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JAGADISHPHD15AGR50091ST Ph.DDept. of AgronomyUAS, Raichur, KAR

SEQUENCE Of PRESENTATION

Introduction

Importance of water in rice production Water management 1. Transplanted rice 2. Direct seeded rice 3. Aerobic rice 4. System of rice intensification 5. Auto-irrigation

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) is an annual grass that evolved from a semi-aquatic ancestor.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), most important staple food crop and primary source of food for more than half of the world’s population.

Rice consumes around 4000-5000 litres of water to produce one kg grain, which is three times higher than other cereals (Anon., 2014).

The shrinking water resources and competition from other sectors will decrease the share of water allocated to irrigation by 10 to 15 per cent in the next two decades.

World rice production (Mt)World rice production (Mt)

Share of different StatS rice production in india

Share of different StatS rice production in india

Source: Report on Commodity Profile for Rice-January- 2015

Fig. 1: Major Rice exporting countriesFig. 1: Major Rice exporting countries

World’s Water Usage

Total Water : 1,400 million km3

Fresh Water : 2.53% (35 million km3)

Usage in (%) World Europe Africa India

Agriculture 69 33 88 82

Industry 23 54 5 12

Domestic use 8 13 7 6

DO WE HAVE ENOUGH WATER ?

• India stands 7th in the world (fresh water).

• India heading towards water scarce situation

YEAR PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY, CU M

1994 2280

2025 1500

2050 1270

Anon., 14

WATER CHALLENGES

Degradation of existing water supplies

Degradation of irrigated crop land

Ground water depletion

Increasing pollution / declining water quality

Trans boundary water disputes

1985

GROUND WATER SCENARIO

Study area: Part of KolarA) No. of bore well intensity

1995

2005

2010

Total 935 borewells:

- 707 in use- 228 not used

1970s'B) Ground water depilation

1990s'

2020’ s

NO WATER=NO CROPSIf no solution….

…in 2050

“More crop per drop of water”

Precision water management is necessary

Precision water management is necessary

Precision Water Management

• Precision Water Management is the process of determining and controlling the volume, frequency and application rate of irrigation water in a planned and efficient manner.

• Precision water management principle’s Right MethodRight TimeRight QuantityRight Crop

Ways to produce “more with less water” ??

Selection of a good genotype

Method of establishment

Weed management

Selection of a good genotype

Method of establishment

Weed management

Nutrient management

Seed priming

Silicon nutrition

Nutrient management

Seed priming

Silicon nutrition

Important Formulae Important Formulae

Where, WUE- Water use efficiency

Total water = Irrigation water + Rainfall + Soil moisture contribution

Water productivity (kg grain m-3) =Grain yield (Kg)

Volume of water used (m3)

Water saving ( % ) =

Water applied in flooded plot - Water applied in treated plot X 100

Water applied in flooded plot

TRANSPLANTED RICE (TPR)

TreatmentsGrain

yield (t/ha)Total water

use (cm)Average total

water used (cm)

Water use efficiency

(kg/ha/cm)

T1 6.62 122.20 117.2 58.53

T2 6.49 97.20 94.7 69.48

T3 6.60 92.20 89.7 69.89

T4 5.86 87.20 84.7 69.19

LSD 0.3 -- -- --

Note: T1: Submargence condition (7cm), T2, T3 and T4: Application of 5 cm irrigation water when water level in the pipe fell 10, 20 and 30 cm below the G.L, respectively

Gazipur, Banladesh Oliver et al. (2008)

Gazipur, Banladesh Oliver et al. (2008)

Table 1: Grain yield, total water use and water use efficiency for different treatments of paddy

Table 1: Grain yield, total water use and water use efficiency for different treatments of paddy

Table 2: Alternate Wet and Dry Irrigation (AWDI) as an Alternative to the Conventional Water Management Practices in Rice Farming

Irrigation methods

Age of seedling (days)

Grain yield (t/ha)

Water supplied

(m3)

Water productivity

(kg m-3)

AWD14 7.35 17.7 1.70

21 7.05 34.8 1.65

Conventional 14 7.90 23.9 1.35

21 7.65 42.3 1.25

LSD at 0.05 0.95 -- 0.30.

Canada Tejendra and Riseman (2011)Canada Tejendra and Riseman (2011)

Note: AWDI: Alternate wetting and drying

Note: AWDI: Alternate wetting and drying

Table 3: Grain yield, straw yield and WUE of paddy as influenced by different moisture regimes

Moisture regimes

Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha) Water used

WUE(kg/ha-cm)

1998 1999 Pooled 1998 1999 Pooled pooled Pooled

UAS package 5.43 5.39 5.41 6.30 6.58 6.44 121.5 45.0

0-5 cm cyclic submergence 6.55 516 5.86 5.89 6.41 6.65 108.8 54.0

Field capacity to saturation 6.10 4.10 5.10 6.94 5.39 6.17 82.0 62.0

S.Em.+ 0.17 0.21 0.15 0.38 0.52 0.27 -- 1.36

CD (p=0.05) 0.66 0.83 0.60 NS NS NS -- 5.36

UAS package- Maintaining 2.5 cm submergence upto 20 DAT, later on 5 cm submergence till 15 days before harvest. 0-5 cm cyclic submergence – 5 cm submergence -immediately after disappearance of ponded water

ARS, Kathalagere, Red sandy clay loam Ganesh (2001)

Table 4: Grain yield, straw yield, Total water and WUE with response of rice to different irrigation schedules (mean data of 2 years)

TreatmentsGrain yield

(kg/ha)

Straw yield

(kg/ha)

Total field water supply

(ha-mm)

water use efficiency

(kg/ha-mm)

Irrigation maintain daily (5 cm) 4140 4630 1417 2.99

Irrigation once in 2 days 4011 4410 1244 3.22

Irrigation once in 4 days 3710 3960 809 4.58

Irrigation once in 5 days 3950 4130 678 4.95

Irrigation once in 6 days 3320 3460 663 4.56

Irrigation once in 7 days 3610 3920 1135 3.18

CD (p=0.05) 230 280 -- --

RARS, ANGRAU, Red sandy loam soil Avil Kumar et al. (2006)

Table 5: Effect of irrigation regime on rice grain yield, total water requirement and water use efficiency

TreatmentsGrain yield

(t/ha)

TWR(cm)

WUE(kg/ha-cm)

Continuous submergence 5 + 2 cm water 5.3 154 31

Application of 5 cm water 1 DADPW 6.0 129 38

Application of 5 cm water 3 DADPW 3.3 90 32

Cyclic submergence of 5 cm water 2 DADPW during non critical and shallow submergence of 3 cm water during critical stages

4.5 109 37

LSD (p=0.05) 0.5 - -

Note: DADPW- Days after disappearance of ponded water, TWR- Total Water Requirement, WUE-Water use efficiency

TNAU Ramamoorthy et al. (2013)

Methods of irrigation

Grain yield (q ha-1)

Straw yield (q ha-1) WUE

(kg/ha-mm)KRH-2 Rasi KRH-2 Rasi

Drip irrigation 56.8 54.0 62.4 61.7 98.14

Semi irrigated paddy

54.8 49.0 60.3 58.6 64.21

mean 55.8 51.5 61.4 60.1 ---

Table 6: Grain yield and Water Use Efficiency of rice genotypes as influenced by methods irrigation and ‘N’ sources

UAS, Bengaluru. Puspa, (2006)

DIRECT SEEDED RICE

DIRECT SEEDED RICE

Around 30% of the total water saved for rice cultivation as compared to puddling and transplanting

METHODS OF DIRECT SEEDING:

1. Wet DSR :- Sprouted seeds on wet puddle soil Srilanka, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, India

2. Dry DSR:

1. Dry seeding – Broadcasting or drilling

2. USA, Punjab, Haryana

3. 30% labour saving, 15-30 % cost saving & 10 - 15 days early harvest

3. Water seeding: Pre germinated seeds – broadcasting with machines or aero planes. USA, Australia.

Grain yield (t ha−1) and Irrigation water productivity (WPi) as affected by different establishment methods

A B

Note: PTR: Puddled Transplanted Rice, DSR: Direct seeded Rice

Australia Sudhir et al. (2011)

Table 7: Effect of irrigation schedule on grain yield, straw yield and WUE of upland rice (mean of 2 years)

TreatmentGrain yield

(kg/ha)

Straw yield

(kg/ha)

Irrigation water applied

(cm)CU (cm)

Water use efficiency

(kg/ha-cm)

CGS 2163 2648 62 53.8 40.20

0.6 IW/CPE 2055 2663 56 48.7 42.19

1.5 IW/CPE 2431 2990 68 58.9 41.19

1.8 IW/CPE 2499 3026 80 69.1 36.16

S.Em.+ 17.0 23.0 - - -

CD (p=0.05) 51.0 69.0 - - -

UPRS, Parbhani, Medium black Jadhav et al. (2013

Note: CGS- Critical growth stages

Table 8: Water requirement, response to irrigation and water use efficiency as affected by different treatments

TreatmentGrain yield

(q/ha)

Profile moisture

(∆M) (cm)

WR(ER+I+∆M)

WUE (kg/ha-cm)

R 24.7 -0.86 54.95 44.94

S 31.5 -1.08 66.98 46.95

Rf + Sw 26.1 -2.38 72.03 36.23

Swf + R 30.3 -1.58 73.72 41.10

Sw 28.9 -3.38 80.12 36.07

CD (P=0.05) 1.35

R - Rainfed throughoutS - Saturation throughoutRf + Sw -Rainfed upto flowering, followed by 3-5cm standing water up to ripeningSwf + R - standing water (3-5cm) upto flowering and rainfed till ripeningSw - 3-5cm continuous standing water

Bhubaneswar, Sandy loam soil Patjoshi and Lenka, (2014)

Table 9: Effect of sprinkler irrigation treatments on yield and crop water productivity of DSR

Table 9: Effect of sprinkler irrigation treatments on yield and crop water productivity of DSR

TreatmentsYield

(kg/ha)

Volume of water applied

(m3/ha)

Water saving

(%)

water productivity

(kg grain-m-3)

T1 (91%ETc) 3031 4552 65 0.67

T2 (100%ETc) 3257 4987 62 0.65

T3 (109%ETc) 3359 5434 58 0.62

T4 (261%ETc) Basin irrigation

2562 13020 -- 0.2

CD (P=0.05) 267 -- -- --

Kahlown et al. (2007)Lahore(Pakistan)

Table 9: Effect of different establishment techniques on yield and water productivity of rice

Ludiyana, Punjab Gill and walia, (2014)Ludiyana, Punjab Gill and walia, (2014)

AEROBIC RICE

Aerobic riceAerobic rice Aerobic rice is a production systems in which rice is grown in well-drained,

non-puddled and non-saturated soils with appropriate management.

Cultivation fields will not have standing water but maintained at filed capacity

Weed infestation and competition is more severe in aerobic rice compared to transplanted rice.

Advantage

– Saving of water

– Puddling and submergence is not requiring

– Nursery and transplanting is not required

– Less seed rate

Important varieties– Mas-946-1

– MAS-25, 26

– Jaya

T1: Irrigation at 1.5 Epan throughout growth stages, T2: Irrigation at 2.0 Epan throughout growth stagesT3: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan

from tillering to harvestT4: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 2.0 Epan

from tillering to harvestT5: Irrigation at 1.5 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan

from tillering to harvestT6: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan

from tillering to panicle emergence and 2.0 Epan from panicle emergence to maturityT7: Surface irrigated puddled transplanted rice

T1: Irrigation at 1.5 Epan throughout growth stages, T2: Irrigation at 2.0 Epan throughout growth stagesT3: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan

from tillering to harvestT4: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 2.0 Epan

from tillering to harvestT5: Irrigation at 1.5 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan

from tillering to harvestT6: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan

from tillering to panicle emergence and 2.0 Epan from panicle emergence to maturityT7: Surface irrigated puddled transplanted rice

Treatments

Research title:

Influence of drip irrigation scheduling on growth and yield of direct seeded Aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Anusha, et al. (2015)

Variety: KRH-4, Irrigation method: Drip irrigation

TreatmentsGrain yield

(kg/ha)Straw yield

(kg/ha)Total water used (mm)

WUE(kg/ha/mm)

Water saved (%)

T1 7084 8438 1159.96 6.11 52.18

T2 12048 13734 1479.68 8.14 39.00

T3 6945 8274 1102.22 6.30 54.56

T4 11929 13599 1306.46 9.04 46.14

T5 11973 13647 1364.20 8.74 43.76

T6 11806 13469 1172.38 10.18 51.67

T7 8254 10648 2425.80 3.40 --

CD (P=0.05) 2540.5 2700 -- -- --

UAS, Bengaluru Anusha et al., (2015)

Table 11: Grain yield, straw yield, total water used, WUE and water saving in aerobic rice as influenced by different irrigation scheduling.

Table 11: Grain yield, straw yield, total water used, WUE and water saving in aerobic rice as influenced by different irrigation scheduling.

Table 12: Grain & straw yield, Total water used (mm) and water use efficiency (Kg-ha cm-1) of aerobic rice as influenced by different weed management practices

Treatments

Grain yield

(kg ha-1)

Straw yield

(kg ha-1)

Total water used

IR+ER(mm)

Water use efficiency

(kg ha-cm-1)

T1: Weed free check 10615 20037 644.6 164.66

T2: Weedy check 1101 1865 644.6 17.07

T3: Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS 7563 14556 644.6 117.32

T4: Hand hoeing at 15, 30 and 45 DAS 8308 17124 644.6 128.88

T5: One hand hoeing at 15 DAS and one HW at 20 DAS 5727 13390 644.6 88.84

T6: One HW at 20 DAS and mulching with Glyricidia at 30 DAS

8009 16009 644.6 124.24

T7: Pre-emergent application Pretilachlor + Bensulfuran methyl

5386 11759 644.6 83.55

T8: Pre-emergent application of Pretilachlor + Bensulfuran methyl and Post emergent application of Bispyribac sodium at 20 DAS

7662 15279 644.6 118.87

T9: T7 through herbigation (Drip) 8194 16396 644.6 127.12

T10: T8 through herbigation (Drip) 9892 18063 644.6 153.45

S.Em.± 416 490 -- 6.43

CD (P=0.05) 1238 1457 -- 19.20

UAS, Bengaluru Jagadish and Thimme Gowda, 2015

Table 13: Total water used, grain & straw yield and water productivity of aerobic rice at different scheduling of irrigation

Table 13: Total water used, grain & straw yield and water productivity of aerobic rice at different scheduling of irrigation

TreatmentsNo. of

Irrigations

Total water used (mm)

Yield (kg/ha)

Water productivity (kg / ha-mm)Grain Straw

IW/CPE ratio 0.8 15 598 4289 6823 8.55

IW/CPE ratio 1.0 18 556 4776 7624 8.58

IW/CPE ratio 1.2 21 618 4916 7804 7.95

Micro sprinkler 25 659 1888 2948 2.86

CD (P=0.05) 697 875 --

TNAU Maheswari et al., (2007)

Table 14: Effect of irrigation schedules on total water used, water use efficiency and benefit: cost ratio of aerobic rice (average of two years)

TreatmentGrain and straw yield

(t/ha)

Total water used (cm)

Water use efficiency(kg grain/

ha-cm)

B:C ratio

IW/CPE ratio 2.5 6.40 7.78 154.79 41.31 2.57

IW/CPE ratio 2.0 6.22 7.40 138.24 45.04 2.53

IW/CPE ratio 1.5 5.10 5.68 111.02 45.91 2.00

IW/CPE ratio 1.0 4.78 5.22 91.84 52.09 1.72

S.Em.+ 0.06 0.08 - - 0.02

CD (5%) 0.20 0.24 - - 0.05

ZARS, VC Farm, Mandya, Red sandy loam (Shekara, 2008)

SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI)

SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) METHOD

• SRI was developed in Madagascar in the early-1980s by Father Henri de Laulanie

• Formal experimentation started in India 2002-2003

8-10 Days (2 leaf stage) nursery Careful uprooting & transplanting Wider spacing(25X25cm)

Weeding with weeder Saturation of the field Use of Organics

Water (irrigation and rainfall) used and (B) water productivity in SRI and control rice crops

IRRI Gujju and Thiyagarajan, 2014IRRI Gujju and Thiyagarajan, 2014

Treatments Grain yield(kg/ha) Total water (mm) WUE (kg/ha-mm)T1 4428 757 5.8

T2 4522 757 5.9

T3 5273 757 6.9

T4 6138 757 8.1

T5 6538 757 8.6

Table 15: Effect of different fertigation treatments on grain yield and WUE of SRI method of rice

Table 15: Effect of different fertigation treatments on grain yield and WUE of SRI method of rice

Vijaykumar (2009)Madurai, TN

T1- Soil application of recommended dose of fertilizerT2-RDF of recommended N & K (P as basal)T3- RDF of 50% of recommended P&K – 50% as basal + balance NPK as WSF + LBF + humic acidT4- RDF of 75% of recommended P&K – 50% as basal + balance NPK as WSF + LBF + humic acidT5- RDF of 100% of recommended P&K – 50% as basal + balance NPK as WSF + LBF + humic acid (RDF- 150:60:60 kg NPK/ha)

Table 16: Grain yield, water used and water productivity of different rice establishment methods

Method of Establishment

Grain yield (t/ha)

Total water

used (m3)

Water productivity

(kg/m3)

Water saved (%)

Conventional method

10.66 257.78 0.81 --

SRI 14.85 231.00 1.54 24

CD (P=0.05) 0.68 -- -- --

Kenya Nyamai et al. (2012)Kenya Nyamai et al. (2012)

TreatmentGrain yield

(Kg ha-1)Total water used

(WR+RF) cmWUE

(kg ha-cm-1)

T1–Zero till sowing 4261.01 92.13 46.25

T2 –Aerobic method 5225.98 108.92 47.98

T3 –SRI method 5436.02 125.11 46.45

T4 –Drum seeding 5202.22 156.93 33.15

T5 –Self propelled mechanical transplanting

5032.74 156.93 32.07

T6 –Hand transplanting 4814.61 156.93 30.68

S.E m. ± 89.42 - 1.78

C.D. at 5% 268.27 - 5.38

Table 17: Water use and water use efficiency as influenced by different establishment systems

UAS, GKVK Vijay Mahantesh, 2009UAS, GKVK Vijay Mahantesh, 2009

• Alternate wetting and drying (AWD): 15-30%

• Direct seeded rice: 75%

• Aerobic rice: 40-50%

• System of rice Intensification (SRI): 30-40%

• Alternate wetting and drying (AWD): 15-30%

• Direct seeded rice: 75%

• Aerobic rice: 40-50%

• System of rice Intensification (SRI): 30-40%

Automation of irrigation

An Automated Irrigation System for Rice Cropping with Remote Supervision

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the proposed automation system

Brazil Pfitscher et al. (2013) Brazil Pfitscher et al. (2013)

Fig.4: a) Scheme of water level sensor installation. b) Work scheme of electrical drives.

Fig.4: a) Scheme of water level sensor installation. b) Work scheme of electrical drives.

Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network

Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless Sensor Network

Fig. 5. Conceptual system layout of in-field wireless sensor network for site-specific irrigation.

Sidney, Australia Kim, (2008)

Alternate wetting and drying is the improved and efficient irrigation method over submergence of paddy.

Irrigation scheduling at IW/CPE 0.6-1.0 was found to be effective to enhance rice productivity.

Application of irrigation water through drip is the most economically and environmentally sound in aerobic rice

System of Rice Intensification method rice cultivation can save irrigation water up to 30 % in addition to yield improvement.

Automation in irrigation can address the water, labour and time constraints in agriculture

Conclusion:

Save water, Save Rice

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