AIR QUALITY IN PARIS REGION 2011
Summary
March 2012
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
1
AIR QUALITY IN THE PARIS REGION 2011
Summary
March 2012
This report is an English summary of the annual report on ambient air quality in the Paris region. It gives an overview of the concentrat ions for the European Union regulated pollutants during year 2010. The complete report in French can be downloaded at http://www.airparif.asso.fr/_pdf/publicat ions/bilan-2011.pdf Air quality complete data in the Paris region can be found on AIRPARIF website http://www.airparif.asso.fr/telechargement/telechargement-stat ist ique Annual pollut ion maps are available at http://www.airparif.asso.fr/etat-air/bilan-annuel-cart es All data, reports and studies made by AIRPARIF are publicly available. Full and free access is granted on AIRPARIF website. Any use of part of this report should mention “AIRPARIF Air quality Assessment Network in the Paris Region”. Cover illustrat ion: roadside monitoring site locat ed on Place de l’Opéra – Paris (phot o AIRPARIF)
Contact us
AIRPARIF - Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air en Ile-de-France 7 rue Crillon 75004 PARIS Phone 01.44.59.47.64 Fax 01.44.59.47.67
www.airparif.asso.fr
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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I. Key facts for 2011 2011 confirms the overall stability of chronic pollution levels by particles, nitrogen dioxide and ozone, which remain an issue in Ile-de-France with quality objectives and limit values frequently and substantially exceeded. As in 2010, 2011 weather conditions were predominantly favourable to poor pollution levels. 2011 was the warmest year monitored by Meteo France since 1900. Therefore, the number of pollution episodes due to PM was greater than in 2010, especially because of an extremely dry and sunny spring. Mean levels in 2011 were slightly lower than those in 2010, but were still higher than those recorded in 2008. From one year to another, the variations of meteorological conditions could explain most of the variation of major problematic pollutants levels in the Ile-de-France region. On the other hand, trends over several years reflect the effects of the mitigation measure implementation and the technologic evolutions. Even if the levels were slightly lower than in 2010, due to more dispersive weather conditions, 2011 confirms the overall stability of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in the greater Paris urban agglomeration for both background and roadside levels, The limit value was exceeded both on background sites, away from the traffic, in the centre of the urban agglomeration, and on traffic sites. Along main roads, the levels were thus in average twice the annual limit value. The limit value was thus largely exceeded over a wide portion of the Ile-de-France road network, as almost 1,600 km of roads are concerned. Levels were overall stable on most of the roadside sites in 2011, like along the Paris ring-road. However, other sites are continuously increasing, especially in the surrounding suburban areas. All in all, around 3.1 million Ile-de-France inhabitants were potentially exposed to NO2 levels exceeding the annual limit value. The decrease of nitrogen dioxide background levels seems to have reached an end . More stringent requirements for low emission vehicles have are certainly been a favourable factor, despite the fact that emission standards are based on NOx and not on NO2. In addition, primary NO2 emissions from diesel-powered vehicles are probably linked to a major issue on the evolution of nitrogen dioxide levels, both at background and at roadside sites. Although the catalyzed particulate filters that now equip most new diesel vehicles contribute to reduce particulate emissions, they also contribute to a significant increase in NO2 emissions. It is now confirmed that the proportion of NO2 in NOx emissions is increasing steadily, as indicated by observations made at roadside sites in Ile-de-France. Similar observations have been made over several years in other European agglomerations such as London. This phenomenon could explain why background NO2 levels are no longer decreasing as they did in the past. Daily and annual limit values for PM10 particles were still greatly exceeded on roadside sites. On background sites, the limit value threshold was reached in one station. In 2011, around 2.7 million inhabitants in the agglomeration living close to main roads were potentially affected by the PM10 particles exceedance of the daily limit value. This is two times more than 2010, but slightly less than in 2009. In 2011, weather conditions have been less favourable for particles, especially because of a very hot and dry spring. Therefore, the number of particles pollution episodes was important, close to the year 2009. However, these episodes didn’t last as long and have been less severe than in 2007 and 2009. For fine particles (PM2.5), in 2011, all the 11.7 million inhabitants of Ile-de-France were potentially affected by air quality objective exceedance. Background levels away from road traffic were, on average, 1.5 to 2 times higher than the objective and up to three times higher on roadside situations. The 2011 limit value was exceeded near major roads, as monitored at the Paris ring-road and A1 motorway stations. Concerning ozone levels, every year, the quality objective, is exceeded in each part of the region, and especially in sub-urban and rural areas. Ozone levels in 2011 were rather stable
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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compare to 2010, and much lower than those recorded in 2003 and 2006, years in which there were long hot spells (historical heatwave in August 2003). Benzene levels have, overall, been stable for several years, after a long period of reduction which began at the end of the 1990’s. Although the quality objective for background is met everywhere, this is not the case at roadside sites where the national quality objective is exceeded on nearly 1,000 km of regional roads. Generally speaking, almost 400,000 Ile-de-France inhabitants, in the agglomeration and at roadside situations, are potentially exposed to an exceedance of the annual quality objective for benzene. Concerning pollution episodes, the information and warning procedure was triggered 16 days in 2011. That is three times more than in 2010 (6 days) and more than in 2009 (12 days). Most of these episodes are due to PM10 (13 days of exceedance of the information warning threshold). The alert threshold has not been exceeded in 2011. Only one exceedance of the information threshold has been recorded for ozone in summer, and during two successive days for nitrogen dioxide. At the end of 2011, the regional alert procedure has been modified accordingly to the national Particulate plan. This should imply a higher number of episodes in 2012 (5 times more alerts and 20 to 40 more information warnings)
Trend Standards to be met Non‐binding standards 2000‐2011 Limit value Quality objective Target value
Away from traffic
Roadside Away from traffic
Roadside Away from traffic
Roadside Away from traffic
Roadside
PM10 Met Exceeded Met Exceeded
PM2.5 Met Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Met Exceeded
NO2 Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded Exceeded
O3 Exceeded Met
Benzène Met Met Met Exceeded
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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II. Pollutants exceeding air quality standards
Nitrogen dioxide in brief
Nitrogen dioxide remains an important issue in Ile-de-France:
in 2011, around 3,1 million inhabitants living in the centre of the agglomeration were potentially exposed to an exceedance of the annual limit value.
Recurrent limit value exceedances are recorded, especially near road traffic
A slight decrease of background levels is observed between 2010 and 2011 due to weather
conditions more favourable to dispersion in 2011. But after a significant decrease of background levels since the beginning of the 2000’s,
concentrations have been averall stable for several years.
The main source of nitrogen dioxide remains road traffic. Levels along major roads can be twice higher than the air quality standards.
Near road traffic, no improvement is emerging and the increasing proportion of NO2 in NOx
emissions from diesel vehicles equipped with catalyzed particulate filters is leading to a raise of mean NO2 concentrations on some sites.
Summary of air quality standards exceedances for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Ile‐de‐France
very important > + 50 %important + 30 à + 50 %moderate + 10 à + 30 %
light 0 à + 10 %
exceedance intensity no exceedance
2011 2001-2010Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Background agglomeration Rural background Roadside
Background agglomeration Rural background
Annual limit value exceedance * 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010
Hourly limit value exceedance ** considering margins of tolerance decreasing from year to year
43
12
111
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Backgroundagglomeration
Backgroundoutside
agglomeration
Raodsideagglomeration
Concentrations (µg/m
3 )
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)Annual limit value
Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France
_____ Limit value
1 0
249
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
Backgroundagglomeration
Backgroundoutside
agglomeration
Raodsideagglomeration
Num
ber of hours exceeding
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)Hourly limit value
(number of hours exceeding the 200 µg/m3 threshold)
Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France
____ Limit value (18 exceedances)
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Nitrogen dioxide
Figure 1 : nitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual mean concentration for all monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011
111102
9695
9289
8378
7675
70696968
656564
6258
535050
4643
41404040393736353535353534343434
31303030302828272626
2423
211817
129
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Boulevard périphérique AuteuilRN20 MontlhéryRD7 Courbevoie
Autoroute A1 Saint‐DenisRue de Rivoli
Place Victor BaschPlace de l'Opéra *Place de la Bastille
Porte de ClignancourtRN20 Montrouge
Avenue des Champs ElyséesQuai des Célestins
RN2 PantinBoulevard HaussmannAutoroute A6a Arcueil
RN13 Saint‐Germain‐en‐LayeRue Bonaparte
Place Vaugirard ‐ ConventionRN4 Champigny‐sur‐Marne
RN302 VillemombleRN6 Melun
RN186 Choisy‐le‐RoiRD910 Sèvres
Paris 7èmeNeuilly‐sur‐Seine
Paris Centre (4ème)Paris 18èmeAubervilliersIvry‐sur‐SeineParis 12èmeSaint‐DenisParis 13èmeGennevilliers
Issy‐les‐MoulineauxLa Défense
Nogent‐sur‐MarneParis 6èmeBagnoletBobigny
VillemombleArgenteuil
CachanChampigny‐sur‐Marne
Vitry‐sur‐SeineEvry
LognesMontgeronVersailles (S)
Tremblay‐en‐France (S)Gonesse (S)
GarchesMantes‐la‐Jolie (S)
Melun (S)Cergy‐Pontoise
Tour Eiffel 3ème étageZone rurale SO ‐ Forêt de Rambouillet
Zone rurale SE ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau
µg/m3
EU Limit value
40 µg/m3
roadside continuoussites
urban and suburban (S) sbackground sites
rural backgroundsites
specific observationsite
* from 2011/2/19 to 2011/12/31
random sampling roadside sites
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Figure 2 : nitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background and roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 2011
Figure 3 : kilometres of main road network exceeding the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) EU annual limit value in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011
24502150 2210
19501590
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*
kilometres of roads exceeding the
NO2 annual lim
it value
UE limit value : 40 µg/m3
µg/m3
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Figure 4 : trend in surface area exceeding the annual limit value (40 µg/m3 in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011
Figure 5 : millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) level exceeding EU annual limit value in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011
Figure 6 : trend in the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) tri‐annual mean concentration, sample of the same six urban background sites in the Paris agglomeration, 1992‐1994 to 2009‐ 2011
330280 290 270
220
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*
Surface area (km
2)
4.03.6 3.8 3.5 3.1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*
Inhabitants (millions)
54 56 57 56 57 56 5552
49 48 46 4542 41 40 40 40 39
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1992
‐1994
1993
‐1995
1994
‐1996
1995
‐1997
1996
‐1998
1997
‐1999
1998
‐2000
1999
‐2001
2000
‐2002
2001
‐2003
2002
‐2004
2003
‐2005
2004
‐2006
2005
‐2007
2006
‐2008
2007
‐2009
2008
‐2010
2009
‐2011
µg/m
3
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Figure 7 : trend in the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) tri‐annual mean concentration, sample of the same five roadside sites in the Paris agglomeration, 1996‐1998 to 2008‐ 2011
Figure 8 : [NO2]/[NOx] ratio trend, averaged roadside sites in the Paris agglomeration (background level subtracted), 1998 to 2011
Figure 9 : NO2 annual number of hours exceeding 200 µg/m3 for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011
85 85 84 84 83 84 83 84 83 84 84 85 86 87
0
20
40
60
80
100
1996‐1998
1997‐1999
1998‐2000
1999‐2001
2000‐2002
2001‐2003
2002‐2004
2003‐2005
2004‐2006
2005‐2007
2006‐2008
2007‐2009
2008‐2010
2009‐2011
µg/m
3
9.0% 9.6%10.3%11.2%
12.6%14.1%
15.5%16.8%
18.4%20.5%
21.7%22.4%23.4%24.0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO2/Nox (%
)
24962
4941
3119
116411110000000000000000000000000000000
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320
Boulevard périphérique AuteuilPlace Victor Basch
Autoroute A1 Saint‐DenisPlace de l'Opéra *Quai des Célestins
Avenue des Champs ElyséesBoulevard Haussmann
RN2 PantinRue Bonaparte
Paris 7èmeParis 18ème
EvryRN6 Melun
Paris Centre (4ème)Paris 6ème
Paris 12èmeParis 13ème
GarchesGennevilliers
Issy‐les‐MoulineauxLa Défense
Neuilly‐sur‐SeineAubervilliers
BagnoletBobigny
Saint‐DenisTremblay‐en‐France (P)
VillemombleCachan
Champigny‐sur‐MarneIvry‐sur‐Seine
Nogent‐sur‐MarneVitry‐sur‐Seine
LognesMelun (P)
Mantes‐la‐Jolie (P)Versailles (P)MontgeronArgenteuil
Cergy‐PontoiseGonesse (P)
Zone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de FontainebleauZone rurale Sud‐Ouest ‐Forêt de Rambouillet
Tour Eiffel 3ème étage
µg/m3
EU limit value18 days of exceedence
roadside sites urban and suburban (S) background sites rural background sites specific observation site
* from 2011/2/19 au 2011/12/31
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Particulate matter in brief
2.7 million Inhabitants are potentially exposed to an exceedance of the PM10 daily limit value.
Recurrent and severe exceedances of PM10 limit value near traffic.
PM2.5 background levels are almost twice the quality objective threshold, and 3 times higher near traffic. All the Ile-de-France inhabitants, that is to say 11,7 million people, are concerned by an
exceedance of this threshold.
Summary of air quality standards exceedances for particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Ile‐de‐France
2011 2007-2010Particulate Matter (PM10) Background
agglomerationRural background Roadside Background
agglomerationRural background Roadside
Annual quality objective exceedance 2007, 2009 :
max site = threshold
Annual limit value exceedance
Daily limit value exceedancemax station =
threshold2007
2011 2007-2010Particulate Matter (PM2,5)
Background agglomeration Rural background Roadside
Background agglomeration Rural background Roadside
Quality objective exceedance no measurement no measurementFrench target value exceedance no measurement 2007, 2009 no measurement
Limit value (2015) exceedance no measurement no measurement every year
Limit value (2011) exceedance no measurement non applicable
29
22
54
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Backgroundagglomeration
Backgroundoutside
agglomeration
Raodsideagglomeration
Concentrations (µg/m
3)
PM10Quality objective and annual limit value
Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France
____ Limit value ____ Quality objective
3520
164
0
35
70
105
140
175
210
245
Background
agglomeration
Background
outsideagglomeration
Raodside
agglomeration
Numbe
r of days
PM10Daily limit value (number of days >= 50 µg/m3)Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France
____ Limit value (35 days)
19
33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Backgroundagglomeration
Raodsideagglomeration
Concen
trations (µ
g/m
3)
PM2,5Annual limit value
Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France
____ Limit value 2011 ____ Limit value 2015 ____ French target value ____ Quality objective
very important > + 50 %important + 30 à + 50 %moderate + 10 à + 30 %
light 0 à + 10 %
exceedance intensity no exceedance
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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PM10 Particles
Figure 10 : PM10 annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in 2011
Figure 11 : PM10 annual number of days exceeding the 50 µg/m3 EU threshold for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in 2011
5450
434342
3736
2929282727272726
262625
232222
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Autoroute A1 Saint‐Denis
Boulevard périphérique Auteuil
Place Victor Basch
RN2 Pantin
Avenue des Champs Elysées
Boulevard Haussmann
RN6 Melun
Gennevilliers
La Défense
Paris Centre 4ème
Paris 18ème
Bobigny
Vitry‐sur‐Seine
Gonesse (S)
Tremblay‐en‐France (S)
Issy‐les‐Moulineaux
Nogent‐sur‐Marne
Cergy‐Pontoise
Lognes
Zone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau
Zone rurale Ouest ‐ Prunay‐le‐Temple
µg/m3
French annual quality objective30 µg/m3
EU annual limit value40 µg/m3
roadside sites urban & suburban (S) background sites rural background sites
164144
1117877
6253
3531303029282626252321201815
0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245
Autoroute A1 Saint‐Denis
Boulevard périphérique Auteuil
RN2 Pantin
Avenue des Champs Elysées
Place Victor Basch
Boulevard Haussmann
RN6 Melun
Gennevilliers
Bobigny
Paris Centre 4ème
Nogent‐sur‐Marne
La Défense
Paris 18ème
Vitry‐sur‐Seine
Gonesse (S)
Issy‐les‐Moulineaux
Lognes
Cergy‐Pontoise
Zone rurale Sud ‐ Bois‐Herpin
Zone rurale Ouest ‐ Prunay‐le‐Temple
Zone rurale Nord‐Ouest ‐ Frémainville
Number of days
EU limit value35 days of exceeding
roadside sites urban & suburban (S) background sites rural background sites
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Figure 12 : PM10 annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background and roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 2011
Figure 13 : Kilometres of roads exceeding the PM10 daily limit value in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011
5110
2490
4070
1950
3520
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*
Km of roads exceeding
the PM10 daiy limite value
(µg/m
3)
EU limit value
French quality objective
2011
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Figure 14 : number of days exceeding PM10 50 µg/m3 threshold, average and highest background site
Figure 15 : Trend in surface area exceeding daily limit value in PM10 in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011
31
12
25
15
28
39
16
32
22
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*
Number of days >= 50 µg/m
3Background sites average Highest background site
470
150
320
140
260
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*
Surface area (km
2)
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Figure 16 : Risk of exceeding the EU daily limit value in PM10 in the Paris region, background and roadside
Figure 17 : millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to PM10 level exceeding the EU daily limit value in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011
4,2
1,5
3,0
1,4
2,7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*
inhab
itants (m
illions)
2007 2008
2009 2010
Risk to be over 35 days exceeding 50 µg/m3 PM10
certain exceeding
likely exceeding
improbable exceeding
No risk
2011
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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PM2.5 Particles
Figure 18 : PM2,5 annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites (TEOM FDMS) in the Paris region in 2011
Figure 19 : annual mean concentration of fine particles PM2,5 in the Paris region and focus on Paris and suburbs, background and roadside in 2011
33
31
22
19
17
15
0 10 20 30 40 50
Autoroute A1 Saint‐Denis
Boulevard périphérique Auteuil
RN6 Melun
Bobigny
Gennevilliers
Vitry‐sur‐Seine
µg/m3
roadsite sites urban background sites
French quality objective : 10 µg/m3
EU limit value 2015 : 25 µg/m3
French target value 2010 : 20 µg/m3EU limit value 2020 : 20 µg/m3
EU limit value 2011 : 28 µg/m3
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
µg/m3
Target value 20 µg/m
3
Quality objective 10 µg/m
3
Limit value 2011 : 28 µg/m
3
Limit value
2015 : 25 µg/m3
2011
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Ozone in brief
Stabilization of the mean levels increase
Many exceedances of the quality objective. They are less important than in 2010, and close to
2007 and 2009, as summer was not sunny, without heatwave nor persistently hot weather with low wind.
Summary of air quality standards exceedances for ozone (O3) in Ile‐de‐France
2011 2001-2010Ozone (O3)
Background agglomeration
Rural background Roadside Background agglomeration
Rural background Roadside
Quality objective exceedance (health)Long term objective applicable in 2020 (health)
no measurement every year every year no measurement
Target value exceedance applicable in 2011 (health) no measurement every year until 2006
every year until 2006
no measurement
Quality objective exceedance (vegetation)Long term objective applicable in 2020 (vegetation)
no measurement every year every year no measurement
Target value exceedance applicable in 2011 (vegetation) no measurement no measurement
21 21
0
10
20
30
40
50
Backgroundagglomeration
Backgroundoutside
agglomeration
Number of days
Ozone (O3) healthQuality objective and long‐term objective
Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France
____ Quality objective and long‐term objectiveno exceeding day
1618
0
10
20
30
40
50
Backgroundagglomeration
Backgroundoutside
agglomeration
Number of days
Ozone (O3) health
Target valueHighest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France
____ Target value (25 days)
1193613705
0
6000
12000
18000
24000
30000
Backgroundagglomeration
Backgroundoutside
agglomeration
AOT40 (µ
g/m
3 .h)
Ozone (O3) vegetationQuality objective and long‐term objective
Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France
____ Quality objective
1049711998
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
21000
Background
agglomeration
Background
outsideagglomeration
AOT40 (µ
g/m
3.h)
Ozone (O3) vegetationTarget value
Highest monitoring station in 2011 in Ile‐de‐France
____ Target value
very important > + 50 %important + 30 à + 50 %moderate + 10 à + 30 %
light 0 à + 10 %
exceedance intensity no exceedance
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Ozone Figure 20 : number of days exceeding the French quality objective (=EU long‐term objective), threshold 120 µg/m3 8‐hour mean, objective = no exceeding) for ozone (O3) in the Paris region, 2000 to 2011
Figure 21 : number of days exceeding the threshold of the EU target value for protection of human health (120 µg/m3 8‐hour average, not over 25 days of exceeding on a 3 years period) in the Paris region, for the highest monitoring site in urban and rural parts of the region, 1998‐2000 to 2009‐2011
18
22 21
32 3234
27
2422
14 1516
2829
23
41
38 39
30 29
25
16 17 18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1998‐2000
1999‐2001
2000‐2002
2001‐2003
2002‐2004
2003‐2005
2004‐2006
2005‐2007
2006‐2008
2007‐2009
2008‐2010
2009‐2011
Number of days
Paris agglomeration Rural part of the Paris regionEU target value
for human
health protection25 days
Number of days Quality objective =
0 day
2008 2007
2001 2002 2003 2004
2005 2006
2009 2010
2011
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
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Figure 22 : number of days exceeding the threshold of the EU target value for protection of human health (120 µg/m3 8‐hour average) in the Paris region (3 years average 2009‐2011)
Figure 23 : target value in ozone (O3 for the protection of vegetation (AOT40, threshold of 18000 µg/m3.h) in the Paris region (average 2007‐2011)
18
18
16
16
16
1615
15
14
14
13
13
12
12
12
11
11
11
1110
10
10
10
9
8
8
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Zone rurale Nord ‐ Saint‐Martin ‐du‐TertreZone rurale Nord‐Est ‐Montgé‐en‐Goële
Zone rurale Nord ‐Ouest ‐ FrémainvilleTour Eiffel 3ème étage
Les Ulis (S)Villemomble
Zone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de FontainebleauZone rurale Sud ‐ Bois‐Herpin
CachanLognes
Cergy‐PontoiseZone rurale Sud‐Ouest ‐Forêt de Rambouillet
Champigny‐sur‐MarneGennevilliers
Tremblay‐en‐France (S)MontgeronParis 6ème
Vitry‐sur‐SeineMantes‐la‐Jolie (S)
Paris 13èmeGarches
Melun (S)Zone rurale Ouest ‐ Prunay‐le‐Temple
Zone rurale Est ‐ SaintsParis 18èmeAubervilliers
Number of days of exceedence
EU target value for protection of human
health :25 days
(average over 3 years)
urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site
1199811630
1098010927
10497102121006610005
960995699490
901190058787875886508604857184898390
7866780076967557
71426473
5507
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000
Zone rurale Nord ‐ Saint‐Martin ‐du‐TertreZone rurale Sud ‐ Bois‐Herpin
Zone rurale Nord‐Est ‐Montgé‐en‐GoëleZone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau
Les Ulis (S)Villemomble
Zone rurale Sud‐Ouest ‐Forêt de RambouilletLognes
Zone rurale Nord ‐Ouest ‐ FrémainvilleCergy‐Pontoise
CachanGarches
Tremblay‐en‐France (S)GennevilliersParis 6ème
Zone rurale Est ‐ SaintsChampigny‐sur‐Marne
Paris 13èmeMontgeronMelun (S)
Mantes‐la‐Jolie (S)Vitry‐sur‐Seine
Zone rurale Ouest ‐ Prunay‐le‐TempleAubervilliers
Tour Eiffel 3ème étageParis 18ème
Neuilly‐sur‐Seine
µg/m3.h
EU target value for protection of végétation:
18000 µg/m3.h(average
over 5 years)
urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
18
Figure 24 : long‐term objective in ozone (O3) for the protection of vegetation (AOT40, threshold of 18000 µg/m3.h) in the Paris region in 2011
1370513640
1274311936
1158111281
10289951594669413
8842857882928245795376677645757275697551
695867656572
62425847
52084740
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000 21000
Zone rurale Sud ‐Bois‐HerpinZone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau
Zone rurale Nord ‐ Saint‐Martin‐du‐TertreLes Ulis (S)
LognesVillemomble
Zone rurale Sud‐Ouest ‐ Forêt de RambouilletCachan
Zone rurale Nord‐Ouest ‐ FrémainvilleZone rurale Nord‐Est ‐Montgé‐en‐Goële
Zone rurale Est ‐ SaintsParis 6ème
Cergy‐PontoiseTremblay‐en‐France (S)
Mantes‐la‐Jolie (S)GennevilliersMontgeron
AubervilliersParis 13ème
GarchesVitry‐sur‐Seine
Champigny‐sur‐MarneTour Eiffel 3ème étage
Paris 18èmeMelun (S)
Neuilly‐sur‐SeineZone rurale Ouest ‐Prunay‐le‐Temple
µg/m3.h
Long term objective for protection of vegetation: 6000 µg/m3.h
urban and suburban (S) sites rural background sites specific observation site
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
19
Benzene
Figure 25 : annual mean concentration of benzene in the Paris region in 2011
Figure 26 : trend in the benzene annual mean concentration on Place Victor Basch Paris roadside monitoring site, 1994 to 2011
Figure 27 : trend in the benzene tri‐annual mean concentration, sample of five to ten urban background sites in the Paris agglomeration, 1994‐1996 to 2008‐ 2011
3.83.7
3.53.3
2.82.6
2.42.22.1
1.51.51.51.41.41.41.31.21.21.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Rue de Rivoli
Place de la Bastille
Place de l'Opéra
Place Victor Basch
RD7 Courbevoie
RN20 Montlhéry
Boulevard Haussmann
Boulevard périphérique Auteuil
RN2 Pantin
Paris 18ème
Saint‐Denis
Issy‐les‐Moulineaux
Neuilly‐sur‐Seine
Gennevilliers
Nogent‐sur‐Marne
Vitry‐sur‐Seine
Aubervilliers
Paris Centre (4ème)
Gonesse (P)
µg/m3
continuous continuous
EU limit value: 5 µg/m3Quality objective: 2 µg/m3
random sampling sites random sampling sites
urban and suburban (S) sitesroadside sites
3028.5
26.6
23.5
18.7
14
10.18.7
7.56.4 5.4 4.6 4 3.7 3.6 3.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1994‐
1996
1995‐
1997
1996‐
1998
1997‐
1999
1998‐
2000
1999‐
2001
2000‐
2002
2001‐
2003
2002‐
2004
2003‐
2005
2004‐
2006
2005‐
2007
2006‐
2008
2007‐
2009
2008‐
2010
2009‐
2011
µg/m
3
5.3 5.24.7
4.1
3
2.31.8 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1994
‐1996
1995
‐1997
1996
‐1998
1997
‐1999
1998
‐2000
1999
‐2001
2000
‐2002
2001
‐2003
2002
‐2004
2003
‐2005
2004
‐2006
2005
‐2007
2006
‐2008
2007
‐2009
2008
‐2010
2009
‐2011
µg/m
3
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
20
Figure 28 : kilometres of main road network exceeding the benzene French quality objective (2 µg/m3) in the Paris region, 2007 to 2011
Figure 29 : benzene annual mean concentration in the Paris region, background and roadside, focus on Paris and near suburbs, 2011
Figure 30 : millions of inhabitants potentially exposed to an exceeding of the benzene French quality objective (2 µg/m3) in the Paris region, 2008 to 2011
11301290
890 800 740
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*
kilometres of roads exceeding the
benzene quality objective
0.8 0.8 0.7 0.60.4
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
2007 2008 2009 2010* 2011*
inhab
itan
ts (m
illion
s)
French quality objective
µg/m3
2011
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
21
III. Pollutants meeting air quality standards Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Figure 31 : sulphur dioxide (SO2) annual mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011
Figure 32 : trend in the sulphur dioxide (SO2) tri‐annual mean concentration, changing sample of urban background sites in the Paris agglomeration and roadside site on Paris ring road, 1991‐1993 to 2009‐ 2011
1
2
1
1
1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Vitry‐sur‐Seine
Neuilly‐sur‐Seine
Aubervilliers
Boulevard périphérique Auteuil
Zone rurale Sud‐Est ‐ Forêt de Fontainebleau
µg/m3
French quality objective
50 µg/m3
roadside sites urban background sites rural background sites
2017
15 15 14 13 1210 9 8 8 8 7 6 6
4 3 3 2
32
2422 21
17 1613
118
5 4 3 2 2
0
10
20
30
40
1991‐1993
1992‐1994
1993‐1995
1994‐1996
1995‐1997
1996‐1998
1997‐1999
1998‐2000
1999‐2001
2000‐2002
2001‐2003
2002‐2004
2003‐2005
2004‐2006
2005‐2007
2006‐2008
2007‐2009
2008‐2010
2009‐2011
µg/m
3
Background Paris agglomeration Roadside site Boulevard périphérique Auteuil
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
22
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Figure 33 : carbon monoxide (CO) annual mean and annual maximum 8‐hour mean concentration for all continuous monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011
Figure 34 : trend in the carbon monoxide (CO) annual maximum 8‐hour mean concentration, urban background sites and roadside sites in the Paris agglomeration, 1991 to 2011
300800 700 800
1900
2900 2800 2600
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Aubervilliers Boulevard périphérique
Auteuil
Place Victor Basch Autoroute A1 Saint‐Denis
µg/m
3
Annual mean Maximum 8‐hours mean
EU limit value: 10000 µg/m3 for the maximum 8 hours mean
background sites roadside sites
22400
33600
26300
27000
18200
16600
14700
17700
10900
9900
7900
6700
5900
4900
4200
4500
4800
3000
3300
2300
2900
2400
2500
2800
2900
3500
1800
2700
1500
1900
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
µg/m
3
Roadside sites ‐ Paris agglomeration Urban background sites ‐ Paris agglomeration
EU limit value since 200210000 µg/m3
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
23
Benzo(a)pyrene
Figure 35 : benzo(a)pyrene annual mean concentration for all monitoring sites in the Paris region in 2011
Figure 36 : trend in the benzo(a)pyrene annual mean concentration, urban background sites mean and roadside site in the Paris agglomeration, 1998 to 2011
0.23
0.33
0.220.28
0.39
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Paris Gennevilliers Neuilly‐sur‐Seine Vitry‐sur‐Seine Bd périphérique Auteuil
ng/m
3
Roadside sites Urban background sites
EU target value : 1 ng/m3
0.64
0.28
0.15 0.22
0.21
0.26
0.26 0.32
0.20 0.28
0.24 0.31
0.26
0.27
1.55
1.28
0.86
0.90
0.68
0.68
0.66
0.67
0.49
0.49
0.43 0.51
0.41
0.39
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
ng/m
3
Urban background mean(changing sample of urban background sites)
Boulevard périphérique Auteuil (roadside site)
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
24
Metals (Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium and Nickel)
Figure 37 : trends in the lead annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in Paris, 1991 to 2011
Figure 38 : trends in the arsenic annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in the Paris region, 1999 to 2011
0.70
na
0.40
na
0.34
0.26 0.29
0.21
0.15
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001*
2002
2003
2004
2005**
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
µg/m
3
Place Victor Basch (road side) Paris (urban background)
* available data from 07/27/2001 to 12/31/2001 na : unavailable
** : end of monitoring at road traffic site Place Victor Basch on 12/31/2005
French quality objective : 0.25 µg/m3
EU limit value : 0.5 µg/m3
0.59
0.58
0.61 0.73
0.73
0.80
0.79
0.61
0.63
0.60
0.60
0.66
0.62
0.30
0.38
0.43 0.54
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1999 2000 2001 * 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
ng/m
3
Place Victor Basch
(roadside)
Paris
(urban background)
* available data from 07/27/2001 to 12/31/2001
EU target value : 6 ng/m3
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
25
Figure 39 : trends in the cadmium annual mean concentration, urban background and roadside sites in the Paris region, 1999 to 2011
Figure 40 : nickel annual mean concentration, urban background site in Paris, 2007 to 2011
0.68
0.60
0.60
0.54
0.54
0.43
0.420.51
0.47
0.36
0.37
0.34
0.28
0.19
0.18
0.24
0.24
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1999 2000 2001 * 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
ng/m
3Place Victor Basch(roadside)
Paris (urban background)
* available data from 07/27/2001 to 12/31/2001
EU target value : 5 ng/m3
2.57
2.132 2.01
1.66
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
ng/m
3
EU target value : 20 ng/m3
Air quality in the Paris region 2011 : summary ‐ March 2012 AIRPARIF – Air quality assessment network in the Paris region
26
IV. Situation towards air quality standards in 2011
Figure 41 : situation towards air quality standards in the Paris region in 2011
very important > + 50 %important + 30 à + 50 %moderate + 10 à + 30 %
light 0 à + 10 %
2011 2001-2010
Ozone (O3)Background
agglomeration Rural background RoadsideBackground
agglomeration Rural background
Quality objective exceedance (health)Long term objective applicable in 2020 (health)
no measurement every year every year
Target value exceedance applicable in 2011 (health) no measurement every year until 2006
every year unti l 2006
Quality objective exceedance (vegetation)Long term objective applicable in 2020 (vegetation)
no measurement every year every year
Target value exceedance applicable in 2011 (vegetation) no measurement
2011 2001-2010Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Background agglomeration Rural background Roadside Background
agglomeration Rural background
Annual limit value exceedance * 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010
Hourly limit value exceedance ** considering margins of tolerance decreasing from year to year
2011 2007-2010
Particulate Matter (PM10) Background agglomeration Rural background Roadside Background
agglomeration Rural background
Annual quality objective exceedance 2007, 2009 :
max site = threshold
Annual limit value exceedance
Daily limit value exceedancemax station =
threshold2007
2011 2007-2010Particulate Matter (PM2,5) Background
agglomeration Rural background Roadside Background agglomeration Rural background
Quality objective exceedance no measurement no measurementFrench target value exceedance no measurement 2007, 2009 no measurement
Limit value (2015) exceedance no measurement no measurement
Limit value (2011) exceedance no measurement non applicable
2011 2001-2010Benzene Background
agglomeration Rural background Roadside Background agglomeration Rural background
Quality objective exceedance no measurement except 2001 no measurement
Limit value exceedance no measurement no measurement
2011 2001-2010Carbon monoxide (CO) Background
agglomerationRural background Roadside Background
agglomerationRural background
Quality objective exceedance no measurement no measurementLimit value exceedance no measurement no measurement
2011 2001-2010
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)Background
agglomeration Rural background Roadside Background agglomeration Rural background
Quality objective exceedanceHourly limit value exceedanceDaily limit value exceedance
2011 2001-2010Benzo(a)pyrene Background
agglomerationRural background Roadside Background
agglomerationRural background
Target value (2013) exceedance no measurement no measurement
2011 2001-2010Lead Background
agglomeration Rural background Roadside Background agglomeration Rural background
Quality objective exceedance no measurement no measurementLimit value exceedance no measurement no measurement
2011 2001-2010
Arsenic, Cadmium, NickelBackground
agglomeration Rural background RoadsideBackground
agglomeration Rural background
Target value (2013) exceedance no measurement no measurement no measurement
exceedance intensity no exceedance