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Aim: How Can We Describe Ecology and the terms used
in the unit.
Do Now: Explain how Genetic engineering can help a person with diabetes.
H.W.: Read Pages 684 – 687 Do Questions 1-5
Ecology
The study of the relationships
between organisms and
their environments.
What is Ecology?• Ecology is the study of
organisms and their environments.
• An Environment is the surroundings of an organism.
• An Organism is any living thing
What do organisms get from their environment?• Organisms need Food, Gases, Water,
Shelter, and proper Temperature.
What is an Ecosystem?• An ecosystem is a group of organisms and
their environment.
• Examples of an ecosystem are: Pond, forest, fish tank, desert.
What are the two types of Factors in an ecosystem?
• An Abiotic Factor is any non-living part of an environment.
• Examples are: Light, water, air, soil, and rocks.
• A Biotic Factors is any Living part of an environment.
• Examples are: Animals, plants, fungi, protists and bacteria.
What is a Community?• A community is all of the biotic factors in an
ecosystem.
• What is a population?• A Population is the number of One species in
an ecosystem.
• Examples are: # of bald
eagles.
What is a Habitat?• A Habitat is an organisms home.• Examples are: Under a rock, a nest, hole in
a tree.
• What does a habitat provide?• All the things the organisms
need to survive.• Ex: Shelter, food, water.
What is a Niche?• A Niche is the role an organism plays in an ecosystem
and its environment – How it obtains food and shelter, finds a mate, cares for young, and avoids danger.
• Examples are: Decomposer, herbavore in a field and herbavore in a tree are separate niches.
• What are limiting factors?• Limiting factors are things that control the size of the
populations of a species.• Examples are: Predators/prey, food, water, disease,
weather.
Aim: How can we describe how organisms affect each other?
• Do Now: Explain the difference between an Ecosystem, a
community and population?
• H.W.: Read 696 – 700 do questions 1-4.
How do Organisms affect each other?
• Competition:• Competition is when two different species
need the same resources from the environment.
• Examples are: deer and Elk in
the same forest.
Mutualism• Mutualism is when two different species
help each other out.
• Examples are: Sea anemone and clown fish; butterfly and flower.
Parasitism• Parasitism is when one organism takes
advantage of another.
• Examples are: Fleas and ticks on dogs.
Commensalism• Commensalism is when one organism lives
on another but does not hurt the other organism.
• Examples are: Moss on a tree.
Aim: How can we describe the different Biomes of Earth?
• Do Now: 1. Hand in H.W.
2. Compare and contrast Mutualism,
Commensalism and Parasitism.
• H.W.: Read Pages 744 – 751 do questions 1-5
BiomesThere are 6 major biomes on Earth.
What is a Biome?• A biome is an environment with a specific
climate (weather) and ecological community (organisms).
1. Deciduous Forest
• Four seasons – warm summer + cool winters.• Trees lose leaves in fall.• Very fertile soil. • Oak, elm, maple, beech• Deer, squirrels, birds, fox• Deforestation (cutting down the forest) is a
problem.
2. Coniferous Forest
• Cold and Moist.
• Conifer trees (have needles + produce cones).
• Poor soil
• Bear, lynx, owls, mouse, beaver.
• Found in mountains.
• Deforestation is a problem.
3. Rain Forest• Hot and wet – lots of rain.• Tropical – near equator.• Trees grow all year.• Large variety of organisms
(biodiversity)• Parrots, lizards, monkeys, frogs• Animals live in trees.• Deforestation is a problem.
4. Desert• Hot and very dry.
• Plants store water in leaves and trunks.
• Cactus and shrubs.
• Lizards, rodents, camels.
• Many animals are nocturnal.
• Irrigation for farming is a problem.
5. Grassland/Savanna• Mostly grasses – not enough rain for trees.
• USA – bison, mice, snakes, hawks.
• Africa – lions, zebra, antelope.
• Overuse by farmers and cattle is a problem.
6. Tundra• Cold and dry.
• Frozen soil called permafrost.
• Small plants, grasses, lichens, moss.
• Caribou, wolves, oxen, fox.
Have thick fur to stay warm.
• Oil drilling can be a problem here.
Aim: How can we describe the different Biomes of Earth?
• Do Now: 1. Hand in H.W. 2. Describe the major factor that
determines a biome and the nature of that factor for
each biome.• H.W.: Write a paragraph – Which biome
would you want to live in most? Why might you not want to live there?
Aim: How can we describe Energy roles and Energy Flow in an ecosystem?
• Do Now: 1. Take out H.W.
• 2.
• H.W.:
Energy Roles and Energy Flow in an Ecosystem.
All Energy enters an ecosystem from the sun and is cycled in the
ecosystem through the organisms which Live there.
Producer• A producer is an organism which makes its
own food.
• Ex: Plants.
Consumer• A consumer is an organism which eats other
organisms.• There are 5 types of consumers:
– Herbivore.– Carnivore.– Omnivore.– Scavenger.– Decomposer.
Herbivores• A Herbivore is an animal that eats Only
plants.
• Examples are: deer, cow, horse, rabbit.
Carnivores• A carnivore is an animal that eats Only
animals.
• Examples are: Snake, owl, lion, shark.
Omnivores• An Omnivore is an animal that eats both
plants and animals.
• Examples are: Rat, raccoon, bear, human.
Scavengers• A Scavenger is an animal that eats dead
organisms.
• Examples are: Vulture, hyena,
ants.
Decomposers• A Decomposer is an organism which breaks
down dead organisms and wastes into simple substances and returns them to the soil.
• Examples are: Bacteria, fungi.
Food Chains• Food chains show ONE path of ENERGY
() from one organism to another.
• Example of a food chain is as follows:
Grain Grasshopper Mouse Owl
Producer Consumer Consumer Consumer
Autotroph Herbivore Carnivore CarnivoreGreen Plant Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer
Producer 1st order consumer
2nd order consumer
3rd order consumer
Food Pyramids• Food Pyramids show relationships between
these organisms in a balanced ecosystem.
Owl .1%
Mouse 1%
Grasshopper 10%
Grain 100% Suns Energy
Sun
As Energy Flows through the Food Pyramid from bottom to top…
1. Size of the organism Increases. (Predators are larger than prey).
2. Number of the organisms decrease. (more prey than predators).
3. Mass of the organisms decreases. (fewer organisms on top).
4. Energy available decreases. (energy is lost from life process).
What is a Food Web?• A Food Web shows many paths of energy
in a community.Organism Role Food
Carrot Producer Sunlight, CO2, H2O
Grass Producer Sunlight, CO2, H2O
Grain Producer Sunlight, CO2, H2O
Rabbit Herbavore Carrot, grass
Grasshopper Herbavore Grass, Grains
Mouse Omnivore Grasshopper, grains
Bird Omnivore Grasshopper, grains
Fox Carnivore Rabbit, mouse, bird
Owl Carnivore Mouse, grasshopper
What is a food web?• A food web shows how energy flows
through an ecosystem.
Food Chains and Webs• Identify the parts of the food web.
A. Source of energy – Sun.
B. Producers – Pine tree, grass, algae, green plants.
C. Consumers – Deer, hawk, rabbit, dragonfly, frog, turtle, worm, fish, tadpole, human.
D. Decomposers – bacteria and worm
E. Abiotic factors – mud, sand, water, rock, air, sun, cloud.
Give Examples of a Food Chain from the Food Web.
A. Grass Rabbit hawk
B. Algae Fish human.
The Water Cycle1. Water is heated and evaporates (turns to gas)2. As the water rises, it cools and condenses (turns to liquid)3. This forms into clouds4. The water falls back to
Earth as precipitation (rain, snow)
The Carbon Dioxide – Oxygen Cycle1. Animals take in O2 for respiration and release CO2
as a waste product2. Plants take in CO2 for photosynthesis and release
O2 as a waste product
3. CO2 is alsoreleased duringdecay
The Nitrogen Cycle
1. Plants take in nitrogen to make proteins. 2. Animals eat plants and other animals to get
proteins.3. When animals die
or release wastes the nitrogen is decomposed by bacteria and is returned to the soil for plants to use again.
Succession
Def: A gradual change in an ecosystem over time. Changes in the abiotic environment cause changes in the biotic life.
Primary Succession – First growth on bare rock (rock, lava, cement). There is no soil. Small plants (moss, lichen) and no animals.
Secondary Succession – Plant life begins to change as soil develops. Animals are present and change as plant life changes. Ex: overgrown field, forest fire, pond filling in
Climax Community – A stable community which remains unchanged for 100 - 1000 years. Ex: Rainforest, desert
Life Cycles
The changes in an organism from birth to adulthood
Incomplete metamorphosis: Young looks like smaller version of parents.
Complete metamorphosis: Young do not look like parents.