41 AIR Air Air quality is to a great extent influenced by combustion of fossil fuels, evaporation of volatile organic compounds and their pho- tochemical reaction with other pollutants in the atmosphere. Pollutants may be of either biogenic (emissions from forest, sea, active volcanoes, etc.) or anthropogenic (industry, trans- port, thermal power plants, etc.) origin. Part of air pollution also results from long-range transboundary transport of pollutants, which especially applies to ozone and particulate matter. De- spite the reduction in pollutant emissions, air pollution still has adverse effects on human health and ecosystems, and causes damage to materials. The largest share of emissions is attribu- ted to the combustion in energy production and transport sec- tor, which is also clearly evident from the “Preliminary assess- ment of the ambient air quality in Slovenia”, made in 2003. The assessment shows that air quality in Slovenia is predominantly influenced by pollution with sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter (PM10). Great consideration should also be given to the problem of air pollution with ground-le- vel ozone, which differs from other air pollutants particularly with regard to the chemical process of its production. That is, ground-level ozone does not emit but results directly from photochemical reactions occurring in the interaction with other pollutants in the atmosphere. Also problematic is a long-range transbounary transport of ozone, especially from Italy. Air quality indicators presented in this report include pressures (emissions) and state of air pollution (air quality). The emissi- ons-related indicators deal mainly with quantitative illustration, sector-specific distribution and pollution trends. The data on air quality are acquired from the ambient air pollution measure- ment network, maintained by the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. They indicate to the number of limit value exceedances for pollutants that have been confirmed as pro- blematic in the preliminary assessment (i.e. sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter – PM10). 41
Transcript
41A
IR
Air
Air quality is to a great extent influenced by combustion of fossil fuels, evaporation of volatile organic compounds and their pho-tochemical reaction with other pollutants in the atmosphere. Pollutants may be of either biogenic (emissions from forest, sea, active volcanoes, etc.) or anthropogenic (industry, trans-port, thermal power plants, etc.) origin. Part of air pollution also results from long-range transboundary transport of pollutants, which especially applies to ozone and particulate matter. De-spite the reduction in pollutant emissions, air pollution still has adverse effects on human health and ecosystems, and causes damage to materials. The largest share of emissions is attribu-ted to the combustion in energy production and transport sec-tor, which is also clearly evident from the “Preliminary assess-ment of the ambient air quality in Slovenia”, made in 2003. The assessment shows that air quality in Slovenia is predominantly influenced by pollution with sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter (PM10). Great consideration should also be given to the problem of air pollution with ground-le-vel ozone, which differs from other air pollutants particularly with regard to the chemical process of its production. That is, ground-level ozone does not emit but results directly from photochemical reactions occurring in the interaction with other pollutants in the atmosphere. Also problematic is a long-range transbounary transport of ozone, especially from Italy.Air quality indicators presented in this report include pressures (emissions) and state of air pollution (air quality). The emissi-ons-related indicators deal mainly with quantitative illustration, sector-specific distribution and pollution trends. The data on air quality are acquired from the ambient air pollution measure-ment network, maintained by the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. They indicate to the number of limit value exceedances for pollutants that have been confirmed as pro-blematic in the preliminary assessment (i.e. sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter – PM10).
41
42
AIR
GOAL
The target is to reduce SO2 emissions to the target value 27 000, as required by the Protocol on the Reduction of Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Ozone, and Directive 2001/81/EC on National Emissions Ceilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants (NECD). Air emission management and reduction is also a target of the Na-tional Environmental Action Programme.
12. EMISSIONS OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
The indicator shows the trend in quantities of total sulphur dio-xide (SO
2) emissions in Slovenia and main source categories.
The quantities of emissions are calculated in accordance with the methodology for creating the National Emission Inventory, based on the CORINAIR methodology. The emissions are shown in a time series from 1990 to 2002.
Figure 12-1: Annual SO2 emissions in Slovenia and the target value for 2010
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1991
199
2
199
3
199
4
199
5
199
6
1997
199
8
199
9
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
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09
201
0
S0
2 e
mis
sion
s (in
dex
199
0=
100
)
emissions SO2 target trend target value
199
0
driving forcespressures
stateimpacts
responses
Figure 12-2: Sector-specific contribution to total SO2 emissions in Slovenia in 2002
4%6% 1%
81%8%
combustion in energyproduction
combustion in industry
technologicalprocesses
non-industrial combustion
transport
43A
IR
SO2 emissions in Slovenia have dropped by 64 % compared to
the value in 1990. This reduction may be ascribed to the start-up of the desulphurisation unit on block 4 of the Šoštanj power plant as well as to the introduction of natural gas and liquid fuels with lower sulphur content.
DATA AND SOURCES
Table 12-1: Annual SO2 emissions in Slovenia and the target value for 2010 Source: National Emission Inventory, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2004
Table 12-2: Sector-specific contribution to total SO2 emissions in Slovenia in 2002 Source: National Emission Inventory, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2004
unitcombustion in
energy productioncombustion in industry
technological processes
non-industrial combustion
transport total
SO2 emissions 1000 t 58 6 3 4 1 71
share of sectors % 81 8 4 6 1 100
The data are taken from the National Emission Inventory database. The database maintained at the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia contains emission assessments that are made on the ba-sis of statistical data (on sold fuels, industrial production, agricultural activities, etc.) by using emission factors.
44
AIR
13. EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES
The indicator shows the trend in quantities of total nitrogen oxide (NO
x) emissions in Slovenia and main source categories.
The quantities of emissions are calculated in accordance with the methodology for creating the National Emission Inventory, based on the CORINAIR methodology. The emissions are shown in a time series from 1990 to 2002.
Figure 13-2: Sector-specific contribution to total NOx emissions in Slovenia in 2002
NOx emissions target trend target value
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
199
0
1991
199
2
199
3
199
4
199
5
199
6
1997
199
8
199
9
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
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04
20
05
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06
20
07
20
08
20
09
201
0
NO
x em
issi
ons
(inde
x 19
90
=10
0)
Figure 13-1: Annual NOx emissions in Slovenia and the target value set for 2010
30%
6%5%
1%58%
energy
combustion in industry
non-industrialcombustion
road transport
other transport
GOAL
The target is to reduce NOx emissions to the target value 45 000, as required by the Protocol on the Reduction of Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Ozone, and Directive 2001/81/EC on National Emissions Ceilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants (NECD). Air emission management and reduction is also a target of the Na-tional Environmental Action Programme.
driving forcespressures
stateimpacts
responses
45A
IR
Compared to the situation in 1990, NOx emissions in Slovenia
dropped by 9 % in 2002. This reduction is the result of an incre-ased portion of vehicles with catalytic converters. With the 58% share of NO
x emissions, road traffic remains the principal source
of pollution.
The data are taken from the National Emission Inventory database. The database maintained at the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia contains emission assessments that are made on the ba-sis of statistical data (on sold fuels, industrial production, agricultural activities, etc.) by using emission factors.
DATA AND SOURCES Table 13-1: Annual NOx emissions in Slovenia and the target value set for 2010 Source: National Emission Inventory, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2004
Table 13-2: Sector-specific contribution to total NOx emissions in Slovenia in 2002 Source: National Emission Inventory, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2004
unit energy combustion in industry non-industrial combustion road transport other transport total
NOx emissions 1000 t 17.10 3.39 2.70 33.88 0.51 57.60
share of sectors % 30 6 5 58 1 100
46
AIR
14. EMISSIONS OF AMMONIA
The indicator shows the trend in quantities of total ammonia (NH
3) emissions in Slovenia. The quantities of emissions are
calculated in accordance with the methodology for creating the National Emission Inventory, based on the CORINAIR methodology. The emissions are shown in a time series from 1990 to 2002.
GOAL
Reduction in NH3 emissions to the target value 20 000 is required by the Protocol on the Reduction of Acidi-fication, Eutrophication and Ground Ozone, and Direc-tive 2001/81/EC on National Emissions Ceilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants (NECD). Air emission management and reduction is also a target of the Na-tional Environmental Action Programme.
Figure 14-1: Annual NH3 emissions in Slovenia and the target value set for 2010
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
199
0
1991
199
2
199
3
199
4
199
5
199
6
1997
199
8
199
9
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
201
0
NH
3 e
mis
sion
s (i
ndex
19
90
=10
0)
NH3 emissions
target value
target trend
Table 14-1: Annual NH3 emissions in Slovenia and the target value set for 2010 Source: National Emission Inventory, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2004
unit 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 cilj 2010
Most NH3 emissions are from agricultural production. Bet-
ween 1990 and 2002, NH3 emissions dropped by 20 %.
This reduction may be attributed to the decrease in the num-ber of livestock units.In 2002, NH
3 emissions were 3 % lower than the envisaged
target path leading to the target emission value for Slovenia (20 000).
driving forcespressures
stateimpacts
responses
DATA AND SOURCES
The data are taken from the National Emission Inventory database. The database maintained at the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia contains emission assessments that are made on the ba-sis of statistical data (on sold fuels, industrial production, agricultural activities, etc.) by using emission factors.
47A
IR
15. EMISSIONS OF NON-METHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
The indicator shows the trend in quantities of total non-me- thane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) emissions in Slo-venia and main source categories. The quantities of emissions are calculated in accordance with the methodology for creating the National Emission Inventory, based on the CORINAIR me-thodology. The emissions are shown in a time series from 1990 to 2002.
GOAL
The main purpose of this indicator is to show NMVOC emissions and reduction thereof to the target value 40 000, as required by the Protocol on the Reduction of Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground Ozone, and Directive 2001/81/EC on National Emissions Ce-ilings for Certain Atmospheric Pollutants (NECD). Air emission management and reduction is also a target of the National Environmental Action Programme.
Figure 15-1: Annual NMVOC emissions in Slovenia and the target value set for 2010
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
201
0
NM
VOC
em
issi
ons
(inde
x 19
90
=10
0)
target value
target trend
NMVOC emissions
Figure 15-2: Sector-specific contributions to NMVOC emissions in Slovenia in 2002
0,1%
19,3%
23,0%
30,8%
9,3%
2,7%
11,1 %3,6 %
energy
fugitive emissions
combustion inindustry
technological process
non-industrialcombustion
use of solvents
road transport
other transport
driving forcespressures
stateimpacts
responses
48
AIR
DATA AND SOURCES
Table 15-1: Annual NMVOC emissions in Slovenia and the target value set for 2010 Source: National Emission Inventory, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2004
Table 15-2: Sector-specific contributions to NMVOC emissions in Slovenia in 2002 Source: National Emission Inventory, Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2004
NMVOC emissions in Slovenia have dropped by 12% compared to the value in 1990. This reduction is the result of an increased portion of vehicles with catalytic converters.
NMVOC emissions in 2002 are 4 % lower than the envisaged target path leading to the target value for Slovenia (40 000).
The data are taken from the National Emission Inventory database. The database maintained at the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia contains emission assessments that are made on the ba-sis of statistical data (on sold fuels, industrial production, agricultural activities, etc.) by using emission factors.
49A
IR
16. AIR POLLUTION WITH SULPHUR DIOXIDE
The main sources of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions are
large thermal power plants and heat production plants, and in urban areas also small and medium-sized coal-burning boiler facilities. SO
2 is also produced in certain processes in industry
(e.g. cellulose production plants). The indicator shows the frequency in exceedances of 1-hour limit concentration value (350 µg/m3) and the frequency in exceedances of 24-hour limit concentration value (125 µg/m3) for SO
2 in the most polluted Slovenian urban areas by individual
year.
driving forcespressures
stateimpacts
responses
GOAL
The main aim of air quality management is reduction of air pollution in Slovenia caused by SO2, as stated in the Decree on Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter and Lead in Ambient Air (OJ RS No 52/02) and the EU Directive (1999/30/EC). Legisla-tion provides that average 24-hour concentration of SO2 may exceed the value 125 µg/m3 not more than three times per calendar year, and average 1-hour con-centration of SO2 may exceed the permissible 1-hour value not more than 24 times per calendar year. Since, according to the Decree, the permissible 1-hour value will reach the target limit value 350 µg/m3 in 2005, the indicator also shows the exceedances of this tar-get limit value for the purposes of comparison with the preceding years. The target is to ensure that the requirements of this Decree are fulfilled. Reduction of air pollution due to SO2 is also a target of the National Environmental Action Programme.
Figure 16-1: Number of hours with SO2 concentrations exceeding average 1-hour limit value - 350 µg/m3 in Slovenian urban areas
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
01992
num
bers
of h
ours
with
exc
eeda
nces
Ljubljana Maribor Celje Trbovlje Zagorje Hrastnik Velenje Šoštanj Topolšica permitted exceedances
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
50
AIR
The figures clearly demonstrate that Slovenia has in some ur-ban areas achieved the required standards. The exception is Šoštanj, where the monitoring site is influenced by emissions from the thermal power plant, and the established hourly and daily limit values have been exceeded too frequently. There are also occasional exceedances of limit values in the Zasavje urban areas, which have an unfavourable geographical position and are, in addition to local emission sources, also affected by the
influence of emissions from the Trbovlje Thermal Power Plant. The Šoštanj problem is being resolved with desulphurisation units having been installed and put into operation on blocks 4 and 5. The rehabilitation programme, furthermore, envisages that the operating desulphurisation system will also incorporate blocks 1, 2 and 3; the necessary works are already under way. The two discussed indicators show a downward trend in other EU countries as well.
Figure 16-2: Number of days with SO2 concentrations exceeding average 24-hour limit value - 125 µg/m3 in Slovenian urban areas
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01992
num
ber o
f day
s w
ith e
xcee
danc
es
Ljubljana Maribor Celje Trbovlje Zagorje Hrastnik Velenje Šoštanj Topolšica permitted exceedances
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
51A
IRTable 16-2: Number of days with SO2 concentrations exceeding average 24-hour limit value - 125 µg/m3 in Slovenian urban areas Source: Automatic air quality measurement database (ANAS), Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2003
monitoring site unit 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ljubljana number of days 38 28 2 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Maribor number of days 22 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Celje number of days 50 36 18 8 0 4 0 0 2 0 0
Trbovlje number of days 59 53 25 21 7 8 4 3 1 2 1
Zagorje number of days 61 48 28 14 6 0 5 4 3 3 1
Hrastnik number of days 50 28 4 4 3 4 0 2 1 1 5
Velenje number of days 4 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0
Šoštanj number of days 41 37 25 14 22 17 34 30 44 52 29
Topolšica number of days 29 30 12 1 1 2 5 6 4 0 1
The data for Slovenia are taken from the Automatic air quality measurement da-tabase (ANAS) maintained by the Monitoring Office (Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia) and Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant measurement da-tabase provided by the Electroinstitute Milan Vidmar, Ljubljana. The database is updated monthly; the data are available in their entirety upon the completion of final annual review.
Information on the ANAS automatic network monitoring sites: Ljubljana has two monitoring sites – Figovec and Bežigrad. Last measurements at Figovec monitoring site were made in 2001. By the end of that same year, it was put out of operation, since the Bežigrad monitoring site was considered represen-tative enough for determining the impact on health of the majority of Ljubljana’s population. The monitoring site in Maribor is located directly at the carriageway in the city centre, near an intersection; therefore the air samples show a hig-her level of traffic-related pollution. Since traffic is not the source of SO
2, the
monitoring site is also representative for a wider urban area. In Celje, measu-rements are taken in the hospital complex located just outside the city centre. The monitoring site is representative for a wider urban area. The Trbovlje and Zagorje monitoring sites are set up at roadside locations in the city centres. The Hrastnik monitoring site, however, is not directly affected by the influence of traffic-related emissions. All three monitoring sites are representative of the above mentioned urban areas.
Information on the Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant automatic network monitoring sites: The Šoštanj monitoring site is located east of the city and in the event of south-western winds is exposed to the influence of emissions from lower stacks of the Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant. The measured SO
2, concentrati-
ons are not representative for the Šoštanj urban area. The monitoring site at Topolšica is representative for the Topolšica urban area. The Velenje monito-ring site is representative of the city of Velenje.
DATA AND SOURCES Table 16-1: Number of hours with SO2 concentrations exceeding average 1-hour limit value - 350 µg/m3 in Slovenian urban areas Source: Automatic air quality measurement database (ANAS), Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2003
monitoring site unit 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ljubljana number of hours 80 51 13 16 32 39 14 14 0 0 0
Maribor number of hours 41 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Celje number of hours 94 104 22 11 0 4 4 0 1 1 0
Trbovlje number of hours 249 162 61 46 17 52 14 18 12 20 10
Zagorje number of hours 219 137 71 22 31 48 38 49 15 25 15
Hrastnik number of hours 110 82 24 14 23 58 24 40 11 14 43
Velenje number of hours 38 27 16 0 2 3 6 13 6 0 1
Šoštanj number of hours 324 318 218 131 175 127 289 249 324 334 228
Topolšica number of hours 209 194 83 9 26 38 62 33 47 2 13
52
AIR
17. AIR POLLUTION WITH NITROGEN OXIDES
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) play an important role in air pollution
phenomena such as acidification, eutrophication and photoc-hemical smog. The main source of NO
x within urban areas is
traffic. Otherwise, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations are
also determined by meteorological conditions. The amount of NO
x is crucially influenced by ozone.
The indicator shows the frequency of exceeding the 1-hour limit concentration values of NO
2 exceeding 200 µg/m3 and
average annual NO2 concentrations (limit annual value is 40
µg/m3).
GOAL
The main aim of air quality management is reduction of air pollution in Slovenia caused by NO2, as stated in the Decree on Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Particulate Matter and Lead in Ambient Air (OJ RS, No 52/02) and the EU Directive (1999/30/EC). Legislation provides that average 1-hour concentration of NO2 may not ex-ceed the limit value of 200 µg/m3 more than 18 times per calendar year. Annual NO2 concentration, however, may not exceed 40 µg/m3. Air emission management and pollution reduction is also a target of the National Environmental Action Programme.
Figure 17-1: Number of hours with exceeded average 1-hour limit value of NO2 concentration – 200 µg/m3 in Slovenian urban areas
Figure 17-2: Average annual concentration of NO2 (annual limit value is 40 µg/m3)
Maribor Celje Trbovlje
60
50
40
30
20
10
01992
conc
entra
tion
(µg/
m3)
Ljubljana Figovec annual limit value
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
driving forcespressures
stateimpacts
responses
25
20
15
10
5
01992
num
ber o
f hou
r with
exc
eeda
nces
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ljubljana Figovec
Maribor
Celje
Trbovlje
permitted exceedances
53A
IR
The introduction of EU legislation has resulted in the reduction of NO
X emissions. The highest NO
2 concentrations are found
at roadside locations. The use of catalytic converters in vehicles led to a significant reduction in emissions. Figure 17-1 clearly shows that in urban areas Slovenia has already achieved the re-quired standards relating to exceedances of 1-hour limit values at individual monitoring sites, since in 2001 and 2002 there was
none recorded. Average annual values of NO2 (Figure 17-2), as
well, have been maintained below the limit value and individual monitoring sites show a slight downward trend.Analyses of NO
2 concentration measurements in other Euro-
pean countries indicate a slightly downward trend in annual value since 1996. Monitoring sites in urban areas show that annual limit values are more often exceeded than 1-hour limit values.
DATA AND SOURCES
Table 17-1: Number of hours with exceeded average 1-hour limit value of NO2 concentration – 200 µg/m3 in Slovenian urban areas Source: Automatic Air Quality Measurement Database (ANAS), Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2003
monitoring site unit 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ljubljana Figovec number of hours 15 21 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0
Maribor number of hours 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0
Celje number of hours 5 9 14 6 1 n/a 0 0 0 0 0
Trbovlje number of hours n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 17-2: Average annual concentration of NO2 (annual limit value is 40 µg/m3) Source: Automatic Air Quality Measurement Database (ANAS), Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2003
monitoring site unit 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
The data for Slovenia are taken from the Automatic air quality measu-rement database (ANAS) maintained at the Monitoring Office (Environ-mental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia). The database is updated
monthly; the data are available in their entirety upon the completion of final annual review.
54
AIR
18. AIR POLLUTION WITH OZONE
The indicator shows the frequencies in the exceeding the target ozone value and the ozone alert threshold per calendar year. The target value for 2010 is set according to the World Health Organisation guidelines for Europe (Fact Sheet No 187, WHO’s 1999 Guidelines for Air Pollution Control). It is deter-mined in such a way that the highest average 8-hour running value is calculated from 1-hour concentrations for each day. The highest 8-hour concentration of ozone may not exceed 120 µg/m3 for more than 25 days per year (calculated as a three-year average). The alert threshold is defined as 1-hour concentration higher than 180 µg/m3. This value, as well, is set according to the World Health Organisation guidelines for Europe. It is intended for the protection of human health from short-term exposure to high concentrations of ozone. With such a high level of concentration there is a need to start warning the population of excessive ozone concentrations. The alert value is set at 240 µg/m3; however, during the last decade it has rarely been reached in Slovenia.
GOAL
In accordance with the Decree on Ozone in Ambient Air (OJ RS, No 8/03) containing the provisions from Directive 2002/3/EC, our objective is that by 2010, no monitoring site will indicate exceedance of both target and alert threshold values. These values are determi-ned with a view to protect human health from long-term exposure to high ozone concentrations.
Figure 18-1: Number of days with exceeded target value for ozone in Slovenian urban areas (highest average 8-hour floating value > 120 µg/m3)
60
50
40
30
20
10
01995
num
ber o
f day
s w
ith e
xcee
danc
es
Velenje Nova Gorica Trbovlje HrastnikLjubljana Maribor Celje
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
driving forcespressures
stateimpacts
responses
55A
IR
Being a product of photochemical reactions, tropospheric ozone differs from certain other pollutants. Its precursors, espe-cially nitrogen oxides, are substances forming ozone through the above mentioned photochemical reactions. In Slovenia, transport is regarded to be the greatest source of ozone. Ozone concentrations exhibit an explicit annual curve which is strongly connected with ozone formation requiring an adequate amount of sunlight. Another crucial contributor to the ozone formation is a long-range (transboundary) transport as the Po Valley in Italy is one of the areas in Europe producing the greatest amounts of ozone.The data do not display a clear trend. Levels of ozone concen-trations are determined by emissions of ozone precursors as well as spring and summer weather conditions, and are subject to change year on year. In 2001, a renewed and extended air quality measurement network was put into operation, enabling a trend assessment that will be made on the basis of a larger and higher quality suite of data. Slovenia is divided into areas by dif-ferent levels of air-pollution threat. With regard to ozone, all areas fall within the lowest quality class, as the ozone concentrations exceed the target values throughout the country, including its ru-ral and mountainous areas. The most polluted area in Slovenia is the Primorska region due to ozone transport from the Po Valley.
Figure 18-2: Number of days with exceeded target value for ozone in Slovenian urban areas (highest 1-hour value > 180 µg/m3)
30
25
20
15
10
5
01995
num
ber o
f day
s w
ith e
xcee
danc
es
Velenje Nova Gorica HrastnikLjubljana Celje
56
AIR
Table 18-2: Number of days with exceeded target value for ozone in Slovenian urban areas (highest 1-hour value > 180 µg/m3) Source: Automatic Air Quality Measurement Database (ANAS), Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2003
monitoring site unit 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ljubljana number of days 4 20 7 2 0 3 1 4
Maribor number of days n/a n/a 0 0 0 0 0 0
Celje number of days n/a n/a 1 0 0 0 3 0
Velenje number of days n/a n/a 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nova Gorica number of days n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 26
Trbovlje number of days n/a n/a n/a 0 0 0 n/a 0
Hrastnik number of days n/a n/a 0 2 0 2 0 0
DATA AND SOURCES
Table 18-1: Number of days with exceeded target value for ozone in Slovenian urban areas (highest average 8-hour floating value > 120 µg/m3) Source: Automatic Air Quality Measurement Database (ANAS), Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2003
monitoring site unit 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ljubljana number of days 11 40 30 20 20 49 40 25
Maribor number of days n/a n/a 1 4 0 6 3 4
Celje number of days n/a n/a 16 29 8 28 34 33
Velenje number of days n/a n/a 0 17 11 12 1 57
Nova Gorica number of days n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 36
Trbovlje number of days n/a n/a n/a 13 6 13 n/a 9
Hrastnik number of days n/a n/a 11 37 13 32 0 21
With the exception of the monitoring site in Velenje, which is part of information system managed by the TE Šoštanj, all the data are taken from the Automatic air quality measurement database (ANAS) maintai-ned by the Monitoring Office (Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia). The data from individual monitoring sites are not directly com-parable due to different types of locations with regard to the influence of pollution sources. The Ljubljana, Celje, Velenje and Nova Gorica monitoring sites are not directly affected by the influence of traffic-re-lated emissions. The Maribor and Trbovlje monitoring sites are placed at roadside locations, where ozone reacts with nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases, thus causing the indices of ozone concentrations to be appreciably lower. The monitoring site in Hrastnik is located at the verge
of the urban area; in the event of south-western winds it is exposed to the influence of flue gases from the Trbovlje Thermal Power Plant, which may also have a lowering effect on ozone concentrations.
Although provided by a smaller number of monitoring sites, the data on ozone concentrations have otherwise been available since 1992. The number of monitoring sites increased in 2002.
In order to illustrate the trend, the exceedances of target and alert threshold values are also shown for previous years, according to the current Decree on ozone in ambient air, since the limit values as deter-mined in formerly applicable regulations are not comparable with the present target and alert threshold values.
57A
IR
19. AIR POLLUTION WITH PARTICULATE MATTER
The indicator shows the number of days per year when the 24-hour limit concentration 50 µg/m3 and the annual limit value 40 µg/m3 were exceeded in the selected Slovenian urban areas that are most affected by pollution. “Particulate matter” means a combination of finely divided solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, of various physical and chemical compositions.A portion of airborne particles is formed as a consequence of di-rect emissions (primary particles), others are formed as products of various processes in the atmosphere (secondary particles).Particle size distribution is usually described in terms of trimo-dal size distribution. Particles ranging between 0.01 and 0.1
GOAL
The Decree on Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter and Lead in Ambient Air (OJ RS No 52/02) and EU Directive (1999/30/EC), determine the 24-hour limit concentration value at 50 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more than 35 times per calendar year, and annual limit value at 40 µg/m3.
Figure 19-1: Number of days with exceeded 24-hour limit concentration PM10 50 µg/m3, which may not be exceeded more than 35 times per calendar year
µm belong in the so-called nucleation area, particles ranging between 0.1 and 1 µm belong in the accumulation area, and particles larger than 1 µm are known as coarse particles.
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
01998
num
ber o
f day
s w
ith e
xcee
danc
es
Trbovlje
Zagorje
permited exceedances
Ljubljana Figovec
Nova Gorica
Murska SobotaRakičan
Celje
Maribor
Ljubljana Bežigrad
1999 2000 2001 2002
Figure 19-2: Average annual concentration (annual limit value is 40 µg/m3) 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
conc
entra
tion
(µg/
m3
)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Trbovlje
Zagorje
annual limit value
Ljubljana Figovec
Nova Gorica
Murska SobotaRakičan
Celje
Maribor
Ljubljana Bežigrad
driving forcespressures
stateimpacts
responses
58
AIR
Measurements of particlulate matter (PM10) concentration levels in several urban areas came into practice with the introduction of a new air quality monitoring network (i.e. PHARE monitoring network) in March 2001. As is clearly evident from Figure 19-1, particulate matter poses a serious problem not only in Slovenian
DATA AND SOURCES Table 19-1: Number of days with exceeded 24-hour limit concentration PM10 50 µg/m3, which may not be exceeded more than 35 times per calendar year Source: Automatic Air Quality Measurement Database (ANAS), Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2003
monitoring site unit 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ljubljana Figovec number of days 86 66 61 31 n/a
Ljubljana Bežigrad number of days n/a n/a n/a n/a 47
Maribor number of days n/a n/a n/a n/a 81
Celje number of days 36 67 65 64 70
Murska Sobota-Rakičan number of days n/a n/a n/a n/a 38
Nova Gorica number of days n/a n/a n/a n/a 31
Trbovlje number of days 123 119 110 53 70
Zagorje number of days n/a n/a n/a n/a 64
Table 19-2: Average annual concentration (annual limit value is 40 µg/m3) Source: Automatic Air Quality Measurement Database (ANAS), Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, 2003
monitoring site unit 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ljubljana Figovec µg/m3 41 36 31 31 n/a
Ljubljana Bežigrad µg/m3 n/a n/a n/a n/a 40
Maribor µg/m3 n/a n/a n/a n/a 48
Celje µg/m3 33 36 36 35 44
Murska Sobota-Rakičan µg/m3 n/a n/a n/a n/a 38
Nova Gorica µg/m3 n/a n/a n/a n/a 38
Trbovlje µg/m3 48 45 47 39 46
Zagorje µg/m3 n/a n/a n/a n/a 47
The data for Slovenia are taken from the Automatic Air Quality Measu-rement Database (ANAS) managed by the Monitoring Office (Environ-mental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia). The database is updated monthly; the data are available in their entirety upon the completion of final annual review.
Following the Guidance to member states on PM10 monitoring and intercomparisons with reference method (14 September 2004) the PM10 concentration values for 2002 include factor 1.3.
urban areas but also throughout Europe. In 2002, 24-hour limit values were exceeded more than 35 times per calendar year at five monitoring sites. Since the latter are mainly placed in heavy traffic locations, emissions from traffic bear a significant influence on particulate matter concentration levels in ambient air.
