N. anisopliae, the green muscardine fungus, has been developed for use against

coconut rhinoceros beetle in Tamil Nadu. It attacks all the stages of the pest under manure pit where it

lives causing 100 per cent destruction of larvae.


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A few species of fusarium were reported to cause 90% destruction of Coccus viridis, the coffee green

bug, within 10 days after application. They also infect various pests like brinjal mealy bug and spotted

beetle and aphids on crucifers. This fungus was found to be safe to all instars of mulberry silkworm,

honey bees and certain natural enemies of insects.

Biopesticides can be economically produced. However, large scale field trials have only to be carried out

in USA. One of the bioinsecticides shifted its host base. Another useful product and such dangerous

status has to be protected and therefore the production and use of the predators and parasitoids has to

be done under the supervision of the research associates, who can keep watch on future development of

the predators. The technologies essentially developed in laboratory and field trials are now well

established and ready for transformation to manufacturing units. Although, in some of the cases, their

product shelf life is limited.

Biopestisides need to be produced by small insectories, catering to the need of a small area in each

village by educated farmers can be trained by research institutes and later on the technologies can be

transferred to village level. This will benefit the farmers and keep the cost under control. In some cases in

South India and in Punjab, the cotton wool worm etc. are successfully controlled by Trichogramma. These

predators are produced on small scale only. This method is workable in the present circumstances tilllong time stable products are available for production in large units.

Similarly botanicals or products of higher plant group are also fast biodegradable but the disadvantage is

the products are unstable for long periods. Although, W.R. Grace has developed the technology thereby

neem extract can be long time stable. Equivalent good technologies have been standardised and are

available from National Chemical Laboratory. The other higher plant products were very much in use

some forty decades ago and were out dated by synthetic chemicals and it can be brought back as heir

trails have been given the successful results. The technologies are well known, adoption on small scales

is easily possible, does not require too much complicated equipments or instruments. Number of plants

and their toxicity amount or resources required or effectiveness to the particular preys, all such data is

available in detail. Some of the products are already in market and are utilised by the knowledgeable

farmers. Many technologies are available from Tamil Nadu Agriculture University.

An overview brings out clearly the significant role, the botanical and biopesticides can play in future,

particularly under the umbrella of Integrated Pest Management. There is no doubt that most of the

potential species of higher plants have not received the due attention of active researchers for pest

control and allied purposes. Presently, the only plant of promise for field use is neem (Azadirachta indica

A. Juss) which has been already researched for over three decades and extensively deliberated by the

international scientists at four major international neem conferences, besides the other national and

international forums. Even in this case, the large scale field trials are scarce and the toxicological

information till wanting. There are also apprehensions about the product stability as well as about the

availability of the raw materials in requisite amounts in the immediate future.

Several mechanical traps are known which could be used to monitor the pest activity and its build up. The

idea of biological control measures, conservation of natural parasites and predators in the ecosystem and

inundative release of egg parasite be explained to farmers. The farmers should be taught to use relatively

safe agrochemicals in the right doses alternatively. The plant resistance is a very cheap method of pest

control. Multiple resistant varieties to be evolved for the farmers. Regular monitoring of pest activities at

village, block, district, state and national level be done by various agencies involved in agriculture.


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In conclusion, it can be said that with the changing cropping pattern, there has been major shift in insect,

pest and diseases. This problem is to be controlled by integrated pest management technique. Farmers

have to take key position in implementing the technique through appropriate timely and precise adoption

of package of practices. Skill oriented farmers education, therefore, becomes more relevant and has to be

encouraged to make agriculture sustainable.

The report has been concluded with recommendation and action plan for implementation of environment

friendly pest control measures, need of educating farmer by training and retraining and making available

comic books on subject, video presentation and broadcasting of programmes over TV and Radio

Receivers and by creating a team of trainers under the guidance of research and plant protection

laboratories, with equal interest by local authorities in promoting such efforts. Proposals have also been

made for R&D laboratories for significant further economics of biocontrol and promotion and field

demonstration to farmers. They are also recommended to create training materials like video cassettes

for display on TV and Village demonstrations even audio cassettes on biocontrol of pests could be useful

alongwith other publicity / information material.

Updating R&D labs, integration between R&D lab and field scientists working as various crops. Training

needs for scientists and demonstrators have been identified and can play major role if implemented inproper direction keeping overhead/infrastructure costs limited.

An attempt has been made to quantify cost of planned programmes and benefits accrued from such

efforts immediately and also in the long term. The funds investments although small would enable to have

eco-friendly pesticides with easily available locally produced materials.

Lastly, report concludes with assessment of impact of such efforts; will also eliminate expenditure on

health care and hazardous chemical management as well as reduce accidents like Bhopal gas tragedy

etc.

Date post:	08-Apr-2018
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Agricultural Nd Use of Fertlizer

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