1. A I M S AGROVOC GACS Working Group First meeting April 7-9, 2014

2. Links Agrovoc online: www.fao.org/agrovoc Download: https://aims-fao.atlassian.net/wiki/display/AGV/Releases VB 2.0 Sandbox: http://202.73.13.50:55481/vocbench/ (only Agrovoc) JIRA : https://aims-fao.atlassian.net/ Sparql endpoint: http://202.45.139.84:10035/catalogs/fao/repositories/agrovoc Agrontology: http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrontology VOID file for Agrovoc LOD: http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/void.ttl 9/3/2014 2

3. People Caterina Caracciolo (coordination, data) Sarah Dister (communication, editors) Lavanya Kiran (content analysis) Sachit Rajbahndari (VB, data) Armando Stellato (VB, data) Andrea Turbati (VB, data) Fabrizio Celli (Agris) Valeria Pesce (AgriDrupal, AgriVivo) 9/3/2014 3

4. Goal of this presentation To tell you as much as possible about Agrovoc 9/3/2014 4

5. Outline A bit of history of Agrovoc Agrovoc now Access Maintenance Users Data publication workflow Editorial workflow Copyright, license Agrovoc structure Walkaround in Agrovoc following VB Agrovoc by domain: scientific tax, names, geographical entities LOD Mapping 9/3/2014 5

6. AGROVOC from the beginning 1980s: AGROVOC on paper, only 3-4 language versions 1990s: AGROVOC moves to DB. More language versions are added. Central dabatase, DB dump sent to partners for translation > limitations in maintenance and sharing 9/3/2014 6

7. 2000s Move to semantic technologies Need to streamline maintenance, and improve sharing over the web Adopted format is OWL Development of Workbench 9/3/2014 7

8. Late 2000s Clear need for distinction between conceptual level and terminological level: notion of a concept scheme Collaboration between FAO and ICRISAT (KSI, Knowledge Sharing and Innovation Group) Top concepts reduced from 918 to 25 Around 85,000 term relations revised Non-hierarchical relationships refined by semantic relations Ca. 4,000 non-preferred terms changed to preferred terms

9. 2010 until now RDF is widely accepted standard SKOS is the RDF vocabulary for thesauri OWL shows limitations with thesauri structure and multilinguality Workbench becomes VocBench VocBench adopted by Biotechnology Glossary, used for bibliographic data 9/3/2014 9

10. AGROVOC now 9/3/2014 10

11. AGROVOC 2014 AGROVOC RDF/SKOS (SKOS-XL) for download live through SPARQL endpoint and web services LOD: linked to 13 vocabularies VocBench v2.1 out in a few days 9/3/2014 11

12. Some figures Total number of concepts = ~ 32,000 20 languages published 4 under development 25 top concepts Maximum depth hierarchy: 14 9/3/2014 12

13. How to look at AGROVOC A terminological resource A domain model Provides a view on how concepts are related to one another, e.g. agriculture is an activity, not say, a science, a technique, or a religion An RDF/SKOS resource and a linked data set for use in web based applications 9/3/2014 13

14. Strengths of AGROVOC Multilinguality Number of (institutional) users Experience and work done towards use in open data environment 9/3/2014 14

15. Access 9/3/2014 15

16. Agrovoc Online Browse/search New tool under development: an SKOS explorer, Drupal module http://dev-skos-explorer. gotpantheon.com/skos_explorer 9/3/2014 16

17. 9/3/2014 17

18. For download RDF-SKOS Agrovoc only, aka Agrovoc Core Agrovoc LOD Other formats are no longer updated relational DB, XML.. SPARQL endpoint Webservices 9/3/2014 18

19. live access SPARQL endpoint More used than we thought, as per Survey Webservices In fact less used than we thought Certainly used by big institutions/library - they count 1 for us 9/3/2014 19

20. AGROVOC maintenance 9/3/2014 20

21. In the past Institutions translating AGROVOC would get a dump of the DB, then: Translations workflow decided internally to the institution (who translates, who revises, ...) & totally implicit Data sent back to FAO for inclusion in master copy 9/3/2014 21

22. Now Data is managed within VocBench Web based Implement formalized editorial workflow Editors may get rights on languages Agrontology URI: http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrontology Imported vocabularies are maintained elsewhere. 9/3/2014 22

23. Manual - automatic Contribution to Agrovoc (new concepts, translations) is largely manual ~2012 a couple of languages first proposed by automatic translation tool (company provided), then revised manually Some tests done for automatic extraction of relations from text, we may continue on that in the future Mapping automatically extracted, then validated 9/3/2014 23

24. VB 2.0 Re-engineered RDF backend, based on RDF Management platform Semantic Turkey Support for different triple stores Extension mechanism based on OSGi Multi scheme management. Several skos:ConceptSchemes can be developed for the same dataset, providing different views on the data Statistics module (a module providing resuming information about the loaded data). Export module: for exporting all or part of the content of a project according to several existing RDF serialization standards Load data module: for loading bulk data serialized in some RDF serialization standard Ontology Import Management (Administration-->Ontologies): to owl:import ontologies to be used as property vocabularies for the modeled thesauri New tabs under the concept view for covering extensively the SKOSXL standard (note, notations) 9/3/2014 24

25. VB 2.1 out in a few days A completely rebuilt installation mechanism - headache-free Self-installing DB, with auto-updating scripts Wizard-driven system configuration, with import/export of configuration profiles SPARQL module: query/update content directly through the SPARQL query language for RDF; syntax completion & highlight Multi scheme management: now concepts can be shared among different schemes RSS feeds for all editing actions 9/3/2014 25

26. AGROVOC users 9/3/2014 26

27. Editors So far, one focal point per language See Agrovoc web site Now, we are moving to editing responsibility per language, per domain 9/3/2014 27

28. Editing rights in VocBench Now editors get rights by language Future: maybe also by domain (or similar notion?) 9/3/2014 28

29. Users of Agrovoc libraries, information management, From survey, also software developers, translators, managers, researchers 9/3/2014 29

30. Communication with users Through website (form) Direct email agrovoc@fao.org AIMS bulleting Agrovoc googlegroup Just started, not yet active 9/3/2014 30

31. Support for users For editors: VB support (user manual, video tutorials) Syntax-oriented guidelines for editors Would like to have more domain-oriented guidelines, also explaining the use of Agrontology 9/3/2014 31

32. Data publication infrastructure 9/3/2014 32

33. Tools and hosting Mostly at Mimos Berhad (Malaysia) Editing: VocBench SPARQL endpoint: Allegrograph LOD content negotiation, Pubby for producing HTML 9/3/2014 KISAF, Rome 33

34. Data publication workflow 9/3/2014 34

35. master data -> download 1. Extraction of data from VocBench 2. Data preparation for publication 1. Agrovoc Core 2. Agrovoc LOD 1. Add reference to VOID file, per concept 2. Add data of Agrovoc version 3. For LOD, add triples 3. Load files on download site 9/3/2014 KISAF, Rome 35

36. master data -> dynamic access Agrovoc LOD into triple store for external access 9/3/2014 KISAF, Rome 36

37. Editorial workflow 9/3/2014 37

38. Basics Formally defined: all editorial activities happen inside VB (as opposed as via email, phone..) Roles of users Status of elements 9/3/2014 38

39. Role of users Term editor Ontology editor Validator Administrator Publisher 9/3/2014 39

40. Status of elements Draft Revised Validated Published Proposed deprecated Deprecated 9/3/2014 40

41. Validation phase Dedicated module: Validation See also module: Recent change, RSS Also, History of concepts, terms 9/3/2014 41

42. Data publication 9/3/2014 42

43. Copyright FAO languages, stays with FAO English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, Chinese Other languages, stays with the institution that authored it Not exactly defined how it will be with a distributed authorship, e.g. by domain Provenance? 9/3/2014 KISAF, Rome 43

44. License Agrovoc may be used for free by anyone Would like to have a CC3.0 Although this is not official FAO policy 9/3/2014 44

45. A concept scheme 9/3/2014 45

46. Concepts and terms Distinction between conceptual level and terminological level Concepts are represented by terms 9/3/2014 46

47. Example from AGROVOC Thesaurus 9/3/2014 47

48. Terms Thesaurus maize UF corn (maize) Corn (maize) use Maize Concept scheme maize preferred term/ preferred label Corn (maize) non preferred term/ alternative label 9/3/2014 48

49. SKOS Terms are turned into labels Skos:prefLabel maize@en Skos:altLabel corn (maize)@en skos:prefLabel Mais@it skos:altLabel granoturco@it . of the same concept = skos:Concept A concept is identified and represented by an URI http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12332 and located, as an URL 9/3/2014 49

50. Example from VocBench 9/3/2014 50

51. 9/3/2014 51

52. Language coverage 9/3/2014 52

53. 53 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Spanish English Turkish Czech French Japanese Portuguese Chinese German Farsi Polish Italian Hindi Russian Hungarian Arabic Slovak Thai Lao Korean Telugu Malaysian Ukranian Indonesian Marati Series1 Number of terms per language

54. 54 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 Marati Indonesian Ukranian Malaysian Telugu Korean Lao Slovak Hungarian Russian Thai Farsi Polish Hindi Italian German Arabic Japanese Turkish French Chinese Spanish Portuguese Czech English Series1 Number of concepts with no terms per language

55. AGROVOC structure 9/3/2014 55

56. Hierarchy http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12332 9/3/2014 56

57. Remarks Same hierarchy for all languages Historical reasons: English was the first language, the others were added as translations Multiple parents allowed Ca. 1200 concepts with more than one parent Max. depth of hierarchy = 14 9/3/2014 57

58. Example from AGROVOC Thesaurus 9/3/2014 58

59. skos:broader skos:broader skos:broader skos:broader skos:related c_6211 Products @en c_8171 Plant products @en c_1474 Cereals @en c_12332 Maize @en c_7552 Sweet corn @en c_14385 Soft corn @en c_15500 corn starch@en

60. BT/NT in Agrovoc In tree like format: [Products] [Plant products] [Cereals*] [Rice*, Paddy] In standard thesaurus-like format: [Rice*] BT [Cereals*] In SKOS (simplified): http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12332 skos:broader http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6599 9/3/2014 60

61. For sake of readability... I am using the English preferred label to talk about a concept As in: [Rice*] Instead of using its URI Preferred and alternative labels would be written as: [Rice*, Paddy] 9/3/2014 61

62. Thesaurus hierarchies Sometimes close to is-a relations: BT Plant products Maize NT Dent maize NT Sweet corn Sometimes close to containment or part-of: BT Europe BT Southern Europe Italy NT Abruzzi NT Sicily 9/3/2014 62

63. URI Generation 9/3/2014 63

64. Alphanumeric URIs http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12332 To be language independent How to chose one language over the other? Label in that language may not be available 9/3/2014 64

65. URIs of concepts existing before the conversion to SKOS URI is formed by appending: Namespace + c_ + the term code of the Agrovoc term 9/3/2014 65

66. From term code to URIs 9/3/2014 66

67. About Agrovoc term codes In the DB, terms were given a double key: a code for the term, plus a code for the language. Then, all preferred term had the same term code + different language code Codes had no fixed length 9/3/2014 67

68. URIs of concepts created after the conversion to SKOS URI is formed by appending: Namespace + c_ + 13-digit automatically generated code 9/3/2014 68

69. Concepts 9/3/2014 69

70. Top concepts and thematic organization 9/3/2014 70

71. 25 top concepts

72. # of concepts under each Top organism substances entities phenomena activities products methods properties features objects resources subjects systems locations groups measures state stages technology processes factors time events site 9/3/2014 72 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 strategies Series1

73. Remarks Great difference in development of hierarchy under each top Not necessarily a problem No thematic roots Plants and animals under organisms Agriculture is under activities (economic activity) Forestry under subject Food under product 9/3/2014 73

74. 9/3/2014 74

75. 9/3/2014 75

76. Data and vocabulary 9/3/2014 76

77. AGROVOC data All terminological and domain information Concepts Terms Relationships between concepts, or between terms URIs within namespace: http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/ E.g. URI of concept [maize]: http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12332 9/3/2014 77

78. Vocabularies used in Agrovoc - 1 Vocabulary here is = The collection of properties that are used to describe concepts, terms and relations SKOS: to express concepts, BT/NT, RT, and matches with other vocabularies SKOS-XL: to express labels (to be able to make statements about labels) 9/3/2014 78

79. Vocabularies used in Agrovoc - 2 VOID: to describe the dataset Dcterms: for date of creation and modification Foaf: for images 9/3/2014 79

80. Vocabularies used in Agrovoc - 3 Agrontology: for AGROVOC-specific properties and relations http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrontology 9/3/2014 80

81. Information on concepts 9/3/2014 81

82. A look at Agrovoc through VocBench 2.0 Note that some things present in the interface of VocBench are not really used in Agrovoc... In the following, we follow the tabs used to show information about concepts 9/3/2014 KISAF, Rome 82

83. Following VocBench interface 9/3/2014 83

84. Terms Tab terms 9/3/2014 84

85. Terms All terms available for that concept Terms are clickable, more info about the term is shown The possibility of making statements about terms is provided by SKOS-XL (more on this later) 9/3/2014 85

86. Definitions of concepts Tab Definitions 9/3/2014 86

87. Definitions VB allows for more than one definition Can specify source, URL Expressed with skos:definition Each definition may have more than one translation Agrovoc only has single definitions Its value is an URIs, like agrovoc:c_def_1328252885416 Mostly added after conversion to SKOS, ~1200 9/3/2014 87

88. Notes Tab Notes 9/3/2014 88

89. Notes general This tab collects two types of notes, that Agrovoc inherited from its thesaurus-time Scope notes To define the scope of applicability of concepts Editorial notes To keep track of some editorial information 9/3/2014 89

90. Scope note Rendered by skos:scopeNote Its value is string just text May be given in various languages Used to define the scope of applicability of a concept = in old Agrovoc it was not possible to give definitions, so often Scope Notes were used to provide definitions 9/3/2014 90

91. Editorial note Rendered as skos:editorialNote In old Agrovoc thesaurus there was no way to keep author/year of a scientific name, so editors often sued Editorial Notes. E.g. Skos:prefLabel Aulopus filamentosus @en Skos:editorialNote Author: (Bloch 1792)@en Plan is to have proper encoding of author/year of scientific names 9/3/2014 91

92. 9/3/2014 92

93. Attributes of concepts Tab Attributes 9/3/2014 93

94. Attributes Datatype properties of concepts = the value of the property is a word, or rather, a string Currently, Agrontology includes: isSpatiallyIncludedInState (not actually used) isSpatiallyIncludedInCity isHoldBy ( Not actually used) isPartOfSubvocabulary 9/3/2014 94

95. Remarks Some are currently under examination as part of the geographical domain (ref. Otakar erba) isSpatiallyIncludedInState (no occurrences) isSpatiallyIncludedInCity Notion of list of concepts agrontology:isPartOfSubvocabulary Ideally we would like to use something more standard isHoldBy is not used in Agrovoc 9/3/2014 95

96. Concept codes Tab Notation 9/3/2014 96

97. Notation Meant to keep codes of concepts skos:notation Not used in Agrovoc (codes were given to terms) 9/3/2014 97

98. Concept relationships Tab Relationship 9/3/2014 98

99. Concepts relationships Non-hierarchical relationships of a given concept In thesauri, only RT, between terms In concept schemes, same notion with skos:related same vagueness as RT, but between concepts Also other, more specific related are possible 9/3/2014 99

100. Example of relationshiops concept [Oryza*] 9/3/2014 100

101. Recap In thesaurus, only RT relation At some point, the RTs were refined ~ 160 (including inverse) Now: Number of relations has reduced further reduction under evaluation Vocabulary Agrontology collects Agrovoc relations Defined as an extension of skos:related 9/3/2014

102. Example of Agrovoc relationships [Oryza sativa*] agrontology:produces [Rice*, Paddy] Which infers: [Rice*, Paddy] agrontology:is producedby [Oryza sativa*] [Rice*, Paddy] skos:related [Oryza sativa*] 9/3/2014

103. Same example, seen in VocBench 9/3/2014 103

104. Agrontology Visualized in Module Relationship (called Properties in VB 2.1) Also available as HTML from: http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrontology 9/3/2014

105. 9/3/2014 105

106. History of changes of concept Tab History 9/3/2014 106

107. History The list of actions performed on the concept Some data is kept in Agrovoc, i.e. date of creation, last update The changes performed in between creation and last update are stored in VB only 9/3/2014 107

108. Example 9/3/2014 KISAF, Rome 108

109. Images Tab Image 9/3/2014 109

110. Image A pointer to an image available online, one may give name, source and URL of the source. http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/depiction 9/3/2014 110

111. Hierarchy 9/3/2014 111

112. Summary of the hierarchy tab Hierarchy 9/3/2014 KISAF, Rome 112

113. Hierarchy Is meant to give a quick grasp of the position of the selected concept in the hierarchy Only parents from current concept to its Top 9/3/2014 KISAF, Rome 113

114. Expanding on Agrovoc concept attributes - Subvocabularies of concepts 9/3/2014 114

115. The idea behind A way to make lists of concepts Visualized in tab Attribute (of concepts) Expressed by predicate agrontology:isPartOfSubvocabulary Value is a char (the name of the list) You may think of them as a flag assigned to a concept Subvocabularies may be defined by administrators 9/3/2014 115

116. Current subvocabularies of concepts 9/3/2014 116

117. Subvocabularies currently defined Chemicals (644 concepts) Geographical country level (247) Geographical above country level (246) Geographical below country level (522) Fishery related terms (259) 9/3/2014 117

118. Remarks Geographical vocabularies are currently under examination: Country level Above country level Below country level 9/3/2014 KISAF, Rome 118

119. Information about terms 9/3/2014 119

120. Pubby html presentation of rdf 9/3/2014 120

121. Terms in SKOS In RDF/SKOS view, terms are labels of concepts (strings) Labels are strings 9/3/2014 121

122. agrovoc:c_12332 maize @en skos:prefLabel

123. 1981-01-26 agrovoc:c_12332 agrovoc:xl_en_1299486843709 skosxk:prefLabel Dcterms:created skosxl:literalForm maize @en Agrontology:hasStatus Published

124. Terms in SKOS-XL SKOS-XL is an extension of SKOS Labels are really objects, about which one can make statements 9/3/2014 124

125. Agrovoc is in SKOS-XL Because we want to make statements about terms E.g. Creation date, status (drafted, ..., published) skosxl:prefLabel for descriptors skosxl:altLabel for non descriptors But also skos:prefLabel and skos:altLabel are generated for various purposes E.g. Pubby 9/3/2014 125

126. History 9/3/2014 126

127. History information for terms 9/3/2014 127

128. Relationships 9/3/2014 128

129. Relationships between terms 9/3/2014 129

130. Visualize relations between terms in VB 9/3/2014 130

131. Attributes 9/3/2014 131

132. Attributes of terms 9/3/2014 132

133. Linguistic information as attribute of terms Singular, plural forms agrontology:hasSingular, agrontology:hasPlural Spelling variants Agrontology:hasSpellingVariant E.g. hemophilia, haemophilia different labels? Membership to a subvocabulary of terms Agrontology:hasTermType 9/3/2014 133

134. Notation 9/3/2014 134

135. Term codes -> notations 9/3/2014 135

136. Expanding on Agrovoc term attributes Subvocabularies of terms 9/3/2014 136

137. The idea behind A way to make lists of terms, just like the subvocabularies of concepts 9/3/2014 137

138. Subvocabularies of terms 9/3/2014 138

139. Subvocabularies of terms Expressed as a term, i.e., predicate agrontology:hasTermType In VocBench: tab Attribute of a term Subvocabularies may be defined by administrators 9/3/2014 139

140. # terms per subvocabularies (en) Taxonomic terms for plants: 4297 Taxonomic terms for animals: 14809 Taxonomic terms for bacteria: 7133 Common name for viruses: 50 Taxonomic terms for viruses: 5136 Common name for plants: 8000 Common name for bacteria: 29 Acronym: 867 Common name for animals: 4613 Taxonomic terms for fungi: 17830 Common name for fungi: 144 9/3/2014 140

141. Membership to a vocabulary of terms seen in VB 9/3/2014 141

142. Remark More than one membership is possible But now mostly individual membership in the old MySQL maintenance tool it was not possible to assign two attributes 9/3/2014 142

143. Provenance information 9/3/2014 143

144. Information in Agrovoc For concepts: date of creation Dct:created Date of last update Dct:modified For terms Date of creation and last update As above 9/3/2014 144

145. Information in VocBench Extra information for management purposes User, action, change See VB modules Recent Changes and Validation 9/3/2014 145

146. Multilinguality in Agrovoc 9/3/2014 146

147. Multilinguality Labels are marked with ISO 2 Letter Language Code Languages as recognized by linguists En for English, Es (Spanish) in general, independently of where it is spoken 9/3/2014 147

148. Multilinguality ISO 2 Language codes 9/3/2014 148

149. Language variations by countries English in UK, USA, OZ, .. Spanish in Spain, Argentina, Venezuela Portuguese in Portugal, Brazil This fact may be expressed by using ISO2 for languages + ISO for countries 9/3/2014 149

150. Example: some terminological differences in PT (EMBRAPA) 9/3/2014 150

151. Terminological variations by regions Names for concrete objects, or object of large use (food, plants, animals, ) tend to vary considerably within a language, e.g. by country/state/region/ They also tend to stay over time e.g., indigenous words used after the indigenous language is no longer spoken Reflection on limitations of code-oriented approach 9/3/2014 151

152. Multilinguality More flexible way to support multilinguality? accommodate the area of use of a given name Where area may be a country, a political or geographical region, or an aggregation of these E.g. palta is Quechua name for avocado, used in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Uruguay. Connection between linguistic and geographical information 9/3/2014 152

153. AGROVOC by domains: living organisms 9/3/2014 153

154. 9/3/2014 154

155. Scientific taxonomies 9/3/2014 155

156. Where in the hierarchy Most concepts for animal and plants are under top concept organisms* ~ 2/3 of total concepts in AGROVOC 9/3/2014 156

157. 9/3/2014 157

158. In Agrovoc thesaurus Only BT/NT hierarchies of taxa E.g. [Oryza*] BT [Poaceae] No specification of ranks E.g. Oryza is a genus No formal way to specify other attributes of a scientific name See the use of Editorial notes 9/3/2014 158

159. Elements in a scientific taxonomy and their names In case more than one name is available for a concept, the binominal name is preferred label 9/3/2014 159

160. 9/3/2014 160

161. Taxonomies in Agrovoc now Mostly, skos:broader Oryza skos:broader Poacacee Also, some pairs of taxa are connected by a number of relations in Agrontology e.g. agrontology:includesSubGroup Note that they are subproperties of skos:related.. Plan is to remove them 9/3/2014 161

162. Ranks in Agrovoc now Rendered by agrontology:hasTaxonomicLevel Oryza glaberrima* hasTaxonomicLevel species (taxa)* Values for hasTaxonomicLevel are concepts under: Groups* Taxa* 9/3/2014 162

163. Scientific names 9/3/2014 163

164. Scientific names Binominal nomenclature Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linnaeus 1753 Common names: Hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus, 9/3/2014 164

165. What language tag for scientific names? Some people say binominal names are Latin. No! rather latinate In Agrovoc, they are repeated in all languages, with the corresponding language tag This is due to historical reason, it was the only way to have scientific names in each language version 9/3/2014 165

166. Scientific names in AGROVOC Are all labels of skos:concepts May be preferred or alternative labels General guideline: Scientific name is preferred under a scientific taxonomy In case more than one scientific name is available for the same entity, the non preferred is a synonym of the other 9/3/2014 166

167. How to mark scientific names - 1 Using a subvocabulary of terms Predicate agrontology:hasTermType Current possible values: Taxonomic name for [animals | Bacteria | Fungi | Plants | viruses], and also Common names for Does not require that common names are available 9/3/2014 167

168. How to mark scientific names - 1 agrontology:hasScientificName Applies to terms Link together scientific and common name of the same concept, the same language 9/3/2014 168

169. Remark 1 It is a binary notion Requires a common name for that concept! 9/3/2014 169

170. Remarks Membership to a subvocabulary is a unary notion Our goal: unary property to mark that a term is a scientific name, together with author and year 9/3/2014 172

171. Scientific taxonomies and common names 9/3/2014 173

172. Background At the time of the revision of Agrovoc there was the idea to have separate hierarchies for scientific and common sense taxonomies Connected by skos:related Under a taxonomic hierarchy, the preferred term is always a scientific names 9/3/2014 174

173. Separate hierarchies for scientific and common sense taxonomies * figure taken from earlier revision work on AGROVOC 9/3/2014 175

174. Example skos:related 9/3/2014 176

175. Remark Sometimes no clear separation between scientific taxonomies and common sense taxonomies Example: Felidae (= biological family of cats, next slide) Appears within a scientific taxonomy But its subconcepts are not scientific

176. Example: Felidae 9/3/2014 178

177. Remark 1 It is not always possible to have clear 1-1 correspondences between scientific and common sense taxonomies Common names are not always available One common name may be used for very many They often are just the same as scientific names, or similar 9/3/2014 179

178. Remark 2 Different classifications are proposed (-> scientific taxonomies). taxonomies also change over time In AGROVOC, attempt to use a C-C relation agrontology:formerlyIncludedIn Agavaceae* agrontology:formerlyIncludedIn Liliaceae satisfactory?... 9/3/2014 180

179. Looking at AGROVOC by domains: geographical entities 9/3/2014 181

180. How they are expressed Agrontology:hasSubvocabulary Two vocabularies: Geographical country level = 247 concepts Geographical above country level 9/3/2014 182

181. Geopolitical information Agrovoc has no notion of time: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic German Democratic Republic 9/3/2014 183

182. Physical geography Geographical above country level = 246 A variety of notions Americas Baltic States Islamic countries Lake Kivu Atlantic Ocean Yellow Sea 9/3/2014 184

183. Geographical relations spatiallyIncludes Guyana Cuyuni River A variety of notions Americas Baltic States Islamic countries Lake Kivu Atlantic Ocean Yellow Sea 9/3/2014 185

184. Agrovoc on geographical entities Currently under revision by Otakar Cerba (visitor scientist @FAO) 9/3/2014 186

185. Agrovoc LOD 9/3/2014 187

186. Mapped vocabularies 1 9/3/2014 188

187. Mapped vocabularies 2 9/3/2014 189

188. Mapping process 9/3/2014 190

189. Mapping activities @Agrovoc Intense activity around 2011-2012 Process managed internally Candidate mapping automatically generated (using both publicly available implementations and algorithms implemented in-house) Manual evaluation Done by one colleague, Gudrun Publication 9/3/2014 191

190. VB and mapping Development happens within SemaGrow Project deadline 2015 But because of internal deadline, might be ready Nov 2014, first version at least Whats needed ongoing improved multi-project management capabilities (in Semantic Turkey), to access data from a different project, mediated by a dedicated Access Control policy mapping engine

191. More info SemaGrow project www.semagrow.eu Deliverable D3.2.1- Techniques for Ontology Alignment http://www.semagrow.eu/sites/default/files/D3.2.1- Techniques%20for%20Ontology%20Alignment.pdf

192. Mmmh anything else? 9/3/2014 194