Air pollution lecture • https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_0FASnVQv0
Transcript
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Air pollution lecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_0FASnVQv0
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TODAY IS A COUPLE OF DAYS AFTER THE FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE
GULF OIL SPILL THAT OCCURRED ON APRIL 20, 2010.
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AIR POLLUTION OUTLINE: Composition of air Causes of air
pollution Effects of pollution Human respiratory system Color
charts Particulate matter Criteria pollutants Primary and secondary
pollutants Effects of PM 2,5 Effects of PM10 Ozone Sulfur Dioxide
Nitric Oxide Carbon monoxide Air pollution map ZPG and Bejing
Mexico City Chicago-temp inversion Los Angeles Why we have air
pollution Solutions
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CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION Burning fossil fuels Agriculture
Exhaust from factories and industry Mining operations Indoor air
pollution-AAEM (American Academy of Environmental Medicine deals
with these issues)
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EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION Respiratory and heart problems Acid
rain Depletion of ozone layer Global warming-sea level rise,
melting icebergs Eutrophication Effect on wildlife
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Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern Numerical Value
Meaning Good0 to 50 Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air
pollution poses little or no risk Moderate51 to 100 Air quality is
acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate
health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually
sensitive to air pollution. Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups101 to
150 Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The
general public is not likely to be affected. Unhealthy151 to 200
Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of
sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. Very
Unhealthy201 to 300 Health warnings of emergency conditions. The
entire population is more likely to be affected. Hazardous301 to
500 Health alert: everyone may experience more serious health
effects
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MICROMETERS THERE ARE 1,000,000 MICROMETERS (m)IN A METER
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What is Particulate Matter? Particulate matter (PM) is an air
pollution term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets
found in the air. The pollutant comes in a variety of sizes and can
be composed of many types of materials and chemicals. Particles
that are small enough to be inhaled have the potential to cause
health effects. Of particular concern is a class of particles known
as fine particulate matter or PM2.5 that gets deep into the lung.
There are many sources of PM. The air pollutant can originate from
natural processes, like forest fires and wind erosion, and from
human activities, like agricultural practices, smokestacks, car
emissions, and construction. Examples include dust, dirt, soot,
soil, and smoke.
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CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS PARTICULATES LEAD NOXs -oxides of
nitrogen N 2 O-nitrous oxide NO-nitric oxide NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide
CO-carbon monoxide VOCS-volatile organic chemicals SO 2 Sulfur
dioxide O 3 -Ozone 15
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Figure 16.05 16
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLLUTION Primary pollution-comes
directly out of smoke or other points Secondary pollution is a
result of a reaction with primary pollutants such as SO 2 mixing
with rain to form H 2 SO 4 (sulfuric acid)
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HEALTH EFFECTS OF PM 2.5 DECREASING LUNG FUNCTION AGGRAVATION
OF ASTHMA DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PREMATURE DEATH IN PEOPLE WITH HEART DISEASE
CHILDREN AND ELDERLY
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FINE PARTICLES PM 2.5 CAUSED BY COMBUSTION OF FOSSIL FUELS,
POWER PLANTS AND VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, COAL DUST,CRUSTAL
DUST MARINE AEROSOLS.
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DISEASES AND MORTALITY OF PM 2.5 3% OF MORTALITY FROM
CARDIOPULMONARY DISEASE 5% FROM CANCER OF THE TRACHEA, BRONCHUS AND
LUNG 1% FROM ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN UNDER 5
TRAFFIC EXHAUST CAUSES 7.4% OF ALL ATTACKS
PM 10 THESE PARTICLES COME FROM NATURAL SOURCES SUCH AS
VOLCANOS,DUST STORMS,FOREST AND GRASSLAND FIRES,LIVING VEGETATION
AND SEA SPRAY. ALSO FROM ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES SUCH AS BURNING
FOSSIL FUELS, POWER PLANTS AND INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.
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Health effects of PM10 ASTHMA LUNG CANCER CARDIOVASCULAR ISSUES
RESPIRATORY DISEASES BIRTH DEFECTS PREMATURE DEATH
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AQI Categories24-hour (g/m3) Excellent0-50 Good51-150 Lightly
polluted151-250 Moderately polluted251-350 Heavily polluted351-420
Severely polluted421-600 Beyond index>600 CHINA MEP PM10
GUIDELINES AQI CATEGORIES24-HOUR (g/m 3 ) Good0-54 Moderate55-154
Unhealthy for sensitive groups 155-254 Unhealthy255-354 Very
Unhealthy355-424 Hazardous425-604 Beyond index>604 US EPA
GUIDELINES FOR PM10
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GROUND LEVEL OZONE (O 3 ) Triggers breathing problems Reduces
lung function Causes lung diseases One of the biggest concerns in
Europe Occurs during periods of sunny weather European studies
showed that for every increase of 10/m 3 daily mortality rises by
0.03% and heart disease by 4%
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AQI Categories1-hour (g/m 3 ) Excellent0-160 Good161-200
Lightly polluted201-300 Moderately polluted301-400 Heavily
polluted401-800 Severely polluted >800 CHINA MEP OZONE
GUIDELINES AQI categories1-hour (ppm) PARTS PER BILLION Good
Moderate Unhealthy for sensitive groups 0.0125-0.0164
Unhealthy0.0165-0.204 Very Unhealthy0.205-0.404 Hazardous>0.404
US EPA OZONE GUIDELINES
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Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Burning fossil fuels for heating and
power generation
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Health effects of SO 2 Respiratory system Affects lung function
Eye irritation Inflammation of the respiratory tract which causes
coughing, mucus secretion, aggravation of asthma and chronic
bronchitis Hospital admissions increase for cardiac problems, and
mortality increases on days with high levels of SO 2
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AQI CATEGORIES1-hour (g/m3) Excellent0-150 Good151-500 Lightly
polluted501-650 Moderately polluted 651-800 Heavily
polluted801-1600 Severely polluted>1600 CHINA MEP SO 2
GUIDELINES AQI categories8-hour (ppm)- parts per million Good0-4.4
Moderate4.5-9.4 Unhealthy for sensitive groups 9.5-12.4
Unhealthy12.5-15.4 Very Unhealthy15.5-30.4 Hazardous>30.4 US EPA
SO2 GUIDELINES
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Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Heating and power generation in
vehicles and ships
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Health Effects of NO 2 Symptoms of Bronchitis in asthmatic
children Reduced lung function Inflammation of the airways when
concentrations exceed 200g/m3 NO2 is the main source of nitrate
aerosols in presence of UV light and ground level ozone
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AQI Category1-hour (g/m 3 ) Excellent0-100 Good101-200 Lightly
polluted201-700 Moderately polluted701-1200 Heavily
polluted1201-2340 Severely polluted>2340 CHINA MEP NO 2
GUIDELINES AQI Categories1 hour (PPB) parts per billion Good0-53
Moderate54-100 Unhealthy for sensitive groups 101-360
Unhealthy361-649 Very Unhealthy650-1249 Hazardous>1250 US EPA NO
2 GUIDELINES
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Produced from partial oxidation of carbon containing compounds
It forms from not having enough oxygen to produce CO2. Natural
sources include volcanoes and forest fires. Carbon monoxide
(CO)
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Worldwide the largest source of CO is due to photochemical
reactions in the troposphere-5x10 12 kg per year were
generated
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Health effects of CO CO is a colorless gas, odorless and
tasteless but highly toxic. It combines with hemoglobin to produce
carboxyhemoglobin which usurps the space in hemoglobin that carries
oxygen. Concentrations as low as 667ppm may cause up to 50% of the
bodys hemoglobin to convert to carboxyhemoglobin. It may lead to
seizures, coma and death.
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Symptoms Poisoning resemble other types of poisoning and
infections. Symptoms: headache, nausea, vomiting,
dizziness,fatigue, and weakness. May cause heart damage and adverse
effects on the fetus of pregnant women.
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AQI Categories1-hour (g/m 3 ) Excellent0-5000 Good5001-10000
Lightly polluted10001-35000 Moderately polluted35001-60000 Heavily
polluted60001-90000 Severely Polluted>90000 CHINA MEP CO
GUIDELINE VALUES AQI Categories8-hour (PPM) parts per million
Good0-4.4 Moderate4.5-9.4 Unhealthy to sensitive groups 9.5-12.4
Unhealthy12.5-15.4 Very Unhealthy15.5-30.4 Hazardous>30.4 US EPA
CO GUIDELINES
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Map of the world http://aqicn.org/map/world/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_India
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39 ZPG 1972 Beijing 2013
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ZPG=zero population growth (1972)
http://www.mojvideo.com/video-zpg-zero-population-growth-1972-1-
5/fe24037b08d4e3fe4c35
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/10/china-
pollution-levels-hit-20-times-safe-levels
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/10/china-
pollution-levels-hit-20-times-safe-levels
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42 MEXICO CITY AIR THEY PLAN TO CHANGE THE NAME TO MAKE SICKO
CITY
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MEXICO CITY AIR Movie on Mexico city air
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Soclrye-woE Movie on solution
http://money.cnn.com/video/news/2013/07/22/n-mexico-city-
building-eat-smog.cnnmoney/
http://money.cnn.com/video/news/2013/07/22/n-mexico-city-
building-eat-smog.cnnmoney/
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CHICAGO http://www.epa.state.il.us/air/aqi/
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LOS ANGELES AIR POLLUTION
http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-0430-air-pollution-
20140430-story.html
http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-0430-air-pollution-
20140430-story.html
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WHY DO WE HAVE AIR POLLUTION? 1.BECAUSE EVERYTHIJNG DEPENDS ON
MONEY 2. POLITICIANS LIKE JOE BARTON WHO ARE BOUGHT BY INDUSTRY 3.
DUMBING DOWN BY THE MEDIA
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Joe Barton who loves oil
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDwUC3utq-8
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SOLUTIONS TO AIR POLLUTION GET RID OF OIL, COAL AND GAS AS AN
ENERGY FUEL GO FULL THROTTLE IN GOING TOWARD SOLAR POWER TO POWER
100% OF THE WORLDS ENERGY NEEDS ELECT POLITICIANS WHO REALLY CARE
ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT
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GO SOLAR BY USING PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
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WEB PAGES 350.ORG Climate Hot Map
(http://www.climatehotmap.org/http://www.climatehotmap.org/ Bear
Springs Blossom
http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/
davids-earth.org- my web page