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Aircraft Engine Emission Chargesin Europe
Emanuel FleutiFlughafen Zürich AG
2005
Developments as per 2004
Zurich, 1997Sweden (1), 1998
Industry Request for Model Harmonization
EC ECAC Discussion
ECAC/ANCAT WG "ERLIG", 2001
Recommendation for European Model, 2003 (ECAC/27-4)
Implementation2004
Switzerland* Sweden*
Further Implementation ?
Geneva, 1998
Bern, 2001Sweden (2), 2000
*very similar, but not identical model
Next Steps
Implementation
European Recommendation
ECAC RECOMMENDATION ONNOx EMISSION CLASSIFICATION SCHEME*
*adopted by the ECAC: Recommendation ECAC/27-4, July 2003
• Basically: absolute NOx-emissions in the standard LTO-cycle• HC to consider (older or newer) engine technology (factor 'a' for regulated engines)• Continuous scale• Applicable to all aircraft > 8,618 kg MTOM• Emission data from ICAO (regulated engines) and FOI (unregulated engines)
esLTO
Aircraft indexNOxfuelflowtimeEnginesalueEmissionVamod
100060
National Implementation
ECAC Recommendation:
• Aircraft > 8,618 kg MTOM• Calculated Emission Values:
• Regulated engines (ICAO Data)• Unregulated engines (FOI Data)
Swiss Recommendation:
• Aircraft 8,618 kg MTOM• Default Emission Values (Matrix with #, type and size of engine)
Default Emission Values for Small Aircraft
# Eng.
Ecolight Pistonup to 200
hp
Piston200-400
hp
Piston>400
hp
Helicopter<1000 hp
Helicopter > 1000 hp
Business-Jets
(<16 kN)
Business-Jets
(>16 kN)
Turbo-Props*
1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.8
2 0.4 0.8 1 0.4 1.4 1.0 2.0 1.6
3 1.2 1.5 2.1 1.5 3.0 2.4
4 1.6 2 2.8 3.2
• Emission Values Aircraft according to engine type, size and number of engines• Applicable to all aircraft 8,618 kg MTOM (and above if no detailed emission data is available)
* not all turboprop engines are contained in the FOI database
Current Emission Charges in Europe
Switzerland (beginning 1.9.1997):- Original Model: g (NOx+VOC)/kN thrust; 5 emission classes;- Surcharge to landing charge of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%- applied at Zurich, Geneva and Bern for all aircraft
France (1.1.2003):- applied at Basel: same model as currently applied in Switzerland;- landing charge multiplier of 0.94, 1.05, 1.10, 1.20 and 1.30 (respective of emission class)
Sweden (changed per 1.3.2004):- ECAC-Recommendation and Swiss/Swedish Matrix for other aircraft;- SEK 50.00 per kg Emission Value (basically NOx)- Applicable at all airports for all aircraft
United Kingdom (new as from 1.4.2004):- applied at BAA Heathrow, only for aircraft >8'618 kg MTOW- NOx-Emissions and Swiss/Swedish Matrix for other aircraft- Bonus/Malus-System- GB£ 1.00 per kg NOx > 23 kg (and rebate of GB£ 1.00/kg NOx < 23 kg)- planned: implementation in Gatwick (1.4.2005) with a bonus/malus threshold of 15.5 kg
European Developments
July 2003 ECAC-Recommendation 27-4 endorsed
October 2003 Stakeholder Meeting @ECAC in Paris by Sweden
and Switzerland
1.3. 2004 Implementation of new model in Sweden
1.4. 2004 Implementation of a model at BAA Heathrow
Summer 2004 Legal and advisory framework completed in Germany
Summer 2004 New status evaluation at Swiss Airports
…
1.4. 2005 Implementation of a model at BAA Gatwick (planned)
…
Results (1)
Operational Results
• Improvement in Fleet Development:
Intr
oduc
tion
New Airbus-fleet of home carrier
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Movements in Emission Classes
Free (class 5) 5% (class 4) 10% (class 3) 20% (class 2) 40% (class 1)
An
no
un
cem
en
t
New Airbus-fleet of home carrier
Intr
od
uct
ion
Results (2)
Environmental Results
• Change in Aircraft Operation: - B747-200 replaced by A340-200: 4.0 t NOx/a*ac and 3.9 t VOC/a*ac (-82%) - MD82 replaced by A320: 2.0 t NOx/a*ac (-21%)
(1 a/c, daily operations, %-reduction per LTO)
• Fixed Ground Power Systems: -75 t NOx (=4.3% of all airport NOx-emissions), -12,170 t fuel (2001)
• Reduction of idling/taxi time: Potential of -17 t NOx and -17 t VOC (at 2 min/ac, 150,000 cycles in 2000)
Results (3)
Political Results
• Aviation Industry - Marketing with LowNOx-Engines (CFM56-5DAC) - Development of new technologies (Talon Combuster for PW8000)
• Politics - Local/regional acknowledgement - European discussion
(1997)
(1998)
Use of Revenues*
• Required Air Quality Monitoring (0.25 mio CHF/a)
• Required Emission Inventory Calculation (0.15 mio CHF/a)
• Required Fixed Ground Power at Piers (3.0 mio CHF/a)
• Contribution to CNG fuel station (0.1 mio CHF/a)
• Contribution to A/C ground movement improvements (infrastructure, guidance systems)
*main items
Old Swiss and New European Emission Charges Model
Fundamental Change:From: Technology Approach To: Emission's Approach
(“polluter-pays-principle“)
Main Points:
Today: New:
- Specific Emissions - Emission Value of Aircraft- 5 Emission Classes - Continuous Scale- %-Charge/Class - Charge = f(Emission Value)- Some Aircraft free of charge - all Aircraft pay
Models can not be compared=> Charges can not be compared