Air Quality:Toxics and Transportation

Gregg LandeDEQ Air Quality Planner

Portland State UniversityWinter 2007

Transportation Seminar SeriesFebruary 9, 2007

Oregon’s Air Quality

1999 NATA OregonCancer Risk

Median Risk Level

<1 in a Million

25 - 50 in a Million

>100 in a Million75 - 100 in a Million

50 - 75 in a Million

1 - 25 in a Million

Health and Environment

Median Risk LevelHazard Index

0 - 11 - 22 - 33 - 44 - 55 - 100

1999 NATA OregonNoncancer (resp) Risk

Health and Environment

Air Quality Challenges

Top Three Toxic Air Pollutants in Oregon

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

CombustionByproducts

Benzene DieselParticulate

Matter

STA

TE-W

IDE

AVE

RA

GE

RIS

K(P

ER M

ILLI

ON

)Oregon Clean Air Initiative

Federal Fine Particulate Health Standard

Health and Environment

Smoke/FineParticulate

DieselExhaustBenzene

• Leukemia• Other blood

disorders

• Asthma• Other heart/

lung disorders

• Lung Cancer• Heart/lung disorders• Global Warming

http://www.epa.gov/iris/index.html

Scientific Foundation

• Toxicology / Epidemiology• Monitoring• Emissions inventory• Modeling

Sources of Air Pollution

Air Pollutants

• Criteria Pollutants– Short list– National Ambient Air Quality Standards– Widely monitored– Generally acute human health effects– Includes welfare effects

• Air toxics– Long list (>180) of Hazardous Air Pollutants– No national standards– Less frequent ambient measurements– Chronic low level exposures– Many carcinogens; other serious health effects

Ambient Monitoring

2006 Oregon Air Quality Surveillance Network

OzoneCarbon monoxide

PM10

Meteorology Air ToxicsNitrogen dioxide

Portland Metro Area

Salem

Eugene & Springfield

Pendelton

BendOakridge

La Grande

Burns

Grants Pass

MedfordKlamath Falls

Lakeview

John Day

PM2.5The Dalles

Corvallis

Albany

KalmiopsisWilderness Area

Crater Lake N.P.

Big Lake

Three SistersWilderness Area

StrawberryWilderness Area

Hells CanyonWilderness Area, ID

Mt. HoodWilderness Area

Visibility (OR)

Visibility(EPA Improve sites)

Wilderness Areas-Three Sisters - Kalmiopsis- Strawberry - Eagle Cap - Hells CanyonNational Parks-Crater Lake

Forest Health PM2.5 Estimate 3

42

2114

3

2

12

1

PM2.5 Speciation

1

1

21

1

2211

Cottage Grove

Enterprise

Baker City

Lave Beds, CA

Columbia River Gorge, WAColumbia Gorge, WA

Eagle CapWilderness Area

N PM2.5 Estimate

N6

N

N2N

N

NN

N2

N

N

N

NN

N

Deposition Site(National Atmospheric Deposition Program)

Silver Lake RangerStation.

Blue River

Starkey

Lewisburg

Alsea

RoseburgN

ShadyCove

Ruch

Cave Junction

Provolt

1

N

F

F

F

Halsey

F Field Burning Visibility

Sulfur dioxide

Sweet Home

Lyons

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic

Emissions Inventory

• MOBILE6 Vehicle Classifications

• 1 LDGV Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (Passenger Cars)• 2 LDGT1 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 1 (0-6,000 lbs. GVWR, 0-3,750 lbs. LVW)• 3 LDGT2 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 2 (0-6,000 lbs. GVWR, 3,751-5,750 lbs. LVW)• 4 LDGT3 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 3 (6,001-8,500 lbs. GVWR, 0-5,750 lbs. ALVW)• 5 LDGT4 Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks 4 (6,001-8,500 lbs. GVWR, greater than 5,751 lbs.

ALVW)• 6 HDGV2b Class 2b Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (8,501-10,000 lbs. GVWR)• 7 HDGV3 Class 3 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (10,001-14,000 lbs. GVWR)• 8 HDGV4 Class 4 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (14,001-16,000 lbs. GVWR)• 9 HDGV5 Class 5 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (16,001-19,500 lbs. GVWR)• 10 HDGV6 Class 6 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (19,501-26,000 lbs. GVWR)• 11 HDGV7 Class 7 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (26,001-33,000 lbs. GVWR)• 12 HDGV8a Class 8a Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (33,001-60,000 lbs. GVWR)• 13 HDGV8b Class 8b Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (>60,000 lbs. GVWR)• 24 MC Motorcycles (Gasoline)• 25 HDGB Gasoline Buses (School, Transit and Urban)• 26 HDDBT Diesel Transit and Urban Buses• 27 HDDBS Diesel School Buses

Major - Area - Mobile – Natural Background

Modeling

• SCREEN 3– Easiest to use, predicts conservative 1-hr concentrations

• ISCST/ISCLT– Regulatory “workhorse” model, 1-hr to annual average, best with source-specific

data• AERMOD

– Soon to replace ISCST model, better in elevated terrain and complex meteorology. For criteria pollutants

• CALPUFF – Grid model, very data intensive, best for complex terrain

• CMAQ– Grid model, very data intensive, includes complex photochemistry

• MOBILE 6– Used for on-road mobile sources

• SCRAM– EPA’s support center for modeling– http://www.epa.gov/scram001/

Sources of Fine Particulate

Fores try Burning

Open Burning

Agricultural Burning

Vehicles & Engines

Indus tryWood Stoves

Based on 2002 emissions. Excludes wildfires and dust.

Sources of Diesel Exhaust

Passengervehicles

Trains

Ships& Boats

Logging Equipment

DeliveryTrucks

Long Haul Trucks

Industrial & Commercial Equipment

Agricultural Equipment

Other

Space Heating

Construction Equipment

Buses

Based on 2002 emissions.

EPA’s 1999 National Air Toxics Assessment

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata1999/

Solutions: EPA Diesel Standards

00.050.1

0.150.2

0.250.3

0.350.4

0.450.5

0.550.6

0.65

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0NOx Limit (g/bhp-hr)

PM L

imit

(g/b

hp-h

r)

19881990

1991

199419982004

2007

Oregon Solutions

• Burn Less Fuel

• Burn Cleaner Fuel

• Burn Fuel Cleaner

Clean Diesel: HB 2172Oregon Clean Air Initiative

http://www.westcoastdiesel.org/

Sources of Benzene

On-road gasoline vehicles

Wood stoves and f ireplaces

Non-road gasoline engines

Open burning/yard debris

Other

Solvents and degreasing

Gasoline distribution

Field burningForestry prescribed

burning

Based on 2002 emissions. Excludes wildfires.

EPA’s 1999 National Air Toxics Assessment

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata1999/

Measured Benzene Levels

Portland Air Toxics Assessment

Isopleths of Benzene annual average concentration predictions

Oregon Low Emission Vehicle Standards

Two main parts:Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Standards(Reduces GHG 30% by 2016

Low Emission Vehicle Standards(Reduces other pollutants 12% to 38% by

2020)

http://www.deq.state.or.us/aq/factsheets/07aq015.pdf

Solutions: Gasoline Controls

EPA: Gasoline benzene content

Oregon Clean Air Initiative

Gasoline vapor recovery

Elements of the State and Elements of the State and Federal Air Toxics ProgramsFederal Air Toxics Programs

Federal Technology-Based Standards (MACT –Stationary Sources)

Oregon Title V, ACDP and

General Permit Programs

Federal Mobile Source Program

Oregon Clean Diesel Initiative

Federal Engine and

Fuel Standards

Federal Risk-Based Program (Urban Air Toxics, NATA, Residual

Risk)

Oregon Air Toxics Rules/Scientific

Foundation

Geographic Program Safety Net Program

Source Category Strategies and Rules

Voluntary Diesel Retrofit Program

Legislative OverviewOregon Clean Air Initiative

Smoke/Fine Particulate

Columbia River Gorge

Greenhouse gases

Benzene

Diesel exhaust

Monitoring

Compliance

Contacts

• David Collier, AQ Planning Manager503-229-5177

• Gregg Lande, Air Toxics503-229-6411

• Dave Nordberg, Transportation503-229-5519

• Phil Allen, Modeling503-229-6904

• Jeff Smith, Monitoring503-229-5983 x 234

http://www.oregon.gov/DEQ/AQ/index.shtml