AIRPOLLUTION
MukeshKhareProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi)Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016
Introduction
LectureTopics Introduction HistoricalBackground AirPollutionEpisode AirPollutionduetoTerrorism GreatEarthSphere AirPollutionandPollutants
WhatisAirPollution SourcesofAirPollutionandtheirclassification AirPollutantsandItstypes AirPollutionIndianScenario
AirQualityMonitoring MeteorologyandAirQualityModelling EffectsofAirPollution GaussianDispersionModel AirPollutionControl IndoorAirQuality GlobalAirPollution AcidRain OzoneDepletion GlobalWorming
HistoricalBackground
Woodburning LeadpollutionfromRomansmelters SewagepollutioninRomeduring312 B.C
PollutionofriverTiber. UsageofPlasticsandsyntheticchemicalslikeDDT,PolychlorinatedbiphenylsetcduringWorldwar II
1272 - King Edward I of England bans use of seacoal
1377 1399 - Richard II restricts use of coal 14th century- Lack of planned disposal of food waste
caused plague epidemic in Europe 1413 1422 - Henry V regulates/restricts use of
coal 1661 - By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn
of the Royal Society publishes Fumifugium, or theinconvenience of the aer and smoke dissipated,together with some remedies humbly proposed.
1784Watts steam engine; boilers to burnfossil fuels (coal) to make steam to pump waterand move machinery
Smoke and ash from fossil fuels by powerplants, trains, ships: coal (and oil) burning =smoke, ash
1888- First urban sanitary act prohibitingthrowing of solid waste in UK
1907 - Formation of the Air & WasteManagement Association in USA
1953 Hooker chemical factory episode nearNiagara falls (chemical dump of 21000 tons )
1955 - First Federal Air Pollution Control Act -funds for research (USA)
1960 - Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act - funds forresearch (USA)
1963 - Clean Air Act (USA) Three stage enforcement Funds for state and local agencies
1965 - Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act(USA)
1967 - Air Quality Act (USA) Criteria documents Control technique documents
1970 - Clean Air Act Amendments (USA) National Ambient Air Quality Standards New Source Performance Standards
1972 Cleanwateract(USA).
IndianScenario Air(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1981. TheAir(PreventionandControlofPollution)Rules,1982.
CentralMotorVehiclesAct, 1988 Environment(Protection)Act,1986(EPA).
Presently,almostallthecountriesarehavingtheirownenvironmentalpollutionacts.
MajorEpisodes
December,1930 MeuseValley,Belgium
T h e rm a l In v e rs io n
MeuseValley:
Rivervalley,denselypopulated&Highlyindustrialized
Highbarometricpressure&Thermalinversion
Culpritgaseswere:
SO2,sulfurdioxideSO4 sulfuricacidmistDisaster:
63diedduetosorethroats,shortnessofbreath,cough,phlegm,nausea,vomiting
Donora, PA
Donora, PA
Donora,PAOct.1948Donora,PennsylvaniaMonongahelaRiverValleyIndustrialtownsteelmill,sulfuricacidplant,freightyard,etc.Population14,000SteephillssurroundingthevalleyOct26temperatureinversionStableair,fog,lasted4.5days
Culprits:
Sulfurgases+particulates,sulfuricacidmist
Disaster:
6000peoplebecameill,20peopledied
U.S.PublicHealthServicecalledin firsttimeairpollutionofficiallyrecognizedaspotentialpublichealthproblem
Dec.1952GreatLondonSmogLondon Deaths
London Deaths
Mainculprits:
Coldfront,Londonersburnedsoftcoalinfactoriesandpowerplants.
Temperatureinversion
Disaster:
5daysofworstsmogcityhadeverseen.
publictransportationstopped.Indoorconcertshadtobecancelledbecausenoonecouldsee
thestage,etc.
Nov. 1954 Los Angeles SmogMainculprits:
VehicularPollution Temperatureinversion
Disaster:Brownishhazeandpainfuleyes
Powerfulrespiratoryandeyeirritant
Toxicaswellascarcinogenic
Higherconcentrationsleadtoextensivedamageofvegetation
Bhopal,IndiaDec.3,1984MajorCulprit:
UnionCarbidepesticideplantleakedMethylisocyanate (MIC)usedasanintermediaryinmanufactureCarbaryl.
HealthEffects:
MICirritanttothelungs,edema,fluid(causeofdeathswerebronchospasms,cornealopacity.
Disaster:
killedupto2,000withupto350,000injuredand100,000withpermanentdisabilities.
AirPollutionduetoTerrorism
In the 2 years since attack,thousands of New Yorkers havecontacted the World Trade Centerhealth registry, reporting cases ofpersistent coughs, wheezing,shortness of breath and sinusinflammation.
11th September, 2001, New York City
500 employees had to be retiredearly as a result of respiratorydisability or chronic breathingproblems caused by theirexposure to dense clouds of dust
8,000 air samples collected amile from the complex, foundhigh levels of very fine airborneparticles that could increase riskof lung damage and heartattacks.
TajHotel,Mumbai,2008
GreatEarthSpheres
IntroductionofContaminants intotheenvironmentthatcauses
Instabilitytotheecosystem Disordertotheecosystem Discomforttotheecosystem
Ecosystem:It referstoaphysicalsystemorlivingorganismsoftheenvironment.Alllivingorganismsandnonlivingorganismsinteractinadefinedphysicalarea.
AtmosphereAir
Water
Hydrosphere
Soil/rock
Lithosphere
Ecosphere
Living things(Biosphere)
TheEarthsGreatSpheres
AirPollutionandPollutants
Whatisatmosphere?Itisamixtureofgasesthatformsalayerofabout250milesthickaroundtheearth.
WhatisAirPollution?
Transfer of harmful and/or natural/synthetic materials into theatmosphere as a direct/indirect consequence of human activity,which can affect the health of living and /or non living things.
WhatareAirPollutants?The substances causing air pollution are known as air pollutants. Theyoccur as a result of industrial discharge/emissions from motorvehicles and /or from natural sources.
AirpollutiontypesPersonalairpollutionOccupationalairpollutionCommunityairpollution
AirPollutionDefinitionBasedonSystemApproach
SourcesofAirPollution
Meteorology&Topography
AirQuality
EffectsonReceptors Control
ClassificationofPollutionSource
PointsourceAstackemittinggases
NonPointsourceAroadwaywithnumberofvehiclesplyingoneitherdirection(linesource)
DifferencesbetweenPollutantsandContaminants
Pollutants Manmade Presentinmaterialform
Contaminants Naturallyoccurred Maybeinmaterialformorenergyform
TypeofPollutantsPrimarySecondary
PrimaryPollutants: Directlyemittedfromsources. Carbonmonoxide(CO) Oxidesofnitrogen(NOx) Sulfuroxides(SOx) Particulatematter Volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs) Lead
SecondaryPollutants: formintheatmospherethroughchemical/photochemicalreactionsfromprimarypollutants.
Acidmist&fumes(H2SO4,HNO3) Photochemicalsmog Ozone(O3) Peroxy acil nitrate(PAN)
Precursors : Primary pollutants that react to form secondary pollutants in presence of UV/ solar radiations.
FormationofSecondaryPollutants
RPM
PM10
Fine, PM2.5Coarse
PM2.5- PM10
9Crushing, grinding9Windblown dust, resuspended dust,
Mining9Natural bioaerosols
55% of total mass of suspended particles
1/5th of the width of human hair
91/20th the width of human hair9sulfate, Amm. nitrate, Organic
compounds, trace metals, soot (EC)9Derived from combustion material or
reaction of precurser gases
RespirableParticulateMatter
Natural:-Dust storms, volcanoes, forest fires, oceans, plant and animaldecay.
Anthropogenic:-Mobile- vehicular exhaustsStationary - Electric power generation, industrial, agricultural, construction, solid waste disposal and incineration.
Sources
SourcesofMajorAirPollutants
S. No. Pollutant Sources1 SO2 Coal Combustion, oil burning and other sulphur
containing fuels, refineries, smelters, paper industries2 Particulates Fuel combustion, industrial processes, construction,
forest fires, dust storms, incineration of solid waste, automobiles.
3 NO2 Automobiles, fertilizer industry4 CO Combustion of fuels (gasoline)5 VOCs Automobiles- carburetors, evaporation from gasoline
tank; Industrial processes involving solvents.6 Lead Combustion of leaded petrol, lead smelting
operations7 Photochemical
OxidantsPhotochemical reactions in the atmosphere- involves HCs, NO2 and sunlight.
8 Hg Paper, chemical and paint industries, pesticides etc.
IndianScenario
Annual Average Conc.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
De lhi Mum ba i Che nna i Kolka ta Ba nga lore Hyde ra ba d Ahm e da ba d
City
C
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a
t
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(
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g
/
m
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)
SO2 NO2 SPM RSPM
SPM Standard (Industrial)
SPM Standard (Residential)RSPM Standard (Industrial)RSPM Standard (Residential)
Year 2005
ComparisonAirQualityofSevenIndianCities
NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(2009)Pollutants TimeWeightedAverage Concentration in Ambient Air
Industrial,Residential,RuralandOtherAreaAreas
EcologicallysensitiveArea(notifiedbyCentralGovernment)
SulphurDioxide(SO2) Annual* 50g/m3 20g/m324hours** 80g/m3 80g/m3
NitrogenDioxide(NO2) Annual* 40g/m3 30g/m324hours** 80g/m3 80g/m3
ParticulateMatter(sizelessthan10g/m3)or
PM10
Annual* 60g/m3 60g/m324hours** 100g/m3 100g/m3
ParticulateMatter(sizelessthan2.5g/m3)or
PM2.5
Annual* 40g/m3 40g/m324hours** 60g/m3 60g/m3
Ozone(O3) 8hours** 100g/m3 100g/m31hours** 180g/m3 180g/m3
Lead(Pb) Annual* 0.50g/m3 0.50g/m324hours** 1.0g/m3 1.0g/m3
Ammonia(NH3) Annual* 100g/m3 100g/m324hours** 400g/m3 400g/m3
CarbonMonoxide(CO) 8hours** 02mg/m3 02mg/m3
1hour** 04mg/m3 04mg/m3
Benzene(C6H6) Annual* 05g/m3 05g/m3Benzo()Pyrene(BaP)particulatephaseonly Annual* 01ng/m3 01ng/m3
Arsenic(As) Annual* 06ng/m3 06ng/m3
Nickel(Ni) Annual* 20ng/m3 20ng/m3
*Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.**24hourly/8hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on the twoconsecutive days.
Air Quality Monitoring
WhyMonitoring/Samplingisessential?For controlling contaminants essential to know wherethe contaminants are and at what concentrations?
WhatisEnvironmentalsample?A small portion of air, water, soil biota or otherenvironmental media (Indoor, paint, wood ) thatrepresents a large entity.
Ex: A sample of air in a bag having definite volume isa representative of a portion of air mass under study .
WhatisSampling?Onsitegravimetric/absorption/adsorptioncollectionofcontaminantsusingsamplers
WhatisMonitoring?AutomaticContinuousanalysisofsamplesusinginfrared/chemiluminiscencebasedtechniques
FormsofSamples
Grab :Sampleatsinglesiteatonetime
Composite :Mixingphysicallymultiplegrabsamples(fromdifferentlocationsandtimes)physicalaveraging.
Multiplecompositesample:Mixingphysicallyvariouscompositesamples.
NumberandFrequency
Minimumnumberofsamples3,(oneupwind,twodownwind)
FrequencyForparticulates:24hoursaverageForgases :Dependsuponstandards
andlimitsstatutes
AmbientAirPollutionMonitoring
ParticulateSampling
Respirable DustSampler(PM10) PM2.5 Sampler
NOx MonitorSOX Monitor
GRIMMaerosolspectrometer
WeatherMonitor
COMonitor
Table 1. Methods of Measuring and Analyzing Air Pollutants
Method Variable Measured Principle
Gravimetric PM10, PM2.5Particles are trapped or collected on filters, and the filters are weighed to determine the volume of the pollutant.
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)
more than 60 metals or metalloid elements (e.g. Pb, Hg, Zn)
This technique operates by measuring energy changes in the atomic state of the analyte. Emitted radiation is a function of atoms present in the sample.
Spectrophotometry SO2, O3Measure the amount of light that a sample absorbs. The amount of light absorbed indicates the amount of analyte present in the sample.
Chemiluminescence NO2, O3Based upon the emission spectrum of an excited species that is formed in the course of a chemical reaction.
Gas chromatography (GC) - flame ionization detector (FID)
VOC Responds in proportion to number of carbon atoms in gas sample.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
VOC Mass spectrometers use the difference in mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ionized atoms or molecules to separate them from each other.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
CO, VOC, CH4Sample absorbs infrared radiation and difference in absorption is measured.
Meteorology&AirQualityModeling
AtmosphericCharacteristics
Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study ofthe atmosphere that focuses on weather processesand short term forecasting (in contrast withclimatology).Characteristic of atmosphere is its ability to resist
vertical motion: StabilityAffects atmospheric ability to disperse pollutantsWhen parcel of air is displaced upward Encounters lower pressure Expands to lower temperature Assume no heat transfers to surrounding atmosphere
(adiabatic )
Lapserate()Rateofchangeoftemperatureoftheparcelofair(smoke)withheight.
TypesofLapseRate( dT/dz)DryAdiabaticLapserate(d): 1C/100mor(DALR) 5.4F/1000ftSaturatedAdiabaticLapseRate(sat): 0.60C/100m(SALR)EnvironmentalLapseRate: Actualchangein
temperatureofthe(ELR)surroundingenvironment
Significance of Comparison of d to ELR classifies
stability of atmosphere.
Degree of stability is a measure of theability of the atmosphere to dispersepollutants
WhatisStability?An air parcel (or smoke) in which there is relativelyinsignificant mixing per unit distance travelled.
StabilityandAtmosphereClassifications
d > ELR or Tparcel < Tenv Stable, Sub adiabatic
d < ELR or Tparcel > Tenv Unstable, Super adiabatic
d = ELR or Tparcel = Tenv Neutral
d >> ELR or Tparcel
Stable
Verystable
Unstable
Neutral
Pasquill GiffordStabilityClasses(Source:D. Bruce Turners,WorkbookofAtmosphericDispersionEstimates )
A VeryunstableB UnstableC SlightlyunstableD NeutralE StableF Verystable
Pasquill Gifford Stability Curves for y and z
Dispersion = Advection (Transport) + Dilution (Diffusion)
Diffusion of pollutants occur due to turbulence, which further depends upon many factors:a. Ambient temperatureb. Temperature of emissionsc. Roughness factorsd. Wind velocitye. Wind directionf. Humidityg. Stability
Source ReceptorTransport
Re-entrainment
Dispersion
ScaleofMotionMolecularscale
ThemotioniscalledMolecularDiffusionEx Diffusionwithinsediments
GlobalscaleThemotioniscalledDispersion
Ex Transportofgasesandaerosolsbylargeairmasses
DiffusioninAir Diffusioninwater
Advection x
yz
TurbulentDiffusion
TurbulentEddies
x
zy
Dispersion
a
b
c
Advection,DiffusionandDispersion
Deterministic Statistical Physical
Steady State Time Dependent Regression Empirical Wind Tunnel Simulation
Gaussian Plume
Box Grid Spectral Puff Trajectory
Lagrangian Eulerian
Air Quality Models
AirQualityModeling
PlumeModel
A simple Gaussian Plume model commonly used forregulatory purposes
In the Gaussian plume model, the source is consideredas a point source
Features:GaussianPlumeModel
SteadyState
NormalDistribution(Gaussian)ofPollutantconcentrationintheplume
Passivepollutants
Pollutantconcentrationsareconservedwithintheplume
GaussianPlumeDispersionWhatdoesitmeantobeGaussian?
CoordinateSystemShowingGaussianDistributionsintheHorizontalandVerticalPlanes
GaussianPlumeModel
GaussianPlumeEquation
++
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2)(exp
2)(exp
2exp
2
),,,(
zzyzy
M HzHzyu
Q
Hzyx
=concentration(gm3)He =Effectivestackheight(m)z=receptorheight(m)y=crosswinddistance(m)QM =sourcestrength/emissionrate(gs1)U=meanwindspeed(ms1)y =horizontaldispersioncoefficient(m)z=verticaldispersioncoefficient(m) } f (Stability, x)
MostSimplifiedGaussianEquationforGroundLevelSource
Where=Maximumgroundlevelconcentrationatcentreline(gm3)He =Effectivestackheight(m)=0z=receptorheight(m)=0y=crosswinddistance(m)=0QM =sourcestrength/emissionrate(gs1)U=meanwindspeed(ms1)y =horizontaldispersioncoefficient(m)z=verticaldispersioncoefficient(m)
(x,0,0,0)
Effective Stack Height = Hs + h
h
Hs
u
h
Hs
Hs + h
Vertical plume Bent over plume
WindSpeedandDirectionWinddirectionwilldeterminethedirectioninwhichtheplumewillmove.
Increasingwindspeeddecreasesplumerise,thusincreasegroundlevelconcentrations.
Increasingwindspeedwillincreasemixing,thusdecreasinggroundlevelconcentrations.
TheseeffectsalsodeterminethedistancefromthesourcewherethemaximumGLCoccurs.
AirPollutionEffects
AirPollutionandhealthEffects
Exposuretoelevatedconcentrationsofambientairpollutantscausesadversehealtheffectsonhumanhealth,onmaterialsstrengthandonplantgrowth.
Affected by particulate matter
1. PM>10 micron2. PM10 and PM2.53. PM2.5, PM1..0
1
Pollutants Effects
Ozone Respiratorytractproblem,Eyeirritation,nasalcongestion,reducedlungfunction
Particulates Eyeandthroatirritation,Bronchitis,Lungdamageandimpairedvisibility
CO Cardiovascular,Nervous,Pulmonarysystemaffected.
SOx Respiratorytractproblem,harmfultolungtissue.
NOx Respiratoryillness&lungdamage.
Lead Retardation&damageofbraininchildren
Hg Brainandkidneyaffected
Benzene Leukemia
VinylChloride Lungandlivercancer
On StonesDeterioration of limestone, widely used as building material. SO2 + H2O + CaCO3 CaSO4 +
CaSO4. 2H2OOn Metals
Corrosion of the surface.
On Fabrics and Dyes
Loss of tensile strength, fading of colors of fabrics.
Rubber
Ozone cracks the rubber products under tension.
Pollutants Effects
Ozone Spotting,Pigmentation,coniferneedletipsbecomebrownandnecrotic.
PAN Glazing,silveringandbronzingoflowersurfaceofleaves.
H2SO4 Necroticspotsonuppersurfaceofleaves.
SOx Bleachedspots,chlorosis,insectinjuries.
NOx Irregular,whitebrowncollapsedlesionsonintercostaltissueandnearleafmargins.
Hg Chlorosis andabscission.Brownspottingandyellowingofveins.
Global Consequences of Air Pollution
Acid Rain
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e. elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). i.e acid deposition
Acid Rain
Effects of Acid Rain
1. On buildings/ materials 2. Trees and forests 3. On aquatic life
OzoneLayerDepletion
Ozone layer The ozone layer is a layer in
Earths Atmosphere whichcontains relatively highconcentrations of ozone.
It absorbs 9799% of the sunshigh frequency ultraviolet light,which is potentially damaging tolife on earth.
Over 90% of the ozone in Earth'satmosphere is present here
Ozone Depletion
Sources Chemistry of ozone hole formation
This chlorine is very active and can breakthousands of ozone molecules in stratosphere
DepletionofOzoneLayer A thinning ozone layer leads to a number of serioushealth risks for humans.
Causes greater incidences of skin cancer and eyecataracts, with children being particularly vulnerable.
Serious impacts on biodiversity. Increased UVB rays reduce levels of plankton in theoceans and subsequently diminish fish stocks.
Adverse effects on plant growth reduces agriculturalproductivity.
A direct negative economic impact is the reducedlifespan of certain materials like plastics
DestructionofOzone
Fourmainfamiliesofchemicalsresponsibleforcatalyzingozonedestruction:
1. Nitrogenoxides:NOx NO+NO2
2. Hydrogenoxides:HOx OH+HO2
3. Chlorine:ClOx Cl+ClO
4. Bromine:BrOx Br+BrO
3 2
2
Y+O YO+OYO+O Y+O
A common type of catalytic destruction cycle (there are others)
where Y = NO, OH, Cl or Br
TheOzoneHole
The ozone hole is the region over Antarctica with total ozone 220 Dobson Units or lower. (The avg total column ozone in the atmosphere is about 300 DU.)
Ozone hole in Sept 2005. Source: NASA
One DU= 0.01mm thick layer of ozone under standard temperature and pressure.
GlobalWarming
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature ofearth nearsurface air and oceans since the mid20th century andits projected continuation.
TheGreenHouseEffect
GreenHouseEffectandGlobalWarming
Green house gases
9CO29N2O9CH49CFCs9 Water Vapors9Trifluoromethyl sulphur
pentaflouride (SF5CF3)
Deforestation9 Trees play a unique role in the global carbon cycle.
9 Largest landbased natural mechanism for removing CO2 from the air.(CO2 is also removed by the oceans and ocean organisms.)
9 An acre of forest absorbs about 10 times the CO2 absorbed by anacre of cropland or grassland.
9 One tree absorbs about 13 pounds of CO2 per year, and each oneacreof forest absorbs about 2.8 tons of CO2.
9 Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed, and over 50million acres are destroyed every year.
9 Global CO2 levels rise approximately 0.4 percent each year
Populationgrowth
9The industrial revolution caused a rapidincrease in the population growth resultinginto increased energy production and use.
9 There is a clear link between the problems ofglobal warming and over population, asincreases in CO2 levels follows growth inpopulation.
GHGases TheirStatisticsinAtmosphere
S.No. Air pollutants Atmosphericconcentrat-ion (ppm)
Life span inatmosphere(Years)
Annuallyincreasingrate (%)
Humancontribution(%)
1. CO2 355 500 1.5 552. CFCs 0.00225 110 0.5 24
3. CH4 1.675 7-10 1.0 184. N2O 0.3 140-190 0.2 6
5. Trifluoromethyl sulphur pentaflouride (SF5CF3)
-- 3500 In 1960s -0.12 ppt .In 1999-1012 ppt.
Source still
unknown*
*Researchers think that the new gas may be a by-product of the manufacture or decomposition of SF6 and they both can absorb heat radiating from the earth surface.
GasesdeadlierthanCO2!
CFCs Heat trapped by one mole of CFCs ~ 15001700 times as muchheat per molecule as CO2
CH4 Heat trapped by one mole of CH4 ~ 25 times as much heat permolecule as CO2
N20 Heat trapped by one mole of N2O ~ 230 times as much heat permolecule as CO2
SF5CF3 Heat trapped by one mole of Trifluoromethyl sulphurpentaflouride (SF5CF3) ~ 1800022,000 times as much heat permolecule as CO2
Global temperature Increase
Rise in sea level
Effect on health
Impact on agriculture
Impact on ecology
Impact on water resources
Impactonairquality
EffectsofGlobalWarming
Effects of Global Warming
Melting of Glaciers
Hurricane Storms
Rise In Sea Level Threat to polar beers
Air Pollution Control
Sedimentatione.g. Settling chamber
Electric field migratione.g. Electro Static Precipitator (ESP)
Inertial depositione.g. Cyclones; scrubbers; filter bags
Brownian diffusione.g. Fabric filters
Physicalmechanismofcontrolparticulates
Control Devices
1. Cyclone Collector 2. Scrubber
3. Electro Static Precipitator
WhatisIAQ??
9 IAQ stands for Indoor Air Quality.
9 It refers to the nature of the conditioned (heat/cool) air that circulates throughout space/area,where we work and live i.e. the air we breathe mostof the time (almost 80 % of the time).
WhatCausesIndoorAirPollution??
AirtightnessofbuildingsPoorlydesignedairconditioningandventilationsystemsIndoorsourcesofpollutionOutdoorsourcesofpollution
SourcesofIndoorAirPollutioninaTypicalOfficeBuilding
SourcesofIndoorAirPollutioninaTypicalHousehold
ParametersAffectingIAQ
Rateofexchangeofairfromoutdoors(ventilation) Concentrationofpollutantsinoutdoorair Rateofemissionfromsourcesindoors Rateofremovalofpollutants(Sinks) Indoortemperature Indoorhumidity Ageofindoorstructure Typeoffoundationsoil
StepsforInvestigatingIAQProblems
Document employee health complaints. Examine floor plans and ventilation system specifications. Analysis of data collected from above steps for SBS score
calculations. Study of building layout, position and location of windows,
doors, vents, openings etc. Ventilation measurement. Monitoring of indoor pollutants and other environmental
parameters and development of IAQ model. Develop a plan for reducing and eliminating the IAQ
problem.
Stop Pollution Save Environment-Save Mother Earth
Slide Number 1IntroductionLecture Topics Historical Background Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Major Episodes Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Air Pollution due to TerrorismSlide Number 17Slide Number 18Taj Hotel , Mumbai, 2008Great Earth SpheresSlide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Air Pollution Definition Based on System ApproachClassification of Pollution SourceDifferences between Pollutants and ContaminantsSlide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Sources of Major Air PollutantsIndian Scenario Slide Number 34Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Forms of SamplesNumber and FrequencySlide Number 41Particulate SamplingSlide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45Slide Number 46Slide Number 47Atmospheric CharacteristicsLapse rate ()Slide Number 50Significance of What is Stability? Stability and Atmosphere ClassificationsSlide Number 54Slide Number 55Slide Number 56Slide Number 57Slide Number 58Scale of MotionSlide Number 60Advection, Diffusion and DispersionSlide Number 62Plume ModelFeatures: Gaussian Plume ModelGaussian Plume DispersionSlide Number 66Gaussian Plume Equation Most Simplified Gaussian Equation for Ground Level SourceSlide Number 69Wind Speed and DirectionSlide Number 71Slide Number 72Slide Number 73Slide Number 74Slide Number 75Slide Number 76Slide Number 77Slide Number 78Slide Number 79Ozone Layer Depletion Slide Number 81Depletion of Ozone LayerDestruction of OzoneThe Ozone HoleGlobal Warming The Green House Effect Slide Number 87 Deforestation Population growthSlide Number 90Gases deadlier than CO2 !Slide Number 92Slide Number 93Slide Number 94Physical mechanism of control particulatesSlide Number 96Slide Number 97What is IAQ??What Causes Indoor Air Pollution??Slide Number 100Slide Number 101Parameters Affecting IAQSteps for Investigating IAQ ProblemsSlide Number 104