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Air Quality
Ana Cunha nº74136 Daniel Fino nº74147 Joana Carneiro nº73228 Prof. António Gonçalves Henriques 1
What’s air quality?
• It is the presence of one or more pollutants in the atmosphere in amounts and duration which could be harmful to :
Humans
Plants or animals
For materials
Which could interfere with the quality of life and economic activities
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Composition of atmosphere
Gas Symbol Volume (%)
Nitrogen N2 78.0840
Oxygen O2 20.9480
Argon Ar 0.9340
Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0314
Neon Ne 0.0018
Helium He 0.0005
Hydrogen H2 <0.0001
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Pollutants
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Primary Pollutants
• They appear in the environment in the way they were produced;
• They belong to various categories like particulate, aerosol, reduced, oxidized;
• Are less toxic;
• Don’t show synergism;
Secondary pollutants
• Result of interaction of primary pollutants and environmental constituents;
• Generally oxidizing;
• More toxic;
• Show synergism;
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Principal pollutants
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Particulate Matter in
suspension (PMS)
Lead (Pb) Ozone (O3)
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Carbon Monoxide
Causes Health Effects
Human • affect the perception of functions and thought;
• retards reflex, headaches , drowsiness , dizziness and nausea and may cause angina and heart attacks ,
• damage to developing fetuses and children
• exacerbates chronic bronchitis , emphysema, and anemia.
• Tobacco smoke;
• Incomplete combustion of fuels;
• Motor vehicles;
• Oxidation of organic pollutants
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Nitrogen Dioxide
Causes Health Effects Environmental effects Materials damage
Human Natural • lung irritation and damage ;
• exacerbates asthma and chronic bronchitis, increases the susceptibility to respiratory infections , such as colds and flu ( especially in young children and the elderly ) .
• reduces visibility ; • Acid deposition
HNO3 can damage vegetation , particularly trees, soil and aquatic life in lakes .
• the deposition of HNO3 can cause corrosion of metals and degradation of stone buildings, statues and monuments;
• NO2 can damage tissues.
• Motor vehicles ; • Thermal power
plants ; • industrial and steel
; • pulp mill;
• Forest fires; • Heat generated by
lightning ; • Microbial activity
in soils ;
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Sulphur dioxide
Causes Health Effects Environmental effects Materials damage
Human Natural • breathing problems for healthy people , and the restriction of the airways in people with asthma ;
• chronic exposure can cause a permanent condition similar to bronchitis.
• reduces visibility ; • the deposition of
H2SO4 can cause damage to vegetation , particularly trees, soil and aquatic life in lakes .
• The SO2 and H2SO4 can cause corrosion of metals and degradation of stone buildings , statues and monuments ;
• SO2 can damage the paintings , paper and leather.
• Combustion of coal and heavy oil in power plants
• Industrial processes;
• Diesel combustion
• Volcanic activity ; • Electrical
discharges in the atmosphere ;
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Particulate Matter in suspension
Causes Health Effects Environmental effects
Materials damage
Human Natural • irritation of the nose and throat, lung damage , and bronchitis ;
• exacerbates asthma and bronchitis;
• toxic particles ( such as lead, cadmium, PCBs ( polychlorinated biphenyls , C12H10nCln ) and dioxins ( polychlorinated dibenzodioxins ) and furans) can cause mutations , cancer and reproductive disorders .
• reduces visibility ; • the deposition of
H2SO4 droplets can cause damage to vegetation , in particular to damage trees , soil , and aquatic life in lakes .
• Corrosion metals, stains and discoloration of buildings , clothes, textiles and paints.
• Burning coal in power plants and industrial facilities;
• Motor vehicles ; • Cement and
agriculture; • Dirt roads ; • Construction
activities ; • Removal of natural
vegetation;
• Volcanoes ; • Dust ; • Forest fires; • Marine
aerosols;
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Lead
Causes Health Effects Environmental effects
Human Natural • It accumulates in the body causing damage to the central nervous system with mental retardation (especially in children);
• digestive health and other problems , some chemicals containing lead to cancer.
• wild life
• Painting of buildings; • foundries ; • Lead production ; • Leaded petrol; • Solid waste;
• Arises naturally in the earth's surface;
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Ozone
Causes Health Effects Environmental effects
Materials damages
Human Natural • respiratory problems, coughing, irritation to the eyes , nose, throat and worsens chronic conditions such as asthma, bronchitis , emphysema and heart disease ;
• reduces resistance to colds and pneumonia ;
• can accelerate the aging of lung tissue.
• Ozone can damage plants and trees , and may reduce the visibility .
• Damage rubber, textiles and paints.
• Chemical reaction with volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides;
• Transport and industries;
• Thunderstorms and bacterial activity ;
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Consequences from air pollution
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Consequences from air pollution
Air quality on human health
Air quality in the vitality of ecosystems Air quality in the effect of climate change
Consequences from air pollution Air quality on human health
About 90% of European townspeople
are exposed to pollutants in concentrations above the air quality levels considered harmful to health.
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Consequences from air pollution Air quality on human health
Consequences from air pollution Air quality on human health
"In 2011, about 430 000 premature deaths in the EU assigned to fine particulate matter".
“330 millions Euros related impacts on human health"
“15 thousand millions euros due to missed work and four thousand millions for spending on health care. "
Report on Air Quality in Europe in 2014 by European Commission
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Consequences from air pollution Air quality on human health
Consequences from air pollution Air quality in the vitality of ecosystems
Concentração de poluentes na Europa.
Improving air quality in Europe has not always kept pace with the general decrease of anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants.
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Air quality in the vitality of ecosystems
Damage of air pollution on the environment:
Acidification
Eutrophication
Crop losses
Air quality in the vitality of ecosystems
Acidification
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Air quality in the vitality of ecosystems
Acidification
Effects of acid precipitation on a temperate forest ( Czech Republic ) .
Effect of acid precipitation on a statue in limestone.
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Air quality in the vitality of ecosystems
Eutrophication
Air quality in the vitality of ecosystems
Eutrophication
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Consequences from air pollution Air quality in the effect of climate change
Consequences from air pollution Air quality in the effect of climate change
Poluente Efeito climatico
Material Particulado (MP) Efeito no clima varia dependendo do tamanho e composição da partícula: alguns levam a refrigeração líquida, enquanto outros
levam ao aquecimento. Pode levar a padrões de chuva alterados. Deposição pode levar a mudanças no albedo da superfície (a
capacidade da terra de modo a reflectir a radiação da luz solar).
Ozono (O3) O ozono é um gás de efeito estufa contribuindo para o aquecimento da atmosfera.
Óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx) Contribui para a formação de ozono, com efeitos climáticos associados. Contribui também para o a formação de partículas de
nitrato, arrefecendo a atmosfera.
Oxidos de enxofre (SOx) Contribui para a formação de partículas de sulfato, arrefecendo a atmosfera.
Monoxido de carbono (CO) Contribui para a formação de gases de efeito estufa, como o CO2 e ozono.
benzeno O benzeno pode dar uma pequena contribuição para a radiação forçada, pois contribui para a formação de ozono
(pressão positiva) e aerossóis orgânicos secundários.
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Control measures atmospheric pollution
1. INDIRECT MEASURES
2. DIRECT MEASURES
3. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT (ECP)
Air quality in the vitality of ecosystems
Crop losses
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Control measures atmospheric pollution 1. INDIRECT MEASURES
Prevent the generation of the pollutant
Reduction of the amount of pollutants generated
Dilution through high chimneys
Proper construction (layout) and maintenance of
industrial buildings
territorial planning
Smo
g
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London Beijing
Beijing Beijing Beijing
France
San Francisco
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Stacionary Sources
Prevention
Burning coal with low
content sulfur;
Desulphurization coal
Conversion of coal liquid fuel
or gaseous
Move to fuels less pollutants
Dispersion and clean
Dispersion of emissions
above inversion layer
Thermal using tall chimneys
Removal of pollutants
after combustion
Application emission
rates
Solutions
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Motor vehicles
Prevention
Public transport
Soft modes of transport
Cleaner engines and fuels
Out old vehicles circulation
Reducing taxes on cleaner vehicles and
more efficient
Traffic restriction in polluted areas
Dispersion and clean
Equipment emission control
Inspections of emissions Exhaust
gases from automobiles
Emission standards stricter 35
Control measures atmospheric pollution 1. INDIRECT MEASURES
Prevent the generation of the pollutant
Reduction of the amount of pollutants generated
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Control measures atmospheric pollution 1. INDIRECT MEASURES
Dilution through high chimneys
Proper construction (layout) and maintenance of
industrial buildings
territorial planning
Control measures atmospheric pollution 2. DIRECT MEASURES
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Control measures atmospheric pollution 2. DIRECT MEASURES
Control measures atmospheric pollution 3. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT (ECP)
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International Legislation
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Stockholm Convention on Pollutants Persistent Organic
The Convention aims to protect the environment against the effects negative air pollution and prevent and reduce gradually the air quality degradation and its effects, including acid rain, acidification of water bodies and soil and eutrophication.
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants ( POPs ) is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment of these pollutants .
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Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Genebra, 1979)
The Convention aims to protect the environment against the effects negative air pollution and prevent and reduce gradually the air quality degradation and its effects, including acid rain, acidification of water bodies and soil and eutrophication.
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Eight additional protocols were adopted :
• Protocol on the Long-Term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long- Distance of Air
Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) (Geneva, signed in 1984 force since 1988).
• Reduction of sulfur emissions (Helsinki, 1985/1987).
• Reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides (Sofia, 1988/1991).
• Reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds (Geneva, 1991/1997)
• Reduction of sulfur emissions ( additional targets ) (Oslo, 1994-1998).
• Heavy Metals (Aarhus, 1998/2003).
• Persistent Organic Compounds ( Aarhus, 1998/2003 ) , 2009 amendments.
• the Protocol to reduce Acidification , Eutrophication and Ozone Tropospheric (Gothenburg, 1999/2000)
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European Union legislation
Air quality
atmospheric pollutants
Industry
Land vehicles motor
Supply fuel
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Air quality
Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe including the following elements:
The merging of most of existing legislation into a single directive (except for the Fourth Daughter Directive) with no change to existing air quality objectives.
New air quality objectives for PM2.5 (fine particles) including the limit value and exposure related objectives – exposure concentration obligation and exposure reduction target.
The possibility to discount natural sources of pollution when assessing compliance against limit values. The possibility for time extensions of three years (PM10) or up to five years (NO2, benzene) for complying
with limit values, based on conditions and the assessment by the European Commission.
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Air quality - Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution
It legislation establishes objectives for air pollution and proposes measures for achieving them by 2020: modernizing the existing legislation, placing the emphasis on the most harmful pollutants, and involving to a greater extent the sectors and policies that may have an impact on air pollution.
Compared with the situation in 2000, the Strategy sets specific long-term objectives (for 2020): • 47% reduction in loss of life expectancy as a result of exposure to particulate matter; • 10 % reduction in acute mortalities from exposure to ozone; • reduction in excess acid deposition of 74% and 39% in forest areas and surface freshwater areas
respectively; • 43% reduction in areas or ecosystems exposed to eutrophication.
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Other directives:
Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management (Air Quality Framework Directive). Council Directive 1999/30/EC relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air (First Daughter Directive). Directive 2000/69/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to limit values for benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient air (Second Daughter Directive). Directive 2002/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to ozone in ambient air (Third Daughter Directive). Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air (Fourth Daughter Directive).
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Council Decision 97/101/EC establishing a reciprocal exchange of information and data from networks and individual stations measuring ambient air pollution within the Member States (EoI Decision). Commission Decision 2004/461/EC laying down a questionnaire for annual reporting on ambient air quality assessment under Council Directives 96/62/EC and 1999/30/EC and under Directives 2000/69/EC and 2002/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Commission Decision 2004/224/EC laying down the obligation of Member States to submit within two years so-calledPlans and Programmes for those air quality zones where certain assessment thresholds set in the Directives are exceeded. Council Directive 80/779/EEC of 15 July 1980 on air quality limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates, as last amended by Directive 89/427/EEC Council Directive 85/203/EEC of 7 March 1985 on air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide, as last amended by Council Directive 85/580/EEC
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The directive 2001/81/CE sets limits on total national emissions of four
pollutants:
These substances may cause: • acidification ; • water pollution and soil (
eutrophication ); • ozone at ground level (
resulting ozone of the four pollutants reaction with heat and sunlight ) .
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Industrial emissions
Defines the obligations which the
industrial activities with greater
pollution potential must comply,
establishes an authorization
procedure (licensing) and sets
requirements for emissions. This
covers industrial activities with a
greater potential for pollution:
Directive 2010/75 / EU
Energy industries Production and processing of metals Mining industry
Livestock Waste management
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Stationary sources of emissions
o Directive 2008/1/EC on the prevention and control of pollution;
o Directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions into the atmosphere of certain pollutants from large combustion plants;
o Directive 94/66/EC amending Directive 88/609 / EEC on the limitation of emissions into the atmosphere of certain pollutants from large combustion plants;
o Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste, as amended by Regulation (EC ) nº 1137/2008 ;
VOCs
o Directive 1999/13/EC on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations ;
o Directive 94/63/EEC on the control of volatile organic compound ( VOC) emissions resulting from the storage of petrol and its distribution from terminals to service stations;
o Directive 2012 /33/EU amending Directive 1999/32/ EC as regards the sulfur content of marine fuels;
o Directive 1999/32/EC on the reduction of the sulfur content of certain liquid fuels;
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Transports and environment
Emissions from heavy duty vehicles ( Euro VI) : certification rules Regulation ( EC) nº 595/2009 concerning the approval of motor vehicles and engines with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Euro VI) and access to information on vehicle repair and maintenance.
Vehicles "green" : a European strategy Commission Communication COM (2010) - A European strategy on clean vehicles and energy-efficient .
Reduction of pollutant emissions from light vehicles: • Regulation (EC) nº 715/2007 on type approval of motor
vehicles with respect to emissions from passenger cars and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and access to information on vehicle repair and maintenance.
• Regulation (EC) nº 443/2009 which sets performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community 's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from vehicles.
Quality of petrol and diesel fuels : sulfur and lead • Directive 98/70 / EC on the quality of petrol and diesel , as
amended by Directives 2000/71 / EC and 2003/17 / EC, Regulation ( EC) No 1882/2003 and Directives 2009/30 / EC , 2011/63 / EU .
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Portuguese legislation
European legislation
Portuguese legislation
Tranposition
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Air Quality Index
The encompassed pollutants in the air quality index are: • nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), • sulfur dioxide ( SO2) , • carbon monoxide , • ozone (O3 ), • respirable or fine particles ( PM10) .
The air quality index is a tool that enables a simple and understandable classification of the state of air quality. It was developed to • translating the air quality , especially in some industrial areas and cities , • allow easy public access to information on air quality, through direct consultation or through the Social Communication organs, • meet legal obligations
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This parameter is calculated as the arithmetic mean for each pollutant. After the values are compared with the color scale for ranges of concentration and pollutants with higher value are responsible for IQar.
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Example of Lisbon
In Lisbon there are +160 000 private vehicles.
Every day, another 360 000 enter the city.
C ar PT Motos & bikes Walking
Modal Shift 2001
C ar PT Motos & bikes Walking
Modal Shift 2011
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149
80
92 88
113
75
38
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013* N.º
de e
xced
ên
cia
s a
o V
L d
iári
o
Co
ncen
tração
méd
ia a
nu
al
PM
10
(ug
/m3)
Ano
VL Anual
PM10 Avenida da Liberdade
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NO2 Avenida da Liberdade
13 10
69
21
37
13
23
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013* N.º
de e
xced
ên
cia
s a
o V
L h
orá
rio
Co
ncen
tração
méd
ia a
nu
al
NO
2
(ug
/m3)
Ano
62
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Mobility
management
Urban Planning
Behavior Change
Vehicle
technologies
• …
To minimize
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