CC604ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION

AND CONTROL

AIR POLLUTION

•Any visible or invisible particle or

gas found in the air that is not part of

the original, normal composition.

Natural: forest fires, pollen, dust

storm

Unnatural: man-made; coal, wood

and other fuels used in cars, homes,

and factories for energy

DEFINITION

There is a gas, liquid or particles contained in the air so that the change and affect the life or other materials.

The materials are suspended in the air and a negative impact on humans, plants and animals.

This is due to these materials will enter the body through breathing and can block the flow of oxygen into the blood vessels.

This can cause various diseases such as cramps, cancer, asthma, cramps, and anemia. Dust, smoke, mist, vapor or other substances that can block eyesight is different form of air pollution

Pollutants

Pollutants can be classified as either

primary or secondary

primary pollutantsare substances directly emitted from a process, such as the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories.

Secondary pollutantsare not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone.

Pollutants

Indoor Air Pollution

TYPES OF INDOOR

AIR POLLUTION

RADON

ASBESTOS

FOMALDEHYDE

PLUMBUM

RADON

Radon is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Rn and atomic number 86.

Noble gas that is formed by the disintegration of radium, radon is the heaviest gases and is considered a health hazard.

The most stable isotope is Rn-222 which has a half life of 3.8 days and used in radiotherapy. Radon gas can accumulate in homes and cause lung cancer [1], causing potentially 20,000 deaths in Europe alone each year.

RADON

Radioactive gas found in soil & earth bricks that exist in the original form of radium that is damaged - such as the decay products of uranium.

Progeny, decay products @ daughtera.

Damage lung tissue & lung cancer.

Smokers are likely to die from this cancer.

Radon

• Radioactive radon-

222

• Lung cancer threat

• Occurs in certain

areas based on

geology

• Associated with

uranium and organic

material in rock

Effects of Air Pollution on People

• Respiratory diseases

• Asthma

• Lung cancer

• Chronic bronchitis

• Emphysema

• Premature death

ASBESTOS

Minerals in the formation of crystals / crystal.

Long & thin fibers.

Divided 2: serpentine & amphibole -depending on the crystal element.

Individuals at risk, building maintenance, repairs, cleaning, plumber & carpenter.

FOMALDEHYDE

Chemical industry manufacturing of building materials & Household products.

Products of combustion.

In the home-building materials / buildings, smoke cigarettes, a product home.

Fuels such as gas stoves.

Production of examples glue & adhesive components.

PLUMBUM

Abundant in the earth's crust.

In water, soil & plants.

Easily obtained from the spread in the soil & water.

May occur during the combustion of the battery container @ container of old paint contains lead.

Increased burning of leaded gasoline.

TYPES OF AIR

POLLUTION

Ozone

Sulfur Dioxide

Nitrogen Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Lead Dust

Dust (particular

Matter)

Sulfur Dioxide

•produced when coal and fuel oil

are burned

•present in power plant exhaust

•narrows the airway, causing

wheezing and shortness of

breath, especially in those with

asthma

Sulfur Dioxide Gas no color Strong odor poked Easy to late rain water &

mould acid rain(human skin, damage of iron & steel, low land Ph,Building simple & fragile eroded.

Eyes painful, damage the lungs

Many Industrial meta-orel removing, cleaning of oil, Pulp & Paper Manufacturing IndustriesCharcoal is a substance that contains sulfur.

When burning sulfur will combine with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide around the equation:S + 2O2 ----------- SO4

Sulfur dioxide is then combined with hydrogen ions in the vapor in the air and form acids sulfurous.

In addition, carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen ions and form carbonic acid.

Nitrogen Dioxide

Grey gas to orange

Brochitis & cancer respiratory organ.

Damage lung tissue

Eyes irritant

Decreasing resistance Children of Flu

Late rain water & acid rain Forming

Key components in forming vague Photochemical

Nitrogen Dioxide

•reddish, brown gas

•produced when nitric oxide combines with oxygen in the atmosphere

•present in car exhaust and power plants

•affects lungs and causes wheezing; increases chance of respiratory infection

Carbon Monoxide

•colorless, odorless

•produced when carbon does

not burn in fossil fuels

•present in car exhaust

•deprives body of O2 causing

headaches, fatigue, and

impaired vision

Carbon Monoxide

Combines with hemoglobin to form karboksihemoglobinCauses lack of oxygen, can cause death.

Moisturize the brain, dizziness & headaches.Product gas is not completely carbon compounds.

Resulting from car exhaustareas of traffic congestionCar & Garage under the building closed.

Occurs when the internal combustion engine can not burn the fuel completely.

Carbon monoxide is a dangerous gas and can be fatal if inhaled in a long-term.

Burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil is the main cause of air pollution.

Fuel is also organic and has the element carbon.

Thus, incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide.

Dust (particular matter)

Solid particles are trapped with gas directly from the material being diproses.Contohnya coal & cement.

Dust is separated from the fragments of the parent in the mechanical processes, such as sawdust.

Consisting of large particles such substances; Used trapped in coal-cleaning operations.

Can deface buildings

Asthma attacks for asthma patients.

Clogging leaf of stoma & cover-reduced rate of photosynthesis.

Particulate Matter

•particles of different sizes and

structures that are released into the

atmosphere

•present in many sources including

fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.

•can build up in respiratory system

•aggravates heart and lung disease;

increases risk of respiratory infection

Lead (Plumbum)

Retardation caused brain defects in children.

Reduce the ability of the hand & foot coordination, coma and death @ disrupt the body's ability to build new blood cells.

Suspended matter.

Sole source of car-exhaust

Except with the nearest non-ferrous smelting

OZON & PHOTOCHEMICHAL SMOG

Ground Level Ozone

•at upper level, ozone shields Earth

from sun’s harmful UV rays

•at ground level, ozone is harmful

pollutants

•formed from car, power and

chemical plant exhaust

•irritate respiratory system and

asthma; reduces lung function by

inflaming and damaging lining of

lungs

The main contributor to car-exhaust

Oxides of nitrogen are formed in the combustion of gasoline & fuel released into the atmosphere react with sunlight, ozone.

Ozone reacts with hydrocarbons to form a series & compound include aldehydes & organic acids.

OZON & PHOTOCHEMICHAL SMOG

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Sources - the construction, demolition, soil erosion, dust & asbestos disposal

Classification -human health, vegetation, animal

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

The main effect of air pollution on humans is the respiratory system.

Gases such as carbon monoxide will poison the transport of oxygen in the blood system will slow human reaction and the effects can lead to drowsiness, asthma and reduced lung function.

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH Pollutants such as nitrogen oxide can cause

pulmonary edema and bleeding. Pollutants such as ozone gas can cause

irritation to cause inflammation of the lungs and the ability to move.

Dust, smoke, mist, vapor or other materials are also prevents eye sight and also affect the human eye.

Study World Health Organization (WHO) state of three million people die every year due to air pollution.

It is three times higher than the number of deaths from vehicle accidents.

POLLUTION EFFECTS ON VEGETATION

The effects of the plant are damaged, such as necrosis (loss of leaves), chlorotic (change colors), and stunted growth.

This effect will cause the earth lack of food resources and economic section of the population is affected.

Sulfur Dioxide - damage to the sheets - of cotton, wheat.

OZONE - leaf spots - tomatoes, beans, spinach & potato.

Flouride - End of burning leaves - the broadleaf trees.

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON ANIMALS

Animals become endangered or dying as a result of air pollution.

This is because of the air entering the lungs of the animal and plant sources of food contaminated with the effects of air pollution.

Most rapidly through the food

Animals eat the plants vulnerable to food poisoning.

Arsenic (metal lead)

Animals exposed to contaminated sulfur dioxide gas.Effect of fluoride harm cattle & sheep

The Greenhouse Effect

GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON

1824 - a French scientists - Jean Baptisle Fourier.

GreenhouseWithout the greenhouse effect, earth surface temperatures fell to -180C

GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON

GREENHOUSE

GREENHOUSE

Greenhouse is a building made of glass or plastic that allows planting of a protected and controlled.

The heat from the heat penetrates the transparent structure of vegetation and soil in it.

In addition, the air inside is heated and has remained without can escape out of this building.

GREENHOUSE

The building was constructed in various forms and roles. In an industry desperate farmers, for example, it was built with big size and equipped with modern equipment for multi-monitor and promote the growth of plants in it.

Glass or plastic are also used to work as an intermediary that allows the transfer (or "liberation") of radiation at certain frequencies.

The result is that, in the energy "trapped" in it for heating plants, and can not freely exit from the greenhouse. Greenhouse is also used in industry and also for research purposes.

GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON PROCESS

Greenhouse effect occurs when the composition of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide rises above normal levels.

When the composition is increased, the molecules of gas, which is heat storage, will trap heat and slow down the process of heat release.

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT GLOBAL

Global greenhouse effect occurs when, in the infrared solar radiation entering the earth's atmosphere are not adequately reflected by normal due to the greenhouse effect.

This will lead to gradual global warming, and areas experiencing severe pollution will be affected by more severe.

The implications of global warming will cause ice at both poles of the earth will experience dilution and cause an increase in sea level.

SOURCES OF GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

Source of the greenhouse effect is an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by human activities such as:

a) Burning fuelb) Forest firesc) Felling of forests and livelihoodsd) Widespread burning of rubbishe) Fuel combustion in industryf) Motor vehiclesg) The use of Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

disrupted agricultural productivity

sea level rise

climate change

affected humanhealth

Daily activitiesand

human settlement

uninterrupted

SEA LEVEL RISE

Sea level rise in the Arctic and Antarctica is caused by melting chunks of ice that caused flooding coastal areas, as occurs in coastal Bangladesh.

spill in sea water to agricultural areas and increase the salinity (saltiness) of land.

Makes it less suitable for agriculture.

Will submerge low-lying areas and cause flooding.

TSUNAMI (2004)

CLIMATE CHANGE

Higher atmospheric temperature causes evaporation of water occurs very quickly. Consequently, the occurrence of droughts and floods is uncertain.

Changes in the wind and currents causing natural disasters such as storms (RITA, Katrina, Wilma) and hurricanes.

Extreme climatic events where droughts and floods occur unexpectedly, such as in Africa. This reduces the production of forest and agriculture.

Changes in rainfall and water resources, transforming the availability of water.

It bring problems to the agriculture and reforestation.

Evidence for Climate Change

1. 20th C was hottest in the past 1000 years

2. Global temp has risen 0.6°C (1.1°F) since

1861

3. 16 warmest years on record since 1980, 10

warmest since 1990

4. Glaciers and sea ice are melting

5. Sea level has risen 100-200 cm over 20th C

Past Climate Changes

CO2 and temperature from ice cores

Solutions: Dealing with the Threat

of Climate Change

Options• Do more research before acting

– “wait and see” (current US strategy)

• Act now to reduce risks because global warming would have severe impacts

• Act now in same way to reduce risks of global warming because it has other benefits to environment and society (even if warming doesn’t happen)

JOHOR FLOODS (2006 & 2011)

AFFECTED HUMAN HEALTH

Changes in temperature can cause the heat wave in some places and people, especially the older population may have heatstroke.

Lack of fresh water and flooding can cause contaminated water used and lead to diarrhea.

DAILY ACTIVITIES AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT UNINTERRUPTED

Transfer of climate zones and the movement of sea water and flooding can affect fishing and other aquatic life.

Natural disasters such as storms and droughts also cause electrical interference.

People living in coastal areas have sometimes placed within the other because of flooding.

DISRUPTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

Production of crops and livestock declined due to lack of water and heat.

measures to overcome

Re-afforestation

Recycling (GREEN DOT)

Awareness campaign

The use of environmentally friendly energy sources.

Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere

Large Antarctic Ozone hole three times the size of the United States. September, 2000.

Credit: © Science VU/NASA/Visuals Unlimited

Seasonal Ozone Layer Thinning at the Poles

Loss of the Ozone Layer:

Reasons for Concern

• Increased incidence and severity of

sunburn

• Increase in eye cataracts

• Increased incidence of skin cancer

• Immune system suppression

• Increase in acid deposition

• Lower crop yields and decline in

productivity

Skin Cancers

Solutions: Protecting the Ozone Layer

• CFC substitutes

• Montreal Protocol 1987

• Copenhagen Protocol 1992• both signed by 177 countries

• CFCs take 10-20 years to get to the

stratosphere

• CFCs take 65-385 years to break down

Future CFC concentrations

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

EQUIPMENTS

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS

(ESP)

GRAVITATIONAL SETTLING CHAMBER

CYCLONE COLLECTOR

WET COLLECTOR

FABRIC COLLECTOR

API: Air Pollution Index

•Indicates whether pollutant levels in air

may cause health concerns.

•Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500

(greatest concern)

Air Quality Air Pollution Index Protect Your Health

Good 0-50 No health impacts are expected when

air quality is in this range.

Moderate 51-100 Unusually sensitive people should

consider limiting prolonged outdoor

exertion.

Unhealthy for

Sensitive Groups

101-150 Active children and adults, and people

with respiratory disease, such as

asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor

exertion.

Unhealthy 151-200Active children and adults, and people

with respiratory disease, such as

asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor

exertion, everyone else, especially

children should limit prolonged outdoor

excertion.

Very Unhealthy (Alert) 201-300 Active children and adults, and people

with respiratory disease, such as

asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor

exertion everyone else, especially

children, should limit outdoor exertion.

MEASUREMENT OF AIR QUALITY

*Pure Air - Air semulajd but does not exist in the natural environment

*the beginning of the first generationEquipment needed to get quantitative information about the air built by engineers & scientists controlling air pollution.Advantages - Quick, inexpensive & does not require external power to operate.Disadvantages - difficult to use, slow & inaccurate

Second Generation

•Expanded when the data are more accurate & fast required•Using a power source, usually electric pumps to move air & unttk may mensampel with more air in a shorter time.•Gas measurement technique typically involves wet chemistry in which the gas is dissolved in the fluid collector @ response with it.

Third Generation

•To produce a continuous reading.•Continuous graph showing the levels of various pollutants is obtained by measuring spontaneous

measurement of particulate

•The first generation of devices for measuring particulates involves measuring the amount of dust deposited on the earth.The measurement of dust fall is the easiest method to measure air quality.•Whether the dust is collected in open containers @ the sticky tape is placed around the jar.•Sampling period to maturity is usually 30 days, usually sticky tape can be read within 7 days & provide a qualitative indicator of the particulate pollution.•Dust fall jar dried to remove moisture & weighed to determine the amount of dust in the blender, usually reported in tons (2,000 lb) of dust per square mile settle within 30 days.

clean filter weight is 10:00g. After 24 hours in the hi-vol sampler, dust filter and weighs 10.10 g. Air flow on the surface & final test period was 60 & 40 ka3/min, respectively. What is the concentration of particulates?

The weight of particulates (dust):= (10:10 to 10:00) g x 106μg / g= 0.1 x 106μg

The average air flow:= (60 + 40) / 2 = 50 ka3/min

Amount of air through the filter:= 50 ka3/min x 60 min / hour x 24 hours / day x 1 day= 72.000 ft3= 72.000 ft3 x 3.28 x 10-3 m3/kaki3= 2038 m3

Total suspended particles:= (0.1 x 106μg) / 2038 m3= 49 6μg) / m3

Thank you