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Muzammil Ashraf

: 10548

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AIRLINE SAFETY

Air safety is a term encompassing the theory, investigationand categorization of flight failures, and the prevention of

such failures through regulation, education and training. Itcan also be applied in the context of campaigns that informthe public as to the safety of air travel.

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Airline safety topics

1. Ice and snow

2. Engine failure

3. Metal fatigue4. Stalling

5. Bird strike

6. Ground damage7. Human factors

8. Terrorism

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Ice and snow

Snowy and icy conditions are frequent contributors to airline accidents. The icing of wingsis another problem and measures have been taken to combat it. Even a small amount ofice or coarse frost can greatly decrease the ability of a wing to develop lift. This couldprevent an aircraft from taking off. It can be evidenced by the crash of american eagle

flight 4184 near Roselawn,Indiana in Dec 1994 killing 68.

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ENGINE FAILURE

Although aircraft are now designed to fly even after thefailure of one or more aircraft engines, the failure of thesecond engine on one side for example is obviously serious.Losing all engine power is even more serious, as illustrated

by the 1970 Dominicana DC-9 air disaster, when fuelcontamination caused the failure of both engines. To havean emergency landing site is then very important.

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Metal fatigue

Metal fatigue has caused failure either of theengine or of the aircraft body.

Examples: the January 8, 1989 Kegworth air disaster

De Havilland Comets incidents in 1953 and

1954 Aloha Airlines Flight 243 in 1988

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Stalling

Stalling an aircraft (increasing the angle of attack to a point atwhich the wings fail to produce enough lift), is very dangerousand usually results in a crash unless the pilot quickly reacts inthe proper manner, and there is sufficient altitude left to regainadequate flying airspeed, while the plane is losing altitude.

Devices have been developed to warn the pilot when theplane's speed is coming close to the stall speed. These includestall warning horns,and voice warnings. Most stalls are a resultof the pilot allowing the plane's to go too slow, for theparticular weight and configuration at the time

examples :

British European flight 548, 1972

United airline flight 533, 1972

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Bird strike

Bird strike is an aviation term for a collision between a bird andan aircraft. It is a common threat to aircraft safety and hascaused a number of fatal accidents. In 1988 an EthiopianAirlines Boeing 737 sucked pigeons into both engines during

take-off and then crashed in an attempt to return to theBahir Dar airport; of the 104 people aboard, 35 died and 21were injured. In another incident in 1995, a Dassault Falcon20 crashed at a Paris airport during an emergency landingattempt after sucking lapwings into an engine, whichcaused an engine failure and a fire in the airplane fuselage;

all 10 people on board were killed.[9]

Canada Geese wereingested into the engines of US Airways 1549 causing theengines to fail on the Airbus A320 that crash landed ontothe Hudson River.

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Ground damage

Aircraft are occasionally damaged by groundequipment at the airport .Damage may be in theform of simple scratches in the paint or smalldents in the skin. However, because aircraftstructures (including the outer skin) play such acritical role in the safe operation of a flight, alldamage is inspected, measured and possiblytested to ensure that any damage is within safe

tolerances. A dent that may look no worse thancommon "parking lot damage" to an automobilecan be serious enough to ground an airplaneuntil a repair can be made.

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Terrorism

Terrorism can also be considered a human factor.Crews are normally trained to handle hijacksituations. Prior to the September 11, 2001attacks, hijackings involved hostagenegotiations. After the September 11, 2001attacks, stricter airport security measures are inplace to prevent terrorism using a ComputerAssisted Passenger Prescreening System, Air

Marshals, and precautionary policies. In addition,counter-terrorist organizations monitorpotential terrorist activity on aircrafts.

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