Building Monitoring Capacity in North Africa

Eng. Ahmed Abou ElseoudG.M. Air Quality Dep./EEAA

Egyptian Ministry of Environment

North African Region

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Egypt Algeria Algeria Tunisia Libya

• Total Population 156 million Capita• Egypt population represents 49% of the regions Population

Air Quality in Africa

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Asia &Pasific

Europe NorthAmerica

LatinAmerica

Africa WestAsia

• Air Quality in Africa is an issue that has been emerged over the past few decades

• Air in Africa's urban centers is polluted by

•Emissions from industry

•Open waste burning

•Vehicle Emissions

• Africans CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels are low in comparison to other countries (223 million tons/year)

• South Africa accounts for 42% of the Regions emissions.

• Egypt , Nigeria and Algeria contribute to 35.5%

• Diesel is a commonly used fuel in Africa

• Cars is old with deteriorating efficiency

Africa Contribution to Global CO2 Emissions,1998

Air Quality in North Africa

• Declining Air Quality in urban centers continues to be one of the most serious local environmental problems in North Africa.

• Most of the region’s industrial base was developed in the 1960’s

• Oil fired power plants using high Sulpher fuel caused high levels of Sulpher Dioxide

• Open waste burning of garbage and agriculture residues is a major source of particulate and

• Lead and particulate concentrations often exceed WHO guidelines by a multiple of two to five folds.

Air Quality in North Africa

• Cement and steel factories produce sox of the total particle emission (Egypt has 15 cement factories produce 34 million tons per year).

• Number of motor vehicles in most countries nearly doubles in the past 10 to 15 years (Egypt has 3.2 million cars with annual increase of 4 %).

• North Africa countries account for a large proportion of all of Africa GHG emissions– emitted a total of 280 million metric tons

of CO2 (37% of Africa total emissions)– They also responsible for about 20% of

Africa's anthropogenic Methane emissions

Air Quality Monitoring Programs in North Africa

•Tunisia Air Monitoring program•Morocco Air Monitoring•Egypt Air Monitoring

Tunisia Air Quality Program - There is an Air Quality monitoring network

consists of Fixed air monitoring stations plus mobile station

- The network covers Greater Tunisia, Sfax, Gabes, Bizerte, Sousse, Gafsa and Kairouan

- In 2002, there was five continuous stations installed to measure: SO2, NOx, O3, CO, HC, SP

- Two extra stations were installed in year 2003

- The network output data is used to produce technical reports on the state of air quality in

Tunisia (part of the annual state of the environment report)

Morocco Air Quality Monitoring - The most important institutions working on

air pollution monitoring in Morocco are :

- Ministry of Environment and local authorities

- CNESTEN (Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires)

- Universities

- Mohammadia High School of Engineering

- Mining sector

- LPEE, Public Laboratory of Studying and Testing

Morocco Main Air Quality Management

- Air quality measurements in several urban areas in Morocco

- Monitoring of vehicles emissions in several Moroccan cities

- Establishment of norms for atmospheric emissions in thermal power plants

- Installation of a fixed network of air quality in Rabat

- Establishment of an agreement concerning the utilization of rubber in cement industries

- Establishment of a national dialogue on fuel quality improvements

Morocco Air Quality Monitoring- The equipment used to assess air pollution in Morocco are two kinds :

- Those for sampling aerosols (such as high volume, dichotomous, impactors with cascades for SPM and heavy metals) ; gas (NOx, SO2,CO, O3,etc…) ; ambulant laboratories for monitoring (direct

measurements)

- Analytical techniques for heavy metals and other trace elements such as AAS, ICP-AES, ED-XRF and NAA using 14 MeV neutron generator as well as Pierre Süe Laboratory reactors (France)

- The atmospheric pollution laboratory of CNESTEN is equipped with several systems of sampling, measuring and controlling

- It is equipped with Mobil Meteorological station LASTEM model MW6010 to collect all environmental data during sampling

- Ambient particulate samplers " DICHOTOMUS PM10/PM 2.5 “

- Sulphur dioxide analyzer with UV fluorescence

- Ozone analyzer with UV photometry

- high volume samplers

Air Quality Monitoring Program for Egypt

•Data Collectors; sensors and monitors

EEAA Air Monitoring Network Components

•Data transfer Systems and data QA/QC procedures

•Databases

•User-friendly graphical presentation systems including GIS

•A decision support system

•Data dissemination system

TotalType Ca Alx D+C UE SinIndustrial 3 3 3 2 11Street/road 3 3Urban 1 1 3 4 9Residential 4 2 2 2 10Background 1 1 1 3Mixed areas 2 1 2 1 6

Air Quality measurement sites in EgyptAir Quality measurement sites in Egypt

Total 14 8 10 9 421

The first priority air pollutantsThe first priority air pollutants as presented by UNEP/GEMS, WHO, OECD

• Sulphur dioxide ( SO2 ),• Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) , or better PM10

(suspended particles with diameter less than 10 micrometer),• Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) and/or NOx (nitrogen oxides),• Ozone (O3)• Carbon monoxide (CO).

Not all parameters are measured at all sites. This is dependent upon site specifications and typical dominating sources.

In some sites NMHC, VOC and dust fall are also measured.

Meteor. Auth .

Kolaly.

Fum El- Khalig

Tebbin South.

AbuZabel.

EEAA/EIMP

Air Qualitymeasurement sitesin the Cairo area

Shoubra ElKheima.

Kufu pyramid (PS).

Gomhoriya str.

Tebbin

Nasr City

AlAzafra

GheatEl Enab

IGSR

ElMax

Sites in the Delta

Alexandria sites

Egypt

Cairo sites

EEAA/EIMP Air QualityMonitoring Sites

�ِAir Quality Monitoring Network Equipment

Samplers

VET Equipmen

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Electronic Monitors

Mobil Lab.

� Instrument calibrations

� Daily data retrieval QA/QC

� Statistical analyses

� Daily weekly field calibrations

� Hourly Data on Air Quality for the EWS.

� Daily Reports on Air Quality in GC Area

� Monthly Reports on Air Quality Status on Egypt

� Quarterly Reports

� Annual Reports

The Early Warning System for AQThe Early Warning System for AQ

Real time Monitoringstations

Meteorologicaldata

Air Pollution Network

Crises Management Room in EEAA

MET Authority

• There is a general trend of decreasing PM10 from 2000 till 2004

• PM10 is the major air pollution problem in Egypt and most of the station exceeds AQL value

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القانون (2004 م/70حدود )3ميكروجرام

Annual PM10 Concentration in Cairo

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• There is a segnificat trend of reduction of SO2 concentrations

• The concentrations in year 2004 are all below AQL except two stations at the downtown center of Cairo

القانون /60(1994لسنة 4حدود م )3ميكروجرام

Annual SO2 Concentration in Cairo

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Annual NO2 Concentration in Cairo

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Abbaseya

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Alex Regional

There is a slight decrease of O3 concentrations in Egypt from 50-70 microgm/m3 in 2000 to 35-45 microgm/m3 in 2004

Annual O3 Concentration in Cairo

The Thermal Inversion Over Cairo

Inversion Hight

Thermal Inversion Over Cairo

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Impact of Wind Speed & Wind Direction on Pollution transfer

Wind Direction

لتركيزات عددااليامفىشهرىأكتوبرونوفمبرالتىتمالرصدخاللها/م3 /ساعة ميكروجرام أعلىمن 300

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االيعدد فمالخليج

العباسية

حرجة حدود الى العالقة الصدرية االتربة تركيزات فيها تصل التى االيام عدد إنخفاض

ConclusionConclusion

• In general terms, the North African region has a good base for environmental monitoring capabilities

• But it is all local as we have many local problems need to be dealt with

• There are some trials to address regional impact of air pollution using remote sensing and satellite imagoes

• There may be a need to upgrade and improve these programs in order to have more accurate and reliable data

• There is also a need for techniques and analysis tools to transfer the monitoring data into decision support information

• There is also a lack of data dissemination and awareness on the impact of air pollution

Thank You