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Aim: How do vaccinations protect us against disease ?
Immunity is the ability of an organism to resist disease by identifying and destroying foreign
substances or organisms.
Active immunity
• Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response
• Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen.
and cells…
Vaccination
• means of producing immunity against pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, by the introduction of live, killed, or altered antigens that stimulate the body to produce antibodies against more dangerous forms.
Vaccine is made from
• an antigen isolated or produced from the disease-causing microorganism
• vaccine is injected into the blood stream. The B cells in the blood stream respond to the antigen by producing antibodies
• antibodies bind to the antigen to "neutralize"or inactivate it
• memory cells are produced and remain ready to mount a quick protective immune response against subsequent infection with the same disease causing agent.
Memory Cells and Immunity
Vaccine Mass Production
There is no vaccine for the HIV virus
Electron Micrographs and schematic of HIV
Yellow – lipid bilayer
Red, Black & green – different proteins
HIV attacks the CD4 immune cell
Macrophage
T Cell
Helper T Cell
Killer T Cell
Infected CellAntigens are displayed on surface of macrophage
T cell binds to activated macrophage
T cell, activated by macrophage, becomes a helper T cell
Helper T cell activates killer T cells and B cells
Killer T cells bind to infected cells, disrupting their cell membranes and destroying them
Section 40-2Normal function of a T Cell
HIV affects T-cells
• A normal T cell count is usually over 1000, although it may dip occasionally to even 400 in response to other infections.
• In HIV we see a drop in T cells (CD4 cells) over time which does not recover without adequate and long-term control of the HIV virus.
HIV doesn't kill anybody directly…
instead, it weakens the body's ability to fight disease.
Recommended Vaccinations:
• Hepatitis B • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) • DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) • Hib (meningitis) • IPV (polio) • Influenza • MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) • Varicella (chickenpox) • MCV4 (bacterial meningitis) • Hepatitis A
The Pros and Cons of Vaccinations
The practice of vaccinating ourselves, our children, and our animals to prevent disease is the subject of a great deal of debate. Heated discussions arise over what to vaccinate with, when to vaccinate, who to vaccinate, and even whether to vaccinate at all.
New vaccine to Guard Against HPV
• PBL
HPV and Cervical Cancer
Part I “One Less” and “Tell Someone”
Aim: How does the HPV vaccine work to prevent cancer?
WILMOT CANCER CENTER
University of Rochester
We developed a vaccine that could eliminate one cancer from the earth
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
HPV Vaccine To Prevent Cervical Cancer
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The VLP-based vaccine prevents HPV infections from triggering cervical cancer by inducing a strong protective immune response
Common Infection
Infected with HPV
At least 70 % of sexually active persons will be infected with genital HPV at some time in their lives
Infection Is Sexually Transmitted
Anyone who has ever had genital contact with another person infected with HPV can get the infection and pass it to another person
Many Types of HPVs
Different HPVs–Different Infections
Harmless
No warts or cancer
Warts-Linked
Genital warts
Cancer-Linked
Most clear up
Some persist, but no abnormalities in cervix
Some persist, some abnormalities in cervix
A few persist and progress to cervical cancer
Virus Penetrates Cervix
Uterus
HPVinfection
Vagina
Cervix
Layers of epithelial cells
Papillomavirus
Human papillomaviruses pass by skin to skin contact
Virus Uncoats
Virus “uncoats”
Nucleus
Epithelial cell interior
mRNAs for viral proteins E6 and E7
Viral DNA enters nucleus
Virus Disables Suppressors
Cancerous epithelial cells
Suppressor protein 2
E7 viral protein
Degraded suppressors
Healthy cellsMucus
E6 viral protein
Suppressor protein 1
Viral proteins disable the normal suppressor genes (“damage surveillance”)
Virus-Like Particles in the HPV vaccine have no genetic material inside but
induces the immune response
The Vaccination
The vaccination protects a person from future infection by the HPV high-risk types
Antibodies Prevent Infection by coating the antigen of the virus
Papillomavirus
No DNA strands can escape the capsid= Antibodies
How do we detect abnormal cervical cell growth?
Normal Pap smear
Abnormal Pap smear
More Work Ahead
4 years later