The Current State of American Indian Education

Jeffrey TseJuly 2016

Agenda

1234

IntroductionThe Current PictureSocio-economic Variables

Conclusion

Part 1: Introduction

Timeline of Federal Policies1794 TO PRESENT

Treaties and Mission School Funding

“Kill the Indian in him, and save the man”

1860 -First Boarding School

150+ tribal treaties with funded teachers and schools

1879 – 1921Meriam Report

Lead to the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act

1928A Renewed Focus

Expansion of assistance and further self determination contracts

1969

The Current State

No Child Left Behind and 2011 White House Initiative on AIAN Education

2001 - PRESENT

By The Numbers, 2014 THE AMERICAN INDIAN/ALASKAN NATIVE POPULATION

5.4 MillionTotal AIAN AOIC

2.6 MillionTotal AIAN Alone

40.9%Under Age 24

567Federally

Recognized Tribes

56.2 Million

Acres held in trust by the U.S.

Government

Tribal Sovereignty

Tribes have a government to government trust relationship with the U.S

Tribes can administer federal Indian Education programs, school boards, and tribal contract and grant schools

Tribes and their tribal educational departments (TEDs) are the equivalent to public school districts

Indian Education Structure

Department of Education

Bureau of Indian Education

Tribally Controlled Schools

183 BIE Funded Schools

54 BIE Operate

d129

Tribally Controll

ed

32 BIE Funded Tribal

Colleges

Public Schools Serving AIAN

Students

Attainment and Performance

Part Two: The Current Picture

Educational Attainment: Overall

18-24 25-34 35-44 45-64 65+0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Bachelor/GraduateSome CollegeHigh SchoolLess than High School

Age GroupSource: 2010 - 2014 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates

American Indian Education Attainment

AIAN Students Ages 18-24

2000 2014

29.8% 26.6%LESS THAN HIGH SCHOOL

HIGH SCHOOL34.4% 39.3%

4.1% 2.3%BACHELOR

68%

81%

AIAN students graduate in 4 years

2014National Average

NAEP Math Performance

2005 2007 2009 2011220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

Grade 4 AIAN Grade 4 National Grade 8 AIAN

Scor

e (O

ut o

f 500

)

Source: U.S Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

SAT Performance, 1986 - 2013

1986

- 87

1990

- 91

1996

- 97

2000

- 01

2002

- 03

2003

- 04

2004

- 05

2005

- 06

2006

- 07

2007

- 08

2008

- 09

2009

- 10

2010

- 11

2011

- 12

2012

- 13

400

420

440

460

480

500

520

540

560

580

600SAT Reading

All

White

Black

Asian Amer-ican

AIAN

All Hispanic

1986

- 87

1990

- 91

1996

- 97

2000

- 01

2002

- 03

2003

- 04

2004

- 05

2005

- 06

2006

- 07

2007

- 08

2008

- 09

2009

- 10

2010

- 11

2011

- 12

2012

- 13

400

420

440

460

480

500

520

540

560

580

600 SAT Math

SAT

Sco

re (

out

of 8

00)

Source: College Entrance Exam Board, 2014

American Indian Educational Performance2005 - 2011

203219 Grade 4 Reading 202

221226241 Grade 4 Math 226

241-15 Grade 8 Math Gap -19

2005

2011

State Populations

State Total AIAN AOIC

Population

Alaska 99,892Oklahoma 262,913Arizona 262,626

California 145,736

BIA Region 18 – 24 Attainment, 2014

Eastern

Southern Plains

Eastern Oklahoma

Rocky Mountains

Southwest

Northwest

West

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Less than High School

High School

Some College

Bachelor/Grad-uate

Source: 2010 - 2014 American Community Survey, Five-year Estimates

NAEP Grade 4 Math by State

2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015200

205

210

215

220

225

230

235

240

245

AlaskaArizonaOk-la-homaWash-ingtonNationalAIANSc

ore

(Out

of 5

00)

Source: U.S Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

Part 3: Socio-economic Variables

Poverty and Attainment

020

%40

%60

%80

%10

0%%

Edu

catio

nal A

ttain

men

t

0 20% 40% 60% 80%% Income below Poverty

% of Population 25+ with HS Degree HS Attainment Linear Fit% of Population 25+ with Bachelor's Bachelor's Degree Linear Fit

% Population with Income below Poverty vs. Educational Attainment

Median Earnings

-6-5

-4-3

-2-1

Incr

easin

g Edu

catio

nal A

ttain

men

t

8 9 10 11Natural Log of 16+ Median Earnings

Log of % Population 25+ with Bachelor's Linear Fit

Median Earnings vs. Bachelor's Degree Attainment

Multiple Regression Model

% with HS Degree Coef. t P>t

% HH on SNAP-

0.10

-3.79 0

% Population AIAN-

0.08

-4.12 0

California-

0.05

-3.72 0

SDTSA-

0.09

-3.76 0

% 25+ Employed 0.14 3.09 0.002

Constant 0.78 21.62 0

Number of Observations   473

F( 5, 467) 16.8Adjusted R-squared 0.14

Multiple Regression Model

% with Bachelor’s Coef. t P>t

Median Earnings 0.00 4.44 0

% Population AIAN-

0.05

-5.34 0

California-

0.02

-3.38 0.001

Alaska-

0.04

-7.6 0

Constant 0.08 7.07 0

Number of Observations 473

F( 4, 468) 50.4Adjusted R-squared 0.30

Top Schools by Growth

010

%20

%30

%%

with

Bac

helo

r's D

egre

e

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%% Income Under Poverty

% 25+ with Bachelor's Degree Linear Fit of Bachelor's Degree

Area Surronding Selected Top Schools% Income under Poverty vs. Educational Attainment

Part 4: Conclusion

Selected Issues

Recruiting and Retaining Teachers

Promoting Self Determinism

Increase Funding for BIE Operations

Develop Relevant Education Plans

Limitations and Future Research

• Limited by small sample sizes and infrequent collection

• Limited by unclear definition of AIAN• Research on other characteristics that affect

educational attainment (school, family, teachers)

• Research on effectiveness of different program interventions

Summary

1. AIAN students remain behind nationally in most measures of education

2. There are variations in education across states and BIA regions

3. There are some significant relationships between educational outcomes and socio-economic measures

Main Sources

ACS

NAEP

CensusNIES

American Community Survey, 2010 & 2014 Five Year Estimates

National Assessment of Educational Progress

Decennial Census, 2000 & 2010

National Indian Education Survey, 2005 – 2011, Bianually

Appendix

AIAN Population Estimates, 2014

State AIAN AOIC Total Population, 2014 State

AIAN AOIC Percentage of the Population, 2014

Oklahoma 262,913 Alaska 14.1

Arizona 262,626 New Mexico 9.2

New Mexico 177,555 South Dakota 8.6

California 145,736 Oklahoma 7.2

North Carolina 106,210 Montana 6.5

Alaska 99,892 North Dakota 5.2

Washington 82,247 Arizona 4.4

South Dakota 69,625 Wyoming 2.3

Texas 65,974 Washington 1.4

Montana 62,992 Idaho 1.3

Source: U.S Census Bureau, Population Division

Male/Female

Less than High School High School Some College/Associate Bachelor/Graduate0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%AIAN Educational Attainment, 18-24, Male vs.

Female, 2014

MaleFemale

Highest Educational AttainmentSource: 2010 - 2014 ACS 5-year Estimates

NAEP Grade 4 and Grade 8 Math

Grade 4 2005 2007 2009 2011AIAN 225.9 227.6 225.3 225.7

National 237.9 239.7 239.7 240.7

Difference -12.0 -12.1 -14.4 -15.0

Grade 8 2005 2007 2009 2011AIAN 263.8 264.0 265.6 264.9

National 278.8 281.3 282.9 283.9

Difference -15 -17.3 -17.3 -19

AFGR by Selected States

  2002–03

2003–04

2004–05

2005–06

2006–07

2007–08

2008–09

Alaska -13.3% -15.6% -18.1% -15.4% -11.9% -17.2% -20.7%

Arizona — -13.9% -4.2% -24.2% -22.7% -14.3% -18.9%

Oklahoma 3.9% 2.3% 1.6% 0.4% -0.6% -1.6% -1.9%

New Mexico

-5.3% -5.1% -5.9% -6.1% -5.1% -5.7% -4.9%

Source: U.S. Department of Education. Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. — denotes no data

Performance Gaps

Southwest

Navajo

Northwest

Alaska

Eastern

Rocky Mountains

Midwest

Eastern Oklahoma

Western

AIAN Average

South Plains

Pacific

Great Plains

-20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5%

Difference between AIAN and National High School Attainment Rates across BIA Region, 2014

Source: 2010 - 2014 American Community Survey, Five-year Estimates

Median HH Income

Less than 20 20 - 35 35 - 50 50 - 100 Greater than 100

% below Poverty,

2010

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%Median Houshold Income Distribution 2010 -

2014

Median Household Income (in Thousands)Source: 2010 - 2014 American Community Survey, Five-year Estimates

Median Earnings

020

%40

%60

%80

%10

0%%

Edu

catio

nal A

ttain

men

t

0 20000 40000 60000Median Earnings 16+

% 25+ with High School Degree High School Attainment Linear Fit% 25+ with Bachelor's Degree Bachelor's Degree Linear Fit

Median Earnings vs. Educational Attainment

SNAP

01

20%

40%

60%

80%

% E

duca

tiona

l Attt

ainm

ent

0 20% 40% 60% 80%% Households on SNAP

% 25+ with High School Degree High School Attainment Linear Fit% 25+ with Bachelor's Degree Bachelor's Attainment Linear Fit

% Households on SNAP vs. Educational Attainment

Employment

020

%40

%60

%80

%10

0%%

Edu

catio

nal A

ttain

men

t

20% 40% 60% 80% 100%% 25+ Employed

% 25+ with High School Degree Linear Fit of High School Attainment% 25+ with Bachelor's Degree Linear Fit of Bachelor's Attainment

Employment Rates vs. Educational Attainment

Complete Models

Model 1

Model 2

% of Population with High School Degree   Coef. t P>t Coef. t P>t

Constant   0.827 18.280 0.000 0.743 12.310 0.000

% Income under Poverty   -0.061 -1.540 0.12

4-

0.051 -1.160 0.247

% Pop on SNAP   -0.065 -2.010 0.045

-0.060 -1.770 0.077

Total AIAN Population   0.000 1.240 0.217 0.000 0.910 0.361

Total Population   0.000 -1.600 0.110 0.000 -1.540 0.124

% AIAN Population   -0.059 -2.580 0.010

-0.048 -2.010 0.045

Total Population, Ages 25-64   0.000 1.650 0.09

9 0.000 1.590 0.112

% Population, Ages 25-64   0.098 1.410 0.16

0 0.067 0.940 0.345

Alaska   -0.018 -1.480 0.141

-0.024 -1.960 0.051

California   -0.060 -3.970 0.000

-0.052 -3.400 0.001

SDTSA   -0.104 -4.200 0.000

-0.093 -3.710 0.000

Oklahoma   0.010 0.410 0.683 0.017 0.670 0.506

% 25+ Employed   0.142 2.860 0.004Median Household Income   0.000 -0.030 0.974

16+ Median Earnings   0.000 0.040 0.972Adjusted R-squared   0.137 0.147F   7.80 6.79Number of Observations   473 473

Model 3

Model 4

% Percent of Population with Bachelor's Degree

Coef. t P>t Coef. t P>t

Constant 0.126 5.570 0.000 0.068 2.280 0.023% Income under Poverty Line -0.004 -0.180 0.855 0.009 0.430 0.668

% Pop on SNAP -0.029 -1.820 0.070 -0.010 -0.600 0.546Total AIAN Population 0.000 2.840 0.005 0.000 2.070 0.039Total Population 0.000 -2.080 0.038 0.000 -1.890 0.059% AIAN Population -0.044 -3.840 0.000 -0.030 -2.490 0.013Total Population Ages 25-64 0.000 2.250 0.025 0.000 2.060 0.040

% Population Ages 25-64 -0.034 -0.980 0.329 -0.054 -1.550 0.122

Alaska -0.035 -5.870 0.000 -0.036 -5.860 0.000California -0.018 -2.330 0.020 -0.015 -1.930 0.055SDTSA -0.008 -0.630 0.530 -0.001 -0.100 0.922Oklahoma 0.020 1.550 0.123 0.027 2.150 0.032% 25+ Employed 0.031 1.270 0.206Median Household Income 0.000 -0.550 0.584

16+ Median Earnings 0.000 3.700 0.000Adjusted R-squared 0.306 0.325F( 11, 461) 19.93 17.26Number of Observations

473.000

473.000

Questions?

For more information, please email me at:

jeffreytse11@gmail.comjtse1@swarthmore.edu

or

Reference O Drive >> Indian Data >> Aggregate AIAN Data >> README