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Air Bag Report

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE ABSTRACT  The introduction of airbag into auto!obi"e ha  ignificant"# i!$ro%ed the afet# of the occu$ant& Airbag are the fruit of dee$ cientific tud# and reearch& It ha beco!e tandard e'ui$!ent for a"" ne( $aenger %ehic"e !anufactured and !ar)eted in the United State. Unfortunate"#* airbag can a"o caue fata" in+urie if the occu$ant i a chi"d !a""er ,in (eight- than a t#$ica" i./#ear/o"d& Bet(een 0123 and 4550* 01 infant and 26 chi"dren (ere )i""ed b# airbag durin g re"ati% e"# !inor %ehic"e co""iion& In addit ion to thee infant and chi"d death* there ha%e a"o been e%en adu"t )i""ed b# airbag due to their $ro.i!it# to th e ai rbag du ri ng de $" o# !ent & In re $on e to the e de at h * th e Na ti ona" 7i gh (a# Tran$ortation and Safet# Ad!initration ha !andated that* tarting in the 4553 !ode" #ear* a"" auto!obi"e be e'ui$$ed (ith auto!atic airbag u$$reion 809& The u$$reion of the airbag baed on the t#$e of occu$ant can be fra!ed a a t(o/c"a c"aification $rob"e!* (hi"e the u$$reion of the airbag baed on the "ocation of the occu$ant re"ati%e to the airbag can be fra!ed a an occu$ant trac)ing $rob"e!& An eentia" focu of $otentia" enhance!ent to ai r bag #te ! cent er ar ound cr ah ening techno"ogi e and e"ect roni c en or & Me chanic a" en or are ana" # ed to re %e a" th ei r func ti onin g ch ar ac teri t ic & Th e i!$"e!entation of air bag and re"ated occu$ant retraint re'uire e.teni%e )no("edge fro! %ari ou engi neeri ng di ci $" ine* in $arti cu"ar !echani ca"* che!ica "* e" ect ri ca" * and increai ng"# e"ectron ic e.$ertie& It i a ub+ec t $reen ting tru"# cha""en ging ta) in both ana"#tica" and e.$eri!ent a" $ha e of $roduct de% e"o$!e nt & O%e r the "at decade of de%e"o$!ent* it ha beco!e ob%iou that: 0- The !ar)et i e%o"%ing to(ard a greater uage of e"ectronic content& 4- The de!and of ad% ance d fun cti on i ti !u" atin g the int egra tion of %ar iou ening techno "ogie& Reearc h and de%e"o$!ent acti%itie in re"ated area are "i)e"# to continue for #ear ahead& ;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aan Page 1
Transcript
Page 1: Air Bag Report

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

ABSTRACT

  The introduction of airbag into auto!obi"e ha ignificant"# i!$ro%ed the afet# of 

the occu$ant& Airbag are the fruit of dee$ cientific tud# and reearch& It ha beco!e

tandard e'ui$!ent for a"" ne( $aenger %ehic"e !anufactured and !ar)eted in the United

State. Unfortunate"#* airbag can a"o caue fata" in+urie if the occu$ant i a chi"d !a""er 

,in (eight- than a t#$ica" i./#ear/o"d& Bet(een 0123 and 4550* 01 infant and 26 chi"dren

(ere )i""ed b# airbag during re"ati%e"# !inor %ehic"e co""iion& In addition to thee infant

and chi"d death* there ha%e a"o been e%en adu"t )i""ed b# airbag due to their $ro.i!it# to

the airbag during de$"o#!ent& In re$one to thee death* the Nationa" 7igh(a#

Tran$ortation and Safet# Ad!initration ha !andated that* tarting in the 4553 !ode" #ear*

a"" auto!obi"e be e'ui$$ed (ith auto!atic airbag u$$reion 809& The u$$reion of the

airbag baed on the t#$e of occu$ant can be fra!ed a a t(o/c"a c"aification $rob"e!*

(hi"e the u$$reion of the airbag baed on the "ocation of the occu$ant re"ati%e to the airbag

can be fra!ed a an occu$ant trac)ing $rob"e!& An eentia" focu of $otentia" enhance!ent

to air bag #te! center around crah ening techno"ogie and e"ectronic enor&

Mechanica" enor are ana"#ed to re%ea" their functioning characteritic& Thei!$"e!entation of air bag and re"ated occu$ant retraint re'uire e.teni%e )no("edge fro!

%ariou engineering dici$"ine* in $articu"ar !echanica"* che!ica"* e"ectrica"* and

increaing"# e"ectronic e.$ertie& It i a ub+ect $reenting tru"# cha""enging ta) in both

ana"#tica" and e.$eri!enta" $hae of $roduct de%e"o$!ent& O%er the "at decade of 

de%e"o$!ent* it ha beco!e ob%iou that:

0- The !ar)et i e%o"%ing to(ard a greater uage of e"ectronic content&

4- The de!and of ad%anced function i ti!u"ating the integration of %ariou ening

techno"ogie& Reearch and de%e"o$!ent acti%itie in re"ated area are "i)e"# to continue for 

#ear ahead&

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 1

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

  TABLE OF <ONTENT

SL.NO Chapter name  Page number

<ha$ter 0 : Introduction =

<ha$ter 4 : Principle of Airbag >

  4&0 : La(? of Motion >

<ha$ter = : Parts of an Airbag >

  =&0 : @or)ing of Airbag 6

  =&4 : <he!ica" Reaction 3

  >&0 : Analsis of Crash Sensors

  >&0&0 : <rah Senor (ith da!$ing 2

  >&0&4 : S$ring Ma Senor  1

<ha$ter 6 : !uture of Airbags 05

<ha$ter 3 : "isarming of Airbags 00

<ha$ter :  References 04

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 2

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

INTRO"#CTION

For #ear* the trut# eat be"t $ro%ided the o"e for! of $ai%e retraint in our car& There

(ere debate about their afet#* e$ecia""# re"ating to chi"dren* but o%er ti!e* !uch of the

countr# ado$ted !andator# eat/be"t "a(& Statitic ha%e ho(n that the ue of eat be"t ha

a%ed thouand of "i%e that !ight ha%e been "ot in co""iion& Li)e eat be"t* the conce$t of 

an airbag // a oft $i""o( to "and againt in a crah // ha been around for !an# #ear& Airbag

are a t#$e of auto!obi"e afet# retraint "i)e eatbe"t coniting of a f"e.ib"e fabric en%e"o$e

or cuhion deigned to inf"ate ra$id"# during a co""iion& The# are ga/inf"ated cuhion bui"t

into the teering (hee"* dahboard* door* roof* or eat of a car that ue a crah enor to

trigger a ra$id reaction to $rotect fro! the i!$act of an accident& Modern %ehic"e !a#

contain !u"ti$"e airbag !odu"e on %ariou ide and fronta" "ocation and enor !a# de$"o#

one or !ore airbag in an i!$act one at %ariab"e rate baed on the t#$e* ang"e and e%erit#

of i!$act& Airbag are nor!a""# deigned (ith the intention of u$$"e!enting the $rotection

of an occu$ant (ho i correct"# retrained (ith a eatbe"t& The firt $atent on an inf"atab"e

crah/"anding de%ice for air$"ane (a fi"ed during @or"d @ar II& In the 0125* the firt

co!!ercia" airbag a$$eared in auto!obi"e& No afet# de%ice ha conu!ed !ore attention

and reource than the airbag& It i )no(n (ith high confidence that (hen a crah occur* the

 $reence of an airbag reduce fata"it# ri) to dri%er* (hether be"ted or unbe"ted& E%en after 

about ten !i""ion airbag de$"o#!ent* the effect of airbag on different "e%e" of in+ur# ri) i

)no(n on"# a$$ro.i!ate"#& irtua""# a"" ne(  car ha%e airbag*  and the#?re a%ing  "i%e&

The#?re reducing  dri%er death b# about 0> $ercent* and  $aenger bag reduce  death b#

about 00 $ercent& Ceo$"e (ho ue afet# be"t !a# thin)  the# don?t need airbag& But the# do&Airbag and "a$Dhou"der   be"t (or) together a a #te!* and one (ithout the other in?t a

effecti%e& ;eath are 04 $ercent "o(er  a!ong dri%er (ith  be"t and 1 $ercent "o(er a!ong

 be"ted $aenger& Since #ear 0112* a"" ne( car o"d in the United State ha%e been re'uired

to ha%e airbag on both dri%er and $aenger ide& Then ca!e eat/!ounted and door/

!ounted ide airbag& Toda#* o!e car go far be#ond ha%ing dua" airbag to ha%ing i. or 

e%en eight airbag& 7a%ing e%o)ed o!e of the a!e contro%er# that urrounded the ue of 

eat/be"t it ear"# #ear* airbag are the ub+ect of eriou go%ern!ent and indutr# reearch&

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 3

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

CRIN<ICLE:LA@S OF MOTION:

@e )no( that !o%ing ob+ect ha%e !o!entu! ,the $roduct of the !a and the %e"ocit# of 

an ob+ect-& Un"e an outide force act on an ob+ect* the ob+ect (i"" continue to !o%e at it

 $reent $eed and direction& <ar conit of e%era" ob+ect* inc"uding the %ehic"e ite"f* "ooe

ob+ect in the car and* of coure* $aenger& If thee ob+ect are not retrained* the# (i""

continue !o%ing at (hate%er $eed the car i tra%e"ing at* e%en if the car i to$$ed b# a

co""iion& Sto$$ing an ob+ect !o!entu! re'uire force acting o%er a $eriod of ti!e. @hen a

car crahe* the force re'uired to to$ an ob+ect i %er# great becaue the car !o!entu! ha

changed intant"# (hi"e the $aenger ha not* there i not !uch ti!e to (or) (ith& Thegoa" of an# u$$"e!enta" retraint #te! i to he"$ to$ the $aenger (hi"e doing a "itt"e

da!age to hi! or her a $oib"e& @hat an airbag doe i to "o( do(n the $aenger $eed

to ero (ith "itt"e or no da!age& The contraint that it ha to (or) (ithin are huge& The

airbag ha the $ace bet(een the $aenger and the teering (hee" or dahboard and on"# a

fraction of a econd to inf"ate& E%en that tin# a!ount of $ace and ti!e i %a"uab"e* ho(e%er*

if the #te! can "o( the $aenger $eed e%en"# rather than forcing an abru$t ha"t to hi or 

her !otion&

CARTS OF AN AIRBAG:0& Bag

4& Senor  

=& Inf"ator# S#te!&

The goa" of an airbag i to "o( do(n the $aenger for(ard !otion a e%en"# a $oib"e in

a fraction of a econd& There are three $art to an airbag that he"$ to acco!$"ih thi feat:

• The bag ite"f i !ade of a thin* n#"on fabric* (hich i fo"ded into the teering (hee"

or dahboard or* !ore recent"#* the eat or door&

• The enor i the de%ice that te"" the bag to inf"ate&

• Inf"ator# #te! ue the ra$id $u"e of hot nitrogen ga to inf"ate the bag&

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 4

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

 $OR%IN&'

Inf"ation ha$$en (hen there i a co""iion force e'ua" to running into a bric) (a"" at 05 to 06

!i"e $er hour ,03 to 4> )! $er hour-& A the %ehic"e crahe* a !echanica" (itch i f"i$$ed

a there i a !a hift (hich c"oe an e"ectrica" contact* te""ing the enor that a crah ha

occurred& The enor recei%e infor!ation fro! an acce"ero!eter bui"t into a !icrochi$&

Scientit needed a (a# to et off a che!ica" reaction that (ou"d $roduce the nitrogen ga

(hich (ou"d inf"ate the bag& S!a"" o"id/$ro$e""ant inf"ator ca!e to the recue in the 015&

The airbag inf"ation #te! contain odiu! aide ,NaN=- (hich react (ith $otaiu!

nitrate ,NO=- to $roduce nitrogen ga& 7ot b"at of nitrogen inf"ate the airbag& The

inf"ation #te! i "i)e a o"id roc)et booter& The airbag #te! ignite a o"id $ro$e""ant*

(hich burn ra$id"# to create a "arge %o"u!e of ga to inf"ate the bag& The bag then "itera""#

 burt  fro! it torage ite at u$ to 455 !$h ,=44 )$h- fater than the b"in) of an e#e& A

econd "ater* the ga 'uic)"# dii$ate through tin# ho"e in the bag* thu def"ating  the bag&

Idea""#* the bod# of the dri%er ,or $aenger- hou"d not hit the airbag (hi"e it i ti""

inf"ating& In order for the airbag to cuhion the head and toro (ith air for !a.i!u!

 $rotection* the airbag !ut begin to def"ate ,i.e., decreae it interna" $reure- b# the ti!e the

 bod# hit it& Other(ie* the high interna" $reure of the airbag (ou"d create a urface a hard

a a tone&  E%en though the (ho"e $roce ha$$en in on"# hundred !i""i/econd* the

additiona" ti!e i enough to he"$ $re%ent eriou in+ur#& The $o(der# ubtance re"eaed

fro! the airbag i regu"ar corntarch or ta"cu! $o(der* (hich i ued b# the airbag

!anufacturer to )ee$ the bag "ubricated (hi"e the#re in torage&

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 5

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

C()*ICAL R)ACTIONS'

Airbag #te! contain a !i.ture of odiu! aide ,NaN=-* NO=* and SiO4& A t#$ica" dri%er/

ide airbag contain a$$ro.i!ate"# 65/25 g of NaN=* (ith the "arger $aenger/ide airbag

containing about 465 g& The $artic"e ie of NaN= and NO= !ut be bet(een 05 and 45

!icron and SiO4 !ut be bet(een 6 and 05 !icron& @ithin >5 !i""iecond of i!$act* a""

thee co!$onent react in three e$arate reaction and $roduce nitrogen ga& The reaction

are a fo""o(&

,0- 4 NaN=  4 Na H = N4 ,g-

,4- 05 Na H 4 NO=   4O H 6 Na4O H N4 ,g-

,=-  4O H Na4O H 4 SiO4   4O=Si H Na4O=Si ,i"icate g"a-

The firt reaction i the deco!$oition of NaN = at about =55< uing an e"ectric i!$u"e to

gi%e Na !eta" and N4 ga& Since Na !eta" i high"# reacti%e* the NO = and SiO4 react and

re!o%e it* in turn $roducing !ore N4 ga& Le h#groco$ic NO= i ued ince aborbed

!oiture can de/enitie the #te! and caue the reaction to fai"& The fina" reaction i ued

to e"i!inate the  4O and Na4O $roduced in the $re%iou reaction becaue the !eta" o.ide

are high"# reacti%e& Thee $roduct react (ith SiO4 to $roduce a i"icate g"a (hich i a

har!"e and tab"e co!$ound&

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 6

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

ANAL+SIS O! CRAS( S)NSORS 849

Se%era" conce$t ha%e been i!$"e!ented in crah enor for  air bag& Each ening conce$t

i baed on the !eaure!ent of a  $h#ica" %ariab"e or the inter$retation of a !eaured igna"&

Signa" inc"ude $eed change or da!age and acce"eration !eaured at %ariou "ocation of a

%ehic"e& Regard"e of the e"ected a$$roach for   crah ening* $otentia" o"ution !ut

atif# t(o criteria: 0- The e"ected !eaure corre"ate (e"" (ith crah e%erit#J

4- The e"ected !eaure can ref"ect crah e%erit# in ad%ance and thu etab"ih a $redicti%e

indicator&

A!ong the crah ening !ethod !ot notab"# are a$$roache that re"# on the detection of 

$eed change and acce"eration/baed igna" $roceing for fronta" air bag #te!& In ter! of 

the $h#ica" contruction of actua" ening de%ice ued in air bag #te!* crah enor can

 be c"aified into t(o baic categorie:

,a- Mechanica" ,b- E"ectronic&

Man# enor in %ariou configuration fa"" into the firt categor#* de$ite their ditinct

a$$earance and functiona" $rinci$"e& Thee enor contain a ening !a* (hich !o%e

(hen %ehic"e i in%o"%ed in a co""iion& If the ening !a tra%e" be#ond a certain "i!it* it

reu"t in a !echani! re"eae or a circuit c"oure* thu triggering the crah enor& Senor in

the econd categor# contain a tranducer that generate a crah igna"* and e"ectronic circuitr#

that $rocee the generated igna"& The functioning $rinci$"e of thee de%ice are ana"#ed

further&

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 7

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

A. *echanical Crash Sensor

There are e%era" t#$e of !echanica" crah enorJ o!e re"# on e"ectrica" or !agnetic

 $heno!ena to o$erate (hi"e other are $ure"# baed on !echanica" !echani!& The ter!*

K!echanica"* refer to a co!!on characteritic of thee enor* in (hich a crah i

indicated b# !onitoring the !otion of a ening !a&

,- Crash Sensor ith "amping: One t#$e of (ide"# ued enor for air bag #te! in the

"ate 0125 and ear"# 0115 i the o/ca""ed ba""/in/tube enor& The o$eration of thi enor 

de$end on the !otion of a ba"" contained in a tube& A !agnet ituated at one end of the

enor attract the ba"" to(ard that end of the tube& Under regu"ar dri%ing or bra)ing

condition or e%en in !inor co""iion* the force of !agnetic attraction $re%ent the ba"" fro!

!o%ing& @hen a co""iion occur* the ba"" brea) a(a# fro! it reting $oition& If the i!$act

i ufficient"# trong and "at "ong enough for the ba"" to !o%e to the contact at the o$$oite

end of the enor* the go"d/$"ated ba"" bridge the t(o contact and c"oe an e"ectrica" circuit&

@hen the ba"" !o%e a"ong the tube* the air inide the enor f"o( through the c"earance

 bet(een the ba"" and the tube& The airf"o(

 generate an aerod#na!ic drag force that da!$en the ba""? !otion& The !agnitude of the

da!$ing force de$end $ri!ari"# on the $eed of the ba"" and the tightne of the c"earance&

Other factor* uch a the a!ount of air and the $reure and te!$erature inide the enor*

a"o affect the da!$ing $heno!enon&

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 8

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

4- Spring/*ass Sensor: Another co!!on"# ued crah enor i the o/ca""ed Ro"a!ite

enor&

 A Ro"a!ite i a !echanica" de%ice* coniting of a ro""er u$ended (ithin a tenioned band&

A a reu"t the ro""er i free to tran"ate (ith "itt"e friction or h#terei&  Thi de%ice (a

de%e"o$ed at Sandia Nationa" Laboratorie& The ro"a!ite* and i!i"ar !acro/!echanica"

de%ice (ere ued in airbag unti" the !id/0115 (hen the# (ere uni%era""# re$"aced (ith

MEMS& 7e"d in $"ace b# a !eta""ic band $ring* the c#"indrica" ro""er ret againt the to$

 $ot during a %ehic"e? nor!a" o$eration& In the e%ent of a ubtantia" co""iion* the ro""er 

o%erco!e the $ring force and rotate for(ard& If the i!$act i e%ere enough* a !o%ing

contact on the !eta""ic band touche a fi.ed contact and c"oe a circuit& Un"i)e the ba""/in/tube enor* there i no da!$ing force in%o"%ed in the ro""er !otion of a Ro"a!ite enor& The

eniti%it# of a Ro"a!ite enor i contro""ed b# t(o $ara!eter: ,a- the ditance to trigger

,b- the !agnitude of the $ring force&

The $ring force* o!eti!e ca""ed the biaing force or the bia i uua""# gi%en in a ratio of 

the bia force to the (eight of the ening !a& The defining characteritic of the Ro"a!ite

enor i the co!bination of a ening !a and a bia $ring& The configuration of 

co!$onent in $ring/!a enor can be 'uite di%ere&

!#T#R) O! AIRBA&S

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 9

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

The auto indutr#* reearch and regu"ator# co!!unitie ha%e !o%ed a(a# fro! their initia"

%ie( of the airbag a a eat be"t re$"ace!ent* and the bag are no( no!ina""# deignated

a Supplemental Restraint Sstem 0SRS-. Unti" recent"#* !ot of the tride !ade in auto

afet# (ere in front and rear i!$act* e%en though >5 $ercent of a"" eriou in+urie fro!

accident are the reu"t of ide i!$act* and =5 $ercent of a"" accident are ide/i!$act

co""iion& Man# car!a)er ha%e re$onded to thee tatitic b# beefing u$ door* door 

fra!e* f"oor and roof ection& But car that current"# offer ide airbag re$reent the ne(

(a%e of occu$ant $rotection& Engineer a# that deigning effecti%e ide air bag i !uch !ore

difficu"t than deigning front air bag& Thi i becaue !uch of the energ# fro! a front/i!$act

co""iion i aborbed b# the bu!$er* hood and engine* and it ta)e a"!ot =5 to >5!i""iecond before it reache the car occu$ant& In a ide i!$act* on"# a re"ati%e"# thin door 

and a fe( inche e$arate the occu$ant fro! another %ehic"e& Thi !ean that door/!ounted

ide air bag !ut begin de$"o#ing in !ere 6 or 3 !i""iecond o"%o engineer

e.$eri!ented (ith different (a# of !ounting ide airbag and choe eat/bac) inta""ation

a it $rotect $aenger of a"" ie regard"e of ho( the eat i $oitioned& Thee airbag

are deigned to reduce the ri) of in+ur# to the $e"%ic and "o(er abdo!en region& Thi

arrange!ent a""o( the! to $"ace a triggering !echanica" enor on the ide of the eat

cuhion under the dri%er and front $aenger& Thi $re%ent the airbag on the unda!aged

ide of the car fro! inf"ating& Inta""ing the entire airbag $ac)age in the eat/bac) a"o offer

the ad%antage of $re%enting unnecear# de$"o#!ent that !ight be caued b# co""iion (ith

 $edetrian or bic#c"e& It ta)e a co""iion of about 04 !$h 01 )$h- to trigger ide airbag&

BM@ engineer ha%e choen door/!ounted airbag& The door ha !ore $ace* a""o(ing for a

 bigger bag that $ro%ide !ore co%erage& Another o$tion for head $rotection in ide i!$act i

the curtain airbag& A"o under de%e"o$!ent i the head air bag that "oo) a "itt"e "i)e a big

auage and un"i)e other air bag* i deigned to ta# inf"ated for about 6 econd to offer 

 $rotection againt econd or third i!$act& A"" of thi !a)e it $rett# c"ear that the cience of 

airbag i ti"" ne( and under ra$id de%e"o$!ent& You can e.$ect !an# ad%ance in thi fie"d

a deigner co!e u$ (ith ne( idea and "earn fro! rea"/(or"d crah data&

"ISAR*IN& AIRBA&S

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 10

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

0& Turn the ignition (itch to OFF&

4& At the centra" +unction bo. ,<B-* "ocated be"o( the intru!ent $ane"* re!o%e the co%er and the retraint contro" !odu"e ,R<M- fue F35 ,&6A- fro! the <B&

=& Turn the ignition ON and %iua""# !onitor the air bag indicator for at "eat =5 econd& The

air bag indicator (i"" re!ain "it continuou"# ,no f"ahing- if the correct R<M fue ha been

re!o%ed& If the air bag indicator doe not re!ain "it continuou"#* re!o%e the correct R<M

fue before $roceeding&

>& ;iconnect the batter# ground cab"e and (ait at "eat one !inute&

6& Re!o%e the dri%er air bag !odu"e fro! the %ehic"e&

3& Inta"" a dri%er air bag i!u"ator to the harne ide of the dri%er air bag connector&

& Re!o%e the intru!ent $ane"&

2& ;iconnect the $aenger air bag e"ectrica" connector&

1& Inta"" a $aenger air bag i!u"ator to the harne ide of the $aenger air bag connector&

05& ;iconnect the dri%er ide air bag connector beneath the dri%er eat&

00& Inta"" a ide air bag i!u"ator to the harne ide of the dri%er ide air bag and connector&

04& Inta"" the R<M fue F35 ,&6A- to the <B&

0=& Reconnect the batter# ground cab"e&

R)!)R)NC)S

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 11

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

  809 SMART AUTOMOTIVE AIRBAGS:OCCUPANT CLASSIICATION AN!

 TRAC"ING*

IEEE TRANSA<TIONS ON E7I<ULAR TE<7NOLOGY* OL& 63* NO&0*

ANUARY

455 b# Michae" E& Far!er* Senior Me!ber  , IEEE* and Ani" & ain , Fe""o( , IEEE#

  $A# "# %a&' a'( C# !)*a&+ ,P*a-.&-&'g /&&)': I'.eg*a.&)'+ e/aa.&)' a'(

a&-a.&)'+

Pa..e*' Re-)g'&.#+ /)# 30+ ')# 2+ # 183196+ 1997#

  $..:#&gaae.#)*gae.;a-.<a'(aa&*=ag#.> 

849 A TREATISE ON <RAS7 SENSING FOR AUTOMOTIE AIRBAG SYSTEMSIEEE DASME TRANSA<TIONS ON ME<7ATRONI<S* OL& * NO& 4* UNE 4554 b#

  <hing/Yao <han &

  /<& <han* KSenor deign for auto!oti%e air bag #te!: ;eign !ethod and criteria*

Auto!ation* o" >>/4* $$& =4==>&

  /;& M& Merhar* KCieoe"ectric %ehic"e i!$act enor* U&S& Catent = 50 15=* Oct& =0*

014&

  /U& Brede* KE"ectronic enor for triggering afet# de%ice during the crah of %ehic"e*

U&S&

 $atent = 25 21>* Mar& 00* 016

/A& 7art&* KA$$"ication of an e"ectronic acce"ero!eter for a ing"e $oint ening air bag

e"ectronic contro" unit* in Croc& Senor E.$o* 0110* 45></0&

  /;& S& Breed* Kehic"e cruh one enor* U&S& Catent > 116 3=1* Feb& 43* 0110&

  /L& E& Be""* K<rah ening (itch* U&S& Catent = 322 53=* A$r& 41* 014&

  /S& & Anderon* KTheor# of !agnetica""# da!$ed crah enor: ca"ibration and

tetabi"it#**

SAE Ca$er 105

8=9 (((&ho(tuff(or)&co!Dairbag 

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 12

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AIRBAGS: A SAFETY RESRTRAINT SYSTEM OF AN AUTOMOBILE

;e$art!ent of Mechanica" Engineering* M<E* 7aanPage 13


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