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Air Quality Monitoring and Management in Kathmandu, Nepal
Presented ByChiranjibi Gautam
Urban Env. & AQM Advisor
Environment Sector Program Support (A HMG/DANIDA Program)Ministry of Population and Environment
Co-AuthorsSuman Sharma, Project Manager, ESPS/MOPE
Karsten Fuglsang, AQM Expert, Force Technology, Denmark
BAQ 2004, Agra, India6-8 December, 2004
Kathmandu Valley: General Background
• Approximately 1.8 million population
• About 1300 meter above sea level
• A valley surrounded by 500 to 1000 m high mountains
• November to June:- generally dry
• Lowest temperature: around 0oC in Jan/Feb
• July to October:- rains frequently
• Wind speed is generally calm
Kathmandu Valley: Air Quality Monitoring
• Campaign monitoring during 90ies
• Campaign monitoring during 2000-2001 for design of permanent air quality monitoring system
• Permanent air quality monitoring system established in late 2002
• Monitoring of meteorological parameters- part of the air quality monitoring system
Kathmandu AQMM: Institutions Involved
• Ministry of Population and Environment• Muncipalities (five) in Kathmandu Valley• Department of Transport Management• Kathmandu Valley Traffic Police• Department of Hydrology and Meteorology• Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology• Royal Nepal Academy of Science & Technology• Private laboratories:
– Soil Test– ENPHO– NESS
Kath AQMM- Parameters MonitoredTSP 24 hr avg, once a week in two road side stations,
HVS
PM10 24 hr avg, continuous in all stations, LVS
PM2.5 24 hr avg, campaign basis, LVS
NO2 Weekly avg, continuous in all stations, Diffusive Sampling
SO2 Campaign basis in all stations, Diffusive Sampling
CO Campaign basis in roadside station
Benzene Weekly avg, continuous in all stations, Diffusive Sampling
PAH Campaign basis in all stations, analysis of PM10 filters
Kath AQMM: Focus on PM10• Designed according to EN12341 • Sustainable pump system:• Manual shift of filters
– 24 V battery backup for use during power cut
– Can be swithed to PM2.5– can be programmed for 6 hrs interval
Passive Samplers for NO2, SO2, and Benzene
PM2.5
PM10
Kath AQMM: Status on PM10
PM10 Monthly Averages for 2003
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Months
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Putalisadak
Patan
Thamel
Bhakatapur
Kirtipur
Machhegaun
NAAQS
Kath AQMM: Status on Benzene and NO2
Annual Average of Benzene and NO2 in Kathmandu Valley, 2003/04
13
7
2
8
20
12
2
13
0
5
10
15
20
25
Roadside Residential Background Valley Avg
Locations
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BenzeneNO2
NAAQS (annual average)Benzene: 20 ug/m3NO2: 40 ug/m3
Kath AQMM: Vehicle Emission Control
Import of only EURO-I vehicles
Phased out of diesel 3-wheelers, 2-stroke 3-wheelers, and 20 year old taxies
Incremental tax on old vehicles (15 years and older)
Fiscal incentives to electrical vehicles
Road development and maintenance fund (fuel tax) and additional customs on import of vehicles for urban road maintenance
Kath AQMM: Vehicle Emission Control
•Institutions involved in vehicle emission testing and monitoring strengthened
•All vehicles required to have green stickers to ply in Kathmandu Valley
•On road monitoring of black smoky vehicles
•Training to auto-mechanics for proper repair and maintenance of vehicles
•Private auto-workshops to be involved in vehicle emission testing
•Govt. institutions to concentrate on on-road monitoring
Kath AQMM: Industrial Emission Control
• Ban on new registration of highly polluting brick kiln technology (Bulls Trench kilns).
• BTK to be changed either to Fixed Chimney or VSVK by September 2004
• Energy Efficiency program in industrial boilers and brick kilns started in 2001
Kath AQMM: Awareness Creation
Regular publication of results
Radio jingles, TV spots, Hoarding boards
Awareness trainings
Kath AQMM: National AAQS
Parameter AVG Time Conc., Max.
TSP 24 hour 230 µg/m3
PM10 24 hour 120 µg/m3
NO2 Annual
24 hour
40 µg/m3
80 µg/m3
SO2 Annual
24 hour
50 µg/m3
70 µg/m3
CO 8 hour
15 minute
10,000 µg/m3
100,000 µg/m3
Lead Annual 0.5 µg/m3
Benzene Annual 20 µg/m3
Kath AQM: Positive ResultsPM10: Annual Average Comparision 2002/03 & 2003/04
204
122
54
138
196
110
54
129
0
50
100
150
200
250
Roadside Residential Background Valley Avg
Locations
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2002/03
2003/04
NAAQS: 120 ug/m3 (24 hr avg)
Roadside: avg of 2 stations
Residential: avg of 3 stations