AIR UNIVERSITY UNITED STATES AIR FORCE - apps.dtic.mil · The other ar-ea being paure at the...

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AIR UNIVERSITYUNITED STATES AIR FORCE

L

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGSNATIONAL. TCHNICLa.

INFORMATiO SERVICso 0.w va =21W

-l WUSUrl-PAMISON AIR FORCE BASEN

... 4- -AL

Oct 4L

AIR UNIVERSITYUNITED STATES AIR FORCE

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGwomduced by

NATIONAL TECHNICALINFORMATION SERVICE

SpringftleM, Va. 22151

WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHI

Best Available Copy,, ,. l

Unclassified

[ DCtU'1ET CONTROL OATA - t&I

Air Force frnstitutc of Tehooj(l ) Unclassified1

Weight..Patterson AM,~ ioh 45lo

Soft-wae Sioulatilon of thie Xnutezzn P1?3 CoaputerJj

AFIT Shesis

Bruce Chattertom

ifparmh 19072 I1j64A -z'% T oa -ý%n 200 IRL~1:2

T.-i oc~a b1;hs be-. zgprowe& for VWi~.c release Iand =1eo its dsiu~'nis =Llizeited.

iree~or otI r~i.A F;iTI-

----A sof tiam re ge haz btaen -wi -hich slailates t3 fwo-l-tiomns of thie r-irntte=--n D17?. C .zpte,' a-S the :-c~istE-r tZMES-1-e level.Vie sinulation pror~zn is wi~rttem in the FC3b Extendzd laengwageto~ be used on thie Intercom Syctem (teleltype-) of a CO "W0 co-qmter

system, The simulation pr-ogr-a co-s-Ists of a r~ain m'ogras andeighbt subrcutirnes. A jmfrcjraring luangtag for the D173 similationI

msc formded ulich contcAns nuambeasPrA ]-cad~ ccdezs wrdtches, an&uiiscellaneous coimnzis. £cc i r tmru on the siziualated co2-

puter have been Includ-ed to shosDU the tpsof output aval(.ble.

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__________________________________________________________ �OLC ? a0.E *! SOLE -�

- -- - -

Coaputer 3izulation -�

Digital Caap�ater - -

4 SimulatioL L�ges -

F��T�AM Pz'ogra�,mgD17B Couputer

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- III- I II' III )*1 1 1I1*� I .1 I i

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IIUm.A-MD173 C(XPUTM

I P~sete~to tkle Facul~ty Of t~l Schmf-rzt!1-ainmeizgof -the Air Force InstItmete o.fP Tecmbology

Air rmdveSit7

in Plx-4-. Pu,,ifllent of theRere.es c,~nth~re of

IFASzer o1f Scienice

by

*~Rm Brc m~ttertzu, B.S.LE.ZCaptain USA)'

Graduate Electrical 2MgineerIxg1 Jzaich 1972

Sthis doctism-t bas been ap?-oved fowl pubAicrelease an& sale: it&s cdstrib-rition Is unmliaitd

I I I I i

GE/EE/72-7

me contents of this thesis represent-the ultS

of doin a softnre siu=0tion of the Minutemn D1?B

Conputer. The D_17B compater is a general-purpose computer

which was used in the control of the iM tema Nissile.

Mds coppater is baing Iftased out of Air Force lnrventol7,

ani as a result of being declared excess, It is being nde

tutions. The Air Force Lns-t-itute of Technology ElectricalSEnginear.4ig Depa týý ha acquired t•w of these c dn.

S~Research bas be=n started at AnIT to zake the D17B

Compute operational In a leboratory, nt ail to

develop aPrpicsti-.s. "Mie voft-re sin-lation is a part

Of this research e-fort. The other ar-ea being paure at

the present tMe are the desiSn and constrction of a hard-

war. control c•.sole, the design and construction of an I/O

Interface for cmtrolling a tape rczder, tape pinch, amd

teletype, and a description of the DIRB conputer az the

steps to be folloved In rai it operational.

I vmnt to express zw appreciation to Dr. Frank If.

Bromn and Dr. Gary B. lan-_t for proposing the sMLa•tion

ProVMUas 8 n area of research and for their prse as

advisors for this proJect. Special a 1ovl nt is due

Bob Hitchell, a Systes vn-ineer from fiemtr Air Force

Station, Ohio, for the Lo ledge an docu sntatlan hicdh

he has i.-rtedl to this research vroject. I an also

11

GE/EE/?2-7

- gmteful to the other fce, studets who me doiUg research

In this area for their help in wnderstatii the opgrati•a

of the D17B commtar.

DBram Chatter-nl

..

It I

;I

ii

GE/Y4E/72-7

Preface e * 6 0 0404 0 00 --

List Of Figures. . . *. .e . .. . *. . . . .0 vi

AhesiCt 00* 0 ej 40 0 Ce0 i

Gemeral D173 Description .. .. . . . . 2

7 on-Go~ulte "locde Section -v -z ;I: &CoznteI Bode Section .1. ...

Sbrout-Imas~ ~~.* 26

SifuoutineU LW3D a**~* *. * 27Subroutin.-e ia-Gsro .. *.*V 28Subroutine DISTFIA. 0 ***2

Sifartoyj ti'oa nraee 31

Awibiem. znd~ Load. Cod"8*... 39Sui~teles a . &04 606 0 0 4 S 0'1

pwalite O1ca nssitch 42Cold-Storagee Write Sb-.Itch . .126. .

Discrete .i-dtch .**. ...6 6 43flochp*nica I=z-t swuitch .... *,,

*1 M~Iiscefl~mamao iiipvzs anCO3aS PA **as15

Di~screte .njt *e ... .0 .0 4?Miode Traclrg .. . . . . . . . . . . . .9

"~Cecution specification: 50

C 'tins Fipvo

GE/Eg/72am7 S

ftM*l 4 oga *fibý a :0 * 66-

Ekrammle Pre- Ntber1 3 . . . o .. o.. . . 66Exa~Pie ojra-z Is'-mbar 2 a. . . . . . . 81

Rrcanile ir-r~aa I'iz-bar 5I -o o e. o. o. a .8

Rmazle Progr gA ~V1. Conclusion~f 0 .a .*a a a o... e-.:&. 93

Reo~~e~at-1ons for PutI-,e, Study 94a*

ftl~iogz'ahy . .. os a .aaaa a a a 0 * 0 0 96Appendix A: Irrfltont of Simulatico11 ro -am A-ia

ApPendir B: DIP~ I~t-.,t~cn andL DI P173 ad Codes * B-I

App~~ixC: ? ,as for Imt-er-araty, Dlscr'et~,App=Af C: Pi- ... ..

Appendix D): Iimatrumtdiom- far-, UZIM- t~he simiaution

VI aa a a. 0 0 a a 0 0 A 0 Op- 9

GE/Eg/72-7

US RE

S.srctos . 00 000 0 00 0s e 1

2 Veitcha Diagrc-s of~ Chame1 Addresses and P~agftoi'e and Lo4ad Codes * * * * * * * * it . 1

3 Correlaticm bat~ieen )iiamtellan and F(QIMh d~eig..mtIon for Sactor Track and fluti-vord Loops. 13

* 4 ~D17? Co~pater Siuulatiou ftmgrm_ Flow . . 14

5-' =ee1n T~ranslationi Sectca Flowchart ... 16

6 Sm~ch Interpretation Fo~hr-- ~ .... 1-i 7 Ii200llaIeu Inpuat and. Co.-m-n Flowebart .. 18

8 fian-Con-mte flode Section Flowchar't 0 * 0 * * a 21

sj:9m7 :H3::::::: 2210 P"ýs Co~eho~e loachart 2

* 12 Discrete tp tpus.. 6 * * *.* C-iL

13 B 1PWe Outputs*** C-2

14'-IeeO t A CI m .. ... -

Abstract

A software program has been uritten wh -timulates

the functiona of the linutemn Di173 copuater at-he register

transfer level. The siulation rmo-raa is written In the

PO U Extended lapsrage to be used on the Intercom System

%I' t. (teletype) of a C.W 6600 copter system. The sim: ation

4 proram of the D17B computer ims developed at the Air Force

Institute of Technology as pert cf a research effort In

aking a D1)1r oapeaUonal in a albor-atory enviro.m t. 2he

sizulation pmogras has pro-ten itelf useful as a teachig

aid sad can be used for er-ror check1in pnra tapes to be

run on the D173 computer. It can also be used as a standard

for the hardvare version of t.e cm--;tepr. The situlation

Sprogran contists of a =in po-ram- z=1 eight subroutines.

The min proq--r consists of a reading and translation sec-

tion i•hch reads and interprets in-_t data, a nonconpute

mode section -ich iup 1 ts the loading and Interaction

functions, and a coupute Eode section which 1ple~ents the

search, read and write =zxnry, and execute fmotions. A

pAinv lan-uae for the D1I75 sialatlon program was

formed ihich contains nudbers and load codes, switches, and

miscellaneous cowz. The rdsceml3ansus conds; include

such functions as register display, ne-ory display, mode

tracing, and setting of flipflops. Example program rim

on the sinulated computer bave been included to show the

types of output available.

• Tt1

SOFWARE SIMLATIONfOF

THE UTTMAND17B CMUE

! , Io In~.~t•_on

The Purpose of this thesis Is to describe the software

simulation program of the iinutemn Dl7B computer that has

been developed, Az software siculatior of the D17B computer

was developed as part of a research- effort at the Air Force

Institute of Technology. T-is ras-arch effort was concerned

witth finding useful aplcations foT the D17B coqputer.

There are several reasons Vhy a simulation of the D17D

computer was written. T-bils prog•--n can be used In teaching

(-- the operation of the D17B conlrater. It can also be used

as backup capability for ru-mzug DI?B Programs td= the

actual computer is not available. T.-e most important reason,

hower, is that the simUation program can provide error

checks for the D7 promgmms hich it executes. The .iard-

ware version of the D17B co-Iputer has no error checking

caimbllity.

The simulation program was written to si-ulate the

D17B computer at the register ftansfer level. A register

transfer approach was used because It alowed the D17B

couputcr to be sim-ulated at the intforation and data trans-

fer level. Thus it was not necessary to sinulate the logic

equations required to clear and set each flipflop. Using

th,. register transfer approach also allou's for the tracing

11A• 11 I II I I i ....•".......ii . ......11 li I•1 -1.... i.... H I l .7

GE/EIE/7-2-7

of the information1 flow In the simflated computer as data

0 Is loaded and propmus executed. Vith this inforatIon

tracIng capability, the simflatiom program can be used as

i a teachIMg aid.

Generl PUB DescripIon.. The D17B coputer is a small,

syncbronous, serial, general-purpose diggital computer. It

as design•d to be used in airborne catrol applications

and was used In controllizig the guidance and operatic. of

XizLnute=n Nissil•. This copiter has severalT ;in -tant

chactrstics of uhich the ollong are or t to an

uderstandin- of the sinulation propa. (Ref 6:5-6)

1. Whcm the D173 ocipar is eecut, all computeroperations re controlled by a intcrmny stored program

This stored proo=- can bs entered by eternal iput duvices

(tape reader, teletype, control console switches. etc.).2. The word length for this computer Is 27 bits, of

which 24 are used In cowupuatation. The resianing9 3 bits are

spare and sys %croizing bits and thus we not needed in the

simulation progrea. For this reason the word lengh is 2

treated as 24 bits throughout the remander of this thesis.

3. The uea=7 storage capability consists of a 6000

rpm agn•tic disk with a stoe-nge capacity of 2985 words of

tehich 2728 are addressable. The contents of nemoy inclde

20 cold-storage channels of 128 sectors (words) each, a hot.-

storage channel of 128 sectors, four rapid access loops (U,F,

E,H,) of 1, 4, 8, a=d 16 wmords respectively, four 1-word

C: al-arithoetic loops (A-,L, ,J,), a!A two '-word- • nput buffer

CE/EE/72-7

loops (V,R). Cold-storage channels are those maeory locam-

Stions which allow data to -e stored only when they are

enabled by an extermal switch. However, data can be read

from Cum at all tin-es. Hot-storage channels can be used

for storing and rweding of data withwut an enabl switch.

A loop cnsists of a word or group of uords which are coi-

tlnusllY read ana stored on the disk as it turns. A 1-word

loop would be read and stored each vordtze. For a 4-word

loop, each word is read and stored In four wordtiaes, an

8-word loop is read end storea in eight -voidties.---A word-

tine is the asount of tlxe require& to serially read and

store the 24 bits oX a word. All portions of meior described

here have been imn-eued in the simlation proo-aa.

4. The D173 computer parlorios ce-puta-tiLons using the

binary mnt,-sr zyste!- •ith nz -- ative nunberz b•iJr represented

in two's co-plenent form (Sig plus two's coaplee-_ant).

5. l-e instruction set for this coaputer consists of

39 instrwctions. The m tewnic and octal coding for each

astruation is given in Appendix B. Also included with the

instruction set is the number of wordtims required for the

ezecutimn phase of ezch instaruticn.

6. The input capability of the DiT73 compter includes

acceptance of detector, discrete, increiemtel, and character

inputs. The detector input sets the DR (detector reset)

flipflop to "1" whn a true level is put on the detector

Input 11--e. Discrete inputs are trut or false Levels un

the d1scr~te iup!ut lines. Increzental inputs a" sampled

3

GE/EE/72-7

inputs that are incrementally a4dde to the input buffer

C loops (V,R). Character inputs are five bit codes generated

by a teletype or tape reaer and transferred to the D17B

on the character input lines.

7. The out-its that can be realized from the D17B

cmputer am bi.ary, discrete, single character, ilase

register so-,atus, telemeetr7, emd voltsage outputs. Binay

outputa are coputer generated levels of +1 or -1 available

on Ate binary outpat hlnes. A discrete output is a true

level which is put on one of 28 discre-e-output lines.only

one discrete output line en be at the true level at a tine.

Single characeter Is a ccm-_vter generated f ive bit code of

the 4 most signiflcant bits of the accaalator plus a parity

bit. !he character ouleqat Is nade a;•,-,.ble on output lines

for drivl- a elet-pe, a te p ch, or some other charactercode out,=.t device. F-w-se res-ister status Is the condition

of the paeregister flipf lops which is available for mon-t toring an outpuJt lines. Telemetry output Is the bit config-

mration of registers or voltage signals availabea ou-

put 1 for trnsmission to telemetry equipment. Voltage

output Is a cosputer generated analog voltage corresponding

to portions of the accuoulator contents which is made avail-

able an output lines.

8. Special featcrs of the D17B coa'mter inillde

flag store, split--word arith=-etic, and zininized access

tning. Flag store provides the capability of storing the

( present contents of the accumwlator thile executing th-

GE/EE/722-7

next Instruction. Split-word arithmetic Is used in per-0forming arttbtetio operations on both halves of a split

word at the same tize. A split word on the D17B consists

of 11 bitso K2ninized access tining is the placing of

Instructions and data in awwry so that they are avaliable

with u1inum delay from the disk emwry.

In order to have the DI7B coiwter simalation program

simulate the actual co-pu-er as closely as possible, all of

the foregoing characteristics have been Included- As a

result of this sinilarity, the. siminulaXI&Firon shows

promise for usefulness as a standard for an operational

D17B computer. By comparing the results of a test program

provided as input to both the 1---auare and softwam versions,register 2nd ins trtion execution rlfunetions in the

hardmare ver.icn can b- detected.

The D17B computer can be loaded uith progra and data

frou punched tapes. Ehe proran and data are plmched onto

the tape by a tape punch and a tape reader la used to

enter tYts info-=tion into the D17B computer. The sIzu-

lation pogra- is extre- ly helpful In the preparation of

these program tapes vhich are to be read into the DITB

computer. Mie simulation progras has the capability of

reading the sane Pumched tapes for input data as are used

In loading the D17P coaptcr. The slnnulation program tells

In the prepaation of progrzm tapes by detecting and loca-

" ting Invalid symbol.Piunched on the tape and by deusoda s

the pro,7an Instructions. To~e sioulaticri progran als a

GE/Eg/7Z2w7

the caphbllity to detect addresses incalw Infeaz7)

tht, ame out of raaro of the Present pm'grm bigriM,

These capabilitiez Lhave saimo~ the D173B capputer - alauation

Prograa to be very useful.

Thesis RN-1-ins. Chapter II or this thesis owatains a de-s-.

cription of the strucur aM oirganiiticm ot the sizua~tion

Progmam. fte funictions per-Po1=id b'y the min proman and

* ~subroutines are dice =csed and a description of the 7ariables

used 1n mriting the simlwaaioa pro rm 3gi.-PApeI III~ contain a dewcriptioxl 0f the sulwAstion laingume iutach

Is used as input data for tie s9usto 1rogr=a. Methods

* for crest~ng reogras to bs ran an the sirmlated, compiter

- ars gi.-va Emd a M~tb%-,* for creat-ing a shortened vwer.ion of

the blimi-ation 1-N%-muag is prescnted., Chapte-r IV conita~32s

- ~a listing of the error statenents provided by the simulation

PrOgram. CL'pter V acostains exam~ple progmas %Mhch ftve

been ruM an the is'ula ted. coptr Several proSS=m axe

I liUsted which show the types of output that are available from

the sinuuition progran. Chapte-- VI Is the coamiuluiing chapwter aund oota~nau re~ ations for additions to the siuu-

latiou Promrm to enlarge its capabilities,.Four appendixes are inclizkA with this the,3is to

provide additional inormation and clarification r& the DinBI COM2Nte10 SiLI~uation description. Appendix A contain %J - listing of the simulation progaa. Appsndix B "La a can.

- Pilation. of the D17-R Ir..tructicai set, and &. liat11t3 =A

description of the D17B load codes. Apppndiz C contaiin

6

figurea. for.aterprevin2g the simulation prOgrau output

results for bfr.-y, discree, and voltage outputs. Appezdix

D supplies Information for using the D17B simalation program

at AfIT. Also inoluded in Aunendix D is a c en-e listing

of the l• •iaaticin lnguagge.

t The descrint-on of the D1?B con-puter simaulatin progpram

presented in this thesis assumes the reader has a basic Imow-

ledge of the DI7B conputer and the procedures for ling

lt.---No attempt is mae to describe the DIB computer or to

describe D1173B p1ogrzasmn neethods. FoG-nLermation Voncem-

ing thtse areas, t-he reader should refer to references I and

- References 4, 5, 7, and S are the rm sources of

- information u!ze-' in iiia;the si-mlattion prograz2. lefý-

erencc 4 is a tr-xainir -'n-a1 for the D1? co=. ter UihIch

describes the i motons and operations of the computer.

Reference 5 is a collection of figures which show pictor-

!I •ally the D173 fumnt.ons end operations. Reference 7 is

an engineering rarial with a function breakdown of the

logic eqmtions end timinog diagrams of the computer

operations. Reference 8 is an Air Force Tecbnical Manual

contairnin all the logic. equations iplemented on the DIB

computer.

. 1.

IL

GE/FS/72-7

This chapter describes the organzatias•-strcture

of the D17B computer simulation program. In writing the

simulation yogram, tbhe plan *was to simulate the actual

computer as closely zs possible. This close correlation

between the actual cr-uter and the simulat• prograu

makes it possible for a user to use both the computer and

simulation program using only one set of progrma ng tech-

niques. Hocever, there are several- areas in the siuxzition

progrm nhers a quasi-Mimlation approach uas used. The

quasi.-sm!ulation approach uses the same register Inputs

and generates the sa-e re.sats, bat the methods of obtain-

r g the results diffcr.

C In p-e-nr.•.ng to irite the sl-,laticn program, several

computer sinulation Ig,&,ges were sti-Aied, the predominant

one being the Cox-•ute.- Design Lanwp.e (CDL) developed at

the University of •aryln-d. This lansLuge consists of

coOPUter elem-ets (register, •EAory, coumters, etc.) and

is described in the first five chapters of reference 2.

Portions of the DI3 coGpiter simiuation program Vere rLit-

ten in COL, but becauie of the xnavailablI.ty of a CDL

cowAler, a transfor.ation to the FVTM langug um mde.

The siw-0ation progran is mritten in the FoRTmN

fttended Language to te run on the Intercom System (tele-

type) of a CDC 6600 Cosputer syst4m. Instruotios for us-rg

the simidation prqo~aa at AFI'I are contained in Appe:iUx D.

Appendix A is a listing of the similation procram.

8

GE/EE/72-7

The DIT3 computer has several. codes and addresscs

wbich it decokcs. and uses i.n locdiner Pnd exe.,citthn a program.

harnatijh 'Napo (icitch diiagrranis) of' the op3ration -codes,

flair store eodle-;, lotcld codc's, anft chs~nnol ad~dreS.Ses are

sho-*m in Fijzc. 1 anOd 2. 'A2hcsc codes and addresses appear

in thc com-puteor in bina~ry formi. T~ho oparation code is a

f'our bit codo v~oO to db termrine the11. instruction to be

ex:ccutcd. 1111 flcag- ztoirc code is a three bit code which

dctmad~ncT, .Ihere flerg st-ore wi-li t-.te olace. The load.

codes are five bit codes usea in --d~a~-itthe

co~mptter. An instru~ction nd1drcss is a Oevean bit code

whfich ctr~: thic sector location of the next instruc-

tion. ¶iho instx-uction ch;annel adress can o-nly bc channged

(by usjin- a `UrCM'c-for ins'truction. A nvsbor adareoss

is a t2.ebit1 ccde i~hicw' consists of' a. five bit channel

des ignatlon, v&ia a neven bit sector location. Because

1?OrL~~inSt-rUctions clo not oyperate on bintary data, a cor-

relation bot-.7ean the oper'ation code, flag store code, load

coile, instruction nddress, ancl nu-mber address of' the D17B

comput'Cer aned a nu-Irber~ in the FC')Rl'PAA prog.ram had to be

made. This rolationship vwas rade by tntking each, codeo or

address Cand oh ingin- the binary representation to its

equivralent doecirIVO. i'eprosanta'ti.on. The deciimaIl represent-

ation 'vCas thon usocl vts t~ha dcsl griition f'or the code or

acidra:.!,P in tho XAiy 'ow;ram. Includled, on the cliarranis

in 'IU,;.-. I aI-'1; P. Mr0 the 1iAMrWy M'cnrostationq the

cjua~.-oc~ ~'c'rc: t~io ind. the 1-'GRTIC.d desigmation.

GVE//72-7

Operation Codes

(C.;) (1 0% 11 '( !W O9661- octal Cod*

Y-S~~~! FM US JOftTfAi besigniletm

Oi~u ol : ! OI 1:: l

S W. MP y MPM SMIA

SAD ADD SUE1 SSu

04 X-r-Pec 0;A STO -R

X-Special Instructions C

U iO 0'):j! %I riot 01U 0(1t! 001(ý:: 1 (C." M ) 0( C ($) ()DOC' BOB BOA

' , '...-

Rso F HPRI DOA: voc I VOB VOA12 t 1:t I tý *

IIFC EFC jLPR LPR1 LPR LPR

I7 - N C0,1 VI1 IA DID

C3,Y-Special Instructions C

ONco C cý: : C, j. ýOo! I C, I C c0-¶o) 0011: i 0101 0CCo I

-- ON -.

SAL ALS I1 SIL SIR SRfl 4IS, SAR

C. 0"iI ~ i~r' t~j 1 C..' "tl 1t?

10

GE/ EE/72-7

Channel AddressesC3

0C Ocro L, 02 I £U.c: 1 O 0 C2 C I ttj 00111, 010101 00i 00

00 02 06 04 14 16 1 2 101 2 4 3 ? 7

0:! 0 c. c'o,) 10;1 ci t ioi oC C.: 0 N'IItI Oii o0 0 oo1

20 22 26 24 34 35 32 30) 10 22 15 16 !4 1

110'.'0 lizcO.01i Ic .11":0 Vitio MUlt I 1t*1 I MOO(6&) (,2) (66) (6C.) (76.) (76) (72) . (70)

U A N L - •E " V2 -2 6 2- 27 PC -29- -

1C0 " IOh I 110 0 10111 I¢l01 1010010 10 ,., I(oCo0 tl ttO-.. , ,'.) (1 ) (52) (5.)

" 40 42 46 44 H E F .5017 2% " •") 2• '" :2 •

C2

Flag Store

-C13 . .v i (4.-..... • e•au cedeI OU81 0.4*t~ai1 le Code

Idle F 50 JTeienetr,|2

E L U H

SBa

Load CodesC,

SC., 0 . 00 itS(03) QI:• (c,'/) f .'.,

Ha•i Location Verif.y Fill

I COJ' ~ ' ( 1 0 W o, . )

o Comrput Enter D00101 Cleor

Cp,

SFig. 2. ~ tVech Di•ra,'*.w of Ciawnal AddrocsseG and FlagStoro and Load Codes j

GE/AE/72-7

A quasi-octal representation of the codes and addresses

I -.can be ria-de by Waing the binary reprq,eue,,-.ntion. a'--;"'snd° con- '

verting to octal. It is necessary to a.ssume pseudo-zero

bits in slpecific aoo.ztiona. The quasi-octal represen-

tation is discusscd. in the Dl7fl Computer Programning '

Manual (Ief 1:8). '2The samo type of corr.tion was a~so:

used in doei natin- a sector location in thq FOI,_YRA1.i pro-

gram. Fig. sheui, the corrcl.'ation that- wias made between

the -- loop, .- loop, U-loop, B-loop, H-loop and a spctor

location.--I I

The concept; usd in writirqg the simulation program was,

to have the person using it Provide: the same data to theI

program as he would if he wcr using thý actual! computer

in the lA-.boratory. The switches must bo turnod to thc

proper positions to a,-,,pi•1 loading anct con.butgIg. The

clata must bc error' free to successfully execute a program.

The type of display (register or memory) is speciflqd by

the user.

The D173 computer simulation program consists of a

main program and eight subroutines. The .rniil program is 'a

comipilation of thrce distincý "sections each of which ýer-

forms a major function. These three sectioAs are the

roading atnd translation cction, the nonco:nputo mod• co-

tion, and the co:mip'te node v01tion. 4.,.. 4 hows the proL

II,,ran: flow botwoenl rhone -OCt~iou- of thr, iftai• program and, .

tho sitbroutines. .... ' , ,

'J'ho oi n~rnz.Iioui nd. ,:lAructure of .•)-ch o01 tho.C ; ne 6w

12I

12 '1

GE/EE/72..7 .1 ..

,V-LOOP .

SSCTR" L LOOi . E-LOOP -LOOP

1 •14 FQ• .•d ) i . ". ORTRA,•'; ,,'1 I4. TfAN 4" ORT AN

000 '1 0 1 0 1 0 1

001 2 1 2, 1' 2 1 2

002 3 2, 3 2 3 2 3003 4 3 1. 4 3 40 0 1 1-

o04 5 9 1 4 5 4 5005, 6 1 2. 5 6 5 6

u006 7 2; "3 ::6; 7 6 7

007 8 3 7. 7 " " 1:....8-010 9 0 1 0 1 10 9

011 10 1 2 1 2 11i 101012 11 2 3 2 3 12 -11

013 ,12 3 • 4' 3 4 13 12

014 13 0 1 4 5 14 13

""(0 ' V05 ,14., 2 5 16 15 14

"016 15 2 3 ,6 7 16 15

017 • 16: 4 7 17 16

020 17 0 '1 0 • 1

5 021 18 1 2 1 *2 1 2

022 ,19 ;2 3 2 3 2 3

023 20' 3 4 3 4 3 4

o024 21 0 *4 5 4 5I

. I

170 ,121. 0 1 0 1 10 9171 122 1 2 1 2 11 10

11't2 123 2 3 2 3 12 it

173 1524, 3 1 4 3 ,4 13 .12

174 125 0 1 4 5 14 13

175 '126 1 2 5, 6 15 14176 1.7' 2 3 6 7 16 15

(1, 17 '128 3 1.' 7, 8 17 16

"•'• . 3t ' ; O V0,I 3 .;, ~natioin fc.,r a.,•lo'.',..l ndl lhAAW.-Word I,0oo1)11

13

GE/EE/72-7

00 00

c

-~I-

E CLEE

o no-

Ae oo 000

0 10

-J 93

4 ~ a.

0

I-I

J2& 422-0** ~ .;

11fe0 0

GE/ES/72-?

of the main progran win be discussed along with the f -

Stiouons p orzmed by each of the subroutinen.. The v•arlables

used in creatfrg the simulaticn program are also listed with

a sbort desciption of how each is used.

Readinif, azA T ~ nSeetci The reading a-ad trazz-

lation section is the tr•n•ls-ter end Interpreter portion

of the si=0lation Irogran. All Input data is red, inter-

iwetedq. and traslated in this portion of the =In program.

A tranf er of opmtion to the n-oncowate node or one of

the subrout4bies is vad to utilize this data. The pro-

ra~3ing language accepted as valid 6ata by the stmlation

progran is described in detail chapter III of this

thesis zAd ivill not be discraced. in tha following, descrim-

tion of the rc-1ndrt trcrlaio section.

The reading and translation section is ]-ysically

located at the t nn•in of th e sion. ateion prstoua. When

the sin•nation program is lad-ed for execution, execution

begins *-t the start of this section. The first output

produced by this section is a headikn containg the• •

name of the simulation progr=, the dae, and the tine

at the begining o,'vo executicn. The remainder of the reed-

inga• trand slation section is responsible for the reading.

Interpreting, and translatin of input data. Input data

Is read as alpabetic or ni-eric characters (]bllerith).

This data is then interpreted as octal or binary data, a

load code, a switch detigration (set-ing), or a niscellaneous

K ~input or oo=-armd. The miscellanieous inputs or co=;nds ameS! E15

G~E/RE72..?

I F

ILI

GEA/EBI2-7

F a-as,

Mot

OE

LOn

Q-1-

Fe..

Pi.6 Sic ntep-avo l J-cal

GE/if?2-7

I -1-

-- ~ L--z 4T _________

I I

I ____ -.-- J"

GVU/E72-7

responsible for a variety or timations whiich Incilue the

0 following: register and rje=1ory display, discrete data,,

IncreentI data,, setting of flipflops, and mode tracing.

If data is interpreteia as oct-al data,, binary data, or

a load code, a tranhslatioA is r=ade from t~he holler-11h

reekesefltatio!1 tc binary integer data c~msistimE or I's

end 0O--. Thils binary iterdalan Is then supplied to the

noracorwiite mode of th-- sirlud-tatiol projzren where it is

utilized. A switch designation re.~uits In a switch varia1 .ie

bein~g loadad with the designation. 8731-fcellareolr inpait or

conaand data re~buits In either the sto-I-ng- of input data or

the flazzinrs (settin!: to 1 or 0) ar varizblez iuhich control

progreu flow.

F harlt the ora~io an& ~.sttm-.ýuO

Vie readlmL and t l~~ser-tioa are sh-s;.n in 71irs.5

thru 7. Fig. 5 s~xwis the interaction amd in'terpretative

ca~blyox" the sinulatian ppraorap-: Figs. 6 *An ? alre

extensions of the flowchart. zls-oio in Yi.5 2nd shoir the

results of Interpretation of switch dasi,-atins eaid Ixter.-

pretatior- ol' niscellavneot= inputs an-zi co.-ms

No-Con'.orzte 21,01 1aec-tin'i. This SectiOii of Wse siwiiatinn

program zi=Lada-tese the nt~ncanrpite zzole of the 017B co~putar.

The nonemoipute raode can bp divided into tvuo cate-c'ries each2

performain-s a m-jor functior. Theos tU-o c:-ýter~oriez are non-

coapute load and n4.nco=zrut-a nanload. 771e non-cormpute nonload

fimeat ion corqrisze th fol Xo.iirr ncakc.: 2;rze:.ýre to operate',

'snc bit one 11" ;sT-c tit cw~tr2,~laia at

i9

CE/EHg/r2-7

and gprogrsa haltm. Iii the prepare-to-orperate mode, mode

C control Mlpflops ear~ initialized. i)uringr syna, -bit counter

1 anCi 2 modes, a synchmnoitzlng be'te-een the clock track bit

counter and the bits of a uord Is z.a-de. Trhe cmuul halt

sol2e is used Ai\r idling, p-zeparing to load, and preparing to

compute. The proaram halt mode is entered b7 execution

of~ a progran halt 1-siusrution. Tin no-nconpute load JOfunction

Is nade up of' the folla~irz modes: AL aIt2 , eprepeve to

senpe', samie codew, 8 I~rity check%3 and. Oprocxess code'.

.7%e w~ait rwde is used for idliv - kic -fa-inu

data. The prerere to sanple mode is centered when data is

detected on the inwt lines. In thespe code aode the

Input data is read. ;.:7e par-it7 chcl =ode Is used. for

c~eclinz the hinz,,ut data for ode- pai- T. t-e tC.-e ý Ac-~

node the input data -i: dccded ani proJ-ýzzed zccordinL to

the deciphered code.

Pini-. 8 Is a flow-h-art of Ithe tczae ,eibich

showj the pro.-r-an flow- betixen t~m~ze r_-des. This flowcimrt

uass ured In writing this 1-rt of t~he simulation prqZra=.

Kg.8is dre--m as a_ reitch d'Aai3-ar with t-he node control

Mlpflov ztzt~eu as tliu~ var'Lz%-b~cz. -P an aS." in

trac~~ hroh the nonce:;pute Z~Oi5 zection of thee sirni-l~ati~rn

progran, tUse modc- control flipflopz hvve been inclu~ied as

bein- set to r1 l or ',00. In the D~?3 cc rt-,ter Ithese

~iplom~e1~ ~iia1yset, hcn.,evcr, they war not needed

in. 'Ue C-imlIdatlen Fnrl.- ~1 osf the5 rcq1u1ýst! tl

20

GR/AE/72-7

w 4w4___ _ '2 cc 0

I_g &4c

a at

r C.

II

00

20z 0 2.fI

FI. a. *' Lcd -et-o Flowj ;

21

ON/EE/72-.7

H eA~

PREPARE TO COMPUTEowedI SUBKODE I

104J I ID=Oc o

ws~m

I £ I0I

maw j 0 mawK

C~O2 OIDE~ ;oBý"ur4.

-REPAR

TO LOA

I S-,~v

S~nw Kal Nod FniCh

9 1

IPROCESSICODE

I OCTAL Data

LOATO

vERIFse S

HALT~V PassRAIt-reDELETE 'ocs ~ Jcc ~~cir

as" E3

that occurs in a W4Rrea'lN yaroj-aa. TWo adltic~iam f I.ures,

PigS. 9 mA~ 10 havc been included Yaicn give a -further

bremkdo--m of the rroguy-an flm, in the ~Rnual halt* mods

of nonco-Lpute nonicad and In the 0%rocess core* wede of

noncompute load.

go~t Fcde Seqtjioix. tvAc sect'.on of the siumilation

IW-cgraza siwdaite thc ca=-it-- mode of the 1)17B ca=- uter.

The com~pute node consists of moles viblc~ perform fivre

major functions: snum-ber search-, Int;9er read",g

"Instruetion- sea~rcn', winstruction reaV, "-l "executem.

The mnriber search, number read,, instruction sea-ir., arad

Instructio~n read nod-e.s are eq7%xivalent to the "etch cyce-r

associated u-ith otr~her cc-puTLc~rs. The execut-e 3ode is equivi

ralent to th~e ex-ecute cycle. -'uber search 2An Instunction

search 1ox-tz Vie Eiz t-- =ýz in Uo~ hj le =-~bar readand instrumction reazi uodth~e locatca word fr03 memory

into a re~ister. ~Rxcute res-u1ts in the execution of one

of the 39 instruct1.ions In the Instructicn set of the D)175-

oonputer. The ccmp~itc uroZ. secition of the siclaltion pr~o-

Zrea- sas usri tteni usluZ ase a~bove functions. A flowschart

uAhich shthi tUe fr~a l.= in thne eowxite mode section

is given in ?i-. 11.

S~Oit1~~. ie sub-outines as-seci'--ted with th.e 017B

compputcr sizmulat o- g-ram were -,do for v1iree purposcs:

1. Thoze fimctioais i ui~ ere- ieeded several tints

throu7-.h the po r~i ere craat'd az stforautines.

)up

RUWLERS EARCHI

READ j

* It

Sr7

:1 1MCT

*mKE -%I

It w KALIH

waIe leLscinFoc-r

OREtfj?2-7 £

Subroutines falling into this category are Subzroutine MOAD,

subroutine liD arid Spubroutine DsPIAY.-4-

£ ~2. Those functions uhich are only jalle4 from3 one

place in the ='An progzram, wht dich ars or su~ch importanace

and imagnitude that a setmarte lo6ation is beneficial in the

o1¶ganiration of the simulation progran.- Subroutines in this

category are SubroutL.ne STORE., SV..outii~e A'AGS703 * and

I ~~:ubroutlne 1~7~Y

-3 iTose functions 'Which- ~i.not be u~sed very fre-

qn~ently'. Theref ore thn'y could bx-reoe dX4qtw -sbU-t

program If It *.as deiterziaedý that t~hey :wvre not really needed.This wculd res-ult. in z~decreazed nmeory core siize needed fbr-

execution of the sioliation, pmZranr. 11-o01ever, to be able

to Utilize all201 the i iconZeat Of the Dip,7 c~tiputler a~d

catez-ory ame Suk.imn M.:ým ?nd Subrioutine !;--

A -ftsori!)t~ica of the 1Tunetioni _erfored by t ft--

subroutlmor v&i'1 be jiven. The ordier of exuylzamtioc1 is the

order of appearance on the progream ]listbig located in

(.&TO) inztý,.uctiors rhich L.tares the UonteinLs of the acc-

xu.ilztor i!.: Zh n_%i-vy a~dr-ess ;if en !-n "AtS 12 thiru~l of

the in-.7tritetion re:'isc~e'. A rnor--'sl loaiin;: of m&zory ils

pazrfriaeii for till cN-,an-c1 iacrai 7_-.!onz e±icejit the sir-Lie

ut>rdwr=ezC.Ca1CLnpid chames Aell

25I

S

GE/E/72.-7

72;R-lop) Th stry-instruction cann~ot stolpe in single

o loopus. Storage, in ch1,Anels- 70 a~nd 72 provides th~e

* D1L7B with real tire control. Storage in chnannel 72 results

in a iiho-le vtord addition -of the accum-ulatow' contents. to

the ad~d essed word of tie: u-Ioop if the fine countdoimn

flipflop (FO) ~Is 101 Set. If F~is 01 set, a nnrmzl store

takes pla7,ce. Stopa-:e in~ cbhannel'.72 resullts in a Ppliz word

addition of the acb.,mThtor contlents to t,-he addressed word

of the H-loop i f i C i s ::0 setr, if PC Is 712 set n.a store

it allozzed." T'hi!;s -broutifie ca:n deteat-errneGUS -vrudh

settins r:hich ter.-Ainate the,-ýMpanrt~nt the main

:ibro'i -.Ae r) T-his P ~in rovides the fun "A on

of lo"4ainv the cbntecnts' o1r t:ia 6.cuna-or in..o addressed

m enor.7 locatio-s, 'the area-- or ;,ýsnryi tlat can bee loaded

by Mhe subrautinne a-ra: 20 cold-s tora~e r-ezory emaxmels

(channels 0-0 thmru 4i. e thostrge e.-017 comp-nel (chan--: nel -50)2 clmn-nel 2(!-o) cihrannel 54i (F;-loop), channel

56 (F.-boop), am-d chznncrl 60 (U-loop). 7'his subroutime can

also datecit erronieo-tz, s-.idtch settin~ ;;v:iichq will ter-.minate

the progrnm mim. A~ call Is =-dt t~hissurtiefm

both the non-ou-te --de SectLion and the compute mode section

of the m~in ywo~zra-.

* j~brranltbieoi'7 This s'wrouin prraform-s Uthe fumc-

iion of unlbnadin:: zn* ad-essed w-rd of mermory In to the

- -re~as ter. Te innonm~a ion zun~-.2deAd is' th.en- ved either

S * 2?

,,.4ct~.,& ~ - - -X

GE/Eg/72-7

as an ins hr!ctlor. or an operard number. This subroutine

can unload data from all z.Adressable memiory chazzinels * Data

unload~ed from c~hainels 7C and 72 is incremenotal data used

*for real time cont11rol. if the channmel designation is

either 70 (vI-looP) Or 72 C"'-loop), one of tw:o possible actions

can take p'lFace. Pcr. ti-e I-loop, if VK (incremental iniput

flipriopl is 102 set then nor-nal un-loading- occurs, houever,

if 4K is *I' set thlen the one's co~plezment of the V7-loop

is iloAded. The same conditions apply to the Il-loop and

the settings of -_1K (5incre-mntal input 4i oYThib -sub-

routine cain*detect out, of range co-nait-ions- for thle cold-

store-Sc and hot'--s toraý;c z'erory cliannels.

.ubroutiine ? 2r.This subroustine pe:!rfornns the11 fn-

tion. of decJip)-,ri=n- flavr sst-ore location~ bit- (bits 17, 1Sq 19)

* of the L-tstructicmrc. ittn and. sterinX Ithe contents of thi-

a..cu~ib-at~or in t~he dci-ohir-ed cba-inmel at tkhe sector addre~s

associatcd -An- the excciti-Aon of the present, instructionz.

The fl.ý. store codes pr~ efor storinS in tVic uori

channels: hotU-s tora~e raenory c1-±aniicP~l (channel 50), chrannel

52 (-*--loop),, chv'-anel 54 ( !i-loor.). cia-_el 56 (E-loop),

channel 60 (V1 .nd chwirral 6'*. (I-regis ier). i'Mie

-emainrz tz~o flag stoure possibilities are flag store

tele.-kr;-r sioal an~d _Clag, store idle.

Stih'wt~i.le DiJVi:ýY. Cubfroutine2 DI.S.PL*Y provides the

simuPlation pro7ram with the cnapability of displa.7ins the

binn-ry co--rAen2Ls ofl all ra-ist~rz nnd loops. Thnis -jubrow'.'11ne

28

iGE/EE/72-7,

has wo entry points, 111THY RM1 and EiTRY PRM2. Entry point

liU1 is called from the readiL: and translation'section ofthe main program and performs the function of interpreting

the argments given with the register command. An argrment

consists of a register designation enclosed in parenthesis

iMlediatelyv followbnrg a register coup~hd. If a valid arg-

ment exists) the a-•lable llegistr is set to one. Registr

being one set allows the min program to denote a register

or loop to be dizplayed.- A call to entry point REG2 is thenMads to deerveine if the contents of -that,,-rA= jter--or loop

should be displayed. REn-try point Ri-2 checks to see if the

register or loop was specified in the register command arg-

-et, if not a return_ is made to the in prcfTm. if it

- - was specifica thuen its c~rteni.f3 -ill be displayed as outz-ut.

SbotL'~ ':~.This subroutine pro'ides the c&e-ability of dispilaynr'; tl.e contents. of ne-ry (0hann-=!s 0

thr-u 30) ubenever the cr"ycoz---n is specified. Ro

entry into this subroutine a check is mAde of the memory

cov ar-d • t to determine ii the display should be in

OCV1l Or biu~ry. ~aienmory co=-n-& argumen-t consists of"

either BI"-.RY or !.'XL balng enalosee in ,arentt.es., vie-

iately follo-in, a m•eory coaAnd. If no argunent %as

spezified, the default condition of OCML is used. In

dir"playinlg the contents of Denor-y, only those portions of

iemorY Vlit have been written into since =caory was last

initialized -ill be zsho.n in the out-ut listing. i.ezory is

initialized by .m'.itin:; t-n deciml 9's into each word of

29

C-E/EE/72-7

t-emo!y. 'This ccondi tio'n is then ch'-,cked to &eA-ruine If the

Crcontents have c'han'-ed, and if they have, the cchtezits of that

location are Printe,& as output.

Žb2;; )3~3*This subotn provdes the cap- H

abili tyof ene ingdi~screte date and storing it for usein a Proranr uzinr thne discrete input Instructions (DIA or

Dfl3). uotieDIZSCSM-!Z has two entry points, r"I'TY DISC

and MITRY D-1~ En try po-int DISX is called~ to interpret

and tr~iislate- X-.r-is crete i--u s and -s tore them 1for use

daiap~ro_-r,- mu:. 19 13its make up each -X-discrete

input. A ~aimmr of- twn X-dilseratee input requests 13 allo-wed,

because t"Im stomrage s rea data array in the ?F3~iRIRAU programiz; dizen.ic.'-e-d for 10.

Fntr~y pi-n±i ;r:;i c-Iled to interpret and tran-s-

late!-ci~c~teinput1s ZZIr,am~. :cach Y-discreta irnvit

consis ts of 2, hi ts. m*- uz of ten Y-discreete inpuat

r&ques ts is a-DLO-, boc0r the stsrasge are-a C-Pta aarmy

In the T i proj;,:crrim izs dinensioned. for 10.

~ -fhis .ubroutine prLovides the cap-

Ability for ei.t-crin.. lincrerental data into the fotmr wcrdis

of the '-lo r t! he_ four words of the 11.-loop. Subroutime

I~G-~2~~ icas ti;o en try poxbit L~ inaT~ Ir.C3 ejd Z7TT2Y IIX";.

Satr-. Pol~t- __; is czJle-1 to Inter~rm-t m%- translate

30

GEEE/ 72-7

causes -lord 0 of the R-loop to be loaded with the new data.I•.) Additional Inputz fill Nord 1. ot 29 and word: 3 withne

!data. This sequence can cmntinue indefinitely.

Entry IC-1 is called to intnrpret and translate V-Inc-

revental inputs and store in V-loop. Each V-incremental

input request is composed of 24 bits. Four V-Increwmtal

input requests f1121 the foiw words of the V-loop and

additloi"ri input requests cycle through the four words

agpin fillivn then with-ne-- data silar to the R-Ioop.

31-mu1atio!I Kmr- Vari.ables. This section contains a

compIation =1 -descr!iption of the varWables used. In the

D17B ce.-nutr si.nL-ation progr. A conplete alv1betica1

listr-! is r•-rde of the variables ulth desci-iptions of theiram r-n uses -.-IthinV. te pogra. Several of the variables bhave

* been used for nore Utm cue Iimction. They are described

as baying no rizzr ge. Fort these artticular variables

and several other., the reader should refer to the computer

printout and note the use rm of them in each Instance

they lave been uscd. The variables dhat ere in this categor

are distcsced at t,e end of this section.

* Each of the -ariailes in the simulation prog=an are

Integer variab•les or1 have been declared as such in an

PIT-Br- stateLemn, except the variables "Volts' and

"Voltage" t•-3iih are real variables.

The ast•r. nd description of the variables Is a•

follous:

-" A(24) - Acc-'--l-tor, consists of 24 bits.

3

GE/EE/ 72-7

-Carry, 'borrow flipf lop.

B~li~IY - inaxy=-O represents octal desisnation.2_n~Iry=1 rep-resents 'bi7]ifijý-esi~gnation.

C(5) -radchannel regi-ster, c6nbists o-. 5

CD( 5) - Cýpammd channel buffer register, consistso1f 5 flipOflops, copies thie 5 least sig-izificznt bits of instraction register,f~or 71'special ins t-.Utions.

_C 2 Contains 22iT channel designation.

Us-v& ranilY for - -U - rrd iou code

dzsigat-ion.

Cc';;-24~C2,2) -Cozacm. rz~istcrs used for storage andr-~'~ti~nof inro.-mation in1 Prozra:'.

T?5 7- Lhs~cion c~;~lre_-ister, consists

D(5)~ Di):'crete otutru';% nazistmer, consists of"5 f Ub qpz~.

-i)i~cate _-Itch.

DI:;Z;^- &t to '? :-uh-n out-pt u7lU be disp~edto hia speed printer; set to "lo other-

D2-(eeto-raa i-loopccnsist

- ?-Loot&, conz-ists of a. iords*

FM - nit ot.o: uords.l

-.lvstomre eettor desi--=tor.

- ~ ~ z~~a hl rode to F_; or L~

32

(3B/Ec/72-7

switches to amnual halt mode.

Ci GO3) - Binary outmat regi!ter, consists of

* 3 '*Ii--flo -O

H1(16) - H-low, consists of 16 words., ;

IH*LTj - Data word cantaining, hollerith

charactews rAAALUT.

HC.D3(0 3) - Data array which contains hexidecimalc~,de 1'or nizaers 8 thru 15.

1(2'J) - Inmstr z.'Ion rjteconsists of-. 2-4 nlipr'l-ps.

I~iL. ~ C- tabn.cl-a~ t .- z72L1') !desiZ~aiou

iii - FeCharical in-mat s-.itch.

Iii~Z -Set in maiihl ode to flag 11NS'nitch, to -miul nlt

Sav%- to Cas-lZmae nemory data to be-un!,ade into !ns truc t&io'z- re-sisterrather tiL-m m~Z-.ber r~zir

Is ~ -Cont-ins calculated e.AiL!-H desi~rition.,for smtr'uic-tionm sector.

Ii~(In-oinut trw-snission lines, caiitcins thelj bits of imror-s-tion arA a parity bit

which mkae up the input data foa' ctal

ana lead cedes.

- Conpute mole saiitch.. thre-e*%sition

H- I i- Set to 1 by an UPY! bisracticm, used inprox-3an cont-ro-1 after an Hi~ii instructlonhas bz-e.'i e:,eclitA-.

- .et to I b.7 -- H."-a instruct'on, use~d tofl~-M: switch. to zX05mran imlt L-Zd!

"433

GE/EE/72-7

K-Ai~f- Set to 1 in im.nul halt mode to fliag X

Q suitch or 7 sigm: to mawial halt mode.

L(24) -Lo-wer _iuztr onsiTe o'f 24 bits.

- ontains nmb~er of executIoiis specified,.has a default of 50.

- omt±x Uthe mizber of exzecutiomi in

co:.qpt;e6_ ýodaa and cow!mres with t&m

rn'vbg~r specified.

T;(12892!) ;- ;emory storag;-e arrmy, con:sists of 268-3-- ~sores "Ahich inclrdes cold-storage and

hot-ztoivý--e mzx~ry.

D- Ist.a crrvy ~-aith X'ZISC1-.coda design~ation

for load codes.

:- et to I1.-IneCn irim.A is to be in 2 ZCII.'

-codv; set- t,- 2 viihn :--SCiI:-code is to be-

raa,6 frt32 s~ et to 3 ~ithn ~~

coic S.s to be rea~d from Tape_-; re-settoo 0 tt en!d of 1-ce

_Ve -S-z.;c'Ch (;;mz-ntpar7 on yt)

44~~ ::umber ra.-isto', ecnsists, of 24 'bits.

r.- iv!%I ew~. otzdinimr hollerith

- Zii~d;;c~lcv"atedi~h desivp4ion

for cj-raiqd chzxrlel.

at ccom of 73.

DaThta w;ord c ii~ ~'r~

S et to 1L in a -ii-pp t~a~~hen Iattal errorh-.- been.~ rra te.r--ir.-ates rw

- ujxan ret~rn to t,:zin r~ri

GE/EC/72-7

VIN1ES - Data vo-id containing 9999999999, used to

Qinitialize memory -and detect out ofrange conditions. - -

HLIST, - Data array containng declivu- Integers

othru 9, used in detecting valijdavrgumient In execute command.

Nix'aiz2 - D)ata wiord containing~ hollerithCIMM terr (2.

i~RE(1O) - itra z~rray contahnin- hollerith

ckmracters of the registers and loops,,- -uzed In di-splay-Ing the contents of loops

and regis ters. ---

MP.7133- Data wordl cor tainiin hollerituh

cracter .

1IS3G -- Co-atairas calculatcd,?~3~ desi-f3nationA ~for opera'id sector.

V-sUa ini saverl dii'remr~t a~iair

Vu*1;-hout

Wi(27) -kt a ~r-. u:s:c d ~in a y f or L-t er pre t I4r-ta, ma".tch settIng-Ss, and eow-na-jds

~~~)72) - A ara s-ed to store 72 ciparactersofintiut data1 -shich ame to be intervprateil.

OM Ci r~tion-coc1e -.Wrage regi-ster,, cons~ists

of l4 fliicpslz-'.

Data iz-ord contairnZ7 holl-crithchF-ncters %

-Data worod conttaullz;: Octza± Ona.

i (3)-irer:ier con'sistzs of 3 fii~s

35

GE/WS72-7

thirough prozrazm.

0PR1 - Power or-/of f switchl.

P.(4)- 2-loop, 3ineremental inp~ut loopconlsisting o-1 4j to-rds.-

BEGUiO) - .~ryw-1Aic Is set by register coZrmn21dto display those reAisters and loopskiven as arigtmen-ts.

RMEIST - Va-riable ui'hich contains the code of theregister or loop that has juist changed

RI Comt-- mrini r ofi- remetlios toR2-looP, reset to 1 at coimt of 5

Ri: -R-loop incramenta'1 fi ipx' op, can be setto 1 or 0 by prZ~s input.

RUM ~- Data tzr c~ofntgaimn5 hollerith

SO(O) - 3'3a- co-dz ~ br merr ster, corsists of3 fip~~pi ued, in cawacatirZ loca-

zticn to -;±-ich Ai~ oeull take place.

'ECT~~ lsed imirP-1 to contain FOHr2A43 sector

desi~tallion.

SIGNAL -. iaLeset oy s~rsal coiw-,nd, if' set

to 1, inodess of operation will be traced.

SIR3La D-Data word cont-a-imirr bollrith.

C-hamacters WSfl--IS1.

T Tii=-nz-,sgnl (zonentary on).

TRAS -Set to 1 b-y TAinsatrction, used Incontrollinm ,ror operation after a.- A iciar'i oa has been executed.

TZICý - et , I. in *.:,it m~de, used to flaL

36

GE/tE/?2-7

U -- lpconsists or 1 word.

;- -loop, bicrermental input loop which

conzists of 4j uords* .

71 Counits niribei' of incrementaf biputs to~-lopreset to 1 at count of 5.

l -Toop increnantal fliptlop,, can be set

tcD 1 or 0 by p~rogram~ input.

!c() -Voltaire oittprat regi~ster., consists of

8 £~2Ons.

- arizable ussed imn calculating namlog

voltn.- _ desiirnated by ccnent- o

-DMitt armay -LAich contains nm~berrs iz.ed

~I2- i-riable -..hicb is set to the num~ber of

i t,....r ;se recv -red for e~e='&Ao.. C'L

Z(1,0) - rrv- -L-ichi stores _:.-disCreta .- e nvut; ;L

Xl- Co-mat.Z number of X-discrate inp~uts,rsaximm of" 10 is a~lloed.

xi - CoIMts Pn=be-r of -X-discrete in=-ts -iised

in ror-0-ain rhe -ater than ;U itassiz:.* ralue of -,I.

y(Pi4vio) - Skri-w imich Ztoras Y-c-iscrete input, data

to used in pragram rt m.

Y-1 ~ - Comits, ninbeer of Y-discretee inpaits,a;'~iof 10 iro allod.

Y1 - Comulitz: ntz-b.-r. of Y-dizscrete inq-ts- rzsed

in prOFI-rms uh-C GreateOr thsn YI it

3?

GE/JZ/7.a- 7

ZERO- De!t- mr0d contalunhi, o:t&IL zero.

The Liajor portion of the variatles-imcludA'in this

listin~g bave the same neam as ipsed ift the 1)17?Boýditer

literatmw6. ?ort co.-arison puarposes, tha reader Is referred

to the doci--enitz -.-rtzULa.g to the D)173 coaputer listed In

the G&Ylicgrsr21y. Ozer 6:110-Il1;4)

The follavisg variables. some of whick appear In the

above list.Ir-S. have, been =iz2d Ia. several different apipli-

cation3 In the siraulati"on program: - ;ocie' 9o RC?7',UN~ Ia a a yr. a W. -

Se~tI ifKera*3

.0 and 11 61 n !ess variables have been pointed out

for those interestea in wadifyiwz; tie alwalation progrew

or for those Intp-restrc4 in ithti~Uo sim1Iatloa

projram an a diffei-ant c~trsysteis.

A descript;ion. of tbie or Zaization eid structure of the

D173 ~optr ~ ~ or-mg h-t bceen gived In this

chipter. Vie naxt iarza to be covered Is the sinulaticn,

language accepted by thie sizmulation Jprqggram.

GEAEE,'72-7

Ill. ADM~ QcmuVg!ý r =,e~2i LJ-S=Ja

This chapter describes the sivjation-!3vi-tv~ under-

stood43 and acceptea &t by e Mr-M-4 coitcr*k sxmUatiort Prop'ua.

"mh siulaust-on Ung-unge- Is tl1,, input iata to the siprnlaz.&-z

progra~z. .Fe-t--oi for the --imiiated wmm-t sd ar,%

disciassed aoIi-.- rdith a smeL~t1 far' ci'estJ!- a sbortene&

verolsn of the gsiEz~d;Lz.m '2=~-3a. Error detectira cap-

abilities of Me ro~~ axie prsented in chapter

IV. Chaloter V wil Vr*:se.t so exrezples of pmrzar~s that

hava becen run almr, uat± the t-pcts of otzt~t that. are avail-

For parposes of prese-at-ationk, the sir'iitioa progmen

lazig- a: Is divIdL4 I~nt- tý-.e foloA.In categgorleu: ibr

an&. lozA~ Cv)¶irZ, w3tehfYXv ez1- i ±'-o¶ mputs andJ

commmrs. A Cssempt-icn of ths cemants ofP Use slundation

22r=-~ein eachl ol- %l!ese cate-Zories wIll be F,-.ven along uliih

gtideli-,ez for uisln! eaich.

Rimbers and 7,2ý ie!_* Te 3rkbesr sys tes mA~ loat coddes

v~oeptsl by t sim izlatiom pro:-,'-a~ ame:

Octal. ac-ibers -0, It 2, 3P 4, 5S 6, 71

Binszyrn2er 0, 1

Lo--vd Cv-les - RAIM, WLo.TIO2S-2 FMLL V3IER, CeXPiagA,j C1&I D2!.ST' (L descxrjtric- of

"'h i/oad. Cocz:: Is givieu !.u Ji-pexndi. h)

'Three differenit representziiZ1lons of Ulm nwubersa~r nI cd

coler can be specia"lic'. By ,ifin OC-TAL, dg Y or

lwU~ ani ootal repz-ýsrntat~on. a %1iLm" -.pr.en1taltiomt or

35F

GE/EE/72'-7

an ASCII representatior. of the numb~ers and load codes Ican

be used. T'he representat.ion of te numbers pzi4 qG1ca codies

in the three specifical.1ows are as foUotws:

Octal - Binary ASCII-ýepre-eritatlwio R 3 sDen!tation- "ipeetat on

Ruibert- C 10000 0

2 00010: -2

5 101011

6 10110

7 001117

7-Lw Zcdodes- HEid- 01000 8

11001 9

C-:. T 11010 <

01h11

-. uj-,3

WhenEz C-ý! L is s pecif''ed .qw--bers and load codees n ust -b bn h

Az~Cl :~aret~t1. ?.z ba-eas to ba runi on thne D)173

4.0

:~caitr ire in t~he ASCII representation. The defaul~t

specificaktion 5s CCTAL.

*To terminante ani octal or !binary representation, aUl

that is i'equireii is to zspiebify. another- representation. 'TO

ter;inat ant A';CII representation renuires that the letter

8H be supplied after the last 5C1inputsmbl Doing

this w~ill cause the pro!;M!.- to rtv.ert to the octal repre-

sientatioci or binary representation -Aich it had before A-ii~i

The default srecification is as~d4.a. ro'results

in~ pr`Qgrra!Z ter=r2'mat'_Gn, ,if the p-azcr swit-a is turned off,

or if is svecifi ed.

Swi c 8 With. th-e sirlulatiolk lngmge in this Category it

is n ossible - to sneciIr -itohle- and designate a setting, or

code_ .MeSmuto p~~. i-2 accept~s these s-;-itch desig-

nain and Provides -this i~iforP--vion to prog-am variable:,

associatved '-'ith the sw:itcher. -

TIAle form for spe~cifyir sithe is as followas:

where s-dlitc~h is the desifxated cwritch iLnemonic nane, and. iirr

is the e-.itch settin4 or Lxxe position 'of the switch.

- Te switth'es ad.1 allc,ýed. sett!YLZs are as follows:

______h Switch '~I'enon1ic Zz Settir=-

TiigT ( ON(i'? -

GE/EE/ 72-7

M aster Reset Switch

0 Cold-Storage Write Switch &I(OiN), I W(OFF)

Discrete Switch DD(01), DD(OFP)

Mechanical Input S-Aitch I:(Q.)

Compute Vrode Switch gu(hA7), K(SIGLE), K(Rbi)

-Tinbf Siz__l. The timir-3 signal is produced auto-

matically for the octal and ASCII representations. There-

fore T(C0N) need be used crly after each binary representation

of a number or Ic•d code. The ti.-mng sigr-al Is-tned off

?c~er L/MOff teh. The powier switch z•at be turned

on after eacha loadinng of the bina'y deck, end this must

be done before tŽhe rast~r reset switch is turned on tc ':rc-

vent an s•mor ! pogram terz•--_ tion. Gnce the povar switch

is tlrned on, it remains on until it is turned off or the

pro,-grar is halted and %ZcZDi OF 1r2C*RAiiL' is printed. Zhe

default condition for the power -aitch ir CITF.

Initiate L-oadin S.r-_tch. 9"iis switch is turned on to

initiate loading a-rA vuts the simulation program in the

wait mc.de of nonconpute. It is a mommentary on type switch

and is turned off by the program.

Cold-Ston---e lrite Si'itch. The cold-storage urite

switch is en on/off type switch that allows writing on the

cold-Stora.e channels (cha-anels 00 thru 46) of memory when

( turncd on. ibo-n the suitich is off, no .Tritin; is allowea

142

GE/EE/72.s7

and aniy attempt to write will cause an 3-bnoormia3. PJwo,!am

termkI'ation. G-nce i(C)has been specified this condition

will remain until it is 'Aturned off or until the programz is

halted and 2)CY Y1 is Printed. Ime default con-

dition for the cod-stor.a;e write, 3witch Is GET7.

r~iser $Sidtch. The master reset switch is turned

on to Pin tiv-1-ize cartain flipflops, syvncrhronirze Use bit

counter and sector track, lead Vine instructtion. register with

atran--sfer C-2,1) linstruct-i" to chainel 00, sector 000, and

noneo=-pte. The 7-tps ter rs-:zet switch is a nonmentary on type

jYh .. i'iscre-' SuItch is an O'u/off,

V ty ith ~allcz ;ri niz th-2 hot-s tcra~e chrnnel

(ctane 5) d ~z3n allm.- discrete outeus -e

turned on. 'ejh-er this swit-chl is o---? no .mriting- is allowed

on c5v-nnel 50 ana any at- tmp to i-ri te will, cause an

ab-nor.-al -Droz;r,-v ternia-1a-on. Al~so -0hen Lhis suitch is offno discrete c!;trsuts c-n- aR*,e-r which will be refliscted in the

outputl. is tir; 'by the jprintin.- of fh ollouwinZ; statement:

Once Dc:)has bmenn specified, this ccndition .All rema-in

until it 1s t=u-ný, ofI" or x-int.1 the r~a is halt-ed ant,

c~i ?~.: m'is Dr-rrtcdi. S'le deýault co-ardition of the

i:e~nical In~ut 3.:iý.ich. 71he mechanical Input suitcsh

is used, for vuttl-nt- the com-Dutter Ln the wait moae of non-

co-rputa from' the idle s-tboade of mnual halt. Uhenevei' IiM(oii

is s!Zeckfled ito vus2-t be folio-wed. by an 2(i)to put the

comuputer in V'q ~--ai t ;xe iFailixe to do tPic causes an

abnorireal pz-oi-rz- Merain ~e mr-Ccnanicall input switch

will be i:;:ed --;ery infý,avuz.;tly. 'The r-echa!Iical input Cswi:tch

is a snomentar-=. on an!e:ic d is tur-ned of.&Pf by the

~2~te ~ S'tc;* h- cG-xz:-zr-e rnodie swiitch is a threa

position s:a'hthat c'-- be set at. J-i -K~2, or ii&iŽ

Positic'ns. V1h t. Ssk,-I-Ch set- ate the !L-1LT pasi-ticn # only

Lf-mcwt-ionr -i-i tinc ntrd%-e can- be pe.-fo.rIn. Settin!:;

K ~~the s.idt'Ci at Via ~L or ~U-3ro-iti-ons allw~zs the c-e

to enter thB cc~t zc If th-e ;ithis set to th-z

~i~ ~stC7,--r2 instructiLon is exe''--Ue iTA the co=-..ý6

rcodle. 'Yhe nexti. r'c&: is st~red in the inctructdcn

rei~zte.- zm tlhe 51ilae omput-r goes thrna twhe program

"I alt zoe to ~h =nl ha~lt riode to imit for furth~er suitch.

sc~tzt-ni;;s or ccziii -he SI:,*,%;*LE Position of' the ccm-prte

made St.i-itc is nznentaii' c-.i ty~v-pa the proz.ran returns zheISwitch to0 t7e ...-~: , it--m.~ the Compu7,te node s-ditchis cet. I.o the ii;JiN pOsi tion, cont ousDr oparation occurs in

thce cO~n-,re -A,3 . =-Itil -.n i~ h~tand- Procced) instructicr.

izco~eiio tn~ io.-r is abno.-n-lly t-rairatea. The

C=,nue co-dit-1n O

44A

"G"qiE/72-7

,:iscellane%.,* Inputs and Con_ _r._ The simulation languagein this category pro ides -,an:I functions that are unrelated

but were not o; sueh tinortance to warrant being in a cat-

egory of thei-. cn. The fm-ctians that uill be described

in this catezory area -isted as follows:

Hel.iste-r and rie•ory Diiplay

Incre-:rental in"u-"

Discrete inputs

N-ode rc-'g -Execution ecificatons-- ---------- -

Settinr- c£ iwlipflops

Ini tialization

[iste.��adr--1 ' play_-. -hi.e bin-aary contents of

ani eof tVe ree7isters (iJi,:) or loops (iFiGi,•,) can

be displayred by use o- t,- regis.ter conn.The res-Izte.-

co•-rA h-zs the £ol :!rz forn-:

where Ar, is a list or fhe rZist-ers and/or loops to be

The ra-ister comnd can contain from zero to ten

specificva-tieos in the ar-urceft listing. A valid spec-

ification is one of the follo.•in.r, letters which when:]• specified w.ill display thqe contents of the loop or reZ-

iter associ--ýted u:ith it uheneoer the contents of that

register or loop cn-an-e in a proý,aa run:

•# I 5

GE/EE/72-?

Srecif fcaticmi Re-ser or !L-PDisipl--ed

i ccumdator~

I Instruction Zlesister

L Dxwer Accpimulator

Ii iwm~ber Riegister

UI- 1 001) (l-word loopD)

F F-loop i4-iword loop)

S-loopD ([8-vord loop)

-- H H&-loop wi-~ord loop)

V 7-~loop ~1 -od~~tio~

R E R-looz (1 i-wc~rd input loop)

Thýe argu-men-s o" th:3 re--is ter co=-Pnd can be setr-ratedi

by com __ or ble-riks vr the:, ba re placed one after anctoter.

Exanplez: iT&(.i!. ildiplay contcn1cm~s Of

"ISTg.. ý p-loopg ;-l-oop and accu--

be displayed.

The default, con-lition for thie register commnd Is

BEUsT) . The default conmiition is assume--d each ti-, a

progiran run is tter-mL-ated =adr~re input, data is supplied.

Therefore if register display is iuanted, a re~istcr command

nLSt -0e US-d eac. tirS &.ta iS rentCre-4

T~o display Lt.~e contents of cold-storage and hot-stora!;e

'~n1- (cOni P~O thru SO~) of ;neeory,, a r-emory co=and

is Used. The ha-- ~~ zs thbe follctiiin; fora:

1*6

-. -I-I I -i , i

GE/ER/7-7

whel'f Arg is the typ, of display requested, either BIM3I

or OCTAL.

If the ar-g=-unt is not int-7uded or incorrectly spec-

ifled, the 4efault for Ar-g is CACML. The memory comIazd

can be used anyzhere bithin the program.

Examples: hi.-),X(ML!RY) Hiemory display will be in binary.

Hemory display will be in octal,

Incr.ý-ental lrM- zts. Ae-cause the sirnilatio-n- -'ograý- does

wrot have real time control camability, provisions were made

fer e-teri-ng eata in the V-lcop a•d i-.'-p. Tni. data

could then be used in t-he proCri •ing c e siated c0n-

puter as thcu-2i J 6 hp-d bree:z: s-4p!!ied uncren-_ritally durinr-

SIreal ti-ze prcs aSIL.

The frnof h.i -a ru--st for enterfrg Incremental data

£ is:

Loop(Arj1

were Loop is either V or Ri a-- Arg is 24 bits.

For Arg to fill the whole ,,crd of the "-loop or il-loop,

it should ccr•ain 24 or mrz bits. Any bits above 24 are

1inored. An bits less t~han 2-'. results in the least sig-

nificant bits revaiaiT.Lg inchan;ed. Stovzage starts with bit

24 and continues to~rds bit 1 until data is exhausted.

Invalid bits are assu-ne. by the pro-ra. to be zero

and a ressa!:e is output to this effect. T.e first incremen-

tal inazt request sto-r- deta in .-.ord 0 of the %i-loorp or

-K -" it-loop (D;hic'er is bin.: fillcd). The zecond request in

4?

GRlE/W72.-7

word 1, the third request in word 2. the fourtn request in

.word 3. ;dditional requests start over wV-h moi4 0 and-_. .. .. -. '

repeat the cycle. Sa* tul, -r.- t prcgram terminates for

more dati., the I-ro- _7, is initialized to start with word 0

again. I t !s possibIt; by ic:b no data in the ar~um-ent

to skip numme.-s uif;h.ut c1"_-fljZ the -previously stored data.

For readability tlan. are a .nored in the •rxwacnt portion

of the re4qu.-st. The data can there-.eore- b%- arranged in an-,'

r-roupings desired. -

B-amlea: --AMOO 0131 C•O Oil 100. ''(1 iT"f 'MaTls reauestfills w-or' G of the 1 -lxLp . ;!tn thia bi•Lm y da-tagiven in ar-went.

40) ,11 .1) 70 (,C.-3O01ll,1 03 0 11111i) mi-Sr-uest w-z-s . ords 0. 1,, a.. 2 of the 7-3o1c to

Z " , - 3 .--- , e..1 wit" we

Dascre~ " .. A .. etinputs are -n e•cs4er to

Su•I~ly data fcr u i a (u) iscrete Input

and biscrete intut %3 .nructic-ns.

The fc rn tf the i-.,,trest f o- enterln= di"crete Input is:

where Type is the tyof ci:.crate ir-p.iS, either X or Y, and

Arc is 19 ba-ts fr X-dlscr-te iap-uts an-. 24 bits for' Y-dis-

crete input.r.

For 4C-: to bc v,-ild .it wast c.ont-ain the num-er of bits

required for the in--.t type. It car contain rcre bits thr.n

required, because exccf~i-ve bit Lamavoe tho~se zr"U~ired are-

ji-mored. I1' not entuh bits are szipplidi, how-ever, the

lrrorxam rill uze tVm- dat. L-cyc-na the roie.t until the proper

4s

77T7- Q-_ - ->- -!*E---

CE/Eg/ 2-7

count is reached.

Invalid bits are assu-ied .Ly tCe program to be zero and

a message is output to this effect. A mximum of ten X-cis-

crete init requests and ten Y-discrete input reques-ts is

allowe6 bafor- the stora:e area is filled. Additional

requests are i.-no,•d, l! ut r s.'ues t fill the s tc ge

array in requeent-a" or-Ger "irox 1 to 10. Provisions for

refilling the disce'te storage array once all ten storage

areas have bten filled is .;i-wen in th.e initialization por-

tion of this section. ------ - .

"in uslhn- the sto3-ed discrete_ inputs, they are used from

1 to t~he hic-hest ninber stored. -A.ddit-ional requests beyond

the highest n er zxesuits in tVhe proZ-ra- using the hiZhest

=umber stored an -- sss-~e is or-ýZtp'A to this ecifects. :e-

Uever "t arhmoz-gZal terz~lati e1n- 010 th~e ~rr.ram- is 2-de o-r th-e

.poer switch is turni. offs, the counter for using, discrete

inputs is init-iali--ad to 1.

1dode tracin-r. Eode traclng is used in deciphering the

contnts f a prrar. in the rinoco~gute n~ode, the m~odes of

operation are listed as output. In the compate node, the

Instruction bein- executed is lister! as output and a flag

store is indicated if it wiaspr ed

The mode tracing careability i- requestel by a signal

cowmand with the followin: fore:

-"eneve,e~ is s'_-:Ified in a D.c.ra.. , it flip the

r=presentatirn of a variasIe fr 1 to 0 or 0 to 1 depe-ndi:-g

49

GE/EE/72-7

upon the value it had when the signal co~mrand was given.

C iiode tracirn- is peerformed ~rfen the sign3al -yariable is 1.

ialtenever a mrovra1_ x-in is termna -ted and more input data Is

supplied, the sim-ial1 variable is initialized to 0. The

siZ-alm command used vrith the register coswmard will give

as outuiout a detail_=eu listinr: of the contents of a programi.

iLxeUin Wt~Žiictm re are numerous oc~casions

when a mao.7ra--ner will5 inad'ertently ;mrite a progr-ar which

loops on itself resuij-1 tIMIn ezxecution Soing on -to inf inithm.

To prevent thsfrom' bappeninq In the si-mulated computer,

provisions have been rzade for counttiný the num~ber of exe-

cution cycles in Une ccte '-ze z anzi ter-zinatin- the

pro!rc-r -= wkis Ch rn;::ier Eaceedis a specified z&.ount.

The yrr:.c.~z_ if t.he nuz~er of eaecutions rslloeed-

by an exec-u~e c....mwi.

Thbe forn *A, Cte f~xiecute awr is as follows:

where irZ is eany four' digrit" -ecis~al nt-mer from OC-00 to 999-9.

If no execute c~~.is r'iven, the default -ralue is

"'.hrU7..(C50), lAtch ti~e the prosran termiInates for no-re

data, Vie ezxecu'ticm cycle cowinter Is initialized to zero.

HowvertU1?urbe of execouto-Dics allowe~d is Initialized to

t~he defavlt valuze only ap n all-inerz-al program termin t-ions,power s itch turn ofor in4taP~in Th nero

executions specified is printed out tehen-ever an execute

co-~~~~r:I-: iaec' c~

GE/Eg/72-7

Setimn, ofr iFlitlor~.t The siwailation language described

here provides the catrabili'tty of settin~g or resetting certain

specified control flipflols uhich can change progrEau flowu

when encountered. The flipflops that can be set are DA (de-

tector) flipflop, ("-, (iamrentsl iniput) f lipf lops and 7-K

(incremiental input) flipf I op.

Mhe status of stie "] fl-lpflop is used in the execution

of several inistriu-ctions. it is raser. to 20' by prograrn

control iisin;- tWh, ;-?SD- insp~ eeco-)Ltruction. -To LIP

set the DE. fliz-laps a co~in-ad inwith t#-~i.igfr~i

used:

Vhe ccrmzitior. of tv an :J. flipt'ic- deti'rzina ti.e

tive'ILY.if .__-_ -0- Se' dzta is j-Aj irito Vne

ti:ý-e~ist. in 'nr&al for::. 1-f r .n vr-.i i sets th~e

one's co~plen-n-nt s-%-V~e dtais, iznlcaid in-to the i-re:gist~er.

she form, for zp!ifjyi7' the cor-dition of the * aniR

flipiflops is:

where Fipf1iDlp is eit~wr or LKSsvd 1rfis or 1.

Initial~gzition. lihen the binary dack of the slzwýatiain

prograna is loaded for execution. nemory 1G initialized by

puttinzg ten. d -reinal 9's in every r location, the bins-y

outputi -flizfol os are setz to a +1 con.-dition on all three lines,

t-ht Oliscretec inutz requezt col"nters are sell to start caou21t-

in.-: at 19 an-i the Di) vriA flip.1iops are 101 set. ihe

GE/EE/ 72-7

P'r`09rer~er can cause the za-Cm Initiaiz~ation to occur by

usingr the initialization which -has the folj-owing

this sact.ifon &-nd t r-iýz eyar-•1ei uif ebapter V do

n.A%- nie-s t!ýOd f'or tc-zi:~e -)173 covT~Aerl, but

s1ulti,- toz~ram. ?or a : cuz-sto- af )raid the

i;anral ~iirit~tve for tCA.e 4ý-*m---ty--%-- Cc=ýutz se-se Grouws

:Ref 1)

C - 5'

a-m -- --

for ar--an-i~t -: a 'Lz-výt-z fp.- i~h4jc' Win be

* Pprxram for-. fowid. mz'95-- la- bs the author is 'to

* ~~visualize a brir~a-are cont c.- u oetitasitle for

each- elem-ent of the 'iai-lu e to write a

proemra- ten reauire:; that-~ rr rite, doirn th--

'Mimaatio, 3.Un;U-:e Caa for each swi~l~ that he .wood P--Sh

an ','he ccn--soli,. "T.-OS b-z:iri~~eamite c1' the sirdzi-

arity beetween the sL.!2Thtian c n- l *Ch- hard-omre

verszon ni- th- co-=--zt-C--.

In vwriLin.- a r-----i sma-~e

-~~ co0aPaters the Progrmc~r Is not restricted to emy Inpuzt

L_ fornat. fte in-mut Is format free an&L can be entered 72

dharacterS Pew, line. =ds allms the wg Drto rite a

* e~~mtinluous pragr-a wuith each mrom~ of the siimlation language

soParateft bY r- dzliziit-r. i delivit~ar !z a character whiich

fi~e theend.o~' sI i~. bguage worud. Mme deji-&ter

required. Is me~ blzmk benthreen each Y.-mi~ of the alimuIaion

lamgvags. Mcce-ptio'mi to the use of a deliniter are that

octa-l data can bo groWuad and. -no deli Ain! is needed for

the ASCII reresent& ioz,,J

Ihere vare tbr-eo wrord-d in thez simiaiblaom language that

nmst beegin Lmi coliui one. Miese vo.-3are &I(-,' C-G,and

129Th tmt iords i2{OF?) enid GO signify that tUe input data

is Ces:P-1tc a re--' to b3 read.- Lnfti r e by ",, siju-,

Md~tmi boirz t=-ný off at tbe em-A z. tns rum. Baterlr GSO

calrses the simiulation pwczrai&% to m'tzn' for rare inp.ut data

wh~en it is intcaer-rVts1. A coomzet 3.irne is created by sp=c-

1i'-iVg ý- In cclu-" 1. 7-9 Pmrogm i ýs the 71 re=1minfg

characters im that line.

Whienever the slimulation zj~m;- iz *-t~aaed fci cxecu..

tion, P3(011) %=ut be spe-.,fiea. be-fc.e I(Aionce the

pomer switch )'z-s been tumrea ca it remaim1 on iuntil it is

tuornd off' or --ntLl -4-V- yprogramm is Ll91ed1. zv1(Ga) am& DD(C-21

wli3- also rez-ain on until t.n-,ed. o4,,f or -;imfl thp pOrftue

Is h&1ted1.

A typica) jr~to The rum n cte Aco.-puter

53

rE,,/72:/

will contain switch designations, octal or binary data and

C> load codes, and commnds. To enter octal iw biniary data

and load codes, the simulated computer -musto be in the wait

mode of noncomputte. One of several ways that ttis can be

accomplished is wdit-l the followiAng suitch ~dsignat~ions:

The power switch ta-s now been tuxnkd on, the master

reset switch has been depressed putting the compmu cer throuji

the sprejpire to operatee node, 2'ync bit -cmante--~ mode'

where the ins truiction register I s loaded, with a transfer 62-20

instruction to cimrnel 00, sector 000, ana into the 1inal

halt node. The initdate leadihio switch was pusheo puttia

the comwter i-o the iait e'm. . Ton anable ot 2i on cold-

storage oadcodnels Qhe si-ary n• a•llou trr-ekry to be' filled

the

in,* progrnn is a sample 17B comsuter pro!t;art to add tbo

octal numhbers (1i4 and 2) n4 outpat a teletehtry signal of

the nsoawer:

- 4M01201 Ei-'ZTE C-020202 l-417-fI 4I2:-2200O B.i~E CLE-0. 201

rese wit h I&rl CeeAeks O 2 i,;i-

.94

G!l E/72-7

The addiition tpro--rani arid data have been entered into

memory. TOO put -te sirzulated com~puter into the-coripute rode

Aiequiress the followint- switch designations:

iAR. -a

The eo-naute s~ic.has been set at the .111 pos4t~

and. Une LmastAer reset -switeh Is depressed again puttinz~ the

computer hr~o-u~d, the =cces described earlier. .n t~he

vw-nul ha~lt :ce is reached Vite cr7trw

go t h cmue aMAU

The conplet-e y-:;a-i woi-ad. loo-r as el:

The above -r sc ietý ai uDO e-e,3Mn:-

f C:zrsistz o1L 24*bits (00TO~ C'-- Z Z; OZ0v010300O).

Ente'-in; i=r-(Z2 or C-3 Pro-zides a readyr si z.-a I

toý the simult-lic _To-7an. iT~s rea__ si::r.:u. res-z.tz in.

the execution of t.Z.-e i~fi datza splidby teuser.1'

FR41,F i as th~en. -24 Vhe cn4 of' executW!. an th e

To co'itir--.u'ar-:r -- re~r~~ 0o rc -c2ta r:

A ..

- E/B/l?2-7

user to (ENT•T P11CGa.A1). At this point the user would

enter more programs or sore data.

If GO has be-en specified then at the co.mpletion of the

p•roram run the system would re--iporA with the message to

(CaNTIiiUE PRUC-Ai•.:). The user can now execute the same

program over again with the sa-me data or new data can be

entered. The pro-ram written onto the memory will remain

there until ov'eruritten or mntil initialization occurs.To execute the same p-ro•r•m aain would require the

folloiring:

GO

./ 'o execute the same pzo.-.ora-. a~ain .it!) new data, (20

12) ,would req uire the rollow.-_,:

a(Z;•() N S(-) FILL CL:i:-i 201 P '""" CLEAR 20 •"2'

CL3 1; 12 R;iEi K(A1.) ":•(Ži)

Go

"Overwritin.ng te previous prof-ra with a rogram to

multiply two numbers (+.0,003000 and. +.30000000) could be

accoi,?lished as follos:

I::(3*i) ,j(Ci, FILL Cl..-,P 1 Lc-- 24.020202 U4777E-

CT.:-•2 20! LC•.TI::" 02000100 Vri•-c LO00•CCO•DET-

"This pro-r-n ! o-.1d prrodce no results because it was

"not eit•*.cr- into týie con-rata moae. -o ezccite it wou'Ld

56

GR/EE/72-7

require:

iExecultio' of th. r-~rozram j~rodluces a te1eieraetry signal

of the an-swer. For -- rzre cop-preiIlrmsive listinag of the

comput~e noa-3 -p-rtieai of tl2)o~ the signal and register

Covsrammds Can be used. ha sr the signal anad, register

commndns in the co.--ute =--*d for t~he first fewi times, the

mumbar of e~tecuitions afllom:ed. shioult-.b 4oe' 1 - This- is

done to rpreyent lar.-e a7,00rnts air o~i ut-U19 in ca-se the po~e

nal and register co-'-and_ would~ re

so, i s ros.-ible t-o -Awn a pro-ram endinng with- an k

instruction- (stuch. as Vie mm.:viotus r-iito1L1or -ti po

grams) several tincs ushif-. t-.;o dir1f~eremnt numnbers each time.

To do Chis requires spe-cifyii, K~li*ff) wheen thle simulated

co-mmuter is in the proý=m lial t mzrle amd to foilow t'his byj ~~~ ~ ~ V --C. -ciyn ~)pt he sitzulatped* commnuter .Ln

th ana h2 rxc px iy~ ~ci uts the sirrmi-

lated co-:ntcr ~nth'e =;:!ao~. If a s iz-:ial or re-rister

co--m-mi~d .- I br~al ~ns wcd t2zaen -1S>!*".; rm~() ould be-

Specified b-afoi-ce nto2ri:S-' nore C,, ta. in this prevents

mode zzit'- ic3i mil the rsw e.ata is

GE/EE-/72-7

* being, loaded into the cOmz_=uter. The signal and register

ccz=-tnd.o- musto, be resmeeafiei -bef-Ore MROVZOI) s stecifie.d to

allao.z. m~ode tzracimn; and register display in the compute mode.

Tile new data van -be entz.rad b- s-oecif Ins a fil"'l load code

and folloeing this -ri th the ne-data.*Th sbuAztion pro-

mrxi cn nor. b rou- Imc:: into ~ computee imde by specifyrin-g

;;(aUN~) follm~d by -(*'' nis cy-io can be repeated as

vany tim~es av desirsed. fTe~ 0 oir this rith t-.-o

sets-of data t.-ould laokz as Vfollows:

-12 z 00030 LO2COO;R

7-he pxra-zio;ýs ha-n.- ize xencn~t'.red. into the c02:ute

results in. a transfear toc n GO) secto 0 starting

exeCUtion- at' th~at ic-ca4%tio.. rpoggran =r. be execulted atany st~artoimw loca-tion b ieiinq 500-rx Lr-'J--J:A-.-.. C:..7z-'

izz~s the zLIA.;-.ss anzd oect-or location of

the firzt* bstrictlion. t*:, It- thee.~

transfer- insltrmct.1 on ~~:w Jty rho ~~to eit

Puts tile co:'.e nt z~- oeVrcontiiuaous rurz.

shr-Jl en wtha

hal ar 3

GIR/EE/72-7

the computer into the Progra~n halt mode. If an Hi'Pi instruc-

tion is not used, the prorraim will contirnue in the com~pute

mode until an error occurs w-eich will .,eriainate the run or

the numaber of executions exceeads the nuimber specified.

Shortened Vez'sicn~ of iimualai-jin Laiz~ge The fol.loiiin:-

descrip'tion of" a rmth-odl for creating shortened versionsof the simulation la.ng:,age dcoes not apyt ca aaI ~ switches (exceft, cormpute =ode s,.itch". or flipf loD settins

These parts off the languagce h-,%-- :at been inclu.aed in the

discussion. --- --

Ashortened version of thie in-pat nguage can be

created byf the -user. To do thnis reauiares - ~ing thoselettterz of a sir-mullatian 3.aY~--.e &-am.1 vlhich are used by theF~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ - L; iil~o or~ ntni anE~ using those le*ttersas the iLput fo~r tkhe .'-Cad. &-'tiý:l etrscnbade

to build a s-temo-nic for.- of woe ~rd i~c desired. The fol-ow-

in;1 is a listi~ng of tho~se woro;s i~n the sif~i.lationn lan~-a-e

which can be- shorzened, a list&-inf of the portions of the

wcaNt whicb are used in inter-,re-tinE it, anta an ez-xazpl~e of

a shortened version ofl thae o:

words W'hich era.- b-_ In tverrzretin,- L;MnP-le of- aftzchorten-'tc '!-! 2-hortanced -.'ersien'

CT LU?

rILT

GE/EFW72-7

CCnPiJI CO COil

oENTER EN EN'

*CLEAR CL CL

DELETE DEDEL

OC'"PAL 0 OCT

BIMPIHY B BIN

S=i~LE SSI,

BEIS~i(Arg) BB(Arg)-- --- ='BGAg

MJ CUORIO AL) M(EO) FEM~O)

SiGnSML S SXG

EX(Arg) M~C(Arg)

Mie six= using com~dtions ar-ply to the abbreviated

version of the l.mmanguag as apply to the fulI-uord version.

iARgaeecp ca a. nptaaisetrd it b3an is needed! as a delimiter betreen each worl of the

free format. A1. 72 colu~s can be used for enterin-; input

data, however, no lanamgue eleamet can be divided. be-tueen

two linse3. If a urordJ will not fit on a line, leave the

re~i~erof the line blank ana put the word at the first

of the next lI'm.

A description of the simulztion has been given In this

cLapter. This Ilam.gae cc-,i-.tz axT z!'--ber-. and load cod1es,

( &vsit-c")i, andi~ ce~n~ coir.~s. Ahlzo dizctissod wws

60

GA/ES/f-?

the method for creating progrms to be executed by the stmA-lation program. M.e chepter was o li ed ith a metbod for

creatiag a shortened version of the simulation 2age.

The folloiungchapt-ers ii give a listing of the erorr

detection ckpabillty of the itton pro and wi pr-

sent examples of tro=r&• a t have been run an the sLam-

Iated compater.

61

GE/EE/7-

IV. Err-or Dcteetina

Error dete--tion is one of the outatand-i-ng- fIsatures of

the D1P,3 computer sir'ation progra2. With this capa.bility

the prograim ta-.s can be error chnecked by the zinn1 - t.-ed Com--

puter before tne--y are rim on the D17B cor-pater. To succe-es-

fully load arz-d execute a pro-7-ai on- the D17i3 co-,zrter tn-e

program bas to be error fre~e, At the present tine t~here &.re

no error r~heaks rade b7 the D)173 --; pt exceptl. for parity

and verifying- tt:9 contents or rezorY.

The error dete~ticn prciide'i 7-y Ib -siriui31.on pyroý-r;m

goes beyond cb'ecking- ju.?! porp.-Yan tapes. J-l1 Input duta is

checked~ for validilty by coroparir. h m , y7bl

aý7.inst the siz atfton iarý-.:ae ~yl~. i~~~are also

i=ade, by the sl~jlaiton to~ deteat Anra'"I~ t! b

:-etAn-s,5 addresses tht are outr ol r' ; ofA t-*e- 1-ojz

end 3L va'ic-ty of con~tiontso tinst ýPrz nct allocm:e-i by th-e D17B

computer.

A istinz of the error stt~nsthat z.re -rovw.&'ed by

with each state-,*1.' a'-e possible causes of the- &r-ror or aj

3t~t~/Cz of E~rrorz. Alistinz 04th'eerror

ztantamct-itz provii'1eiý b'ý the 13 sdaic rra

is as clcs

~ F'~KJiZ X-DT-%" IS i~? r -i) (Invailc a-

62

GE/EE/72-7

"LOAD CODES J1UST BE 12i BINABI WHEN BIMlR IS SPECIFIED( A different representation for a load code was used when

the binary relpresentation was specified.- -

ITH E P J yoIA•DLN• !'PUT DAT'. IS IW.i; -D: (Invalid Data)

Portions of tin Input ;#-ord were interpreted but an improper

sy•ibol ias encointered disallowing any further interpre-

taticn.

COhTUT_3 IS .'NiT I1 WhI¶C iXDE - DATA CANNOT BE EUTEM -

The pro--ram =t be in the wi-t mile of noncompute for data

to ba entered.

-- ----- IN 4AiT ZKDE - D-.;•. IG/N02:_0

Ir Wi(3N) is specifiel-, the only tray to put the co-]puter in

th.e w ait mode is to specify ?S(0.').

i:A::::c::::::o r :: ___--kcn usda zl for the com-• puree s• teh.

Synbol)---- Lem n•hJ 2 1 Fs been s paified,, i--It data r-ost, be. In the

ASCII repr•esentaticn.Iii&WMEGi B;!2 SP~CIFI_ --D 1IC31=231-C-Y - DM?.'UL? rxALmUz OF 50"-SS"E•)

The argaient of Ute execute co rAn muist contain four deciml

digits to be valid.

"0 nV Vi 9: or C(IF can be.- used as the settings for the cold-

storage memory write sw-itch.

DISCHS SWITCij PZFEiiLDIGZ'L-4Cny -1 or ;DjF can bee used as the settir-s for the discrete

switch.

I6

GE/EF/72-7

Pc00Pa ONA/C-?P k7TA IS Ii:CC=-r.TOnly UN Lr OIR can be used, as ~s ettings for the power

CHAC:IL SPE"1IZD CA-;:%' : -":?' 3A~ T~IAT f

Only channels 00 thru e56 can be Iceaded by an enter loadcode.

PiO;6) must te S-i-e t '( c%)

An Plmi instruction tutstŽe Con r into thfe Prog1n half-imod-e ar-d -u~T)mst be scij1tot__i--Of tbe o--

Charm'els 6lt, 70, and 72 can-o, t a us=-d T;itha-,Trnfr

11ot all -Ossirbilft-es for ;--zliSrto-shave beem-wired into the cz:tr :~ iidceOf these

diagma.

STC~LGZCA~O T: ?LC3 ~-~-~T~GE C~i2JJSIF C-LD~~~~~~~~~a.11 125ZC SC?-?~; 2:IATED

E~i~:m)r~ut be Speci-&icd eoc rtn ca-n take Place oncold-s torasge r~z,-Ory chz-rel s.

The S`T- (So_ ntrci cno, store in sicr-wor~v01d

SW~c::; .. : 'CH: ~., 5 ~DJiT SUITCHi

13 Cj i' -i b;2!' .CK

GE/EE/ 72-.?

channel 50 (hot-storage ax-emory channel).

CO0W-STOP.AGE B7--IORIY CAINNiOTI BE !LCAD~iD IF COLD-ZTO3AGr WRITESWITCH is 0FF - F fl;Afr.-)

EEM(01 must be specified before wrltint, can takeo place on.cold-storage vem-ary chann~els.

H~~TC~L:Gj&iir~ A~7 ~ Wi-Q*Di IF DIS'CREZ7" SWITCHI 15

OFF - MHGRA 1M ~ iDD(c;:) must be specified beflore wti;cen- ta3e place o:!

chnnel 50 (hot-s torare rry ca=or)

FIAGS?&0-.2 IS AL C~t INLY IN- L-Rz '.is; STO" :~3C~~IS T~~~1 u ,, -L33-rcaiI::;7

If a ST,- (Storre) instruction is to 52-- 54,iO or56. a M~at store Is aflo;:uu on-1y to chlamlanel

An area of ner-ory has b-:-cnw, sin i zi v operp7ad, -xutno data has berun loaded tbh-re.

1sTauCTcu--: is'3Ž aS",, .2 PA mezzuiry word. '.-s '1k**-,n de:7-i~rm:.t-el - ~. nic.t trtirhao.tever no da~ta has been !- c- r 1 --to' t.--Ja meoriuord.

RMEISTM. DISKiAY ?;.:J121ET I 15 IiLIdD - (Inalid 2'erister Dis-play Hlequiest)Register display czaAis missin-z a 'Lf ra-.-ntbh.siz.

(Invalid Symbol) IS ;XF11 A 7MAI)3 Fil"-ISP~a D-15PALL . - 1.

A syn-bol other than one of the ter. rei~s'lcr disp-L3a-' sytii-'lzwas used.

Trau cmapter Is con-mem'nd 't~i th Pr e!!-'zm-Ahgx bave beein

rin on teD1735 -,oputer s-imiulza on IPreOI3. Seven U:fer -

ent e~iari u-~ rcid~r~ iU It. prezentr.i' wi~ih

s.rj the tymes 1'f O1-t--:uZ ;;2-t z-q,~~; rctaized. li t)he coin-se

0ft J e TLi these se-.Jen1eals > r~~1yo

t #.zcý_s in the s-rctzr st 1_% the 1)173 COEi-A'.ter

'ai tem out-.

Fa".le Pro-!'a!m ~br I. In this ~e-Ie- eOf ot

puit r£vai3a~ib im- -the noiooz.pte, ro-De Jrs ;ýho'n. ThIA!s exam~ple

,,~,lios the v.87 lon& cod-. e.-e %:e1 ani1. t:hI -.my ini skticr do-ta

is loaded in-to za-ay

Sigraýl tratin:j and. eit- isplay in Vie n1Wc,-cmPujt-

mae-anbe ni-d ery-_7-frqwt1, bazusý f dae hC r~

wioun'it af outT_.-t even f'or a sm~l proiran. Ulo-.ere: for'

scm-nec 1'e'rmin- t-a o- rtim~ of the D'10,7 c=-uutcr thc

*oiutpji dts]pTLayad b&ý there Uro cc- ;cs- 15e used as a

* L teach~i- Aid,

A ammmury 'lispla, rie:!yst is m-.ide at the en4 of this

exape kTe miemor3 duzza Vhat appeaz-7- oni .;he UAsti'ig has

a dslrmml and sectcer dczi-;wtiorx on the leftA. This address*1 s the miem~ory -d&r-ss of tne c-etal -worwi appe.-rinr, in the

first. coLs'k±m al that rtsiTh scc-and colu:-m in the s&---e

rowf C')Ata?'s tne m-nory -word of tha nex:,t sector location.

fte sane, applics to all razaininý; i*or& in that row~. If a

sector lo=2. -n in a rc' n-i tot t-ecn 103dcC- zi"i* fata M40

GE/EE/72-7

ap~pears on the listing as a iuor~l containming all 71? 7 he

mow in which none of the smact locations awe lioaed with

data do not ar-i,-zar in the m~ory dmup llstlng.

The flowcbarta fo,- e:,aapie prograa no. 1 Is as foliows:

ST-42T

S2M3T

i.r-ct:o d es

DisDI 7DDA C!%)

-c -*.--ý-!

ST-3I

67

GE/EE/72-7

IF 0UTZ'f 1,. :c z 1Sr T.:F~dl TYPE A=~ ycd' jiz SA g- 0!E3-W'SE TYPE~ : - Z;

** D17-1 c-ýpkl7E!*5 SIM-LJ~fl;2 PR,%a2AA

U*rtTZ= 01/24/-8-9 TIM= 19.43.00 .

ETPCOI, O ?iTP2Fa

'SIG=!. 0: ;7ZPES 'WLL BE I!FACED

r CC43 '(2)2ZU) i.-- -Z NA

KALI.~~:~LeL

PRM7SE 1- F?7LE ;z*DS-SA-VLE :.IAIT C:!-F1LLr

PRXES- C;,-- - FILL

j,~~3f ja -:21 :PG.

GE/EE/72.JI

SA:f7i C-MEc -:-

LC4-Izj *;: 3) 1~ATZCDE

-- R-EARQZ T-;2r

PAP:- IL - - - - -

-- zz -*:Wi

* * *.-~..: L--7

I~~~ ~ C2-) .

GE/EE/72-7

C-ES

;D(4) "2):.1) -T: JF -A- HALT

z!TE-F Klk:-ý -MAL

- - LALT

OCFA- 'SECT03 033 2123.;5S7 77773777-o -Z~1.1-- 77117M1

*5 !JC~ Z2Y ~*a GCRUZI Z -"; Fr..:.7 ---e LISTED C.1-TAI-1 *:

I, l y;: z T VZ -L TC iALI 1- MALI

70

GE/EE/72-7

Examle -Pro Nub-ber 2. This example consists of an add-

C) ition ripple progrm that has been written using the three

different representations for input data. Each program has

been loaded and execuL--. seoarately. The addition ripple

program loads 1 into Vhe accumulator and keeps adding 1 to

the contents of the accumulator. Because this program loops

on itself, the execute co -and , s been used to stop the

executions at a count of five.

-- The initialization and !-:enry comand-s are used with

each representation. iLode tracirL and•-rei-i-er-display are

used in the con•ute .zode portion only.

The T1oi:chnrt fer exaimple plra.-om no. 2 is as follows:

S; ' ~' :."'•Fl: •(0x)=

i ie..i-oryDrm -I-Displa

I irce

9i splay(-)

. 71

GE/El!j'2-7

CIA

A.-1

F-_

-It *- & -

!y

'er-- nat

72

B! E/=M 24/2 S.-74

pis R l? - -. -=

:c4)

c3 ;o*z 177;7

-I ~ * I z * I Z rz.

A C2 - 4-- i-z -ai

a- ~F~I~ 7)p

GE/WE72-7

BE!Bil . LIZ DEcic - ;. C1i

RIFL ?P S I=PE Blr Z? il? C-LT

PR ?V::, Z s'sz!! CZ EM:z;31

jO 1~ .Z:,' ! g;*ý T 3(Z !:,: CZ3) 2.;.Z ---3- ~~K Z;1! C33i!~C~ 32! -cii1 *.!i C.

Z= =2!7 -. T! 'F. -Z: Tl

.1,i C;U:Izay l

7-4

GE/i-lr/72-7

CLEAR L A~ aiT) ~ -CC.

ji C -1; 0*3aaG CO.: a033 0 tO

!= -- 1 %::

0.5 02 rz0- C.~- 1

-:.(7 EF*'--.-_; F* ýz a £?L ZEDE-

(E~i£R----"'M Siv ?SuiIIT i-

OF P

-i Z 4iO105 rs

4e ý ý -.

- , y. J-i

(i: :cT

003 *02 z 777777z~t"r rwi,, is,

GE-/RE/72-7

EE-1-* INS :S7-C; FIi ED

=Y IT C;~?SI:~

r-M- -2 l --y

CLEAR . -3 s .W

A.C24-I) 02 %to 03 :: 40 .........

AX) lSTEM72-

S~:A.:-E:P~A~: i--F ~iPE IF-iLT H ALT

A4 E: -- -IsSc .2 E

GE /E-3/72-7

.gaDl Promrram- iHunfer T. bis examiple is an- arithmetic

program thlat uses a COa'- (cha-racter oujupalp) subro'utine to

output the anns-wer as einght oc~tal digits. 2The CQOA subroutine

was developed by the S~yst~es Lalboratory Group at Tulane

"Th- arit-hmetic tcra consists of seven arithmetic

routines ',4th starti-ng locationas at, 'the mro5gram address

I litedbeloii. Each. routi-ne needs todazt-a- nuebers starting

at the data addr-esses givenn.

Progra~i AdressD'ataAdrs

Chan secti- ~.1-rn t~-l~ %Azam Se_________ctj 00000ZDDD routi."em 02 001040NN S U3 r :-u tiir.e Co 001

-~10 01C.0 r o ;1 vin 2 12) 0n-

14 coo 331 rUtie 001

-0 -f 20j ooz -ot-e 22 00Os1

2-11, 000 S~~ru~e26 0-31

30 000 iihle io .i-iý ro, t:i n e 32 001

D ach routine of the aritlmetic jpro.&ram- caml linik up

Iwith the CCA szlbrautine to; Out-DFvt the results. 'The GOAIsubroutine is loaded in chinnel.3s 1- ard 4-06. mhe last

inst'rual.ion of~ the GOA. subrouti-ne _s l' ý?R j ns truectioma

which wzxts thse computer -in, the~ mri-a h-al'U jrcide.

A -In this e:-xa-,.Dle a flag store televe- sipgnal is also

used. to ozatmulk the Nn~r o =ede traicincr or reg-is terL

disply is us-rrl-

'The fl~c~r or examiple progran no. 3is as foliows:

prog-rami

14. RR OTIA i D

4ee r

-; __answer

Use

t - t . ;reý

_ _ _ _ _ _ .1

dat

F.-2 Go.S .i.mu;

G-E/EE/?2.-7

rele-mailry

cl' a-, wer

UseSurou~tin~e

to OutDult -

answ~er- -

79

*A

:)!73 CUE

*~ f~AT= ;i/Ž42 TME= 21.03.47 i

Ss A.?jVhri= --c __z: 7. -Z ~-::~

rP2,2) ýacol) Z . G-:) ~Z);i0 3 A44c-!; 52..ta0ý3&

-10233 44.11i2:! I43J 5 24 0 -

203 440 ** ='- 52Z,44*0443-~ 1434--3 524-E4-73

- -Z 17--474444!4 -5!4a-o

S C'- 201 LZ4Z -S L p7z -Cic~i;Ci:) XC(Z':j ZCFALTFILL CL LZ) -L CL E. ZN 5-=IZC~a L.Z: CC.;? ECRU"')

.~PUT UC~.- I U--

10 000 44lS; 4iOM 44455-4340

Sf23 G-0 5403403 52404-03^4 -;934160 -01 ; 3~

ZZ10 0 -440 77777777

034 777M 777777 IG~ 01~2 6!44 G I~ 1717P1 S317 Ca 772 7177777?1744

44 014 4315AO lo 740321 7"7171777 is4-10-4606

44 :?24 4~i42Z-746277

4: os. _! - 7777 COj

FL ~~~~qGsaa a 00hI 1018 .0A ~111

Zwý T!R C: L 2Z?; PT O-2 Ro :Er: L c :~ I

:: . C4.ýF=, CUXF~A TT, ~~U7 i 0

PH! QSA 7:1E ZOFUý! C- l!) CRA F ACli IZROVUlJT - 7

2; CH;AR; I HiU -. Z'!ý LCC 1 U i - 7

I.T =~ 7i CIN !Z7.Z. ER~ ZIIJ

1~~~i Cy~z ER C:ETPiUT: IY? a L YE L

S2!"-r .1 E, ciES7FF 1ýaý -Z- t S_-CR=

=IA ~ F ý.Trý ,v ; : HI -7

F1 ZX -;LCCr p

i5FU!?Z=.iTVz -u!;1:i-7l: F~ iL

Zt FFCIA-E-rul,;i~z 172 EV.0I z

GE/IE/?2-7 "

Mxap -rae -o!am Nnber T- . his exar-:ole is a- program which

shows the discrete output capabil-ty of" the sim-Waation Pro-

gram. To interpret the discrdst output llsti.g, the reader

shoul.d refer to Fig. 12 in Auien-i C. -

The flowirchart for exanrlea Progra- no. 4: is as follows:

SMART

.16

*1 -I Pl{i.J t•1o3"1 .()() •-H(o.zi)-- .. •--- - -• -

•i 'rr

J DOA,I tt,

is+ .Eixecut. -

4 yes

Terminate

82 '

at SINPUI is T__ BE ..Th1l?zSD i ~ .: .. B "'INE--_ OTHER-

I N4- - -4l~Z3 :

FZ S.;-?I- A .-. T U- !M

t a. Zv :; I - 'S ' ýf S1G-Z=L

S-. C 2Z jT D t:_A - 1 F E?! TS! L

StC.- - C- -- .5 .7"-.~ S'

Sc%.t \. -ru U .31H

E U ?dTU i E Z- -:;

S U T LTS*=~.5 I ZZ S. IFZ SH*:

A;=- LT -15:- -z p ~ u SI~A. . .a_ I Z

DI~~ ~ ~ _SýL U ? _!I:M

D I C~-72 w I _T i Z:2-C K;, f' 1 Fv=A

~!~Cu.!Z I~ r, Lv~I~C'~EX5:ri.Li~ ~Z :NJT ~~L

N, a2.7-: Ns Z

t i. U ! Z ý lr - T .- .D! FCIZs -0?TL PT:

GE/EE/72-7

-~ Exca'mne 'Ir a THim-ber Vi Te program for this example uses

the binary outmat ins-t-ructions (BQAsBCI~vBQ9)a-p d-shwws the

binary output; capability off the simul-aItion programe To

interpret tebinary output, listling, bhe reader should refer

to Fig. 13 in Apt-endix C.One flwiatfor example progrmm- no. 5is -as follows:

1: ST~ART

j I Load

- ¶rzrce

MIA

Reeute 10

BOA 1Int-utmMR(-i?

GE/E:E/72a.?

IF wiJPT iq p- ru!- sz-gA To P?RmfER, TypE -p- A.-D -yc'J'- DRI TER.-LasZE TYPE -

DI73 CCFE?UTER *4

S4 n. TLAfl1 i anp F Gaii*

2* DATE= 01/24/12 TME 20.10.14 *

(Ei.~ER RM--RA~i

S 31 MTRT OUTPUT GAi----

PR(C": ME00) FS(C.Mi :--ALL44010201 EN 42000lo Eýý -1=51009 7 40041000 72 4005;100 En 4W61030 rs40071i000 V-- 40101000 Ea4i0311003 z:! 40121COO z.3 ;013icoo E3- zooo220 EsCIL 201 LMC 004601-3 EU ZCFZ.-) SIGZAL ?EC 3 )FRCON)

RESUS~LTS CF $IFtILA'J2Ci2*

SIlnAL C2 - ODES TiLL BE 712RACED

'- L"AE=- EE0UE-R-CF

SYNC 317 Cf~uZT=E I ZEva5TZ SIT C.IJNTER 2 MDEr

0 C4) '-w M 0( C I DLE S!'-.; MF -,ý-MiL -ALT

CcEPARZ C--ýUEO iirALHL

TERsFER I 0MUCTIM -(IA

"(24-1) OC0003 10S 0oa'G 020 003 .300 000LEAýR & A. 72C1 - COLA)

A(24-1) :00 3Z Oa IGO 0-130 03;; 030 C000 000

M!APT z.ljTP-Ui GCLIZE03 )AC24-13 = 00`W coo 010 000 000 0-30 000 000

FIM-r.T CUUi'UT A IS 3BIMR-fy %ZiJTEI C:; LICE- G10 w3F +1A (2,1-1) = 03-3 ^-GO 00a !DO 000 ý'0O 000 000

BI:LZ ZUT?V1 A lSMIZZMIN: - GCE4)B&MAEY t.T'J L' L3:E GI 11'F - IA(24-1) II M1 1 110 a30 003 SO 00 000 02

85

GE/iEE/72-7I

SIMEEY WUTFET Vr :-1-sT x10 -= +1 A -

a6i-MT CUMPUT -r. IOCF+

91AZ Z%,WT J1UT :M U1=S G~s. 2F

A2-) 1III 110ajg c aonr C*20 OOZO C.,0

B=I:-T 23I?!fl 0,- IjZ-E 010 j-, +1

$~TCU1TU AJS1m - Q~

9 !1 mEnM1 ~'T A ric !-;;?~I4 -F t3- )-

SM"SEY CUI1PU1 LI=E CD CF *1A (24-1) =0 Ga 3 viq ec- 5~3 03-W OOco 033

FfmSy mJTU In -a !iT - uSMUTY ZU-IPI1 cs. ZErE Gil :F -1kc24-1) =I 11111- 110 020 03 Mz.. 202- OC'

Bm.. cu-n -A- UC~-5 T = T~ VU77ua= L:-== 0:10 +1

FR1Z%5 iALT uii3E-

Ts=F z'rCiza ?Zizzi.i is-?- 2=5- 5EC

I'- IFpaXZ 5 E

86

Exam-mbe gam ghm-gr 6. -This ez-anD 1p is a rga nc

uses the -alag OutA, Lntucin an n

10.he Voltage autput c-ityof -tý Tiu~~npor~ ointerw~at, the vo,2-age outpui it: ~ 4.0 -e r shoii3.d rzalfie

The fPi-ear fo ~'~? tdEC. xa is as follow~s:

Load

20gri

P(3-1)=001lS

ADD I1 is nOO o

no

87

GE/EE/712-7

0 ~~Ter.-ite ---

-8 I

Gr-/E-P/72-7 ~

IF OUTPUT IS TO S3E DIS?:-;Sa=D W, PR!HTE?.. TYPE 'P" -AND 'YOUJR 0 1THER]VISE TYPE, -; -~ R

4* bMIM M.PUTER

DATE= 02107/72 vsTICE 20,40,04 *

* ~(ENTERP

S VOLTAGE C:?PU.PSGRfLhl FIL

400720 441 %0 - I---

4~0172 ~ a 0~4201 EN 40059SO00 EN 64020202 EN~ 50000232 ER~CL 20! LCC CL EN CL 200000 EN aEC(0302) XCRU&N) IRC(O!)

4* RSU.LTS 13F SIZ3JLA13100**

1.OF L-KECUTIO-2-S SPEC:- L-33- 2-23PWASE= RESIS~TER P(3,-!)= 001

~'(S1) Z01000G VITH!, A VOLTAGE OUTPUT 0.7 0.00 V~OLTS*VICS-1!): 006030301 'J-h* A O~iG UTPUT CIF .16 VOLTS

VOLTAGE CUTPUT IS ONI LI c'E V3I11

*VI(9-1)= 0003090I3 V!IT A V-1-LAGE OUTiPUT OF .31 VZILTSViZLTAGE: OUTPUT IS 20.11 LINE V01VICS-!)= O03J00011 U11H A V:OLIAG CUTPUT OF .47 VOLTSVZLTAGE OUTPUT IS CH UINE V.011V1(S-1I)= OU0000100 VITAr A IVOLTAGE OUTPUT OF .63 MILSWOLTAGE OUTPUT IS ON Uu3alE V0l11V1(8-1)= 00000101 Vllm A VOILTAGE OUTPUT Or' .78 VOLTSVOLTAGE OUTPUT IS ONl LIK~E V3I1VI(S-1)= 00000110 WITH A VOLTAGE OU1PUT OF .94 VOLTSVOLTAGE OUTPUT IS ON LIZ-!z VWIV1(8-1)= 00000111 Vlh A !JO.LTAP.E 0!UTPUT OF 1.09 VOLTSVOLTA GE: OUTPUT IS ON Li RE V51s I i90o OF EXEC'JTIONQ1 HAVjE EXiCEE-EEO W;. SPECIFIED - PROGIRMu TERMIN2ATEDTO RUU A1UOTHIER PR~vG::LAii TYPE -rRLl'jf; TO STCP TYPE ýHALT ZPALT

MUM OF CF ROG?.AH- EXECUTI Ci TInE: .771 SEC2.0.45.04.sTop

j GE/EE/72-7

gommtiae Pro~a !~e .Tis pro,--=~ is an example of

a progr-am Vhich- uses all the shift instructioiis -- f the

)17Bco-rter imstru=tion -set. '.od-- trmaefg and register

display arm used im- the co-mute mode on-ly.

Mie flIOU021--t- for ex petrozraa no. 7 is as foncus:

ZARd

M !odes

Display

A*'-7-6003?

thut .woId'S 3AP.s 3

S~L 3SAR 3

-JIg 3

3

90

GE/EE/72-7

IF CTPUT Is 73 0T.DT_ 3ZE~ ? ~~ L2 E-==WISE TYPE-a -*

4' D!Z CMUTVER

OXoG40 =2~ij Ir I=:T ?~~.03-20 EN

ZS-__;5 -.%Fo2s~

74f ""E I= Z3 I z

IZASF- ivsTz~zIM_" - GBTA)

Z324-1) = cc2l -2300 mi .110 0 Coo *I1 IIICLEAR 2 ADD !S3_fv- CA3

h(±4-1)~~ a 3?a m ai e ~O ll 111

ACC~UPLAU* LEFT !..i- fl3Sc1 Ats)AM4- 233=oi Ill 0-'3 00 C,01 Ill I."~ ca

ACCLUiLAi.- 33 IT $33-17- -T I TT3I1)=~ 0301 11.1 12.0 000, 003 111 110

AMEZZAT ZZ $3 ZSFT I _T3 Z1J - C$..Ld2411 2 ~ 1M !oD 'W7 73.1 1:1 330 ODD

MILT C' R"IGE32T S31 l SAR)1-~ IC24-1) : -;201 Ill 137 -M3 Cý1 MI 110

91

GE/Es/7 12-7

VULT LEFST UCF3 LE~FT SS :I i.N1U4AC2-1 =Ca! 12-1 sa ? ?aa O 131 Ito

AC24-12 301 Wis 3,3C1 21 31 Cý.ft1

~~laa C5T~~~ ~~ Tii:-SLP.3

AMA-:) 0,3!13 as 3.: 7 7;2 m mai 123

EALT 03- inD n-9 -,J II

rF~a ALT Am"D --

I F22SFAB_

13.4wa s.-:?Z

m: RzR~zr

GI/EE/72-7I

WI., Conclusion

A sofo'ftar simuilation progrmn ofteDiia I D1

Computer ;IaS U.-itten to sim-alate thae fun.tions-:of 'the D17.BI

e4mputer. M!he dD~jectives of this siirnlatilon W~ere -;o ha-ve

the sinalationi Pa'eg-r-am siiiiflate th-s aetiml com-ipater as

closely as Mi~be."~s objective uwa rmea bea~use ir

majoritty of the D1Bfizntions have beem- included In the

si1r71axtion Dig?~R e loair ax-A intuaractidon fmactioflZ

of the mnmn-r~pte =,4 1hare been wsed. In the -compue zwonde,the- -e-armbing, =~~n ~d~ ra'iting nery-j, md- instructio

e--ecutioa. are all, par-al of the sirnlplaticn Prograw-v zae114herer

possible, thesas al.goritk= iiap:Le---nte& on th~e D)173 %asa

used in the simJ..ation Me~z 2-s wwo~c~3rell

iCIn soze rincfienci-es ini the si aa~t-ic~a Proz-gamm, bew abynpote of uzing t'm- sae lsorit;--= i3 tha the simulaionj

porezam can b-- u.sed. asazab i-g I for Iearin~g

the opramtioni of tbe 1)173-3 com~uter. A.-so errmor Ie-teCtica

ums bu~ilt into th-e s3.L-7,.ation- pogvamr esn& has been very

helpfri". in creatimg Xrogmeam tapes for tlie DIB compu_.ter.

Reconm=?dation-S for g-gty Th ere aex someI

D17B commuter fim-ctlon irh~cZ havre not been Inemrparated

In the simirl Itiou- prE-mi ~ of these fu:nctieims are

associate-2iit real _- cantrol, 1rct-essing and Ancluile

the Ckwtibi]itises for i-ne-een' ipn-uts amdl11-e ot

74/. ha 1)173 co-m-atr is caCale fdtea-S

-nrmtl y~ ad Unv b! -4' 6: i--l or o to the wod of

incmremenal adding bits 61 uifolxi Qeriest mithe por~o-

trae c-ontol.r ~o~ dhotp'gaicuto;-As ~

the EC (enter fi2 at coitd.n finr-.ietc iW m'exe~td M- t

tin -me -ro d - fte ialto

comarteros too h fn 1,-r-to- usede Ir Xhea inot

cutheorigma peje,Pz th theoo zsiufl. i Llop oxe link thgesheI g-rrcionare mot iiield fHuvr the firn bu-atttion.qnsmaciam ffvr' .2- ~im; n finetý. count1 o-.w 63ae thme

Vi]Lore: toZ111cpcp ar- oitoi- th iaa-4ee--tii Pro o'

bYthe oizeri-zA. silaisn prga~ pathoe t--

futonm capabilot ines d~e&!.1crbey ab3-e re Ure b4ovama jtheare o r,--P contro o.t-d;licalon fo the j~r

V-lotirrc.;onauo orfams s-za adbthCe- tdo -of a =crc a t art 0 the DSIB c-,,pt--r. z-,_- assom-

Alsr oul a beo~tn for toring ion cm eth2 aa sjrffl 660

byThe asseber wnoulde a-copu ~as ~iz-*ui a paa¶mmt o theai

Msilai-eoni __iZadoa;r.to mce a=a_

r�RI�I74.') a

- -,�---.-.I-. - 4 -

- II

1 zn�a�e version of the progrbz�. This mchine n�e

program on th� pimchc4 tape couidJ 1 then be supplied as aataa S - - U

to both the- co�'�ter a�& tba simulation program.4 - --

S S

I

I 2

j -

- - =

i

I!-I

II - I - * - : - - � � -

I -�

3 4

- I

1 4

I = I

4

2

0 4,

a - -

4 1

- I *

-� �9s.

�-,----�-- �---____________

-

I

__

* S I U

fiibeorrrt

-- 1 p r l e a ns- . * ,laz=.. t m ae l e rs ) .z

S~rr~t cz- f zb .at ry DerI-a31s, ia n of Z _ la -l cf

-r, T -mlcto- -,Z: p--utz (r-anzt-i

!900

Flabliati--n -o 60-306000._CD

t2. -tihe itiCtiC 17 OP-33C, vn-c1 --- Data 3y - -n

-artza~ -- S:Lcaa

6. 0-5 the_ =-a4~~ d a- 0-:. ,~-05---)

± eebr19,63, 1~z~12 oc21tobeerv19:.

-96

Bruce ChsaltAterton- sms born on 31 Ilarmh 194t0;in-.Franklin,

Ida-ho. He graduated froza h~igh school in -Preston, Idalho In

1958 and at tenAiea Utah State Ijniversity for five qm-.aters.

He enllsteýd in LI~ SAP in Decem~ber 196? =-d received 36

es of riidn- in ele rodcs andeoli iation qupmn

to beeome- eligible for education indrthe Airman Education

an;-' Coaission Frograj mm3?) He -wxas accep~ted for 1AIRCP

trainbiin in Jume 1965 an-I atiten-4ed Ohflahoza State Uni~versityV-ere he reoeivwed the. zdegree of Bachelor of Science in

Offie Trinn Scoo -t T-c2n ?s and received

a c~isioain 'e SAin Nove~i2[er 1967. He s~eL-'ed asa

project officar for the eir Porce Satellite Contral Facility

In Los Angelez, Califformda. .1.1 attemided the Air Force

Institute or Tachnology ifnare 33- received the degree of

IKaster of Science in Electri-cal Rngiveerimg in IRardh 1972,

Perzmaen:11 Addre s: F.O. 'Dc 177-rarn:3in,, -adaho V83237

This txhesis ta 1yped by Bruce Catk

I?

GE/EE/?2.'7

AppwdJX A

Printout of Siiuaxtion Program

GE/.Eg/72-?

-~~S11! 9.C' a SIM 5C: Cc7rE;:_z SI'-*ATICN FCC62* 0 SI'w

f C:D UEc acTwlW_ TIIS'EASZC5 I~r~; Cr~c EELS CWLeft 'TT"aSIN

c Sim& 1

U22 (422 zle casas C2!(53. cris. C03!.S CC%*EG1Z*.2, CMISS SIS'1"J4 3132, cz, V-7, Sr3,5, FIA-, T,. Z13, !!3S, Clog) F13) 31- is

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zip WOLSUM-L1 Sim 21V?Z1Ft~c'L.ST.7?' XET? SIM 213

so To~6,~ is 9:1 21"

Un~tsa~.) Sir 2111I £a2U9).Sim 2112'S wr-. C(1.*II22 SS-:963S Sift 2114ý

WGI2SIST26(1C3 SIP 21162: 17-CvZ!5TMa.E.ex 6c Ul 25 Sim 211?

"Cl. err.? SIP 2118?s SILO4131 211S

l!gnt'M.ST.7Z3 qsiwi Sir 2129£~(~tML2 t~~ -SIM a121

cc To Is Sir 2222wvm. Ivey SIP. NU2fl=VI-1 Sir 2124

I~iYJ..wTSIM ?~l 125"E ftCQLza--L*.1 Sir 2126

!FCC M-.6'.7i) afE.t SI 222?S4 ire~ 2-3Si 2129

so E'J-1 4Z* IN 2125* t5 W( 4.5 I21924 ST23 213r

Sig, 2131

C6A To646 qc1 21-14

~ OTO 46 siltI 2135

4.5 CCMIIW site 213"!'. SMrr=U STS 21943

Sin 2141

1-5 FC&'g*'Wrc ToC S'V*'2. iss, IP CT A VZLIl ~-U2!TAL ILFu1 Sim 2143ill!- IMIS 34. REPIACEZ IT ZEROOD SIM 2146

* ::;w;-: COI19 Sv'W .. 1.e IS =CT 2 TSL13 W-:,!CýEwv-3TAg I35-T. SIX 21465M1 335 :I~z9 4--*L'cEC. ?ý VIOC2 sin ?144

DOSZE 21%7

A..30 1

t.� � -,�g, -S� 'tr 9. A'�ar-

I. -

i�axiiz �S

;:73 st�c�o� Set - -

a. �

- D17D- Load Codes

'K

I

A

C;

-�

GVE/El72-7

DX?j3 iThstruction SetJ

CODE. DIESCRIPTl(X1- islJzMI C C -3OD ¶i,'P1ESIDDI Add.-

,1

AMS Accum~ulator Tef t ShullftZ 00 22s. +1AIM' L~ogical Anti to Jýccurm-.dator 40o 42.5 1zARS Accunu-ia-tor ziighVt Shiiifta 00 .312s 5+1R-aA Simary OatvtuA 4-0 loss 1BOB Birzary C-Ut ut 40 12.9s1iiBOC Bimary OUtpai Co 40 02,,s 1CIA Clar Aoii to Ac-±ccuulator 44' c, s ICCGlA clia-racter Oputt.Ut A 00 4os s+1C6O;- Co'nplement - l0 46,s- IDIAL Discre-te nIren A.-,4 1DIIS D-iscorete Ihnimt1 B kc 50 s I

DI Discraete Outjult A 40 26,s 1

2-FC Pine loo62-

anai Pý?_c-a 40 221,s 1.:aaitd- s- IAl~U A~~i 4-11442

- * r ~ 3~ c~s13

RISD Reset. Detector 4o 2os II) SD11t dd 60 cys

SAL Sbilt SA-ccum-eliator ft- ';fllit 00 20,S S+1.SAIR Split taccizmulator Rig"; ;, Shill; 00 30,2 S+SCLE Sp~lit Compare and Un~it 04 c 2 s2Shl. S-blit Lef-t iWord. Lef-t Sh- 00 242s sI

Sun Split Le&f-tt igord. Rqight4 Silift 00 31--1,sS.Mz -) --a lfailtiji 1 f-iind.4 30 c~s 7

35$? Split )Yrdtiply 20 cs 7ISilL Sp:lit;- -i-Eigt Uorld L-Sh-ift 00 267 S-~

SIM.l Dti itL R i E;.t Ilord Risght Shi-ft 00 4) 36sSl+SSU Supllt Stfbtract`'00;

B3-1

D173 5 m p 2 10 N.t

T, -- frnIer oni Anius i-~~.TRA ri-nsr er so 0

VO VQ oltae cuui:az 1t 4 30i s1.10B Vo1ia~ze crztmi 3 40 321 s

0OG VToltage C.uý-t C 140 349;;1

GWE/E/72m.7

D17B Load Coles

NALT - This lo•d code causes the 017B t6E-- top accepting

dat an. ner th-e program halt xncd6i ThMe ýmmml-

halt ncde dill be ente-rel if the compute switch

Is set at the HP.aLt position.

CO.!W=- - TMis code causes the con-puter to go to the mnual

,alt m--e of nonco.-iute. The coepute mo-de vil be

entered if the com_-ite s•itch is set-at the Run or

Single position. -

FILU - This load code 0" sets the f!I/verify fllpflop

(03).

WRIFY• -This load cme --IL sets the filll/verify Mlipflop

LJOCATE - This c-._e eauses tne contents of the Lo-er A'calm-

ulator to be shiftc ia.to the Tnstraction Register.

CLAR - This code clears the Lom.er Accula!utor by fillirg

it with. afl zeros.

DE MD. - This cede causes no action.

SEI• - The action produ-ed by this code depe-ds upon the

setting of the £illherify flipflop. WTen this

code is first deciphered, the contents of the

Louer AccIImElator. is tiranferred into the Acc-

S I111! Ito r.

13-3J

If 03 is a On setj then th~e OontentS, of the Apqya-()ulator is stored In the meuor7 locatiJon ad4ressea.by the Instruct!ion Reagister.If 0~ is '1' set, the-n the contentsofteAc.

ultr sc-=Daaed udth -the conltents of-the MXMý1rylocation addressed by t~he Ins.trction lRegster,Thme last; action of this load code. is to jb-acreamet-the bist:_ucticn 2tegister by one.

- - -�. -------�-.�

GE/EE/72-7

:0

� i -- U

A - B-�rj, Figt�s :?a!sinter�iceting� -'I __

Tb� 7

'�11I

'-IEl V

]

i : a

10.

GEIFSI?2-? I

C)~C= CA~ LI93?

ILI__I~ij~ Lu se

.- 4-~- - - F.2 --- -

S C-1- b

Dsrt u - en j

ILI

xx x x

Ll I

C-2i

- -

CE *1 " " E C . .. . . . .. .

": o

I 3.--iI

I > --"

- r1 3 <- -

--- ia

I fi 3i

i! , .

ii.--D - :

NI lllI"

i_ 5- II -3 ,S'.. '\• . , .

- ' -( I .c-

0-7

-Appemix Dj

'5--

__srution- for -Usng -

S~at AF!T

Forew-or& to Appendixz Dj

A so-Lobiare suiwallion prograni has- bseeixx.ttn wbich

sinulates the functions ofthe Hiiiuteren D!.7B COmPuater.

Mihe structura anid org-aniza~bn~ of this similuation prograMi

is descrilbce- in dhia~ter 11 of tlds t-hesks1-. The Dl73 siri-a

lation language is p..resentieii ini ciapteer 1I12 chapter I1V

contains a U.sting of Vne e=. of st-at~e~snts of the Simu-

lation progran, and cbapt~er V is =-de up, of example pro-grams vI~bch were 'rim on the sizi.ated com-outerz- -

r1his axpend~ix coataians nfrat for using- the Dl)73

computter s ~ai= u~a all APIT. Froceddures are siven

for accessing' the sim-ulation program froma a teletjype tern-

Thai. Infrmo~tbion c ri-n=ig tbe iuse of progi~am talpes

ard. e7tra iprozxam f~iles is also incluC-A.. A cmrensedV version of the DI's s5.nuiati -- luan ge is given TollowEeaby the Ii1stim-S of a sztr- for crea~ting a thoz-bened version

of the simsulzation 1xanngz~vge.

GE/EE!72-7

Procedlores for Usý the

D173 Go~er Simidation 1-0at AFIm a

TheP DI 73 commater Sikulai oa, -p rog van as - zttont

b-- used fro~m -= teletype -ter-Li-aa1 Procediures f or op-eratii~t

a teletYpe ternini i are con-tained in teintcrcom 2 Ref-

erence H~ansa (R~ef 3).

The simul.ationprra is available on Jthe CD'%f 6,600

%Comvut-r System as a merim nent file. -SIuAIiis thie

perm-arent, file nae Omly ane versioni of- tha 03oram GM4 sts

so a Cycle nmrmber need not&. b,- spacified iihen att --dh the

pern-anen-t, ffile. lio~-aever, the irograO Ca catljogued as

CY=1. 1rhe sinulation programn reqT as less thanm- 4902 Of

mem~-y. to e:xecuto on 4thm oo0,60,0ri The mraority of

~ogr~'s-r", on t7.-s.;-- ~ io prog~ -aquire less tn&.an~

5 seconds of canitral prozezssertie

Or~era~iont fr~rr a Telet:m-e Tea-mrdal. -To access the sisnulati-do

py'ogram from thhe zeletNyve ir-- ~lrequires thle user to

LOS1.1T dl'it the 6600 co,.mptzcns. Proc-eadues for doing t:-As

jare contairmei- in the -Int-arcc,;. 2 Referimnce Fanua-l (R-ef 3:

Cnian. 3, P. 3p). te log-inn has -ce-en successfully completed

the teleltype p~rints aut

Vie user i~ilrezscL-! itil

to cZake the sirA~uatimn -rora aailable for his use. The

sysll'e- r-slpnd-L- -A rqet by ty~t~he tinr-e an~d

the a&ttah rejuest. To o1o-'edby

i T%-_ user -ml2st decide if he tmmts th,-e outputll. to be printed

atthe teletypq or if he- :-ns -s ispo the uptt

tbe batuh term-aa UiQlne prnter. UP output is to be

printed by h eltp the user z-*iould respond to Vie

coi~ancl lwith

If output. is to be diswoseZ- to-the highd spe-,-ed printer the

user ehould. rcsvmd vdh--.-~ ~-

"I7- cG2m3 :,FI.i illPSThe systen wiii mroess t~his request and thle teletype ium

print the fol-owi~ng:

CQIS22-

Tme user st±rui-d. rs-vnd uk~ ah

Vaich puts One sim-ulat-ion program inio execution. Dzuring

execution. of his daathe user zehou"Id respond. to any nes sages

that appe.aws at thle taletype. Hhen Vh user ma iishe

runnipg pro,--ms. he sliould exit Ithe simmi'1ation prog)re-n by

speifr-bu:12OF"a-.& res od to Vie inessage:

by typing

Mnesyse-mrcsDoulds ~-A-U" the nssag'o

D-

GVE/EE72-7

ýand prints the amoumt of execution tiim used. Mhs- MMfl be

followed by

-CO; YAID-

If output .s to -De disposed to the batcdh termina line

printer, the user shoul~d respznd. with

foloued.& by the ILGGO-- mro'lures containe in thie Inter-com

2 Reference ivianual (Ref 3:Cih-'aD; 39 P. 3-6).If outputl Is LotzU to be stsd -tb4ierfer

then the user eao-ald fojllcr- th-e Droeedures for LoGoUZ.

'Usiurz Propmram Tazas5 i2rogwam tpe can s kuPply data to thes- *-'a-4.-Qzticn Thera. da-ta- on these tamms is entered. by-

0the tame reader locateed at e.ach. teletype termini-m. mhe,

ProgramI tapes can. also be zt--id at :,:. tele-type tsrminal.

Procedures for p---ing- an-r r.- of program tapes Is

contained in the in~tercom 2 Reference iRaniý- (Ref 3:Ghap_-:. 2,

P.7-9).

Prograam tape-,s w1iicb wi21 also I,- nm on the D173 bomm-

* ~Puter Must b-- written usirag the ASCII representation describedj

In chapter InI of this thesis. BleanRcst line feeds,, arA car-j

ri-16e retturn-s are ignored '&;, the Dl73 compubar tape reader,

so these- syzzOls ca-1n ba p-imch-ed on the tames. This a~llws

the PrOf.ram taies: walich will be run on the D!7B- cozmlter

to also I>- execasbeil &y te sizulationporm

D-3

GE/EE-/72-7

Us~h~ xtern l s TV~& Mies can be establisbed In-the-

0 cDc 6600 computer vatich will suppWTl data In the ASCII rer-.-3 - - - -!

resentatimx to the simuliation progrem. The Mie.- must have

the n~ames of~ TAMiZ or TAPRE3. T111ey-cau ba created at -the

teletype by eaterimg SMM? rihen the tealetyjpe prints

ýO LIM_-

The user responds utith

SETU1P.IThe-teletype will process this commav-, avd itr-int tckt

The usef- s3iOUla. iype

MIzM7EtW or

Mae telctypz: well respond with

The user can pro-ee& to virit-e a pregrzo An 2ASCIII rejw-eseT-ta-

tion. Each'1 li~ne of tsbs ypogram-ri be proceeded b.7 a Illm'3r 'nber. Procedia-re. for cireating prograsi hugeacn

tained ir- t;-e UY MCCon 2 Reference Ham-iil ("Reff 3: ChaEP. 4).

The last1- srsibol suppmlied mist80 be the letter 1111u. 22is syn-

bol signifies the end of the program. Also the SAVE direc-

tive should always b-- given- all Ube enI of a pregram.

To use the -urogrmn created on VAJE2, or MIFAPý3 the- imer

must provide au argwu--ent to the sim-a'ation prog=a coin

Ji~aI. EOAH(2 will result. i.n the read-Imv. of tile da-ta enc

TALF-2. MaH-(3) causes the sirmulAzt.1Io progmram to read tbe

data from TA=-3. An ezarmple in -uhicih d~ata is read from

TOMi is as follo iS:

(EI-R. M~GMAI)

0 ~PR(O21) iMR(O2I) Ei(o-2i) ?S(-C--&) IiPaM.1f2)

S~im'1ati 1a~gue is as folaowss:

Bfrary mm- bars -0, :L

t-oaý Codes -HA, Ifil rCT-0.1 MILUs VE~fl?

Wheen OCCZL is specifiea, iyimb n~ust be in Gatal rep-

raesntation. Whllen B-1INAUY is r-;=fif ld, input. r-past be in

Blm-arY rapresen-ttion. '13hen MIU, is -ma-cifiled, tupel, rist

be if-- I repatesutat5.oi. %Delault ISC~~h

ASCIIReesntaio~ ~e~asetatcn e-uresantati-On

Ih~brs-0 10000 0

2 - 00010 2

3 10011 34 00100 -4

5 ~1010156 1.0110 6

700111 ?

Loe.& Codes -HALT 01000 8

PILL 11010 ZIVEMIDOY 01011

caipulý-11100

01101

D~-5

IE/EE/?-?

CVDAR 01110

'0 IE, E11 --' 7!:.%NaM

Siuitediaes T imin~g Sirgaal T(O-H)

Power £¶MIOff Sni-tch FR(w~)z 1'R(OFF)niltiatre Load Sueitch PS(O5)

ll.aster Reset.-Switch MH(O"J)

D~iscret~e Sw~itch DD(ONi)s DIr(F)

(Dafaullt of thase sw tches is OPT).

Clo-=Ute Fo-62 Suiitch K(HA~) X&M.hGS)s

(Dea4u--%At of thiis switohas i s PIALW)

Display - A bimaz'o output listing of aniy orf the follow-;~ reziserrs or lopps -a - be given i~ene-jer

i-t-s coiten-ts c~ass iLf itapppsaas as the* airnina~- of thle RMISTz comanud:

1--zmOn1Ic Register or LogaD-4 ~A C. u-l a to r

I Thslax-action RegisterL Lower Acc-imulator

I~uberRegister

F P-loop

R H-loot,U U-loop17 V-l0oo

Rca~ple: lTG-ISTE-R(A3=3,L Z)

010o. of argimaat- c=i varry frrom 0 to 20 anc. izust.

C ~ba ona of tcegivan above)

D-6-

-GE/M/? 2-7

The cOntents of inemory uMi-- be -glien as out~lp-t.v~ienever a M~EMORY cormA_ :is given:

RE~0R(0C2L) ?eorncY dum~p will be gi7en inOctal:-

O3Y(BfLHAilY) Hemnory d ilbe given in

Binary.

(D-efa-o13f; is OCLXL

Discrete xhp'pxts -x(19 bit-s as argu-e~nt)I

Y(24~ bits as r-_

Examle: (ilicoo lo;-o -olll1-11lSooo)

-- Era01ple 00(4,110000 1 loo-

frcremental Inputs - V(241 bits as a--romulnet)

RI(24' bits as argiment)

E=xa-le: V(0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 01011R(OOC001iI112il100001101)

SIEa c~h time SIGIULT is usc-: i f2 sth

re-resntl",onflo 0to 1 or - to 0"Si~IL is 0 at the beginii'-1i1,0,Of the

prozr~rim. When Sic-;-"! is 1; lie io

E~ECTExi mm-N. Lf --codncyls t es"heComu 0-11c~ be tracd. ed

E=M- 70 "o. Ofexection cycesution

E~3j1~( 050) 2.50 executions(Defwalt is 50 exeoutions)

D-?

GEI/EE/?2-7

YK(O) - virl f-limflop is so set. --

k VKl~() - 'VJK fl.ip.flop is 212 set. -

RK( Ms- 3 flipflop is NO set. -

BK~) -BKflipflop is in Set. -

r ~Eii~iALZ~ - iemory is initialized, binary output

Tliýpf lops aree set to +1, and dis-C-rebte irn'-ut counters are set to zero.

Shpt"& "rsono~ iaton 'Tam -a Mue f Ooflo1dn

-~ listinc' Contains the sim13ation languase words imhch van. be

shortened, the imt-erpetingltes, d.cxa-I-6j ~a shortened version~:

Simmilat~on- Lanaguagemords -cidlaic can b- In-Dex-roreting1 -Expapple of a

ShorteSnedene --- Persion

LOCAfi5IOi L LOC-FILL F1 Ffl.&

CGIMSS. co COX4

CI&'Al CL CLDEIETR DE DELOC TAIL 0 OCTBDLA~B B MI

SUMMGL S SPIAGRUNI R RUNl

R -.P a 'E)ME (Arg) REG(Arg)

lOmiX(BC-MALY iKE(B) J4EM(o)

SIGNAL S sic-W- C E UEGU -(A rg) EX(Arg) U~.r-,

-D-8

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