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Air Pollution


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Thought of the Day

Do unto others as you wouldhave them do unto you

Hazrat Isa (A.S)

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Air Pollution

The presence in the atmosphere of one or more

air contaminants in sufficient quantities and of

such characteristics and duration as to be

injurious to human, plant, or animal life, to

health, or to property, or to unreasonably

interfere with the enjoyment of life or property

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The Atmosphere

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Composition of the Atmosphere

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Air Pollutant

An air pollutant can be

considered as a substance

in the air that, in high

enough concentrations,produces a detrimental

environmental effect

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Environmental Effect

An environmental effect

is defined as a measurable

or perceivable detrimental

change resulting fromcontact with an air

pollutant

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Ambient Air

Ambient air is the air towhich the general publichas access, i.e. anyunconfined portion of theatmosphere

Ambient concentration

The appropriately time

averaged concentration ofa substance at a locationto which the generalpublic has access

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Air Pollutants

The two basic physical

forms of air pollutants are

Particulate Matter

Gases

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2)

Volatile Organic Compounds

(VOCs)

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Particulate Matter

A criteria air pollutant

Particulate matter includes dust, soot, and

other tiny bits of solid materials that are

released into and move around in the air

Particulates are produced by many

sources

burning of diesel fuels by trucks and buses

incineration of garbage

mixing and application of fertilizers and

pesticides

road construction

industrial processes such as steel making,mining operations

agricultural burning (field and slash

burning)

fireplaces and woodstoves

Particulate pollution can

cause eye, nose, and

throat initiation and other

health problems

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Particulate Matter

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Relative Size of Particles

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PM 10, 2.5, 0.1

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Types and Sources of Air Pollution

A primary pollutantis one thatis emitted into the atmospheredirectly from the source of thepollutant and retains the same

chemical formA secondary pollutantis onethat is formed by atmosphericreactions of precursor orprimary emissions. Secondary

pollutants undergo a chemicalchange once they reach theatmosphere

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Natural Sources (Biogenic)

Volcanoes

Wind Storms

Sand Storms

Forest FiresPollen

Natural Decomposition

Natural Radioactivity

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Dust Storm over Southwestern Asia

The Moderate Resolution

Imaging Spectroradiometer

(MODIS) on NASAs Terra

satellite captured this

natural-color image onMarch 20, 2012

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Man Made Sources

(Anthropogenic)

Mobile Sources

Automobiles

Trains

Aero planes

Stationary Sources (Non

Moving Sources)

Power PlantsIndustrial Facilities

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Criteria Pollutants

The criteria pollutants are


Sulfur Oxides (SOx)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)Ozone (O3)

Lead (Pb)

Particulate Matter (PM)

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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless,odorless, poisonous gas

slightly lighter than air

produced through the incompletecombustion of carbon

operations of internal combustion

engines, such as automobiles CO enters the bloodstream and

reduces the delivery of oxygen to thebodysorgans and tissues

most serious for people withcardiovascular disease

Exposures to elevated carbonmonoxide concentrations areassociated with impairment of visualperception, work capacity, manualdexterity, learning ability, andperformance of complex tasks

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Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a corrosive,

poisonous gas

produced in power plants, particularly use

high-sulfur coal as a fuel

SO2 and oxides of nitrogen after being

released into the atmosphere, can be

chemically converted into sulfates and

nitrates

may later be deposited on the ground in

the form of so-called acid rain or snow

At high concentrations, SO2 affects

breathing and produces respiratory illness

alterations in the defenses of the lungs

aggravation of existing respiratory and

cardiovascular disease

Sulfur dioxide can also produce damage

on trees and agricultural crops

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Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is produced when

fuels are burned at high temperatures

main sources are transportation vehicles

and power plants

NO and NO2are inhaled, they can irritate

the lungs and lower resistance to

respiratory infections such as influenza

continued or frequent exposure to high

concentrations causes increased incidence

of acute respiratory disease in children

Nitrogen oxides are also an important

precursor of both ozone and acidic

precipitation

may affect both terrestrial and aquatic

ecosystems

limit for nitrogen dioxide is also designed

to support the limit for ozone

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Ozone (O3)

Ozone (O3) is formed in the atmosphere as

a result of chemical reactions between

oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic

compounds, such as hydrocarbons (HCs)

If inhaled, damages lung tissue

reduces lung function

sensitizes the lungs to other irritants

Scientific evidence indicates that ambient

levels of ozone not only affect people with

impaired respiratory systems, such as

asthmatics, but healthy adults and

children

Specific effects, particularly at elevated

concentrations, include eye and lung

irritation

Ozone is also responsible for several

billion dollars of agricultural crop loss in

the United States each year.

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Lead (Pb)

Lead (Pb) is a heavy, comparativelysoft metal used as an additive togasoline

household paint

shotgun pellets

stained-glass windows

When taken into the body, itaccumulates in the blood, bones, andsoft tissues

Because it is not readily excreted, italso affects the kidneys, liver, nervoussystem, and blood-forming organs

Excess exposure may causeneurological impairments such asseizures, mental retardation, and/orbehavioral disorders.

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Particulate Matter

Particulates are solids or liquidsproduced by the combustion offuel in stationary power plants

diesel-powered vehicles

various industrial processes

produced by plowing and burningof agricultural fields

If particulates are inhaled, theycan lead to respiratory symptoms

aggravate existing respiratory

cardiovascular disease

alter the defenses of the bodyagainst foreign materials, damagelung tissue, and produce latentcancers and premature mortality.

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National Primary US Air Quality

Standards

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Perfect Combustion

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Incomplete Combustion

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Emissions

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Anthropogenic Sources

(Man-Made Sources)

Mobile Sources On-Road Sources

Non-Road Sources

Stationary Sources

Point Source

Area Source

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Mobiles Sources

Responsible for more thanhalf of the air pollution

cars are primary source

vehicles produce 75-90% lesspollution for each mile driven

than their 1970 counterpart no. of vehicles have increased

immensely

Mobile Sources Pollutants 45% VOC emissions

50% NOx emissions

60% CO emissions

50% hazardous air pollutantsin urban air

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Mobile Sources

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Air Quality Index

The Air Quality Index

(AQI), also known as the

Air Pollution Index (API)

or Pollutant StandardIndex (PSI) is an index

for reporting daily air

quality

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Air Quality Index NumericalM i


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Levels of Health Concern ValueMeaning

Good 0-50Air quality is considered satisfactory,

and air pollution poses little or no risk.

Moderate 51-100

Air quality is acceptable; however, for

some pollutants there may be a

moderate health concern for a very

small number of people who are

unusually sensitive to air pollution.

Unhealthy for

Sensitive Groups101-150

Members of sensitive groups may

experience health effects. The general

public is not likely to be affected.

Unhealthy 151-200

Everyone may begin to experience

health effects; members of sensitive

groups may experience more serious

health effects.

Very Unhealthy 201-300Health alert: everyone may experience

more serious health effects.

Hazardous > 300

Health warnings of emergency

conditions. The entire population ismore likely to be affected.


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Green House Gases

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Carbon Dioxide

Water Vapors

Methane

Nitrous Oxide

Chlorofloro Carbons CFCs

Ozone


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World Health Day 2012

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Thank You

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