Ais Gisp Report En

8/12/2019 Ais Gisp Report En

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The Ecological and Socio-Economic Impacts of

Invasive Alien Species on Island Ecosystems:

Report of an Experts Consultation

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Contents

Executive Summary.............................................................................................................3BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................4REPORT OF TE !EET"NG............................................................................................#

OPEN"NG OF TE !EET"NG......................................................................................#OB$ECT"%ES OF TE E&PERT CONSU'TAT"ON...................................................#GENERA' "NTRODUCT"ON TO TE "SSUE OF "N%AS"%E A'"EN SPEC"ES ON"S'AND ECOS(STE!S................................................................................................#

CONC'US"ONS AND RECO!!ENDAT"ONS............................................................13PRODUCT OR"ENTED !EET"NG PRODUCTS...........................................................1#C'OSURE OF TE !EET"NG.......................................................................................1)A**ex 1+ Ca,e Stu-ie,.......................................................................................................1

!ic/*ia Ca0ve,ce*, + A !a/r T2reat /r Tr/ica0 ",0a*- Rai*/re,t,.........................15"*tr/-uce- !a*6r/ve, i* t2e a7ai8i8a* ",0a*-,+ T2eir i,t/ry a*- "mact /*a7ai8i8a* C/a,ta0 Ec/,y,tem,.....................................................................................91

Ac2ati*a Fu0ica+ t2e Gia*t Arica* S*ai01.....................................................................93Sa0vi*ia m/0e,ta i* Sri 'a*:a........................................................................................95

ANNE& ""+ '"ST OF PART"C"PANTS............................................................................39ANNE& """+ AGENDA.....................................................................................................3)ANNE& "%+ '"ST OF DOCU!ENTS..............................................................................35ANNE& %+ SU!!AR( OF !A"N PO"NTS AND "SSUES.........................................41ANNE& %"+ Pre,, Re0ea,e...............................................................................................4#ANNE& %""+ F/u0i*6 / !ari*e Ec/,y,tem, ;y "*va,ive A0ie* Secie,+.......................4)ANNE& %"""+ Re,earc2 Nee-,+ "*va,ive A0ie* Secie, /* ",0a*-,.................................45ANNE& "&+ Drat Out0i*e................................................................................................


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Executive Summary

"*va,ive a0ie* ,ecie, ="AS> a*- t2eir eect, /* t2e e*vir/*me*t? ec/*/my? a*- 2uma* 2ea0t2

2ave cature- t2e atte*ti/* / ,cie*ti,t,? *atura0 re,/urce ma*a6er,? a*- /0icy ma:er,7/r0-7i-e. Artic0e =2> / t2e C/*ve*ti/* /* Bi/0/6ica0 Diver,ity =CBD> ca00, /* mem;er6/ver*me*t, t/ @a, ar a, i, ar/riate+ Preve*t t2e i*tr/-ucti/* /? c/*tr/0 /r era-icate t2/,ea0ie* ,ecie, 72ic2 t2reate* ec/,y,tem,? 2a;itat,? /r ,ecie,? a*- ca00, /r articu0ar atte*ti/* t/;e -irecte- t/ 6e/6ra2ica00y a*- ev/0uti/*ari0y i,/0ate- ec/,y,tem,? i*c0u-i*6 i,0a*-,. O* ;e2a0/ t2e CBD a*- U*ite- State, A6e*cy /r "*ter*ati/*a0 Deve0/me*t =USA"D>? t2e G0/;a0"*va,ive Secie, Pr/6ramme =G"SP> c/*ve*e- a 7/r:,2/ i* Oct/;er 99 t/ revie7 t2e ,/ci/ec/*/mic a*- ;i/0/6ica0 imact, / "AS /* i,0a*- ,y,tem,. Exert, r/m 1 c/u*trie,? a, 7e00 a,G"SP? t2e /r0- C/*,ervati/* U*i/* ="UCN>? a*- t2e /r0- C/*,ervati/* !/*it/ri*6 Ce*tre=C!C> articiate-.

Particia*t, i* t2e Exert, C/*,u0tati/* reac2e- t2e /00/7i*6 ma/r c/*c0u,i/*,+ F/r ;i/0/6ica0

a*- ,/ci/ec/*/mic rea,/*,? i,0a*-, are articu0ar0y vu0*era;0e t/ ;i/i*va,i/*,. "AS ca*i*0ue*ce i,0a*- e*vir/*me*t, at a00 0eve0, / ;i/0/6ica0 /r6a*iati/* a*- a0,/ imact a6ricu0ture?i,2erie,? t/uri,m? e*er6y? 7ater? a*- 2uma* 2ea0t2. 'ac: / acce,, t/ exta*t tec2*/0/6ie,?articu0ar0y i* ,ma00 i,0a*- -eve0/i*6 State, =S"DS> 2a, re,u0te- i* "AS imact, t2at mi62t 2ave/t2er7i,e ;ee* av/i-e-. 2i0e /rei6* ai- ca* ,u/rt "AS reve*ti/* a*- c/*tr/0 e/rt,? it ca*a0,/ aci0itate "AS i*tr/-ucti/*,. P/0itica0 re,,ure may exi,t t/ i*tr/-uce "AS t2at 7i00 r/vi-e,2/rtterm ec/*/mic ;e*eit, re6ar-0e,, / t2e 0/*6erterm ;i/0/6ica0 c/,t,. A0t2/u62 ;a00a,t7ater i, a 7e00rec/6*ie- at27ay /r mari*e ;i/i*va,i/*,? ,2i 2u00 /u0i*6 ;y mari*e/r6a*i,m, i, a* /te* /ver0//:e- ;ut ,i6*iica*t at27ay.

T2e /00/7i*6 acti/*, 7ere rec/mme*-e- ;y t2e 7/r:,2/ articia*t,+ Deve0/ i*/rmatic,caacitie, t/ i*crea,e :*/70e-6e / a*- acce,, t/ ,ucce,,u0 a*- c/,teective "AS reve*ti/*

a*- ma*a6eme*t t//0,. E,ta;0i,2 c/mre2e*,ive "AS ,urvei00a*ce r/6ram, t/ e*a;0e ear0y-etecti/* a*- rai- re,/*,e. U*-erta:e urt2er a,,e,,me*t, / "AS at27ay, a*- imact,?ma:i*6 t2e re,u0t, 7i-e0y avai0a;0e t/ re,/urce ma*a6er, a*- /0icy ma:er,. "m0eme*t 0e6a0rame7/r:, t/ mi*imie t2e ri,: / ;i/i*va,i/* a*- -eve0/ a0ter*ative, t/ t/xic a*ti/u0i*6a6e*t,.

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The Ecological and Socio-Economic Impacts of

Invasive Alien Species on Island Ecosystems:

Report of an Experts Consultation

I. AC!"R#$%&

"*va,ive a0ie* ,ecie, ="AS> are */**ative /r6a*i,m, t2at cau,e? /r 2ave t2e /te*tia0 t/ cau,e?2arm t/ t2e e*vir/*me*t? ec/*/mie,? /r 2uma* 2ea0t2. T2ey are /*e / t2e m/,t ,i6*iica*t-river, / e*vir/*me*ta0 c2a*6e 7/r0-7i-e? c/*,eue*t0y 0aci*6 c/*,trai*t, /* e*vir/*me*ta0c/*,ervati/*? ec/*/mic 6r/7t2? a*- ,u,tai*a;0e -eve0/me*t. "AS may a0,/ c/*tri;ute t/ ,/cia0i*,ta;i0ity a*- ec/*/mic 2ar-,2i. /7ever? t2e c/,t, t/ ,/ciety 6reat0y excee- t2/,e t2at ca* ;emea,ure- i* curre*cy. T2ey ca* a0,/ i*c0u-e u*em0/yme*t? imact, /* i*ra,tructure? //- a*-7ater ,2/rta6e,? e*vir/*me*ta0 -e6ra-ati/*? 0/,, / ;i/-iver,ity? i*crea,e- rate, a*- ,everity /*atura0 -i,a,ter,? i00*e,,? a*- 0/,t 0ive,.

T2e 60/;a0iati/* / tra-e? trave0? a*- tra*,/rt i, 6reat0y i*crea,i*6 t2e -iver,ity a*- *um;er /"AS ;ei*6 m/ve- ar/u*- t2e 7/r0-? a, 7e00 a, t2e rate at 72ic2 t2ey are m/vi*6. At t2e ,ametime? c2a*6e, i* c0imate a*- 0a*- u,e are re*-eri*6 ,/me 2a;itat, m/re ,u,ceti;0e t/ ;i/0/6ica0i*va,i/*,. "* Artic0e =2>? t2e C/*ve*ti/* /* Bi/0/6ica0 Diver,ity =CBD> ca00, /* mem;er6/ver*me*t, t/ @a, ar a, /,,i;0e a*- a, ar/riate+ Preve*t t2e i*tr/-ucti/* /? c/*tr/0 /rera-icate t2/,e a0ie* ,ecie, 72ic2 t2reate* ec/,y,tem,? 2a;itat, /r ,ecie,. /7ever? *ati/*a0a*- i*ter*ati/*a0 re,/*,e, t/ t2e "AS r/;0em 2ave t2u, ar ;ee* i*,uicie*t t/ c/u*ter t2eiri*crea,i*6 t/00 /* *atura0 re,/urce, a*- ,/ciety. O*e / t2e m/,t ,i6*iica*t ;arrier, t/ /0icy-eve0/me*t a*- im0eme*tati/* 2a, ;ee* t2e aucity / re0ia;0e -ata /* t2e ;i/0/6ica0 a*-,/ci/ec/*/mic imact, / "AS. Suc2 i*/rmati/* i, -e,erate0y *ee-e- t/ c/*vi*ce -eci,i/*ma:er, / t2e ,ca0e / t2e r/;0em a*- t/ e*a;0e ,ta:e2/0-er, t/ -etermi*e t2e c/,t, ver,u, t2e;e*eit, / t2eir acti/*,.

"* !arc2 91? t2e C/*ve*ti/* /* Bi/0/6ica0 Diver,ity8, =CBD> Su;,i-iary B/-y /* Scie*ce?Tec2*/0/6y? a*- Tec2*/0/6ica0 A-vice =SBSTTA> rec/mme*-e- =%" t/ t2e ,ixt2 C/*ere*ce/ Partie, =COP #> t2at t2e CBD i*itiate a,,e,,me*t, /* t2e imact, / "AS. T2i,rec/mme*-ati/* 7a, ;a,e- /* a -e,ire t/ a-va*ce a,,e,,me*t, /* curre*t ri/rity i,,ue,? a*- t/te,t a ra*6e / met2/-, a*- m/-a0itie, /r a,,e,,me*t, i* acc/r-a*ce 7it2 ara6ra2 =;> /-eci,i/* %9 =COP a*- ara6ra2, 1 a*- 5 / rec/mme*-ati/* %"< =SBSSTA #>.

A, t2e "*ter*ati/*a0 T2ematic F/ca0 P/i*t /r t2e CBD8, C0eari*62/u,e !ec2a*i,m =C!>? t2eG0/;a0 "*va,ive Secie, Pr/6ramme =G"SP> 7a, c/*tracte- t/ 0ea- t2i, r/ect a*- t/ 7/r: 7it2Partie, a*- /t2er ;/-ie,. T2e r/ect ;rie r/vi-e- ;y t2e CBD Secretariat i, c/*tai*e- i*-/cume*t UNEPCBDSBSTTA)3.1

"* /r-er t/ i*/rm -eve0/me*t / a*- i-e*tiy ca,e ,tu-ie, /r t2e a,,e,,me*t? a* ExpertConsultation on the Ecological and Socioeconomic Impacts of Invasive Alien Species on Island

Ecosystems=2ereater @Exert, C/*,u0tati/*> 7a, 2e0- u*-er t2e au,ice, / t2e G0/;a0 "*va,iveSecie, Pr/6ramme =G"SP> at t2e remi,e, / t2e i0t/* a7aiia* %i00a6e Beac2 Re,/rt a*- Sa?/*/0u0u? a7ai8i? r/m Oct/;er 1 t/ Oct/;er 15? 99. Seve*tee* i*-ivi-ua0,? 7it2 c/00ective

12tt+777.;i/-iv./r6-/cmeeti*6,,;,tta,;,tta1/icia0,;,tta)3e*.-/c.

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exerti,e i* i,0a*- ,y,tem, ar/u*- t2e 7/r0-? articiate- i* t2e c/*,u0tati/*. T2e c/m0ete 0i,t/ articia*t, i, c/*tai*e- i* A**ex "".


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II. RE'#RT #( T)E *EETI%"

1. OPEN"NG OF TE !EET"NG

1.1 Pr/e,,/r Ric2ar- !ac:? C/c2air / t2e G"SP Eva0uati/* a*- A,,e,,me*t /r:i*6Gr/u a*- C2air / t2e Exert, c/*,u0tati/*? ca00e- t2e meeti*6 t/ /r-er at +3 a.m. /*

1 Oct/;er 99. e /e*e- t2e meeti*6 ;y t2a*:i*6 t2e c//r-i*at/r, a*- ,/*,/r, /t2e Exert, C/*,u0tati/*? a, 7e00 a, t2e atte*-ee, /r acceti*6 t2e i*vitati/* t/articiate. Pr/e,,/r !ac: ,ai- t2at t2e a,,e,,me*t / t2e ;i/0/6ica0 a*- ,/ci/ec/*/mic imact, / "AS /* i,0a*-, =2ereater @",0a*-, A,,e,,me*t> 7a, t2e ir,t //ur ec/,y,tem;a,e- a,,e,,me*t, t2at G"SP 7i00 ;e u*-erta:i*6 /* ;e2a0 / t2e CBD.Pr/e,,/r !ac: t2e* i*tr/-uce- Dr. $amie K. Rea,er? Executive Direct/r / G"SP? a,meeti*6 Faci0itat/r a*- Dr. 'aura !eyer,/*? C//r-i*at/r / G"SP8, Eva0uati/* a*-A,,e,,me*t /r:i*6 Gr/u? a, Ra/rteur.

Dr. Rea,er 7e0c/me- a*- t2a*:e- t2e articia*t, a*- r/vi-e- a* /vervie7 / t2e",0a*-, A,,e,,me*t r/ect? a, 7e00 a, t2e a6e*-a /r t2e Exert, C/*,u0tati/*.

9. OB$ECT"%ES OF TE E&PERT CONSU'TAT"ON9.1. Dr. Rea,er ex0ai*e- t2at t2e CBD reue,te- t2at G"SP? a, a* "*ter*ati/*a0 T2ematicF/ca0 P/i*t /r t2e C!? a,,e,, t2e ec/0/6ica0 a*- ,/ci/ec/*/mic imact, / "AS /*i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,. T2e reue,t came a, re,/*,e t/ ara6ra2 # =-> / SBSTTArec/mme*-ati/* %"< i* 72ic2 t2e -eci,i/* 7a, ma-e? i* acc/r-a*ce 7it2 ara6ra2 95=;> / -eci,i/* %9 a*- ara6ra2, 1 a*- 5 / %"


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"*ter*ati/*a0> re/rte- /* ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/*, i* Cari;;ea* ",0a*- ec/,y,tem,. !,.'e0iua %aiutu =Deartme*t / A6ricu0ture? Tuva0u> re/rte- /* "AS i* Tuva0u.

3.9. Eac2 ,ea:er 7a, a,:e- t/ a--re,, t2e /00/7i*6 /i*t, -uri*6 t2eir re,e*tati/*+

2at are ;e0ieve- t/ ;e t2e ma/r ;i/0/6ica0 a*- ,/ci/ec/*/mic imact, / "AS /*

i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,I

2at varia;0e, =e.6.? i,0a*- 2i,t/ry? ec/tye,? i,0a*- ,ie a*- -i,ta*ce? at27ay,? c0imate?

re6i/* / t2e 7/r0-? etc> are ;e0ieve- i*0ue*ce t2e imact, / "AS /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,I

2at are t2e @;e,t ractice mea,ure, /r t2e reve*ti/*? era-icati/*? a*- c/*tr/0 / "AS

i* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,I /7 -/ t2e ri*ci0e,ractice, -ier r/m c/*ti*e*ta0 ,y,tem,I

&r. Cron+ addressed the historical and cultural lin+s ,eteen mainland countries and

islands that have contri,uted to many ,iological invasions:

T2e 7et ever6ree* /re,t / !a-eira ",0a*-? P/rtu6a0 c/*tai*, a 2i62 -e6ree / e*-emi,m

/ 6reat ;i/0/6ica0 i*tere,t. Becau,e it i, a P/rtu6ue,e i,0a*-? !a-eira 2a, ,tr/*6 ,/cia0a*- ,/ci/ec/*/mic c/**ecti/*, t/ P/rtu6a0? a*- ma*y 0a*t,? ,uc2 a, t2e ,ycam/rema0e =Acer pseudoplantanus>,2ave ;ee* i*tr/-uce- r/m Eur/e i*t/ t2e !a-eira*@0auri,i0va.

Sai*t e0e*a? a U*ite- Ki*6-/m -ee*-e*t territ/ry? 7a, a* im/rta*t c/a0i*6 ,tati/* /r,team ,2i, 72e* t2ey 7e*t ar/u*- t2e Cae / G//- /e ;et7ee* Britai* a*- "*-ia.Ater t2e /e*i*6 / t2e Sue Ca*a0 i* 1#5? St. e0e*a8, r/0e a, a c/a0i*6 ,tati/*-imi*i,2e- a*- t2e i,0a*- 7a, t2ere/re i* *ee- / a*/t2er i*-u,try. St. e0e*a ;e6a*r/-uci*6 ;r/7* ,tri*6 /r 7rai*6 arce0,. Native /re,t 7a, cut -/7* t/ 0a*ti*tr/-uce- Ne7 Jea0a*- 0ax =Phorium tenax>. By t2e 15

i*tr/-ucti/*? =9> *atura0iati/*? =3> aci0itati/*? =4> i*va,ive ,rea-? a*- = ,ta;i0iati/*a*- c/*tr/0. F/r 7//-y 0a*t,? a tyica0 i*va,i/* traect/ry ca* ta:e 19 year, t/r/cee- t2r/u62 a00 / t2e ,ta6e,. At eac2 ,ta6e / t2e i*va,i/* traect/ry? -iere*tact/r, are im/rta*t. U*/rtu*ate0y? m/,t i*va,i/*, are */t -etecte- u*ti0 ,ta6e 4? t2eex/*e*tia0 6r/7t2 2a,e? rat2er t2a* ,ta6e, 13. A, a re,u0t? t2ere i, 0itt0e i*/rmati/*/* 2/7 t/ ;ri*6 t2e /u0ati/* curve, -/7* a*- -ecrea,e 6r/7t2 a*- ,rea-. T2ere/re?it i, im/rta*t t/ i-e*tiy mea*, t/ ,t/ i*va,i/*, i* t2eir i*tr/-uct/ry ,ta6e,? t/ c/*tr/0e,ta;0i,2e- i*va,ive,? a*- t/ eective0y a--re,, t2e ,/ci/ec/*/mic a*- cu0tura0 act/r,

t2at are -rivi*6 t2e i*va,i/*,."* ,ummary+

B/t2 cu0tura0 0i*:, a*- ,/ci/ec/*/mic act/r, are im/rta*t -river, i* ;i/0/6ica0

i*va,i/*,.

"*va,i/*, ,2/u0- ;e a--re,,e- acc/r-i*6 t/ 72ere t2ey a00 a0/*6 t2e i*va,i/* traect/ry.

C2aracteriati/* / cu0tura0 -river, a*- i*-ivi-ua0 i*va,i/* traect/rie, 7i00 r/vi-e :ey

i*,i62t, 2/7 t/ a--re,, ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/*,.

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&r. ucius Eldredge discussed marine invasions/ particularly in )aai0i.

Ar/ximate0y 9 / a7aiia* ;i/ta i, i*tr/-uce-. O t2e,e? ar/ximate0y ) /

t2e i*tr/-uce- ,ecie, e,ta;0i,2. Ar/ximate0y ) / t2e mari*e i*verte;rate, are "AS."* ai:i:i 2ar;/r? ) / t2e ,ecie, are "AS? ;ut t7/ ,ecie, =i.e.? Gracilaria salicorniaa*-Hypnea musciformis> are cau,i*6 t2e ma/rity / t2e r/;0em,. T2e /*0y i*tr/-uce-ec2i*/-erm i* a7ai8i i, t2e ,ea ,tar =Asterias amurensis>.

"* mari*e ec/,y,tem, t2e /00/7i*6 criteria u,ua00y i*-icate t2at a* /r6a*i,m i, a* "AS+

,u--e* aeara*ce / t2e /r6a*i,m? t2e re,e*ce / a* artiicia0 ,u;,trate? a*- a,,/ciati/*7it2 a -i,er,a0 mec2a*i,m a*-/r /t2er "AS. Secie, / u*certai* /ri6i* are terme-cryt/6e*ic ,ecie,.

Survey, i* a7ai8i i*-icate t2at t2e *um;er / "AS re,e*t -ecrea,e ,2ar0y /ut,i-e /

t2e 2ar;/r.

T2e ma/rity / t2e ,2ii*6 r/ute, i* t2e Paciic 6/ t2r/u62 a7ai8i? ma:i*6 a7ai8i a

ma/r reciie*t / "AS. u00 /u0i*6 i, a 6reater r/;0em i* term, / "AS i*tr/-ucti/*,t2a* ;a00a,t 7ater i* a7ai8i? a*- 0i:e0y i* Paciic i,0a*- i*,u0ar ,y,tem, a, 7e00 . F/rexam0e? ar/ximate0y / t2e i*tr/-uce- mari*e i*verte;rate, i* a7ai8i re,u0tr/m 2u00 /u0i*6.

"*te*,ive ;i/0/6ica0 i*ve*t/rie, *ee- t/ ;e u*-erta:e* i* mari*e ec/,y,tem, a0/*6 7it2a*ec-/ta0 /;,ervati/*, a*- re/rt,. A 60/;a0 c/re team / tax/*/mi,t, 2a, ;ee*-eve0/e- t/ a,,i,t i* i-e*tiicati/* / u*:*/7* mari*e ,ecie,. %/uc2er ,ecime*,,2/u0- ;e -e/,ite- i* t2e ar/riate mu,eum, t/ ai- i* ,ecie, i-e*tiicati/*.

A* i*crea,e i* i*tr/-ucti/*, r/m 2u00 /u0i*6 i, execte- a, a re,u0t / t2e ;a* /* TBT

=tri;uty0i*>? a t/xic ,2i 2u00 c/ati*6. !i0itary a*- c/mmercia0 ,2i, 2ave e7 r/;0em,7it2 2u00 /u0i*6 ;ecau,e t2ey are c0ea*e- re6u0ar0y.

!/,t i*-u,trie, t2at uti0ie mari*e "AS are */t ec/*/mica00y im/rta*t? 7it2 t2e

exceti/* / =appaphycus ,.> 72ic2 ,erve, 0/7i*c/me c/mmu*itie,. T2e ma/rec/*/mica00y re0eva*t *ear,2/re i*-u,trie, are recreati/* a*- t/uri,m. Curre*t0y t2erimary imact, -ue t/ "AS i* a7ai8i are t/ ;i/-iver,ity a*- ae,t2etic,? a0t2/u62 t2e

mu- ;0i,ter 7/rm =Polydora !e"steri>? 72ic2 ca* e,ta;0i,2 i* ceme*t ta*:,? ut t2e/y,ter i*-u,try /ut / ;u,i*e,,.

&r. 1ohn *auremootoo reported on terrestrial invasions in *auritius.

F/ur i,0a*-, /rm !auritiu,+ Reu*i/*? !auritiu, a*- R/-ri6ue,? a*- R/u*- ",0a*-. T2e

-iere*ce, i* t2e t//6ra2y a*- t2e i*-ivi-ua0 i,0a*-8, 2i,t/ry 0ar6e0y -etermi*e t2eexte*t t/ 72ic2 t2ey 2ave ;ee* i*va-e-.

!auritiu, 2a, a 2i62 -e6ree / e*-emi,m. F/r exam0e? ) / 0/7eri*6 0a*t,? /

;ir-,? a*- 5 / reti0e, are e*-emic.

Secie, exti*cti/*, /ccurre- /* !auritiu, ri/r t/ t2e i*0ue*ce / 2a;itat -e,tructi/*.

S2i7rec:, i*tr/-uce- cat, a*- rat, t/ !auritiu, eve* ;e/re t2e mai* i,0a*- 7a, ,ett0e-.T2u,? a, muc2 a, 9 / t2e *ative ,ecie, may 2ave -i,aeare- ri/r t/ 2uma*

,ett0eme*t.

Natura0 -i,tur;a*ce,? cyc0/*e, i* articu0ar? 2ave a ma/r i*0ue*ce /* t2e ec/,y,tem.

T2e *ative tree, i* !auritiu, are very re,i0ie*t t/ t2i, -i,tur;a*ce? ;ut t2e re,e*ce /"AS i*crea,e, -i,tur;a*ce imact,? ,uc2 a, ,/i0 er/,i/*.

Dramatic c2a*6e, ca* /ccur i* a* ec/,y,tem /00/7i*6 ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/*,. F/r

exam0e? /00/7i*6 2uma* ,ett0eme*t a*- i*tr/-ucti/*? ire c0imax ,ecie, may re0ace*ative ,ecie, a*- c/m0ete0y c2a*6i*6 ,/i0 er/,i/*? *utrie*t cyc0i*6? a*- a0teri*6 ,ecie,-/mi*a*ce.


9/52

R/-ri6ue, i,0a*- 7a, mea*t t/ ;ec/me a r/-uctive @6rai* ;a,:et? ;ut t2i, e/rt ai0e-.

Re/re,tati/* 7a, attemte- 7it2 i*tr/-uce- euca0yt, =Eucalyptus, ,.>? ;ut 2a,re,u0te- i* a 7ater ,2/rta6e.

Reu*i/* i, ,ti00 /rmi*6 via 0ava 0/7, a*- 3 / it, *ative /re,t remai*,? a00/7i*6

recruitme*t / *ative ,ecie,. O* t2e i,0a*- / !auritiu,? recruitme*t / *ative ,ecie, i,

0/7? a*- -/e, */t /ccur /* at a00 /* t2e i,0a*- / R/-ri6ue,. Re,t/rati/* / *ative ca*/y c/ver -ecrea,e, 0i62t i* t2e /re,t u*-er,t/ry a*- 2e0, t/

reve*t "AS i*cur,i/*,. "AS c/*tr/0 mea,ure, /ccur rimari0y i* t2e c/*,ervati/*ma*a6eme*t area,. Active re,t/rati/* e/rt, are /ccurri*6 /* "0e aux Ai6rette, a*-R/u*- ",0a*-. Future 0a*, /r c/*tr/0 / "AS i*c0u-e m/vi*6 t/ 0ar6er ,ca0ema*a6eme*t r/6ram, =L1 2ectare,>. T2i, mi62t i*c0u-e i*tr/-ucti/*, / */**ativet/rt/i,e ,ecie, t/ re0ace t2e u*cti/*a0 r/0e / t2e */7 exti*ct !auritia* 6ia*t t/rt/i,ei* t2e ec/,y,tem. "* t2e ,2/rtterm? tem/rary i*tr/-ucti/*, / /t2er 2er;iv/re,? ,uc2 a,6/at,? may ;e *ece,,ary t/ c0ear /ut ve6etati/*.

T2ere are */ i*-i6e*/u, e/0e / !auritiu,? a*- c/0/*iati/* 7a, re0ative0y 0ate?

i*v/0vi*6 t2ree -iere*t c/u*trie, =i.e.? Dutc2? /00/7e- ;y t2e Fre*c2 72/ 7erere,/*,i;0e /r m/,t / t2e i*tr/-ucti/*,? a*- t2e* t2e Briti,2 72/ c/*ti*ue- i*tr/-uci*6

,ecie,>. T2ere/re? a me*ta0ity / ex0/itati/* exi,t, /* t2e i,0a*-, a*- t2ere i, 0itt0e:*/70e-6e / *ative ,ecie,. T2i, i* tur* aect, attitu-e, t/7ar- c/*,ervati/* a*-re,t/rati/*? a*- a0,/ mea*, t2at "AS are 6e*era00y */t c/*,i-ere- t/ ;e a r/;0em./7ever? t2e ,ma00 2uma* /u0ati/* /* !auritiu, a0,/ mea*, t2at virtua00y everyer,/* ca* ;e reac2e- a*- e-ucate- /* t2e i,,ue, ,urr/u*-i*6 "AS? ma:i*6 t2e 0/*6termr/,ect, /r a--re,,i*6 t2i, i,,ue very 6//-.

T2e mai* i*-u,trie, / !auritiu, =i.e.? t/uri,m? ,u6ar? texti0e,? a*- /,2/re ;a*:i*6>?

2ave t2u, ar ;ee* 0itt0e aecte- ;y "AS? ;ut mari*e i*va,i/*, /,e a /te*tia0 t2reat t/t2e t/uri,t i*-u,try.

&r. &ennis #0&od reported on Christmas Island.

",0a*- ec/,y,tem, vary i* *umer/u, 7ay, t2at aect t2e exte*t a*- imact / "AS.

T2e,e i*c0u-e t2e ,ie / t2e i,0a*- =e.6.? i,0a*- c/*ti*e*t? i,0a*- c2ai* ver,u, ,i*60ei,0a*->? t2e exte*t / ;i/-iver,ity a*- e*-emi,m /* t2e i,0a*-? t2e t//6ra2y? t2e a6e /t2e i,0a*-? a*- t2e exte*t / 2uma* i*0ue*ce.

C2ri,tma, ",0a*-? ,/ut2 / $ava? r/vi-e, a* exam0e / ma*y / t2e "AS r/;0em,

aci*6 /t2er i,0a*-,. C2ri,tma, ",0a*- 2a, a 2i62 -e*,ity / *ative re- 0a*- cra;,=Gecaroidea natalis>? ar/ximate0y 1 er ,uare meter. T2e,e cra;, 0ive a*- ;urr/7 i*t2e rai* /re,t a*- mi6rate a**ua00y t/ t2e ,ea. T2e cra;, are -iur*a0 a*- /m*iv/r/u,? ;utee- rimari0y /* 0a*t 0itter? a*- t2u, are t2e -/mi*a*t c/*,umer, / rai*/re,t -etritu,.A* exc0/,ure exerime*t revea0e- t2at exc0u-i*6 t2e cra;, r/m t2e /re,t re0ea,e, a0ar6e *um;er / ,ee-0i*6, a*- -etritu, accumu0ate, /* t2e /re,t 0//r. C0ear0y? t2e cra;,2ave a ma/r i*0ue*ce /* /re,t r/ce,,e,.

(e00/7 cray a*t, =Anoploepsis gracilipes> 7ere acci-e*ta00y i*tr/-uce- t/ C2ri,tma,",0a*- ;et7ee* 151< a*- 1534? ;ut 2ave ,rea- rai-0y /ver t2e 0a,t -eca-e. T2i, "AS i,a /0y6am/u, tram a*t 7it2 6e*era0ie- *e,ti*6 2a;it, a*- a ;r/a- -iet. "t i,c/*ti*u/u,0y active? a @t2ree -ime*,i/*a0 /ra6er. A*/t2er ,ecie,? t2e 0ac ,ca0e i*,ect=#achardina aurantiaca>? i*teract, ,ym;i/tica00y 7it2 t2e ye00/7 cray a*t. T2i, i, acryt/6e*ic ,ecie, =i.e.? / u*:*/7* /ri6i*>. T2e,e t7/ ,ecie, 2ave ,i6*iica*t*e6ative imact, /* t2e ec/,y,tem i* 6e*era0? a*- /* t2e 0a*- cra;, i* articu0ar? cau,i*672at 2a, ;ec/me :*/7* a, a* @i*va,i/*a0 me0t-/7*. T2e a*t, :i00 t2e cra;, ;y,rayi*6 t2em 7it2 /rmic aci-. 2e* t2e cra;, are extirate-? t2ere i, a ,u;,ta*tia0

5


10/52

i*crea,e i* t2e accumu0ati/* / 0itter /* t2e /re,t 0//r? a re,u0t t2at i, ,imi0ar t/ t2eexc0/,ure exerime*t, er/rme- ;y t2e re,earc2er,. /7ever? i* t2i, ca,e it i, 0ayi*6/ut acr/,, t2e 0a*-,cae? cau,i*6 rai- ec/,y,tem ,tate c2a*6e,. T2e ,ca0e i*,ect,

r/-uce ,//ty m/u0-, /ver t2e 0eave, //re,t tree,? -ecrea,i*6 2/t/,y*t2e,i, a*-t2u, tree ,urviva0. T2e a*t, c/00ect 2/*ey-e7 a*- ,it it /ut /* t2e 0eave,?cau,i*6 t2e ,ca0e /u0ati/* t/ ex0/-e a*- 0/7eri*6 t2e ,urviva0 / t2e tree,.T2e a*t, are a0,/ c/*,umer, / art2r//-, a*- verte;rate,. S/me -ata ,2/7 t2att2i, i, aecti*6 t2e rer/-uctive ,ucce,, / ;ir-,? 72ic2 are im/rta*t -i,er,er,/ ruit, =e.6.? t2e C2ri,tma, ",0a*- t2ru,2? #urdus poliocephalus erythropleurus>.

A* i,0a*-7i-e ,urvey /* C2ri,tma, ",0a*- 7a, -e,i6*e- t/ a,,e,, t2e imact, / t2e a*t

i*va,i/*. T2e re,u0t, i-e*tiie- t2e ,atia0 ,ca0e a*- i*te*,ity / t2e i*va,i/*? a00/7i*6-e0i*eati/* / t2e treatme*t area, a*- e,timate, /* imact, a*- treatme*t c/,t,.@Suerc/0/*ie, =a* a66re6ati/* / t7/ /r m/re a*t c/0/*ie, 72ic2 ca* c/*,i,t /i*-ivi-ua0, r/m -i,ti*ct *e,t,> 7ere 99.) / t2e i*va,i/* a*- a t/ta0 / *ear0y 9 7a, u,e- a*- -i,er,e- at a c/,t / AUSM 94)?.!/*it/ri*6 / eicacy? */*tar6et eect,? a*- eva0uati/* / ;r/a-er a0icati/* are

curre*t0y u*-er7ay. S/me / t2e ,/ci/ec/*/mic act/r, /* C2ri,tma, ",0a*- t2at are re0ate- t/ "AS i*c0u-e+

T2e re,e*ce / a -ete*ti/* ce*ter /r /0itica0 a,y0um ,ee:er,.

T2e re,e*ce / a ,ace 0au*c2 aci0ity.

",,ua*ce / *e7 mi*i*6 0ea,e,.

A *i*e/0- i*crea,e i* ,2ii*6 c/*tai*er traic.

T2e i*va,i/* traect/ry /r t2e ye00/7 cray a*t 7a, 0/*6? er2a, ;ecau,e / 7ater ,tre,,

/r t2e m/re rece*t ;i/tic aci0itati/* ;y t2e cryt/6e*ic ,ca0e 2e0e- t2e a*t t/ ;ec/me,ucce,,u0. "t i, u*0i:e0y t2at t2e re- cra; 7a, it,e0 i*tr/-uce-. T2e 2i62 -e*,ity / cra;,r/;a;0y re,u0t, r/m a 0ac: / re-ati/* /00/7i*6 t2e exti*cti/* / e*-emic rat, at t2etur* / t2e 9t2ce*tury.

Era-icati/* / t2e ye00/7 cray a*t may ;e im/,,i;0e ,i*ce t2ere are ,/me area, i*72ic2 t2e a*t, 0ive i* very 0/7 -e*,itie, a*- ;ecau,e t2e */*tar6et imact, /era-icati/* mi62t ;e u*acceta;0e.

"* ,ummary+

"* ,im0e ,y,tem,? "AS ca* u*0ea,2 c/m0ex a*- u*execte- /utc/me,. F/r exam0e? a

,i*60e "AS ca* r/-uce a rai- ,tate c2a*6e a*- *e7 a,,/ciati/*, ca* am0iy t2eimact, / eac2 ,ecie, /r */ve0 a,,/ciati/*, 7it2 /t2er "AS c/u0- /rm.

"mme-iate re/rti*6 / t2e imact, a*- a,,e,,me*t, / "AS i*va,i/*, are e,,e*tia0.

Survey,? u,e / 6e/6ra2ic i*/rmati/* ,y,tem, =G"S>? a*- m/*it/ri*6 / c/*tr/0 e/rt,

are critica0.

T2e i*te6rati/* / ,cie*ce a*- /0icy i, vita0? a*- 7e *ee- t/ e*,ure t2at a00 ,cie*tiic

,tu-ie, are i*-ee*-e*t a*- tra*,are*t.

*r. Sigurdur Thrainsson reported on invasive alien species in Iceland.

Ge/0/6ica00y? "ce0a*- i, a very y/u*6 c/u*try =13 mi00i/* year, /0->? a*- ;ecau,e it i,

v/0ca*ic? it i, ,ti00 ;ei*6 /rme-. 2e* ,ett0e- i* 4) AD? "ce0a*- 2a- #


11/52

T2ere are re0ative0y e7 */**ative ,ecie, i* "ce0a*-? ;ut "AS -/ re,e*t ,/me / t2e

m/,t ,eri/u, e*vir/*me*ta0 r/;0em,. T2e 7/r,t "AS i*c0u-e t2e N//t:a 0ui* =$upinuslepidus>? t2e America* mi*: =%ustela vison>? rai*;/7 tr/ut =&ncorhynchus my'iss)?ru--y -uc: =&xyura (amaicensis)? Sit:a a0-er =Alnus viridis>? 6ree* ,ruce a2i-=Elato"ium a"ietinum>? 0u, 2u*-re-, / 0/7eri*6 0a*t ,ecie,.

T2e N//t:a 0ui*? a *itr/6e* ixi*6 0a*t ,ecie, r/m A0a,:a? 7a, i*te*ti/*a00y

i*tr/-uce- t/ "ce0a*- t/ a,,i,t 7it2 0a*- rec0amati/*. 'ui* ex2i;it, -iere*t 6r/7t2/rm, -ee*-i*6 /* 0atitu-e+ i* ,/ut2er* "ce0a*- it 6r/7, ta00 a*- /rm, c0/,e- ca*/ie,?;ut i* */rt2er* "ce0a*- 0/7er rai*a00 0imit, ;/t2 2ei62t a*- -e*,ity.

"* "ce0a*-? 0ui* i, c/*,i-ere- t/ 2ave ;/t2 /,itive a*- *e6ative ua0itie,? a*- i,

t2ere/re rem/ve- r/m ,/me area, 72i0e ;ei*6 0a*te- i* /t2er,. 'ui* aci0itate, 0a*-rec0amati/* ;ecau,e it -/e, */t reuire erti0iati/* a*- t2ere/re re-uce, ,2/rttermc/,t,? a*- a0,/ 2a, /te*tia0 2armaceutica0 u,e, /r ca*cer treatme*t. /7ever? it a0,/c2a*6e, ,ucce,,i/*a0 traect/rie,? -ecrea,e, 0i62t t/ *ative 0a*t,? a*- ca* ;e -iicu0t t/c/*tr/0 a*- t2ere/re 2a, rece*t0y ;ee* rem/ve- r/m *ati/*a0 ar:,. Furt2er rem/va0e/rt, are ;ei*6 c/*,i-ere- -e,ite t2e act t2at it i, ,ti00 i*te*ti/*a00y ,ee-e- /* ;are6rave0 0at,.

Rece*t -ia0/6ue, ;et7ee* t2e ,/i0 c/*,ervati/* ,ervice a*- t2e /re,t ,ervice 2avere,u0te- i* 6ui-e0i*e, /r 0ui* 0a*ti*6. T2e ,/i0 c/*,ervati/* ,ervice i, a0,/ ;e6i**i*6t/ ex0/ri*6 t2e u,e / *ative ,ecie, i*,tea- / 0ui*. /7ever? ;ecau,e "ce0a*- -/e,*/t 2ave a*/t2er *ative ,ecie, t2at i, ,uita;0e t/ re0ace 0ui* /r er/,i/* c/*tr/0? it, u,emay c/*ti*ue -e,ite ,cie*tiic evi-e*ce / it, *e6ative imact, /* *atura0 ,y,tem,.

America* mi*: 7a, im/rte- t/ "ce0a*- i* 1531 /r u,e ;y t2e ur i*-u,try. "t e,cae- a

year 0ater a*- t2e ir,t ;ree-i*6 -e* 7a, /u*- i* 153). "* ar/ximate0y 4 year,? mi*:u00y c/0/*ie- t2e c/a,ta0 area, / "ce0a*- 7it2 t2e exceti/* / 60acia0 river, :i00i*6,ea;ir-, a*- aecti*6 t2eir *e,ti*6 -i,tri;uti/*,. !i*: 2ave cau,e- t2e exti*cti/* / t2e

7ater rai0 =allus a*uaticus) a*- t2e S0av/*ia* 6re;e =Podiceps auritus>. !i*: e,caer/m ur arm, a*- attac: ei-er -uc: c/0/*ie, /* /t2er arm,? a*- *e6ative0y aect i,2re0ea,e r/ect,. u*ti*6 i, curre*t0y a c/*tr/0 mea,ure? ;ut t2i, i, 2avi*6 0itt0e imact

/* mi*: /u0ati/*,.

T2e ru--y -uc: =&xyura (amaicensis> 7a, ir,t im/rte- t/ Britai* r/m t2e U.S. a*- i,

*/7 ,rea-i*6 t/ /t2er c/u*trie,? i*c0u-i*6 "ce0a*-. T2e ir,t ru--y-uc: ;ree-i*6attemt, i* "ce0a*- 7ere */te- i* 155 a*- t2e ir,t ,ucce,,u0 0e-6e, /ccurre- i*1554. "ce0a*- era-icate- ru--y -uc:, i* 99 ;ecau,e t2ey -e,tr/ye- t2e 2a;itat/ *ative ;ir- ,ecie,.

Exerie*ce i* "ce0a*- i*-icate, t2at+

",0a*- ,ie? -i,ta*ce r/m *ei62;/ri*6 c/u*trie,? reue*cy a*- ma6*itu-e / ,ecie,

i*tr/-ucti/*,? a, 7e00 a, c0imate? a00 i*0ue*ce ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/*, a*- t2eir imact,.",0a*-, -ier r/m c/*ti*e*ta0 ,y,tem, i* t2eir i,/0ati/*? ea,ier ;/r-er c/*tr/0? a*- t2ei*va,i/* at27ay,.

!/re e-ucati/* a*- i*/rmati/* /* at27ay, i, *ee-e- t/ reve*t urt2er i*tr/-ucti/*,."* a--iti/*? reve*ti/* e/rt, mu,t i*c0u-e ;/r-er c/*tr/0? ermit, a*-/r i*e, /ri00e6a0 ,ecie, im/rtati/*? a, 7e00 a, m/*it/ri*6 a*- re,earc2.

Era-icati/* e/rt, mu,t i*c0u-e ear0y -etecti/* a*- acti/* i* /r-er t/ ;e ,ucce,,u0.

C/*tr/0 ,2/u0- ;e im0eme*te- i era-icati/* i, */t /,,i;0e.

*r. *oses !airo reported on IAS in the Cari,,ean

11


12/52

T2e imact, / "AS /* ;i/-iver,ity a*- t2e ec/0/6y / t2e Cari;;ea* are */t 7i-e0y

rec/6*ie- a*- 0itt0e ua*titative -ata /* t2eir eect, exi,t. "*,tea-? "AS are vie7e-mai*0y a, a ,eri/u, a6ricu0tura0 r/;0em. /7ever? "AS are i*crea,i*60y ;ec/mi*6 a*e*vir/*me*ta0 r/;0em i* t2e 0a,t ,eve* year, at 0ea,t ,ix ,ecie, 2ave emer6e- a,,eri/u, e,t,.

Ne7 act/r,? ,uc2 a, t2e *ee- t/ meet i*ter*ati/*a0 accete- ,ta*-ar-, /r tra-e u*-er

/r0- Tra-e Or6a*iati/* =i.e.? t2/,e a,,/ciate- 7it2 t2e "*ter*ati/*a0 P0a*t Pr/tecti/*C/*ve*ti/*> 2ave 0ace- 6reater em2a,i, /* t2e t2reat / "AS.

Di,tur;a*ce, ,uc2 a, 2a;itat -e,tructi/* /r m/-iicati/* ma:e ,ma00 i,0a*-, i*2ere*t0y

m/re ,u,ceti;0e t/ "AS. T2e me,ic c0imate av/r, e,ta;0i,2me*t / "AS t2r/u62/ut t2eyear. Primary ;i/0/6ica0 imact, / "AS i*c0u-e -i,0aceme*t a*- c/metiti/* ;et7ee*"AS a*- e*-emic ,ecie,. Sec/*-ary ;i/0/6ica0 imact, i*c0u-e ,/i0 er/,i/* a*-0//-i*6. /7ever? ,/me i*tr/-uce- ,ecie,? ,uc2 a, t2/,e ;r/u62t i* /r ;i/0/6ica0c/*tr/0? -/ r/-uce ;e*eicia0 imact,.

"AS 2ave 2a- ,i6*iica*t /0itica0 c/*,eue*ce, i* t2e Cari;;ea*. F/r exam0e? it 2a,

;ee* ,u66e,te- t2at i* Gre*a-a t2e 6/ver*me*t i* /7er at t2e 2ei62t / t2e 2i;i,cu,mea0y ;u6 =%aconellicoccus hirsutus> i*e,tati/* acte- t// ,0/70y a*- t2at t2i,

c/*tri;ute- t/ it, -eeat i* t2e ,u;,eue*t e0ecti/*. T2ere 2ave ;ee* ,i6*iica*t c/mmercia0 i*c/me 0/,,e, -ue t/ "AS imact, /* a6ricu0ture

a*- /re,try a, a re,u0t / tra-e em;ar6/e,. F/r exam0e+

Gre*a-a 0/,t M1.3 mi00i/* -ue t/ t2e i;i,cu, mea0y ;u6. C/*tr/0 c/,t,excee-e- /*e mi00i/* -/00ar,.

Tri*i-a- a*- T/;a6/? Sai*t %i*ce*t a*- t2e Gre*a-i*e, re/rte- mi00i/*, /-/00ar, =US> i* 0/,,e, re0ate- t/ "AS imact, /* a6ricu0ture a*- /re,try.

Severa0 ,/ci/ec/*/mic act/r, i*0ue*ce t2e exte*t / "AS imact i* t2e Cari;;ea*.

!a*y i,0a*-, 2ave c0/,e cu0tura0 0i*:, a*- t2ere i, rai- m/veme*t / e/0e a*- 6//-,at t2e 0/ca0? re6i/*a0? a*- 60/;a0 0eve0. T2u,? "AS ca* ,rea- uic:0y t2r/u62/ut t2eCari;;ea* ,uc2 a, t2e 2i;i,cu, mea0y ;u6 72ic2 ,rea-, at a rate / 93 i,0a*-, er year.

Preve*ti/* =i*c0u-i*6 uara*ti*e exc0u,i/*> i, t2e ir,t 0i*e / -ee*,e a6ai*,t "AS? ;ut2a, ai0e- i* mu0ti0e 7ay,. O* ma*y i,0a*-, t2ere are i*a-euate re,/urce, /ruara*ti*e a*- t2e 0ar6e *um;er / /te*tia0 e*try /i*t, t/ t2e i,0a*-, ma:e, ;/r-er,ecurity -iicu0t. Re0eva*t 0e6i,0ati/* may ;e /ut / -ate /r */*exi,te*t. F/r exam0e?i* Curaca/ 0a7, a6ai*,t im/rti*6 2armu0 ,ecie, are ,ti00 u*-er -eve0/me*t? ;ut i* t2emea*time? a6ricu0tura0 r/-uce a*- /t2er /r6a*i,m, are ;r/u62t i* 7it2 0itt0e c/*tr/0.Becau,e Curaca/ i, a ma/r trave0 2u;? "AS e,ta;0i,2e- t2ere are 0i:e0y t/ ,rea-.

C//erati/* ;et7ee* 6/ver*me*t, may ;e 0ac:i*6. F/r exam0e? a c/u*try c/u0- ;e

i*ecte- 7it2 mea0y ;u6 ;ut */t /0itica00y ac:*/70e-6e it, re,e*ce a*- t2ere/re ai0 t/ta:e a*y mea,ure, t/ reve*t ,rea- t/ /t2er c/u*trie,.

"* ,ummary+

T2ere i, a 0ac: / ua*titative -ata /* "AS i* t2e Cari;;ea*.

"AS /,e a ma/r t2reat t/ ;i/-iver,ity.

T2e 0/,, / i*c/me i, t2e m/,t ,i6*iica*t ,/ci/ec/*/mic imact.

Huara*ti*e i, t2e m/,t im/rta*t -ee*,e.

Ar/ac2e, t/ era-icati/* a*- c/*tr/0 -/ */t -ier r/m c/*ti*e*ta0 ,y,tem,.

G/ver*me*t c/mmitme*t, /r 0/*6term e/rt, t/ ma*a6e "AS are */t curre*t0y

6uara*tee- ,i*ce c2a*6e, i* a-mi*i,trati/* ca* i*terrut e/rt,.

19


13/52

*s. eilua 2aiutu reported on IAS in Tuvalu

Tuva0u i, a ,ma00 i,0a*- *ati/* i* t2e Paciic ma-e u / *i*e i,0a*-, t/ta0i*6 9< ,uare

:i0/meter,. F/re,t c/ver, ar/ximate0y #) / t2e 0a*-.

T2ree / t2e ma/r "AS i* Tuva0u are t2e c/c/*ut ,ca0e i*,ect =Aspidiotus destructor>

72ic2 -ama6e, //- cr/, =e.6.? ;rea-ruit QArtocarpus altilis? ,7eet /tat/e, QIpomoea"atatas>? a*- imact, ;/t2 ,/cia0 a*- ec/*/mic ,y,tem, t2e termite =+eotermesrain"o!i>? 72ic2 t/0e, c/c/*ut a0m,? a*- t2e i*: mea0y ;u6 =%acinellicocushirsutus>? a e,t / t2e //- ,ta0e ;rea-ruit.

A ;i/0/6ica0 c/*tr/0 r/6ram exi,t, /r c/c/*ut ,ca0e. T2e Secretariat / t2e S/ut2

Paciic =SPC> r/vi-e, t2e c/*tr/0 a6e*t, a*- t2ey are re0ea,e- at t2e ,ite / i*e,tati/*.T2e a6ricu0tura0 -eartme*t r/vi-e, a-vice /* 2/7 t/ treat e,t, a*- 0a*ti*6 /re,i,ta*t tree,. T2e S/ut2 Paciic Re6i/*a0 E*vir/*me*ta0 Pr/6ramme =SPREP> a0,/7/r:, c0/,e0y 7it2 e*vir/*me*t a*- t2e 0/ca0 6/ver*me*t.

Tuva0u8, *ee-, i*c0u-e+

"-e*tiicati/* / */**ative a*- *ative ,ecie,.

"AS ,urvey re,u0t, r/m /t2er c/u*trie,.

Exert tec2*ica0 a-vice a*- aci0itie, /r "AS i-e*tiicati/*.

4. CONC'US"ONS AND RECO!!ENDAT"ONSF/00/7i*6 t2e re,e*tati/*,? t2e aci0itat/r 0e- t2e articia*t, t2r/u62 a -i,cu,,i/* ;a,e- /*t2e ue,ti/*, 0i,te- ;e0/7. "* a--iti/* t/ t2e ,ummarie, r/vi-e- ;e0/7? a 0i,t / t2e mai*/i*t, a*- i,,ue, ari,i*6 r/m t2e re,e*tati/*, a*- /00/7 u aci0itate- -i,cu,,i/*, i,c/*tai*e- i* A**ex %+

2at ca,e ,tu-ie, =-ata> exi,t t/ -/cume*t t2e imact, / "AS /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem, a*-

t2r/u62 72/m ca* t2i, i*/rmati/* ;e /;tai*e-I

2at 6a, i* :*/70e-6e exi,t a*- 2/7 mi62t t2e,e 6a, ;e i00e-I Q6a, i* :*/70e-6e?

//rtu*itie, /r i00i*6 6a, 2at ca* ;e acc/m0i,2e- i* a* a,,e,,me*t / t2e imact / "AS /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem, i*

5m/*t2,I Q6/a0,

2at are t2e ,te, t/ u*-erta:i*6 a 5m/*t2 a,,e,,me*t =i*c0u-i*6 time0i*e>I Qtime0i*e

2/ *ee-, t/ ;e i*v/0ve- i* t2e a,,e,,me*t a*- 2/7I Qc/*tri;ut/r, r/0e, a*-

re,/*,i;i0itie,

2at are t2e ir,t ,te, a*- 72/ 7i00 ta:e t2emI

4.1. 3hat case studies 4data5 exist to document the impacts of IAS on island ecosystemsand through ho can this information ,e o,tained6

T2e /00/7i*6 ;rie ,ummary ca,e ,tu-ie, 7it2 cite- reere*ce, ca* ;e /u*- i* A**ex " /t2i, -/cume*t. T2e,e i*c0u-e c/*tri;uti/*, r/m articia*t, a*- /t2er ,ta:e2/0-er,.

%iconia calvescens+a ma/r t2reat /r tr/ica0 i,0a*- rai*/re,t,.

"*tr/-uce- ma*6r/ve, i* t2e a7aiia* ",0a*-,.

"*va,ive ,ecie, a*- c/ra0 ree,.

Achatina fulica? t2e 6ia*t Arica* ,*ai0 a*-Pomacea canaliculata? t2e 6/0-e* a0e ,*ai0

Salvinia molestai* Sri 'a*:a.

13


14/52

A--iti/*a0 re,/urce, ,u66e,te- ;y meeti*6 articia*t, i*c0u-e- ei62t aer, /* c/ra0 ree*/*i*-i6e*/u, a*- i*va,ive ,ecie, re,u0ti*6 r/m a ,ym/,ium / t2e ,ame *ame 2e0- att2e Ba0i "*ter*ati/*a0 C/ra0 Ree Sym/,ium 2e0- Au6u,t 9)? 9. T2e,e are */7 avai0a;0e/* t2e 7e; at+ 2tt+777.;i,2/mu,eum./r6re,earc2;,c/ra0ree,ym.2tm0.

T2e /00/7i*6 aer 7a, ,u66e,te-+/7art2? F. G.? G. Ni,2i-a? a*- A. A,uit2. 155


15/52

Deve0/ e*vir/*me*ta00y ,/u*- a0ter*ative, t/ t2e t/xic a*ti/u0i*6 a6e*t, t2at are

6ra-ua00y ;ei*6 rem/ve- r/m u,e.

Deve0/ ,urvei00a*ce r/6ram, /r -etecti/* a*- e*a0tie, /r @/00uter, 72/ i*tr/-uce

"AS via /u0i*6.

Issue: Re0ative0y 0itt0e ua*titative -ata are avai0a;0e /* t2e imact, / "AS /* i,0a*-ec/,y,tem,. At re,e*t t2ere are */ a-euate t//0, t/ re-ict 72ic2 i*tr/-ucti/*, 7i00r/-uce ,ucce,,u0 i*va-er,? /r eve* ua*titative a*- ua0itative -ata /* 72ic2 i*tr/-ucti/*,ai0 a*- 72y. T2i, u*certai*ty /,e, c/*,i-era;0e -iicu0ty /r /0icyma:er,.

Response: Greater ua*tiicati/* 7i00 0ea- t/ ;etter -eci,i/* reve*ti/* /0icy. T2e/00/7i*6 ,te, *ee- t/ ;e ta:e*+

C/*-uct re,earc2 /* 2/7 t/ i*c/r/rate ,t/c2a,tic r/ce,,e, im/rta*t i* t2e ear0y ,ta6e,

/ i*va,i/* i*t/ /u0ati/* m/-e0,. Better /u0ati/* m/-e0, may 0ea- t/ m/re,ucce,,u0 re-icti/*, / 72ic2 ,ecie, i*tr/-ucti/*, 7i00 ;ec/me "AS.

"mr/ve :*/70e-6e / i*va,i/* ri,: a*- atter*, / ,rea- i* /r-er t/ ri/ritie ,ecie,

ri,: a*- re-uce u*certai*ty ;y c/00ecti*6 2i62er ua0ity -ata a*- imr/vi*6 m/-e0i*6. "*

articu0ar? i-e*tiy t2e mi*imum t2re,2/0-, /r t2e i*itia0 /u0ati/* ,ie / a*i*tr/-ucti/* i* /r-er /r a* i*va,i/* t/ ,uccee-.

T/ re-ict a*- reve*t uture i*va,i/*,? at27ay, /r t2e i*tr/-ucti/* / ,ecie, t/ i,0a*-

ec/,y,tem, mu,t ;e i-e*tiie-. T2i, i, /*e / t2e m/,t im/rta*t mea,ure, t2at ca* ;eta:e* t2ere/re? m/re i*/rmati/* i, *ee-e- t/ -eve0/ t//0, t/ i-e*tiy at27ay,.

Issue+ A 6e*era0 a,,e,,me*t / t2e imact, / "AS /* i,0a*-, i, -iicu0t ,i*ce t2ere i, 0itt0eua*titative -ata i, 7i-e0y avai0a;0e. Exerime*t, ca* ;e -iicu0t t/ c/*-uct /* 2ar- t/acce,, i,0a*-,. C/*,eue*t0y? exerime*ta0 -ata i, /te* 0ac:i*6 a*- c/*tri;ute, t/c/*,ervati/* ai0ure i* ma*a6i*6 "AS /* i,0a*-,.

Response: ",0a*-, 2ave 0imite- re,/urce,? ma:i*6 t2e r/tecti/* / ec/,y,tem ,ervice,

articu0ar0y im/rta*t. Becau,e t2e ,cie*ce / i-e*tiyi*6 a*- ua*tiyi*6 ec/,y,tem,ervice, i, i* it, i*a*cy? ;etter met2/-, are *ee-e-. T2ere/re? t2e /00/7i*6 re,earc2,2/u0- ;e aci0itate-+

Hua*tiy ec/,y,tem ,ervice, /* i,0a*-, t/ imr/ve re-icti/* / i*va,i/*,? t/ ri/ritie

acti/*,? a*- t/ ;etter u*-er,ta*- "AS imact,.

C/*-uct m/re ec/0/6ica0 exerime*t,? i* t2e /rm / ertur;ati/*,? ie0- tria0, /r

a-ative ma*a6eme*t.

C/*-uct re,earc2 t/ e*2a*ce u*-er,ta*-i*6 / 2/7 ex/6e*/u, act/r, =e.6.? c0imate

c2a*6e? 2y,ica0 -i,tur;a*ce> exacer;ate t2e imact, / "AS.

Determi*e 72et2er a 0a6 2a,e exi,t, /r t2e rea0iati/* / "AS imact, =i.e.? 72i0e it i,

u*-er,t//- t2at ,/me "AS u*-er6/ a 0a6 2a,e ri/r t/ ;ec/mi*6 i*va,ive? i, t2ere a0,/ a

0a6 ;e/re imact, / a* i*va,i/* ;ec/me aare*tI> C/*-uct m/re re,earc2 t/ u*-er,ta*- 2/7 ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/*, /* i,0a*-, -ier r/m

c/*ti*e*ta0 i*va,i/*,.

C/*-uct c/m0ete ;i/0/6ica0 i*ve*t/rie, /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,? articu0ar0y /* ,ma00

i,0a*-,. De,ite i,0a*-, 2avi*6 ,ma00 a*- tracta;0e ;i/ta,? m/,t ;i/i*ve*t/rie, are arr/m c/m0ete? articu0ar0y /r i*verte;rate,. O* i,0a*-,? m/re t2a* /* a*y /t2er ,y,tem?

c/m0ete ;i/i*ve*t/rie, areac2ieva;0e.

1


16/52

C/*,i-er ;i/i*ve*t/rie, r/m "AS ,/urce re6i/*, =/r 0itt0e :*/7* i*verte;rate 6r/u, i*

articu0ar> t/ ai- u*-er,ta*-i*6 / at27ay, / i*va,i/*.

Issue: T2e i*tr/-ucti/* / "AS i*t/ *e7 ec/,y,tem, ca* 0ea- t/ t2e /rmati/* / */ve0;i/0/6ica0 a,,/ciati/*,. Severa0 exam0e, exi,t ,uc2 a, a,,/ciati/* / e,t Ni0e viru, a*-A,ia* ti6er m/,uit/e, =Aedes al"opictus> i* t2e U*ite- State,. "* m/,t ca,e,? t2e,e */ve0a,,/ciati/*, 2ave */t ;ee* re-icte- a*- 0itt0e i, :*/7* a;/ut t2e imact, / t2e ,ecie,,ecie, a*- ,ecie,e*vir/*me*t i*teracti/*,.

Response: "*c0u-e t2e /rmati/* / */ve0 ;i/0/6ica0 a,,/ciati/*, i* ri,: eva0uati/*, /r,ecie, i*tr/-ucti/*,. 2i0e t2e,e a,,/ciati/*, are ;y -ei*iti/* *e7 a*- t2ere/reu*re-icta;0e? i*-icat/r, a*- re-ictive caacity ,2/u0- ;e ,/u62t.

4.3 3hat can ,e accomplished in an assessment of the impacts of IAS on islandecosystems in nine months6 3hat do e ant to encapsulate as the main message to

get across6

Particia*t, a6ree- t2at t2e ;i/0/6ica0 a*- ,/ci/ec/*/mic imact, / "AS /* i,0a*-ec/,y,tem, are i*crea,i*60y 0ar6e a*- ,i6*iica*t r/;0em, t2at 7arra*t ,eri/u, atte*ti/*.T2ey ;e0ieve- t2at *i*e m/*t2, r/vi-e- a re0ative0y ,2/rt eri/- / time t/ a--re,, t2e,ei,,ue,. T2ere/re? t2ey rec/mme*-e- t2at atte*ti/* ;e /cu,e- /* t2e m/,t re,,i*6i,,ue, a*- /* t2/,e area, 72ere r/6re,, ca* ;e ma-e t/ ,t/ /r miti6ate i*va,i/*, a*-t2eir imact,. T2ey ;e0ieve- t2at t2e /00/7i*6 /i*t, mu,t ;e c/*veye- t2r/u62 t2ea,,e,,me*t+ "AS imact, cut acr/,, ec/0/6ica0? ,/cia0 a*- ec/*/mic ,ect/r, a*- t2eimact, ca* ;e rai-? acute? c2r/*ic? a*- crytic 7it2 0/*6term ca,ca-i*6 eect,./7ever? i*va,i/*, are /te*tia00y ma*a6ea;0e a*- t2eir eect, may ;e rever,i;0e i*,/me ca,e,. Preve*ti/* i, t2e ir,t 0i*e / -ee*,e. T2i, ca* ;e,t ;e a--re,,e- t2r/u62caacity ;ui0-i*6? ,2ari*6 re,/urce,? a*- t2r/u62 *et7/r:i*6 a*- art*er,2i,. F/rexam0e? ,2ari*6 ;i/0/6ica0 c/*tr/0 a6e*t, acr/,, c/u*trie, /r re6i/*, may r/-uce

,i6*iica*t c/,t,avi*6,.

4.4 3ho needs to ,e involved in this process and ho6

"AS aect a00 ,ect/r, / ,/ciety. Particia*t, rec/mme*-e- t2at ca,e ,tu-ie, ;e u,e- t/re0ect t2e 0i*:a6e, t/ ,ta:e2/0-er, i* i*-u,try? 6/ver*me*t? t2e 2ea0t2 ,ect/r? a6ricu0ture?e*vir/*me*ta0 ,ect/r? */*r/it, a*- 0/ca0 c/mmu*itie,? a, 7e00 a, t2e *e7, me-ia.

4. c/mi0e t2e ,ummary i*/rmati/* a*- 9> c/00ect re0eva*t ca,e ,tu-ie,.

Dea-0i*e, a*- a r/ce,, 7ere e,ta;0i,2e- /r c/*tri;uti/*, a*- revie7, / t2e -/cume*t,.

< PRODUCT OR"ENTED !EET"NG PRODUCTS

Particia*t, i-e*tiie- a ,erie, / acti/*, t2at t2ey 7i,2e- t/ ta:e a, a 6r/u ;e/re t2e c0/,e/ t2e meeti*6. T2ey t2e* -ivi-e- i*t/ /ur 7/r:i*6 6r/u, a*- r/-uce- t2e /00/7i*6-/cume*t,. T2e,e r/-uct, are i*c0u-e- i* t2i, re/rt i* A**exe, %" t2r/u62 "&.

1#


17/52

Pre,, Re0ea,e Preare- at t2e ",0a*-, A,,e,,me*t /r:,2/ Oct/;er 15? 99+

Acti/* A6ai*,t A0ie*, /* ",0a*-, P0a**e-

F/u0i*6 / !ari*e Ec/,y,tem, ;y "*va,ive A0ie* Secie,+ A Ca00 t/ Acti/*

Re,earc2 *ee-,+ "*va,ive A0ie* Secie, /* ",0a*-,

Drat /ut0i*e /r i*/rmati/* -/cume*t a*- eerrevie7e- ma*u,crit

# C'OSURE OF TE !EET"NG

Ater c/*c0u-i*6 remar:, ;y t2e meeti*6 C2air a*- t2e Faci0itat/r i* 72ic2 t2ey t2a*:e- t2e-/*/r, a*- t2e /r6a*ier, / t2e meeti*6 a*- t2e articia*t, /r t2eir e/rt, a*- m/,tva0ua;0e c/*tri;uti/*? t2e Exert C/*,u0tati/* 7a, -ec0are- c0/,e- ;y t2e C2airer,/* at 4.m. /* Satur-ay? 15 Oct/;er 99.

1)


18/52

Annex 7: Case Studies

1


19/52

Miconia Calvescens: A *a8or Threat for Tropical Island Rainforests

Dr. $ea*(ve, !eyerD06ati/* V 0a Rec2erc2e!i*i,tWre -e 0a Cu0ture? -e 08E*,ei6*eme*t Surieur et -e 0a Rec2erc2eB.P. 951 Paeete? Ta2iti? Fre*c2 P/0y*e,ia.

%iconia=%iconia calvescens>rere,e*t, /*e / t2e m/,t -ramatic ca,e, / a -/cume*te-0a*t i*va,i/* i* tr/ica0 i,0a*-,. "t, exte*,ive ,rea- /* ,evera0 i,0a*-, i* Fre*c2 P/0y*e,ia a*-a7ai8i /,e, a ma/r t2reat t/ t2e *ative rai*/re,t, a*- t2e u*iue terre,tria0 0a*t -iver,ity /t2/,e i,0a*-,.

%iconia? a0,/ :*/7* a,%- magnifica i* 2/rticu0ture? ;e0/*6, t/ t2e me0a,t/me ami0y72ic2 c/*tai*, ,/me /t2er i*va,ive 0a*t, i* tr/ica0 i,0a*-,? ,uc2 a, K/,ter8, cur,e =Clidemiahirta> i* a7ai8i? Fii? a*- 'a Ru*i/* ",0a*- =&ssaea marginata> i* !auritiu, =%emecyloncaeruleum> i* t2e Seyc2e00e, a*- ri*ce,, 0/7er =#i"ouchina urvilleana> a*- 60/ry;u,2 =#-her"acea> i* a7ai8i. %iconia i, a ,ma00 t/ me-ium ,ie- tree? u t/ 1# m ta00? 72/,e 0ar6eattractive -ar:6ree* 0eave, 2ave ur0e u*-er,i-e,. "t i, *ative t/ Ce*tra0 a*- S/ut2 America

72ere it 6r/7, at e0evati/*, u t/ 1 m a, a* u*-er ,t/ry ,ecie, i* tr/ica0 rai*/re,t. "t i,re/rte- a, u*c/mm/* i* it, *ative ra*6e? a*- mai*0y /u*- /* river;a*:,? a0/*6 trai0,? at /re,te-6e,? a*- a, a c/0/*ier / ,ma00 6a,.

"t 7a, i*tr/-uce- a, a 6ar-e* /r*ame*ta0 t/ Ta2iti =S/ciety ",0a*-,> i* 153)? a*- 7a, */trec/6*ie- a, a r/;0em u*ti0 t2e ear0y 15)8, 72e* U.S. a*- Fre*c2 ;/ta*i,t, ir,t -/cume*te-it, i*va,ive*e,,. T/-ay? %iconiai, re,e*t /ver ) / t2e i,0a*- / Ta2iti =m/re t2a* )?2a> a*- /u*- i* a00 t2e me,ic a*- 7et 2a;itat, ;et7ee* 1 m a*- 13 m e0evati/*? i*c0u-i*6 t2em/*ta*e c0/u- /re,t? 72ere it /rm, -e*,e m/*/,eciic ,ta*-,. "* Ta2iti? %iconia i, -irect0ye*-a*6eri*6 4 t/ ? Cyrtandra=Ge,*eriaceae>? a*- Sclerotheca =Cama*u0aceae+ 0/;e0i/i-ae>? a, 7e00 , ,ma00 tree, ,uc2 a,

/itchia =C/m/,itae>? %eryta =Ara0iaceae> a*- %yrsine =!yr,i*aceae>? are am/*6 t2e m/,tvu0*era;0e. O* ,tee ,0/e,? ure ,ta*-, /%iconiar/m/te 0a*-,0i-e, a*- i*crea,e ,/i0 er/,i/*.T2e @Gree* Ca*cer? a, it i, /u0ar0y ca00e- i* Ta2iti? 2a, a0,/ ,rea- t/ t2e

*ei62;/uri*6 i,0a*-, / !//rea? Raiatea a*- Ta2aa =S/ciety ",0a*-,> a*- m/re rece*t0y t/ Nu:uiva a*- Fatu iva i* t2e !arue,a, 7it2 ,/i0 c/*tami*ate- ;y ,ee-,. %iconia i, a0,/ i*va,ive i*t2e a7aiia* i,0a*-, =a7ai8i? !aui? Oa2u a*- Kauai> 72ere it 7a, ir,t i*tr/-uce- i* t2e ear0y15#8, a, a* /r*ame*ta0? a*- */7 c/*,i-ere- a, t2e 2i62e,t ri/rity /r c/*tr/0 a*- era-icati/*.

A *um;er / ec/0/6ica0 a*- ;i/0/6ica0 c2aracteri,tic, ma:e t2e ,ecie, articu0ar0yc/metitive. "t 6r/7, rai-0y? u t/ 1.< meter, er year? a*- i, a-ate- t/ 0/70i62t c/*-iti/*,. "t0/7er, ater 4< year, / ve6etative 6r/7t2? a*- ,e0/00i*ate,. Pa*ic0e, / 0e,2y ;errie, =u t/ are r/-uce- a*- c/*tai* u t/ 93 ,ee-,. T2ere are at 0ea,t t2ree 0/7eri*6 a*- ruiti*6,ea,/*, er year. A ,i*60e i,/0ate- tree 2a, t2e caacity t/ r/-uce mi00i/*, / ,ee-, a**ua00y.

Fruit, are eate* ;y ru6iv/re, =e,ecia00y t2e i*tr/-uce- ,i0vereye? 0osterops lateralis,a*- t2ere-ve*te- ;u0;u0?Pycnonotus cafer>. See-, are active0y -i,er,e- /ver 0/*6 -i,ta*ce,. T2e 0ar6e,/i0 ,ee- ;a*: =u t/ ca* er,i,t m/re t2a* ei62t year,? 6ivi*6!ic/*ia a /rmi-a;0e re,erv/ir / re6e*erative caacity eve* i a00 0a*t, are rem/ve- r/m a*area.

Active c/*tr/0 e/rt, 2ave ;ee* c/*-ucte- i* t2e a7aiia* ",0a*-, a*- i* Fre*c2P/0y*e,ia ,i*ce t2e ear0y 1558,. "* Fre*c2 P/0y*e,ia? a 6/ver*me*ta0 i*tera6e*cy e/rt 2a,;ee* m/;i0ie- /* t2e i,0a*- / Raiatea =S/ciety ",0a*-,> 72ere ,ma00 =3 7e000/ca0ie- a*-acce,,i;0e !ic/*ia /u0ati/*, 7ere ir,t -i,c/vere- i* 15. A t/ta0 / a;/ut 1?99? 0a*t,

15


20/52


21/52

Introduced *angroves in the )aaiian Islands: Their )istory and Impact on

)aaiian Coastal Ecosystems

Ama*-a .$. Dem//u0/,U*iver,ity / a7ai8i? Det. / Ocea*/6ra2y1 P/e R/a-/*/0u0u? " 5#99Te0+ => 5 5 2ave r/0ierate-? ;ut /*0y- manglemai*tai*, a;u*-a*t /u0ati/*, /* a00 t2e mai*a7aiia* i,0a*-, =e,ter 151? A00e* 155>. 1ruguiera ,.er,i,t, /* Oa2u a*- C- erectus/ccur, ,/ra-ica00y /* Oa2u? 'a*ai? a*- !aui =a6*er et a0. 155? A00e* 155>. Curre*t0y i*a7ai8i? ma*6r/ve, i*2a;it 0ar6e /rti/*, / 0/7e*er6y c/a,t0i*e, =e.6.? t2e 0a6//*, / ,/ut2!/0/:ai? Ka*e/2e Bay? a*- Kee2i> a, 7e00 a, t2e ;a*:, / ,tream, a*- -rai*a6e c2a**e0, =e.6.? i*Pear0 ar;/r a*- a0/*6 A0a ai Ca*a0> =A00e* 155>. Primari0y -ue t/ it, 2i62 -i,er,a0caa;i0itie,? ;r/a- t/0era*ce? a*- e7 *atura0 e*emie, i* a7ai8i?- mangle2a, ;ec/me t2e m/,ta;u*-a*t ma*6r/ve ,ecie, a*-re-/mi*ate, a0/*6 t2e ,ea7ar- ,i-e / ri*6i*6 /re,t, =e.6.?e,ter 151? A00e* 155? C/x a*- A00e* 1555? Stee0e et a0. 1555>. !a*6r/ve 2a;itat aear, t/;e exa*-i*6 rai-0y i* a7ai8i? a0t2/u62 -ata /* t2e curre*t rate, / exa*,i/* / t2e 0ar6erma*6r/ve /re,t, =e.6.? t2at /* ,/ut2er* !/0/:ai> are */t 7e00 -/cume*te-.

!a*6r/ve, 2ave 2a- a *e6ative imact /* i*-i6e*/u, a7aiia* au*a =A00e* 155? C/xa*- A00e* 1555? Stee0e et a0. 1555? Dri6/t 91>? a*- 2ave a0tere- c/a,t0i*e 2y-r/-y*amic, a*-

atter*, / *ear ,2/re ,e-ime*tati/* =A00e* 155>. !a*6r/ve, i* a7ai8i r/vi-e a 2a;itat /rex/tic mari*e ,ecie, ,uc2 a, t2e cra; Scylla serrata? t2e ;ar*ac0e, Chthamalus proteus a*-1alanus reticulatus? a*- t2e i,2 &reochromis ,. a*- Poecilia ,. =Dem//u0/, a*- Smit2u*u;0i,2e- -ata>. !a*6r/ve, are a0,/ c/0/*ie- ;y /t2er r//t e*cru,ti*6 a*- ,e-ime*t-7e00i*6au*a? i*c0u-i*6 a variety / ,/*6e, a*- /0yc2aete ,ecie,.

But m/re u*/rtu*ate0y? t2e i*tr/-ucti/* a*- ,rea- / ma*6r/ve, t2r/u62/ut t2e i,0a*-,2a, 0e- t/ 2a;itat 0/,, /r t2e a7aiia* ,ti0t =Himantopus mexicanus 'nudseni> a*- /t2er 7et0a*-;ir-, i*c0u-i*6 t2e a7aiia* c//t =/ulica americana alai> a*- a7aiia* -uc: =Anas !yvilliana>=A00e* 155? C/x a*- A00e* 1555? Rau/* a*- Dri6/t 99>. T2i, c/*ti*ue- 2a;itat 0/,, i, ;ei*6miti6ate- ;y re,t/rati/* / 7et0a*- reu6e, /r ;/t2 *ative a*- mi6rat/ry ;ir- ,ecie, =e.6.?Nuuia P/*-, i0-0ie !a*a6eme*t Area? Ka*e/2e Bay C/x a*- A00e* 1555? Dri6/t 91>. A,art / t2e re,t/rati/* e/rt? t2e U.S. Fi,2 a*- i0-0ie Service 0a*, t/ rem/ve ma*6r/ve, r/m

t2e aia7a i0-0ie Reu6e? 0/cate- i* !i--0e '/c2? Pear0 ar;/r.2i0e ma*6r/ve, re-uce avai0a;0e ;ir- 2a;itat /r mi6ra*t,? t2e tree, r/vi-e reu6e /r

,2/re;ir-, r/m re-at/r, i*c0u-i*6 t2e i*tr/-uce- m/*6//,e =Herpestes (avanicus> a*- rat,=attus norvegicus a*-attus rattus>. De,ite ma*6r/ve rem/va0 a*- ;ir- 2a;itat re,t/rati/*?0itt0e 7/r: 2a, ;ee* c/*-ucte- t/ eva0uate t2e imact / ma*6r/ve, a*- t2eir rem/va0 /*a7aiia* c/a,ta0 c/mmu*itie,. Pre0imi*ary -ata i*-icate t2at a ric2 6r/u / /r6a*i,m, uti0iema*6r/ve 2a;itat. /7ever? it aear, t2at m/,t /r6a*i,m, -/ */t u,e ma*6r/ve, a, a //-,/urce =Dem//u0/, a*- Smit2? u*u;0i,2e- -ata>. T2u,? t2ere i, a 6reat -ea0 t/ 0ear* a;/ut t2e

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//- 7e; a*- c/mmu*ity ,tructure / t2e,e ma*6r/ve ,y,tem,. T2e c/*ti*uere,e*ce /ma*6r/ve, i* a7ai8i r/vi-e, ,cie*ti,t, 7it2 t2e //rtu*ity t/ i*ve,ti6ate t2e imact / a2i620y i*va,ive //rtu*i,tic 0a*t /* c/a,ta0 ec/,y,tem,? i*c0u-i*6 t2e r/0e / ma*6r/ve, i*re-uci*6 c/a,ta0 er/,i/* a*- e*2a*ci*6 7ater ua0ity.

References:

A00e*? $.A. 155. !a*6r/ve, a, a0ie* ,ecie,+ t2e ca,e / a7ai8i. Glo"al Ecology and1iogeography $etters? )+#1)1.

C/x? E.F. a*- $.A. A00e*. 1555. Sta*- ,tructure a*- r/-uctivity / t2e i*tr/-uce-hi.ophora manglei* a7ai8i.Estuaries99+9)#94.

De6e*er? O. 154./lora Ha!aiiensis. /*/0u0u? " =rivate0y u;0i,2e- -/cume*t>.De6e*er? O. 154#. hi.ophora mangle '. /lora Ha!aiiensis. B//: 14. T2e Patter* C/.?

/*/0u0u? a7ai8i.Dri6/t? D. 91. A* ec/,y,tem;a,e- ma*a6eme*t ar/ac2 t/ e*2a*ci*6 e*-a*6ere-

7ater ;ir- 2a;itat /* a mi0itary ;a,e. i* $.!. Sc/tt? S. C/*a*t? a*- C. va* Rier? """? e-,.Studies in Avian 1iology no- 22, Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and %anagement of

Ha!aiian 1irds3 A 4anishing Avifauna, A00e* Pre,,? C//er Or*it2/0/6ica0 S/ciety? .33.

!acCau62y? %. 151). T2e !a*6r/ve i* t2e a7aiia* ",0a*-,.Ha!aiian /orester andAgriculturist14+3#13#


23/52

Achatina Fulica: the "iant African Snail1

ritte* ;y R/;ert C/7ieS/ut2 Paciic Re6i/*a0 E*vir/*me*t Pr/6ramme

C/*tri;ute- ;y+Dr. 'uciu, E0-re-6ePaciic Scie*ce A,,/ciati/*Bi,2/ !u,eum1.

Simi0ar i00c/*ceive- attemt, at ;i/0/6ica0 c/*tr/0 i*v/0vi*6 Euglandina rosea i*articu0ar 2ave ;ee* im0eme*te- i* Fre*c2 P/0y*e,ia? America* Sam/a? Guam? a*- a *um;er //t2er 0ace, i* t2e Paciic a*- "*-ia* Ocea*, =Griit2, et al. 1553> =,ee ;e0/7 u*-erEuglandinarosea>.

"* a--iti/* t/ t2e -e0i;erate i*tr/-ucti/* / re-at/ry ,*ai0,? t2e re-at/ry 0at7/rmPlatydemus mano'!ari2a, a0,/ ;ee* i*tr/-uce-? a0t2/u62 a, yet 0e,, 7i-e0y =E0-re-6e 1554a?155. "t i, re/rte- t2at t2i, 0at7/rm ca* i*-ee- cau,e /u0ati/*, / Achatina fulicat/ -ec0i*e=!u*iaa* 153? 15)? 155 !u*iaa* et al. 15# ater2/u,e a*- N/rri, 15)>? ;ut t2e

evi-e*ce i, /*0y c/rre0ative? */t c/*vi*ci*60y cau,ative. /7ever? t2e 0at7/rm 2a, a0,/ ;ee*im0icate- i* t2e -ec0i*e / *ative ,ecie, /* Guam =/er a*- Smit2 1559>. T2e 0at7/rm 2a,;ee* ,ee* i* a7ai8i =E0-re-6e 1554a? 155 ;ut a, yet -/e, */t aear t/ ;e re,e*t i* 0ar6e*um;er, =!.G. a-ie0-? u*u;0i,2e- /;,ervati/*,>.

T2e,e i*tr/-ucti/*, / utative ;i/0/6ica0 c/*tr/0 a6e*t, a6ai*,t A- fulicaare extreme0y-a*6er/u, r/m t2e er,ective / t2e c/*,ervati/* / *ative ,*ai0 ,ecie,. A*- i* a*y ca,e? t2erei, */ 6//- evi-e*ce t2at t2ey ca* c/*tr/0A- fulica/u0ati/*,.

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Achatina fulica c/*ti*ue, t/ ,rea- ;/t2 i*te*ti/*a00y a*- acci-e*ta00y /r i*,ta*ce it 7a,ir,t re/rte- /* XU/0u =Sam/a> i* 155 a*- i* K/,rae =Fe-erate- State, / !icr/*e,ia> i* 155.S/me i,0a*-, remai* ree / it? ,uc2 a, Ou =America* Sam/a>? yet ,eri/u,0y at ri,:. O*cee,ta;0i,2e- /* /*e i,0a*- / a* arc2ie0a6/? t2e ri,: / 0/ca0 -i,er,a0 t/ /t2er i,0a*-, i* t2e 6r/ui, very 2i62 =ater2/u,e a*- N/rri, 15)>. Pe/0e ,ti00 ,ee A- fulicaa, a /te*tia0 //- ,/urce.A* e/rt 2a, ;ee* ma-e t/ r/m/te it a, a //- re,/urce /* XU/0u a, a met2/- / c/*tr/00i*6

t2em. /7ever? r/m/ti*6 a e,t? /r 72atever ,eemi*60y /,itive rea,/*? ,eem, u*-ame*ta00yc/u*terr/-uctive? a, it 7i00 0i:e0y e*c/ura6e t2e urt2er -e0i;erate ,rea- / t2e ,*ai0, ar/u*- t2ei,0a*- a*- /,,i;0y i*t/ /t2er re6i/*,.

History of A. fulica introductions

a7aiia* ",0a*-,.KauaXi 15 OXa2u 153# =!ea- 15#1> !/0/:aXi 15#3 =!ea- 15)5> !aui 153# =!ea- 15#1> '*aXi 15#315)9 =!ea- 15)5 /,,i;0y */t e,ta;0i,2e-> a7aiXi

15.Fre*c2 P/0y*e,ia.

!arue,a, ",0a*-,+ Nu:u iva? iva Oa ;e/re 154 =P/i*tier a*- B0a*c 154>.S/ciety ",0a*-,+ Ta2iti 15#) =!ea- 15)5> !//rea? ua2i*e? Raiatea? Ta2aa? B/raB/ra

ater 15#) ;ut ;e/re 15) =C0ar:e et al. 154 !ea- 15)5>.Tuam/t/ Arc2ie0a6/+ !/rur/a 15) =!ea- 15)5> a/ 15) =!ea- 15)5> Aata:i =P/i*tier a*- B0a*c 154>.

Sam/a.XU/0u 155 =C/7ie 155c>.

America* Sam/a.Tutui0a 15)) =C/7ie 155c> TaX=E0-re-6e 15? C/7ie 155c>.

a00i, a*- Futu*a.a00i, ",0a*-, =A*/*. 155a>.

Tuva0u.%aituu 155# =A*/*. 155#a? ; era-icate->.

Ne7 Ca0e-/*ia. 15)9 =Gar6/mi*y et al. 155# !ea- 15)5>.

%a*uatu.Eate 15#) =!ea- 15)5> E,iritu Sa*t/ =!ea- 15)5>.

S/0/m/* ",0a*-,. =A*/*. 1555>.Paua Ne7 Gui*ea. re154< =!ea- 15#1 Du* 15#)>.

P/rt !/re,;y ear0y 15#, =!ea- 15)5> 'ae 15)#15)) =!ea- 15)5> !a-a*6 ;e/re15)9 =!ea- 15)5> B/u6ai*vi00e 15) =!ea- 15)5> Bi,marc: Arc2ie0a6/ =Ne7 Britai*?Ne7 "re0a*-> re154< =!ea- 15#1> !a*am ",0a*- ='am;ert 15)4>.

!ar,2a00 ",0a*-,.K7ae0ei* =A*/*. 155#? 155a>.

Fe-erate- State, / !icr/*e,ia.K/,rae+ 155# =A*/*. 155a>.P/2*ei+ 153 =!ea- 15#1? 15)5 Smit2 1553;>.

Tru: =!ea- 15)5 Smit2 1553c>+ Du;0/* re154 =!ea- 15#1> !/e*? R/m/*um re154< =!ea- 15#1> Uma*? Fea* 154 =!ea- 15#1>.

Be0au =Pa0au>.Ba;e0-a/; 153 =!ea- 15#1 C/7ie et al. 155#> Ore/r =K/r/r> 1535 =!ea- 15#1>N6ere:e;e,a*6 =Ara:a;e,a*>? N6eme0ac2e0 =!a0a:a0> re15 re15


25/52

R/ta? Ti*ia*? Saia* 153#3 =!ea- 15#1 Bauma* 155#> A6uia* re1535 =!ea-15#1> Pa6a* 1535 =!ea- 15#1>.

1T2i, ca,e ,tu-y /ri6i*a00y aeare- i* t2e /00/7i*6+ C/7ie? R. . 9. N/*i*-i6e*/u, 0a*-a*- re,27ater m/00u,c, i* t2e i,0a*-, / t2e Paciic+ c/*,ervati/* imact, a*- t2reat,. "*va,ive,ecie, i* t2e Paciic+ a tec2*ica0 revie7 a*- -rat re6i/*a0 ,trate6y. S/ut2 Paciic Re6i/*a0E*vir/*me*t Pr/6ramme. F/r c/m0ete citati/*, 0ea,e reer t/ t2i, -/cume*t at

777.,re./r6.7,.

9


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27/52

a*- ;ecame a ,eri/u, e,t / rice t2r/u62/ut ma*y c/u*trie, / ,/ut2ea,t A,ia =C/7ie?i* re,, a Nay0/r 155#>. T2ey 7ere i*tr/-uce- t/ t2e a7aiia* ",0a*-, i* 155? r/;a;0yr/m t2e P2i0ii*e,? a*- /r t2e ,ame rea,/*, a, /r t2eir i*itia0 i*tr/-ucti/* t/ ,/ut2ea,t A,ia. A6ai*? t2ey rai-0y e,cae- /r 7ere re0ea,e- a*- uic:0y ;ecame a ma/r e,t/ tar/ =C/7ie 155.

P- canaliculatarer/-uce, extreme0y rai-0y a*- aear, t/ ;e a v/raci/u, a*-6e*era0i,t ee-er =C/7ie? i* re,, a>? a0t2/u62 exerime*ta0 re,u0t, ,u66e,t t2at it -/e,*evert2e0e,, 2ave ,/me ,tr/*6 //- reere*ce,? articu0ar0y a* aver,i/* t/ a ma/rauatic 0a*t e,t? 7ater 2yaci*t2 =Eichornia crassipes> ='ac2 et al.? i* re.>. "* t2ea7aiia* ",0a*-, it i, ,rea-i*6 rai-0y r/m tar/6r/7i*6 area, i*t/ *ative 7et0a*-, a*-/t2er *ative re,27ater ,y,tem, 72ere it i, erceive- a, /te*tia00y 2avi*6 a ,eri/u,imact ='ac2 a*- C/7ie? i* re,,>. T2e,e /te*tia0 imact, c/u0- i*v/0ve -e,tructi/* /*ative auatic ve6etati/* 0ea-i*6 t/ ,eri/u, 2a;itat m/-iicati/*? a, 7e00 a, c/metitivea*- eve* re-at/ry i*teracti/*, 7it2 t2e *ative auatic au*a? i*c0u-i*6 *ative ,*ai0,=C/7ie? i* re,, a Sim;er0/ a*- Sti0i*6 155#>. A0rea-y? i*tr/-uce- Pomacea 2ave;ee* im0icate- i* t2e -ec0i*e / *ative ,ecie, /Pilai* ,/ut2ea,t A,ia =a07art 1554>.

A0,/? *ative ,ecie, /Pilai* t2e P2i0ii*e, are re/rte- t/ 2ave -ec0i*e- a, a re,u0t /exte*,ive e,tici-e a0icati/*, a6ai*,t i*tr/-uce-Pomacea=A*-er,/* 1553>.At re,e*t? P- canaliculata i, */t 7i-e,rea- i* t2e re6i/* =/*0y t2e a7aiia*

",0a*-,? Guam? a*- Paua Ne7 Gui*ea>. "t 2a, a0,/ r/;a;0y ;ee* i*tr/-uce- t/ Be0au=Pa0au> ;ut 7a, era-icate- =C/7ie? i* re,, a>. /7ever? t2e 0e,,/* r/m ,/ut2ea,t A,ia i, t2ate/0e i* ,/me c/u*trie, =e.6.? Cam;/-ia> 2ave i6*/re- t2e *e6ative exerie*ce, / /t2erc/u*trie, =e.6.? %iet*am? P2i0ii*e,> a*- 2ave er,i,te- i* tryi*6 t/ e,ta;0i,2 auacu0ture/erati/*,? -e,ite a-vice t/ t2e c/*trary =C/7ie 155. T2ey 2ave t2e* c/me t/ re6ret t2i,c/ur,e a, t2e ,*ai0, i*evita;0y e,cae- /r 7ere re0ea,e- 72e* t2e auacu0ture /erati/*, -i- */t;ec/me r/ita;0e a*- are */7 ,eri/u, e,t,. T2ere/re? -e,ite t2e *e6ative exerie*ce i* t2ea7aiia* ",0a*-, articu0ar0y? e/0e r/m /t2er i,0a*-, may yet ;e temte- t/ i*tr/-uce t2i,,ecie,.Pomacea canaliculata,2/u0- ;e c/*,i-ere- a /te*tia00y ,eri/u, t2reat a*- every e/rt

,2/u0- ;e ma-e t/ reve*t it, urt2er ,rea- i*t/ t2e Paciic re6i/*.

)istory ofP. canlaiculataintroductions

a7aiia* i,0a*-,.KauaXi 1551 OXa2u 155 !aui 155 '*aXi 155 C/7ie 155 =era-icate-> E0-re-6e 1554; Guam Smit2 1559.

N/*e / t2e,e ,ecie, ,eem, t/ /,e a, ,eri/u, a t2reat a, -/e, Pomacea canaliculata./7ever? a00 /ur are -iicu0t t/ -i,ti*6ui,2 r/m eac2 /t2er? eve* ;y exert,? a*- t2ere are a*um;er / /t2er /te*tia00y v/raci/u, amu00arii- ,ecie, ,/ ar */t rec/r-e- i* t2e Paciic =e.6.?%arisa cornuarietis>. T2ere/re t2e ;e,t ar/ac2 7/u0- ;e t/ 6uar- a6ai*,t t2e i*tr/-ucti/* /a00 ,ecie, / Amu00arii-ae.

9)


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1 T2e,e ca,e ,tu-ie, /ri6i*a00y aeare- i* t2e /00/7i*6+ C/7ie? R. . 9. N/*i*-i6e*/u,0a*- a*- re,27ater m/00u,:, i* t2e i,0a*-, / t2e Paciic+ c/*,ervati/* imact, a*- t2reat,."*va,ive ,ecie, i* t2e Paciic+ a tec2*ica0 revie7 a*- -rat re6i/*a0 ,trate6y. S/ut2 PaciicRe6i/*a0 E*vir/*me*t Pr/6ramme. F/r c/m0ete citati/*, 0ea,e reer t/ t2i, -/cume*t at777.,re./r6.7,.

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Salvinia Molestain Sri an+a

Dr. S/eti:*/ Sa,tr/ut/m/CAB "*ter*ati/*a0Se*i/r Pr/ect Oicer? SE A,ia Re6i/*a0 Ce*treG0a,,2/u,e N/ 9? O/,ite B0/c: G

!ar-i C/m0ex? P.O. B/x 91UP! Ser-a*6? Se0a*6/r!a0ay,ia 434Te0+ #4354395913#41Fax+ #3543#4,.,/eti:*/ca;i./r6

Sa0vi*ia =Salvinia molesta> i, /*e / /ur ,ecie, t2at are mem;er, / t2e S- auriculatac/m0ex =F/r*/? 153>. Ot2er mem;er, i*c0u-e S- auriculata, S- "ilo"a? a*- S- her.ogii. O* t2euer ,urace / mature 0eave,? mem;er, / t2i, c/m0ex a00 2ave 2air, /* t2e ti / eac2 ai00at2at are /i*e- t/ /rm a ;ir- ca6e0i:e ,tructure. Ot2er ,ecie, i* t2e 6e*u, 2ave 2air, /* t2e ti/ eac2 ai00a? a*- eac2 2air -ivi-e, at t2e e*- i*t/ t2ree /r /ur ree arm, */t /i*e- i*t/ a ca6e.it2i* t2e S- auriculata c/m0ex? a00 ,ecie, are very ,imi0ar i* t2eir ve6etative m/r2/0/6y.

T2ere/re? rer/-uctive ,tructure, ,2/u0- ;e u,e- /r i-e*tiyi*6 ,ecie, 7it2i* t2e c/m0ex72e*ever /,,i;0e. Ot2er c/mm/* *ame, /r S- molestaare 6ia*t ,a0vi*ia? :ari;a 7ee-? ve0vet7ee-? /r 7ater er*. Sa0vi*ia r/a6ate, ve6etative0y ;y -ivi,i/* a*- i, caa;0e / c/0/*ii*60ar6e area, / ,ta6*a*t re,2 7ater i* very ,2/rt eri/-,. U*-er i-ea0 c/*-iti/*,? t2e 0a*t 6r/7,at a -/u;0i*6 rate a, ;rie a, 9 -ay,.

T2e *ative ra*6e / t2i, ,ecie, i, ,/ut2ea,ter* Brai0. /7ever? it i, -i,tri;ute-t2r/u62/ut t2e tr/ic, a*- ,u;tr/ic,. "t 2a, ;ee* -e,cri;e- a, /*e / t2e 7/r0-8, 7/r,t auatic7ee-, a*- it, ,rea- 2a, /,e- ma/r r/;0em, i* a *um;er / tr/ica0 a*- ,u;tr/ica0 c/u*trie,?i*c0u-i*6 Au,tra0ia? B/t,7a*a? Ke*ya? Paua Ne7 Gui*ea? "*-ia? "*-/*e,ia? !a0ay,ia? t2eP2i0ii*e,? a*- Sri 'a*:a.

Sri 'a*:a i, a* a6ricu0tura0 c/u*try 7it2 e,timate- /u0ati/* / 1.)3 mi00i/* e/0e=ce*,u, i* $u0y 91>. Farmer, a*- armi*6 c/mmu*itie, re0y /* a mu0titu-e / re,erv/ir, /r

7ater ;ecau,e t2e c/u*try i, r/*e t/ r/0/*6e- -ry eri/-,. Sa0vi*ia? /;,erve- i* Sri 'a*:a,i*ce t2e ear0y 1548,? 2a, ,rea- t/ a *um;er / t2e,e re,erv/ir, a*- t2e a,,/ciate- -i,tri;uti/*a*- -rai*a6e ,y,tem,. ater ;ua0/ =1u"alus "u"alis> may 2ave ;ee* a* im/rta*t vect/r.Sa0vi*ia 2a, cau,e- a ,eri/u, r/;0em t/ t2e r/-ucti/* / rice? 72ic2 /rm, art / t2e ,ta0e-iet. Rice r/-ucti/* i, aecte- ;ecau,e ,a0vi*ia e*ter, t2e rice ie0-, a*- ;ecau,e it i*terere,7it2 irri6ati/*. "* 15#? ar/ximate0y 9.A6ricu0tura0 a*- /t2er /utut? u;0ic 2ea0t2? a*- auatic ec/,y,tem, i* Sri 'a*:a 2ave

;ee* a-ver,e0y aecte- ;y ,a0vi*ia. T2e ec/*/mic 0/,,e, cau,e- ;y ,a0vi*ia are cate6/rie- i*term, /+ =1> 0/,,e, i* rice r/-ucti/*? =9> i,2i*6 0/,,e,? =3> /t2er c/mmercia0 0/,,e,? =4> 2uma*2ea0t2 c/,t,? = e*vir/*me*ta0 c/,t,? a*- =#> a;ateme*t exe*-iture.

95


30/52

475 (ishing losses

Sa0vi*ia8, -e*,e 6r/7t2 re-uce, 0i62t a*- /xy6e*? creati*6 a*aer/;ic c/*-iti/*,c2aracteri,e- ;y 2i62 c/*ce*trati/*, / car;/* -i/xi-e a*- 2y-r/6e* ,u02i-e t2at i*2i;it auatic0ie. Sa0vi*ia c/*tri;ute, t/ i,2i*6 0/,,e, i* aecte- re,erv/ir, i* t7/ 7ay,+ 1> 0aci*6c/*,trai*t, /* i,2 ;ree-i*6 ,ite, 72ic2 re-uce, /u0ati/* ,ie, a*- 9> re-uci*6 t2e

eective*e,, / 6i00 *etti*6. F/rtu*ate0y? ,a0vi*ia 2a, */t cau,e- t2e re0/cati/* / i,2erme* a*-t2eir ami0ie, i* Sri 'a*:a a, it 2a, i* t2e Sei: River? Paua Ne7 Gui*ea i* t2e ear0y 15,?72ere 2a0 / t2e


31/52

4>5 Environmental costs

N/ e,timate, 2ave ;ee* ma-e /r e*vir/*me*ta0 c/,t,. U*0i:e t2e ,a0vi*ia r/;0em, t2at-eve0/e- i* t2e Sei: De0ta i* Paua Ne7 Gui*ea? t2ere 2a, ;ee* */ re0eva*t re,earc2 a*- t2u,t2ere are */ rec/r-, / ,a0vi*ia t2reate*i*6 *atura0 c/mmu*itie, i* Sri 'a*:a. /7ever? it i,c0ear t2at ,a0vi*ia ca* rai-0y re-uce a c/m0ex ec/0/6y t/ m/*/cu0ture. T2u,? a, ,a0vi*ia 2a,,rea- i* Sri 'a*:a? auatic 0a*t, a*- a*ima0, mu,t 2ave ,uere- a, a re,u0t.

4?5 A,atement expenditure

"* a--iti/* t/ t2e ec/*/mic c/,t, a,,/ciate- 7it2 0/,, / rice r/-ucti/* -ue t/ ,a0vi*iai*e,tati/*,? ma*a6eme*t c/,t, are i*curre- =terme- @a;ateme*t c/,t,>.

A;ateme*t mea,ure, /r ,a0vi*ia i* Sri 'a*:a are m/,t0y -/*e ;y mec2a*ica0 c/*tr/0? /rexam0e? 2y,ica0 rem/va0? u,i*6 ;//m, a*- /cca,i/*a00y a ma/r c0ea*u exerci,e /r6a*ie- ;yre0eva*t aut2/ritie,. T2e Deartme*t / A6ricu0ture e,timate- t2at 93 2/ur, / 0a;/ur /* avera6eer m/*t2 er 2ectare i, *ee-e- /r t2e aecte- armer, t/ :ee irri6ati/* a*- -rai*a6e c2a**e0,ree r/m ,a0vi*ia a*- um, r/tecte-. Ba,e- /* t2e e,timate t2at 3? t/


32/52

A%%E@ II: IST #( 'ARTICI'A%TS

A. C/*ve*er,

Dr. Ric2ar- !ac: =C2air>C/C2air? G"SP Eva0uati/* a*- A,,e,,me*t /r:i*6 Gr/uSc2//0 / Bi/0/6ica0 Scie*ce,a,2i*6t/* State U*iver,ityPu00ma* A 551#4493# USATe0+


33/52


34/52

Dr. !/,e, T.K. Kair/Direct/rCAB "*ter*ati/*a0Cari;;ea* a*- 'ati* America Re6i/*a0 Ce*treG/r-/* Street? CureeTri*i-a- a*- T/;a6/

Te0+ # #4< )#9Fax+ # ##3 9


35/52

Dr. S/eti:*/ Sa,tr/ut/m/CAB "*ter*ati/*a0Se*i/r Pr/ect OicerSE A,ia Re6i/*a0 Ce*treG0a,,2/u,e N/ 9

O/,ite B0/c: G!ar-i C/m0exPO B/x 91UP! Ser-a*6? Se0a*6/r!a0ay,ia 434Te0+ #4 3 543 95913#41Fax+ # 3 543 #4

,.,/eti:*/ca;i./r6

!r. A0a* Sau*-er,C//erative "*itiative /* "*va,ive A0ie* Secie, /* ",0a*-,?C//r-i*at/r Sc2//0 / E*vir/*me*ta0 a*- !ari*e Scie*ce? U*iver,ity / Auc:0a*- Auc:0a*-?Ne7 Jea0a*-

Te0+ #4 5 3)3)555 ext


36/52

!,. 'e0iua %aiutuA6ricu0ture P0a*t Pr/tect OicerDeartme*t / A6ricu0ture!i*i,try / Natura0 Re,/urce, a*- E*vir/*me*tPrivate !ai0 Ba6

G/ver*me*t Bui0-i*6%aia:u? Fu*autiTe0+ # 9 9< /r 9 1#Fax+ # 9 9#'e0ix\Ge/r6eya2//.c/m

3#


37/52

A%%E@ III: A"E%&A

&ay 7: 79 #cto,er are ;e0ieve- t/i*0ue*ce t2e imact, / "AS /* i,0a*-ec/,y,tem,I

2at are t2e @;e,t ractice mea,ure, /r t2e

reve*ti/*? era-icati/*? a*- c/*tr/0 / "AS i*i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,I /7 -/ t2eri*ci0e,ractice, -ier r/m c/*ti*e*ta0,y,tem,I

Faci0itate-

3+3 P! Brea:

3+


38/52

&ay


39/52

A%%E@ I2: IST #( C$*E%TS

T2e /00/7i*6 -/cume*t, a*- citati/*, 7ere exc2a*6e- am/*6 meeti*6 articia*t,.

Be007//-? D. R.? a*- T. P. u62e,. 91. Re6i/*a0,ca0e a,,em;0y ru0e, a*- ;i/-iver,ity / c/ra0

ree,. Science959+ 1


40/52

Ric2ar-,/*? '. '. 155. C/ra0 -i,ea,e,+ 72at i, rea00y :*/7*I #rends in Ecology and Evolution13+ 43443.

S2earma*? P. 91. A ,c/i*6 a,,e,,me*t /r a* A,iaPaciic i*va,ive ,ecie, i*itiative+ ARe/rt t/ T2e Nature C/*,erva*cy. Pa6e, 1)9. T2e Nature C/*,erva*cy.

St/:,ta-? E. 91. Para,itic a,, "*va-e a7aiia* Ec/,y,tem. Science953+ 1941.

4


41/52

ANNE& %+ SU!!AR( OF !A"N PO"NTS AND "SSUES

T2e /00/7i*6 /i*t, 7ere a,,em;0e- r/m */te, ta:e* -uri*6 exert re,e*tati/*, a*- -i,cu,,i/*,. T2ey /rm t2e ;a,i, / t2e 6e*era0c/*c0u,i/*, a*- rec/mme*-ati/*, ;r/u62t /rt2 r/m t2e 7/r:,2/? 72ic2 are c/*tai*e- at t2e ;e6i**i*6 / t2i, -/cume*t.

CONC'US"ONS

Bi/0/6y

"AS are 0a*t,? a*ima0, a*- /t2er /r6a*i,m, t2at 2ave ;ee* m/ve- i*t/ area, 72ere t2ey -/*8t *atura00y /ccur? cau,i*6 ma/r e*vir/*me*ta0imact,. "AS are am/*6 t2e t/ -river, / e*vir/*me*ta0 c2a*6e 60/;a00y.

",0a*-, are e,ecia00y vu0*era;0e t/ ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/*, a*- *umer/u, ,ecie, exti*cti/*, 2ave re,u0te-? every i,0a*- i, 2i620y 0i:e0y t/exerie*ce a ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/* eve*tua00y.

T2e imact, / "AS /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem, exte*- ;ey/*- *atura0 ec/,y,tem, a*- 0/,,e, / ;i/-iver,ity t/ 2uma* 2ea0t2 a*- a6ricu0ture?articu0ar0y r/m i*tr/-uce- at2/6e*, a*- ara,ite,.

"AS -irect0y imact ;i/-iver,ity /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,? t2r/u62 c/metiti/*? re-ati/*? a0terati/* / ,ecie, a;u*-a*ce,? 2a;itat m/-iicati/*?*/ve0 mutua0i,m,? 0/,, / 6e*etic -iver,ity? a*- t2r/u62 2y;ri-iati/* / i*va,ive ,ecie, 7it2 *ative,.

"AS a0ter tem/ra0 r/ce,,e, /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem, ,uc2 a, ,ucce,,i/*a0 -y*amic,? a*- ca* c2a*6e t2e reue*cy a*- i*te*,ity / -i,tur;a*ce,,uc2 a, 0//-, a*- ire.

A0t2/u62 ;a00a,t 7ater i, 7i-e0y rec/6*ie- a, a mea*, ;y 72ic2 "AS are m/ve- ar/u*- t2e 7/r0-? t2e /u0i*6 / ,2i, a*- /t2er m/;i0e,tructure, ;y mari*e /r6a*i,m, i, a0,/ a ,i6*iica*t at27ay /r i*va,i/*.

"* mari*e ,y,tem,? artiicia0 ,u;,trate, are a,,/ciate- 7it2 t2e ,u--e* aeara*ce / "AS.

"* mari*e ,y,tem,? t2e *um;er / "AS -ec0i*e, ,2ar0y u/* 0eavi*6 t2e 2ar;/r.

"* terre,tria0 ,y,tem,? -ramatic c2a*6e, i* ec/,y,tem u*cti/* a*- -i,tur;a*ce cyc0e, ca* /ccur /00/7i*6 a* i*va,i/*? ,uc2 a, *utrie*t cyc0i*6

a*- ire re6ime,."AS ca* -ecrea,e ec/,y,tem re,i0ie*ce /00/7i*6 a *atura0 -i,tur;a*ce a*- a, a re,u0t i*te*,iy -i,tur;a*ce imact,? ,uc2 a, ,/i0 er/,i/*.

"* ,im0e i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,? "AS ca* u*0ea,2 c/m0ex? u*execte- /utc/me,? ,uc2 a, t2e /rmati/* / *e7 a,,/ciati/*, /r a,,em;0a6e, t2atam0iy exi,ti*6 r/;0em,. "mact, r/m "AS ca* ;e very rai-? acute? c2r/*ic? crytic? 0/*6term? a*- ca,ca-i*6? a*- ma6*iyi*6. T2e

re,e*ce / /t2er "AS i*0ue*ce, t2e imact, / a* i*va,ive ,ecie, /* a* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem.

Di,tur;a*ce =*atura0 a*- a*t2r//6e*ic> aci0itate, t2e e,ta;0i,2me*t a*- ,rea- / "AS.

Severa0 act/r, i*0ue*ce t2e imact, / "AS /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem, i*c0u-i*6 ec/,y,tem 2eter/6e*eity? i,0a*- ,2ae a*- t//6ra2y? a*- ,ecie,0a,ticity? 0exi;i0ity a*- ,ecie, ,u,ceti;i0ity t/ mutati/*,.

S/ci/ec/*/mic

A6ricu0ture? t/uri,m? 7ater ,u0y? ;i/-iver,ity? a*- eve* 2uma* 2ea0t2 2ave ;ee* *e6ative0y aecte- ;y "AS. "AS cau,e -ecrea,e- //-

41


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,ecurity? 7ater ,ecurity a*- imact 2uma* 2ea0t2 i* term, / -i,ea,e,? 0/,, / *ative me-ici*a0 0a*t,? *utriti/*? a*- i*crea,e, i* e,tici-e u,e t/c/*tr/0 "AS.

"AS ca* 0ace c/*,i-era;0e c/*,trai*t, /* ,u,tai*a;0e -eve0/me*t a*- ec/*/mic 6r/7t2. "AS ca* cau,e t2e 0/,, / i*c/me /r c/mmercia0activitie,? e.6.? /re,try a*- a6ricu0ture? a*- t2e 0ive0i2//- / i*-ivi-ua0,. Ec/*/mic c/,t, accrue -ue t/ "AS reve*ti/*? era-icati/*? a*- c/*tr/0.A--iti/*a0 ec/*/mic imact, / "AS i*c0u-e t2e 0/,, / //rtu*ity t/ uti0ie *atura0 re,/urce, eit2er -irect0y =e.6.? 2armaceutica0,> /r i*-irect0y=e.6.? t/uri,m>? u*rea0ie- ex/rt, /r c/mmercia0iati/*? a*- tra-e em;ar6/e, re,u0ti*6 r/m c/*tami*ati/*.

"*va,i/* at27ay, /* i,0a*-, are u,ua00y 0i*:e- 7it2 2uma* activitie,. Patter*, / 2uma* ,ett0eme*t /te* -etermi*e 72ere "AS 7i00 ;e /u*-a*- i*0ue*ce t2e imact / "AS /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,.

i,t/rica0 0i*:a6e, ;et7ee* c/u*trie, =e.6.? c/0/*ie, v,. r/tect/rate,? -e6ree / i*ter*ati/*a0 c/*tact>? a, 7e00 a, t2e cu0ture / t2e c/0/*ii*6c/u*try? 0ay a ,tr/*6 r/0e i* -etermi*i*6 t2e -e6ree / i*va,i/* /ccurri*6 i* t2e c/0/*y /r /rmer c/0/*y a, 7e00 a, t2e :i*-, / ,ecie, t2at7ere i*tr/-uce-.

P/0icy /r ,ect/ra0 c/*0ict, may ari,e 72e* a* "AS 2ave ,/ci/ec/*/mic ;e*eit, ;ut a0,/ 2ave a-ver,e ;i/0/6ica0 imact,. Str/*6 0/;;ie, mayexi,t t/ i*tr/-uce ,ecie, t2at are 2armu0 /r t2at 2ave */t yet ;ee* a,,e,,e- /r i*va,ive*e,,.

!/,t ,2i, -/c:i*6 at ,ma00 i,0a*-, arrive u00 / car6/ a*- 0eave emty? ta:i*6 /* 7ater /r ;a00a,t 72i0e -i,c2ar6i*6 car6/. T2i, ma:e, m/,tSma00 ",0a*- Deve0/i*6 *ati/*, ex/rter, / ;a00a,t 7ater? */t reciie*t,.

",0a*-, 7it2/ut i*-i6e*/u, e/0e, may curre*t0y ;e i*2a;ite- ;y e/0e 72/ 0ac: :*/70e-6e / a*- a* ai*ity /r t2e *ative 0/ra a*- au*a?a*- 72/ t2ere/re 2ar;/r a me*ta0ity / ex0/itati/* rat2er t2a* c/*,ervati/*. T2i, aect, attitu-e, t/7ar-, c/*,ervati/* a*- re,t/rati/*.

Tra-e v/0ume i, a ,i6*iica*t c/*tri;ut/r t/ t2e curre*t ,tatu, ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/*, /* i,0a*-,.

O* ,/me Cari;;ea* i,0a*-,? "AS are vie7e- rimari0y a, a* a6ricu0tura0 r/;0em.

T2e ai0ure / a ,itti*6 6/ver*me*t t/ a--re,, ,eri/u, "AS imact, 2a, 0ea- t/ a 0/,, / /7er i* at 0ea,t /*e ,ma00 i,0a*- *ati/*.

T2e r/ximity a*- ,2are- cu0ture / *ear;y i,0a*-, ca* 0ea- t/ t2e rai- m/veme*t / e/0e a*- 6//-,? a*- i*/rma0 tra-e ;et7ee* i,0a*-,.Exi,ti*6 uara*ti*e ,y,tem, may ;e i*a-euate a*- 0e6i,0ati/* re0ate- t/ im/rtati/* may ;e /ut / -ate a*- t2ere/re ai0 t/ reve*t "ASi*tr/-ucti/*,.

C//erati/* ;et7ee* c/u*trie, may ;e //r. F/r exam0e? /*e c/u*try i*ecte- 7it2 a e,t may reu,e t/ ta:e mea,ure, t/ reve*t it, ,rea- t//t2er c/u*trie,.

"AS ca* cau,e t2e 0/,, / ae,t2etic va0ue a*- a0,/ 0ea- t/ t2e a0terati/* /r 0/,, / cu0tura0 2erita6e.

"AS ca* cau,e t2e 0/,, / ;i/0/6ica0 2erita6e a*- t2e 0/,, / ,cie*tiic //rtu*itie,.

"AS a0,/ i*crea,e ear, a;/ut a6ricu0tura0 a*- ;i/0/6ica0 terr/ri,m.

Exi,ti*6 0e6a0 rame7/r:, a*- -iver,e ec/*/mie, a0,/ i*0ue*ce t2e imact, / "AS /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,? articu0ar0y 72ere t2ere are 6a, /ri*c/*,i,te*cie, i* 0e6a0 a*- /0icy rame7/r:, ca* exacer;ate t2e imact, / "AS.

'ac: / acce,, t/ exi,ti*6 tec2*/0/6ie, a*- i*/rmati/* t/ a--re,, "AS i*cur,i/*, re,u0t, i* imact, t2at mi62t 2ave /t2er7i,e ;ee* av/i-e- /rmiti6ate-. Acce,, t/ /rei6* a,,i,ta*ce ca* ai- i,0a*- *ati/*, i* reve*ti/* a*- ma*a6eme*t e/rt,? ;ut it ca* a0,/ ,erve a, t2e ,/urce /i*tr/-ucti/*, =@Ai- Tra-e8>.

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A*ima0 ri62t, 0/;;ie, //,e- t/ -e,tr/yi*6 a*y a*ima0, may 0imit ma*a6eme*t re,/*,e, t/ i*cur,i/*, a*- exi,ti*6 i*va,i/*,.

A*a0y,i,Pre-icti/*

Preve*ti/* i, t2e ;e,t 7ay t/ ,ae6uar- i,0a*-, r/m t2e imact, / "AS.

Ear0y -etecti/* / *e70y arrive- /r6a*i,m, i, *ece,,ary t/ :ee i*va-er, r/m e,ta;0i,2i*6 a*- ,rea-i*6.

"AS are a r/;0em /* a00 i,0a*-,? ;ut t2e r/;0em i, */t 7it2/ut reme-y a*- t2ere are i*crea,i*6 *um;er, / ,ucce,,u0 a*- extreme0y c/,teective ma*a6eme*t met2/-, t/ rever,e t2e -ama6e a*- reve*t *e7 r/;0em, r/m /ccurri*6. Give* t2e a0icati/* / ;e,t ractice,? "AS /*i,0a*-, are /te*tia00y ma*a6ea;0e i* term, / reve*ti/* a*- era-icati/* /r certai* ,ecie,. "mact, r/m i*va,i/*, are /te*tia00y ma*a6ea;0ea*- /te*tia00y rever,i;0e.

Pat27ay ma*a6eme*t i, m/re tracta;0e /* i,0a*- ,y,tem, re0ative t/ c/*ti*e*t, ;ecau,e t2ere are e7er e*try /i*t,."m/rta*t ue,ti/*, act, u*:*/7*

2at ua*titative -ata /* t2e imact, / "AS exi,t, /r i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,I

", re,i0ie*ce /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem, 0/7er t2a* t2at / mai*0a*- ec/,y,tem,I

Are rate, / i*va,i/* /* i,0a*-, i*crea,i*6 60/;a00yI

Are t2e *um;er / -/*/r re6i/*, a*- reue*cy / i*tr/-ucti/*, i*crea,i*6 /r i,0a*-,I

Are /t2er e*vir/*me*ta0 act/r,? ,uc2 a, c0imate c2a*6e? exa66erati*6 t2e imact, / "ASI

Are t2ere imact, r/m "AS t2at 2ave */t yet ;ee* rea0ie- -ue t/ a 0a6 2a,eI

2e* */ve0 ,ecie, a,,/ciati/*, /rm -ue t/ ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/*,? 72at 7i00 2ae* i* term, / ,ecie,,ecie,,ecie,e*vir/*me*ti*teracti/*,I

Are t2ere ,imi0aritie, ;et7ee* t2e imact, / "AS /* 6e/6ra2ica00y i,/0ate- i,0a*- ec/,y,tem, a*- ec/0/6ica00y i,/0ate- c/mmu*itie, /*mai*0a*- ,y,tem,I

!/re i*/rmati/* i, *ee-e- a;/ut exti*cti/*, /* c/*ti*e*ta0 ,y,tem, i* /r-er t/ -etermi*e 72et2er /r */t t2e rate, / exti*cti/* -ue t/ "AS are2i62er /* i,0a*-, t2a* c/*ti*e*t,. 'ac: / ec/0/6ica0 a*- tax/*/mic i*/rmati/* reve*t, re-icti/* / imact, a*- eve* i-e*tiicati/* / ,ecie,a, i*tr/-uce- /r *ative.

2at are t2e i*va,i/*at27ay, /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem, a*- 72at are t2e ,i6*iica*ce / t2eir imact,I2at i, t2e t2re,2/0- ;et7ee* a */**ative ,ecie, a*- a* "ASI

2at are t2e 0/*6term c/*,eue*ce, / ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/*, /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem, articu0ar0y i* term, / t2eir ca,ca-i*6 imact, a*- t2erever,i;i0ity / t2/,e imact,I

2at are t2e ,/ci/ec/*/mic imact, / "AS /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,I 2at i, t2e rever,i;i0ity / t2e ,/ci/ec/*/mic imact, / "ASI

2at i, t2e eicacy / curre*t ;i/,ecurity mea,ure, i* re-uci*6 imact,I

2at i, t2e u;0ic erceti/* / "AS a*- t2eir imact, /* i,0a*- ec/,y,tem,I

2at are t2e rate, / i*tr/-ucti/* /r articu0ar tax/*/mic 6r/u,I

2at act/r, are critica0 t/ t2e e,ta;0i,2me*t "ASI

2at i, t2e rate at 72ic2 "AS ai0 t/ e,ta;0i,2I

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A 0ac: / :*/70e-6e a;/ut t2e ec/0/6y / ;/t2 t2e ,y,tem, i*va-e- a*- t2e "AS t2em,e0ve,.

RECO!!ENDAT"ONS

"*/rmati/* 6at2eri*6

Su/rt a*- u*-erta:e ,tu-ie, / /u0i*6 a, a* i*va,i/* at27ay? a, 7e00 a, t2e ;i/0/6ica0 a*- ,/ci/ec/*/mic imact, / /u0i*6 /r6a*i,m, /*mari*e ec/,y,tem,.

C/*-uct u*-ame*ta0 re,earc2 /* t2e ;a,i, / i*,ect0a*t ,eciicity at t2e ;i/c2emica0 a*- ec/0/6ica0 0eve0.

C/*-uct i,0a*- ;i/i*ve*t/rie,. De,ite i,0a*-, 2avi*6 ,ma00 a*- tracta;0e ;i/ta,? t2e ;i/i*ve*t/ry i, ar r/m c/m0ete /* ma*y? e,ecia00y 72e* it

c/me, t/ i*verte;rate,. O* i,0a*-,? m/re t2a* /* a*y /t2er ,y,tem? c/m0ete ;i/i*ve*t/ry i, ac2ieva;0e.C/*-uct re,earc2 /* 2/7 t/ i*c/r/rate ,t/c2a,tic r/ce,,e, t2at may ;e im/rta*t i* t2e ear0y ,ta6e, / i*va,i/* i*t/ /u0ati/* m/-e0,.

D/cume*t 72ere 7it2i* t2e ra*6e / a ,ecie, -/ i*va,ive i,0a*- /u0ati/*, c/me r/m.

Deve0/ m/re c/m0ete :*/70e-6e a*- i-e*tiicati/* / */*at2/6e*ic micr//r6a*i,m i*va,i/*,.

Better met2/-, are *ee-e- t/ i-e*tiy a*- ua*tiy ec/,y,tem ,ervice,.

A0y ,/cia0 ,cie*ce re,earc2 met2/-, t/ i-e*tiy c/mmu*ity va0ue, a*- 7ay, / i*v/0vi*6 c/mmu*itie,.

"m0eme*t m/re ec/0/6ica0 exerime*t,? i* t2e /rm / ertur;ati/*,? ie0- tria0, /r @a-ative ma*a6eme*t. T2e,e *ee- t/ ;e u*-erta:e* t/imr/ve ,u,tai*a;0e ma*a6eme*t re6ime,.

"mr/ve :*/70e-6e / ,ecie, i*teracti/*,? //- 7e;, a*- c/metitive re0ati/*, are *ee-e- /r ,eciic i,0a*- ,y,tem i* re0ati/* t/ r//,e-ma*a6eme*t acti/*,.

C/*-uct retr/,ective a*- c/*ti*ui*6 ,tu-ie, / ;i/c/*tr/0. T// /te* va0ua;0e -ata i, 0/,t ;ecau,e m/*it/ri*6 / ;i/c/*tr/0 i, -i,c/*ti*ue- aterreme-iati/* i, ac2ieve-.

"mr/ve :*/70e-6e / i*va,i/* ri,: a*- atter*, / ,rea- t/ ri/ritie ,ecie, a*- re-uce u*certai*ty? t2r/u62 2i62er ua0ity -ata a*- m/-e0i*6."* articu0ar+ i-e*tiy 72at t2e mi*imum t2re,2/0-, /r t2e i*itia0 /u0ati/* ,ie / a* i*tr/-ucti/* /r a ,ucce,,u0 i*va,i/* =,i*60e 6ravi-ema0e? /r m/re>.

Caacity;ui0-i*6Rai,e a7are*e,, / t2e r/;0em / /u0i*6 ;y "AS 7it2 6/ver*me*t,? re0eva*t i*-u,trie,? t/uri,t, a*- recreati/*i,t,? a*- 0/ca0 c/mmu*itie,=e,ecia00y t2/,e a,,/ciate- 7it2 c/ra0 ree,>.

De/,it v/uc2er ,ecime*, i* ar/riate mu,eum, t/ a,,i,t 7it2 ,ecie, i-e*tiicati/*.

E*6a6e t2e mari*e ,ect/r /* "AS i,,ue,. T2i, i, a ri/rity /r i,0a*- *ati/*,.

Deve0/ art*er,2i, am/*6 t2/,e 7it2 i*a*cia0? tec2*ica0? a*- i*/rmati/*a0 re,/urce, a*- t2/,e i* *ee- i* articu0ar? *ei62;/r,? ,/urce, /"AS? tra-i*6 art*er,.

E*6a6e tra-e re0ate- ;/-ie, i* "AS i,,ue, /* i,0a*-,.

Bui0- ,tr/*6 re0ati/*,2i, ;et7ee* territ/rie, a*- ,tate,.

P/0icy -eve0/me*tim0eme*tati/*

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Deve0/ a*- e*act ;e,t ma*a6eme*t ractice, a*- /0icie, t/ 2y,ica00y c0ea* ,2i, 2u00, a*- mari*e euime*t ,/ a, t/ mi*imie t2e ri,: /tra*,/rt / /u0i*6 /r6a*i,m,. Deve0/ e*vir/*me*ta00y ,/u*- a0ter*ative, t/ t2e t/xic a*ti/u0i*6 a6e*t, t2at are 6ra-ua00y ;ei*6 rem/ve- r/mu,e.

E,ta;0i,2 ,urvei00a*ce r/6ram, t/ -etect a*- e*a0ie @/00uter, 72/ i*tr/-uce "AS via /u0i*6.

E,ta;0i,2 ear0y -etecti/* a*- rai- re,/*,e r/6ram, 7it2 a* aim t/ era-icate "AS ;e/re t2ey ca* ;ec/me e,ta;0i,2e- a*- ,rea-.

A--re,, a*- re,/0ve t2e 0ac: / c/*ti*uity i* ,ta a*- exerti,e avai0a;0e t/ ma*a6er, a--re,,i*6 "AS /* i,0a*-,. A--re,, 0/6i,tica0 i,,ue, 7it2re6ar- t/ acce,, t/ tec2*/0/6y a*- materia0,.

Tar6et e/rt, at ,eciic au-ie*ce, =i.e.? t/uri,t,>.

Ta:e recauti/*ary mea,ure, /r i*teri,0a*- m/veme*t, a*- m/veme*t, / /r6a*i,m, ;et7ee* mai*0a*-."m0eme*t ;i/,ecurity mea,ure, at ,u;*ati/*a0 a*- i*-ivi-ua0 i,0a*- 0eve0,.

Deve0/ *ati/*a0 a*- re6i/*a0 c/*ti*6e*cy 0a*,.

"*te6rate mari*e a*- terre,tria0 ,y,tem, *ee- i*t/ ma*a6eme*t.

E,ta;0i,2 r/ce-ure, /r c/00a;/rati/* ;et7ee* =r/;a;0e> ,/urce a*- receivi*6 *ati/*,.

Create /e* acce,, t/ re0eva*t i*/rmati/* =,urvey> a*- e*,ure t2at -ata i, reatriate-.

Em2a,ie t2e im/rta*ce / ,cie*tiic a-vi,/ry a*e0,.

"*,titute 0e6a0 rame7/r:,.

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A%%E@ 2I+ 'ress Release'repared at the Islands Assessment 3or+shop #cto,er 7/


47/52

A%%E@ 2II: (ouling of *arine Ecosystems ,y Invasive Alien Species:

A Call to Action

1ac'ground"*va,ive a0ie* ,ecie, ="AS> are /r6a*i,m, t2at 2ave ;ee* m/ve- =ur/,e0y /ri*a-verte*t0y> r/m t2eir *ative ec/,y,tem i*t/ a *e7 0/cati/* 72ere t2ey cau,e 2arm t/ t2eec/*/my? ;i/0/6ica0 ,y,tem,? /r 2uma* 2ea0t2. T2ey are am/*6 t2e t/ -river, / e*vir/*me*ta0c2a*6e 60/;a00y a*- ca* 0ace c/*,i-era;0e c/*,trai*t, /* ,u,tai*a;0e -eve0/me*t a*- ec/*/mic6r/7t2.

"AS are 0itt0e ,tu-ie-? yet t2ey /,e a ,i6*iica*t t2reat t/ mari*e ec/,y,tem, a*- t2/,e 72/-ee*- u/* t2em.

Examples of impacts include the folloing:

Dec0i*e, i* c/mmercia0 a*- recreati/*a0 i,2erie, T2e c/m; e00y%nemiopsis leidyic/*tri;ute- t/ t2e c/m0ete c/00a,e / :i0:a

=a*c2/vy> i,2erie, i* t2e B0ac: Sea.

T2e N/rt2er* Paciic Sea ,tar Asterias amurensisi, 2avi*6 a -ra,tic ec/*/mic

eect /* t2e ,2e00i,2 i*-u,try i* Ta,ma*ia.

'/,,e, / ae,t2etic va0ue, a*- t/uri,t i*c/me

T2e ,ea7ee- Gracilaria salicornia7a,2e, a,2/re? /00uti*6 ai:i:i Beac2 i*

a7ai8i a*- a ,i*60e a06a ,ecie,?appaphycus,2a, re0ace- ,ectacu0ar c/ra0ree c/mmu*itie, i* Ka*e/2e Bay.

S*/70a:e /ct/c/ra0 Cari(oa riiseir/m t2e Cari;;ea* */7 /rm, ,i*60e ,ecie,

ma,,e, am/*6 ;0ac: c/ra0 i* a7ai8i 2i*-eri*6 recruitme*t.

T2reat, t/ 2uma* 2ea0t2 Di*/0a6e00ate, 2ave ;ee* i*tr/-uce- i* ;a00a,t 7ater a*- 2ave cau,e- t/xic ]re-

ti-e,] t2at /i,/* i,2 a*- e/0e 72/ eat t2em.

A*ima0 2ea0t2

"*tr/-uce- ara,ite, a*- -i,ea,e, t2at 2ave cau,e- m/rta0ity i* *ative mari*e

mamma0 /u0ati/*,.

O* 115 Oct/;er 99? t2e G0/;a0 "*va,ive Secie, Pr/6ramme =G"SP> ;r/u62tt/6et2er a* i*ter*ati/*a0 team / exert, =,ee A**ex> i* /*/0u0u? a7ai8i? t/ -e,i6* a*a,,e,,me*t / t2e ;i/0/6ica0 a*- ,/ci/ec/*/mic imact, / i*va,ive a0ie* ,ecie, /* i,0a*-ec/,y,tem,? i*c0u-i*6 t2eir mari*e e*vir/*me*t,.3

"* t2e c/ur,e / t2eir -e0i;erati/*,? t2e exert, c/*c0u-e- t2at+

While ballast water is now widely recognized as a means by which AS are

moved around the world! the fouling of marine organisms on shi"s and

3T2e a,,e,,me*t 7a, ca00e- /r ;y t2e C/*ve*ti/* / Bi/0/6ica0 Diver,ity =CBD> at t2e ,ixt2 C/*ere*ce/ t2e Partie, =777.;i/-iv./r6>. "t 7a, u*-e- ;y t2e CBD a*- t2e U.S. A6e*cy /r "*ter*ati/*a0Deve0/me*t.

4)


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A%%E@ 2III: Research %eeds: Invasive Alien Species on Islands$asic research

=1> Fu*-ame*ta0 re,earc2 /* t2e ;a,i, / i*,ect0a*t ,eciicity at t2e ;i/c2emica0 a*-ec/0/6ica0 0eve0.ationale3Bi/0/6ica0 c/*tr/0 i, 2i620y va0ua;0e i* t2e c/*tr/0 / e,ta;0i,2e-0a*t i*va,i/*, /* i,0a*-,? 72ere re,/urce, are /te* */t avai0a;0e /r 2y,ica0 c/*tr/0? ;uti*,ect a6e*t, 2ave t/ ;e 2i620y ,eciic t/ av/i- -ama6i*6 e*-emic *ative 0/ra. /7ever

0itt0e i, :*/7* a;/ut t2e ;i/0/6y / ,eciicity.

=9> Bi/i*ve*t/ry. De,ite i,0a*-, 2avi*6 ,ma00 a*- tracta;0e ;i/ta,? t2e ;i/i*ve*t/ry i, ar r/mc/m0ete /* ma*y? e,ecia00y 72e* it c/me, t/ i*verte;rate,. O* i,0a*-,? m/re t2a* /* a*y/t2er ,y,tem? c/m0ete ;i/i*ve*t/ry i, ac2ieva;0e.ationale3/r -etai0e- u*-er,ta*-i*6 /i*va,ive imact,? c/m0ete ;i/i*ve*t/ry i, -e,ira;0e. A0,/? ;i/i*ve*t/ry i* ,/urce re6i/*,=/r 0itt0e :*/7* i*verte;rate 6r/u, i* articu0ar> 7i00 ai- u*-er,ta*-i*6 / at27ay, /i*va,i/*.

=3> Re,earc2 /* 2/7 t/ i*c/r/rate ,t/c2a,tic r/ce,,e, t2at may ;e im/rta*t i* t2e ear0y ,ta6e,/ i*va,i/* i*t/ /u0ati/* m/-e0,. ationale3 Better /u0ati/* m/-e00i*6 may 0ea- t/re,/0uti/* / t2e r/;0em t2at at re,e*t 7e ca**/t re-ict 72ic2 i*tr/-ucti/*, 7i00 ;ec/me

,ucce,,u0 i*va-er,. !/,t i*tr/-ucti/*, -/ */t ;ec/me i*va,ive.

=4> 2ere 7it2i* t2e ra*6e / a ,ecie, -/ i*va,ive i,0a*- /u0ati/*, c/me r/mI ationale3A* u*-er,ta*-i*6 / t2e 6e*e,i, / "AS r/m 7it2i* t2e /u0ati/* variati/* / a ,ecie,? 7i000ea- t/ i*crea,e- u*-er,ta*-i*6 a*- re-icti/* / "AS? a*- t2e i-e*tiicati/* / 2i62 ri,:r/ve*a*ce, 72ic2 ,2/u0- ;e :et /ut / i,0a*-, at ri,:? eve* i t2ey 2ave */*i*va,iver/ve*a*ce,.

= "*va,i/* / */*at2/6e*ic micr//r6a*i,m, i* ec/,y,tem, are 0itt0e u*-er,t//- /r :*/7*;ecau,e / t2e -iicu0ty / ,tu-yi*6 t2em. ationale3 "* ,e*,itive macr/;i/ta//rec/,y,tem, ,uc2 a, ,u;A*tarctic i,0a*-,? e*vir/*me*ta0 micr//r6a*i,m, may c/*,titute avery im/rta*t ec/,y,tema0teri*6 i*va,i/* t2reat. Ba,e0i*e ,tu-ie, / micr//r6a*i,m, /*

i,0a*-, are *ee-e-? a, 7e00 a, ,tu-ie, / i*va,i/* ;y micr//r6a*i,m,.

Management%Agbio &esearch needs

=#> T2e ,cie*ce / i-e*tiyi*6 a*- ua*tiyi*6 ec/,y,tem ,ervice, i, i* it, i*a*cy? a*- ;ettermet2/-, are *ee-e-.ationale3Pr/tecti/* / ec/,y,tem ,ervice, i, articu0ar0y im/rta*t /*i,0a*-, 72ic2 2ave 0imite- re,/urce,. Hua*tiicati/* / ec/,y,tem ,ervice, i, im/rta*t /rri/riti,ati/*? u*-er,ta*-i*6 / imact,.

=)> !et2/-, / ,/cia0 ,cie*ce re,earc2 *ee- t/ ;e a0ie- t/ i-e*tiyi*6 c/mmu*ity va0ue a*-7ay, / i*v/0vi*6 c/mmu*itie,.ationale3 C/mmu*itie, are /te* ,ma00 /* i,0a*-, ea,i*6c/mmu*ity c/mmu*icati/* ;ut a0,/ ma:i*6 c/*0ict av/i-a*ce e,ecia00y im/rta*t.

=> !/re ec/0/6ica0 exerime*t,? i* t2e /rm / ertur;ati/*,? ie0- tria0, /r @a-ativema*a6eme*t? *ee- t/ ;e u*-erta:e* t/ imr/ve ,u,tai*a;0e ma*a6eme*t re6ime,.ationale3 'ac: / exerime*ta0 -ata i, a ,i6*iica*t cau,e / c/*,ervati/* ai0ure i*ma*a6i*6 "AS /* i,0a*-,. Exerime*t, are articu0ar0y -iicu0t t/ -/ /* i,0a*-, a, t2ey are/te* -iicu0t t/ acce,, ;y re,earc2er, a*- c/*,eue*t0y exerime*ta0 -ata i, /te* 0ac:i*6.

=5> "mr/ve- :*/70e-6e / ,ecie, i*teracti/*,? //- 7e;, a*- c/metitive re0ati/*, are *ee-e-/r ,eciic i,0a*- ,y,tem i* re0ati/* t/ r//,e- ma*a6eme*t acti/*,.ationale3"mr/ve-:*/70e-6e / i*teracti/*, 7i00 0ea- t/ ;etter re-icti/* / ;i/c/*tr/0 /utc/me,? a*-

45


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reve*ti/* / Xca,ca-i*68 eect, 7it2i* ec/,y,tem, =i*va,ive me0t-/7*>. O* i,0a*-, i*articu0ar a @2/0i,tic ar/ac2 i*v/0vi*6 a00 e0eme*t, / t2e,e -i,crete ,y,tem, i, /,,i;0ea*- -e,ira;0e.

=1> Retr/,ective a*- c/*ti*ui*6 ,tu-ie, / ;i/c/*tr/0 are *ee-e-. T// /te* va0ua;0e -ata i,0/,t ;ecau,e m/*it/ri*6 / ;i/c/*tr/0 i, -i,c/*ti*ue- ater reme-iati/* i, ac2ieve-.

ationale3 Ne6ative imact, a*- 0/*6 term eect, a*- cyc0e,? 72ic2 c/u0- ;e u,e- t/imr/ve ;i/c/*tr/0 ,ucce,, rate,? are /te* 0/,t. ",0a*-, i* articu0ar re,e*t -i,crete ,y,tem,/r 0/*6term a*- retr/,ective m/*it/ri*6.

=11> Better :*/70e-6e / i*va,i/* ri,: a*- atter*, / ,rea- are *ee-e- t/ ri/ritie ,ecie, /rma*a6eme*t a*- re-uce u*certai*ty t2r/u62 2i62er ua0ity -ata a*- m/-e00i*6. "* articu0ar+72at are t2e mi*imum t2re,2/0-, /r t2e i*itia0 /u0ati/* ,ie / a* i*tr/-ucti/* /r a,ucce,,u0 i*va,i/* =,i*60e 6ravi- ema0e? /r m/reI>. ationale3 U*certai*ty /,e,c/*,i-era;0e -iicu0ty /r /0icyma:er,? a*- 6reater ua*tiicati/* 7i00 0ea- t/ m/re-eci,i/* reve*ti/* /0icy.


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A%%E@ I@: &raft #utline=1< a6e "*/rmati/* D/cume*t>

Executive SummaryDA,stract

A. 'reface1. Pur/,e / a,,e,,me*t

a> Drive* ;y CBD+ ca00e- /r ;y Partie, ;ecau,e it 7a, rec/6*ie- a, ;ei*6 ,/ ur6e*t.;> 2y i,0a*-,I =E0t/*8, ;//:? %it/u,e:8, m/-e0>

i. ",0a*-, rere,e*t a 0eve0 / tra*,/rmati/* i* t2e 0a,t Dei*iti/* / imact,

9. U,e / t2i, -/cume*ta> "*te*-e- /r /0icyma:er, =CBD re/rt>

. Introduction1> "*va,ive a0ie* ,ecie, -ei*e-9> ",0a*-, -ei*e-3> Cau,e, / ;i/0/6ica0 i*va,i/* =19 a6e? 7e00 cite->

a> Pat27ay,;> "*te*ti/*a0u*i*te*ti/*a0c> Faci0itati/*

4> i,t/ry? ,tatu,? a*- tre*-, / i,0a*- i*va,i/*,

a> i,t/ry a*- tre*-,i> A,ia*P/0y*e,ia* mi6rati/*ii>2at 2ae*, /*ce a* i,0a*- ;ec/me, a c/0/*yI

C/mare ate / i,0a*-, u*-er -iere*t c/0/*ier,

C/0/*iati/* / !auritiu, a*- !a-a6a,car =A,: $/2* !aurem//t//>

Perceti/* ;y Eur/ea*, t2at i,0a*- 0a*t, / 0itt0e va0ue

/7 -/e, t2at vary =,ecie,? at27ay,> ;y 72/ i, c/0/*ii*6 =,ee Gree*

"meria0i,m? See-, / C2a*6e>I

iii> Curre*t Statu, t2e va,t *um;er / i,0a*-, 2ave ;ee* ,u;ecte- t/ ra-ica0c2a*6e? 2/7ever t2ere are a e7 ,ma00 i,0a*-, =e.6.? e*-er,/*? C2ri,tma,",0a*-> t2at are i* rea,/*a;0y 6//- ,2ae.

C. iological Impacts

1. Overvie7+ "mact, -ei*e- a*- 2/7 t2ey ca* ;e a,,e,,e-

a> Ge*etic -iver,ityi. Ca,e ,tu-ie,

;> Secie,i. Ca,e ,tu-ie,

c> a;itat,c/mmu*itie,i. Ca,e ,tu-ie,

-> Ec/,y,tem,i. Ca,e ,tu-ie,

^Ec/,y,tem tye+ mari*e? F auatic? c/a,ta0? terre,tria0


52/52

^^Ge/6ra2ic 0/cati/*+ "*-ia* Ocea*? temerate^^^Taxa+ 0a*t,? verte;rate,? i*verte;rate,? micr/;e,

9. Summary / avai0a;0e -ataa> E,ta;0i,2e- /i*t,;> U*certai*tie,

c> Future *ee-,-> O/rtu*itie, =e.6.? exi,ti*6 mec2a*i,m, t2at c/u0- ;e a0ie->

&-7. Socio-Economic Impacts

1. Overvie7a> Fi,2erie,;> A6ricu0turec> T/uri,m-> uma* 2ea0t2e> C/*0ict> uma* mi6rati/*6> Cu0tura0 2erita6e

9. Summary / avai0a;0e -ataa> E,ta;0i,2e- /i*t,;> U*certai*tie,c> Future *ee-,-> O/rtu*itie,

^Ec/,y,tem tye+ mari*e? F auatic? c/a,ta0? terre,tria0^^Ge/6ra2ic 0/cati/*+ "*-ia* Ocea*? temerate^^^Taxa+ 0a*t,? verte;rate,? i*verte;rate,? micr/;e,

&- Setu ,tateme*t t/ miti6ati/*

E. *itigation of Impacts1. Overvie7 / /ti/*,

a> Pri*ci0e,i. Preve*ti/*ii. Ear0y -etecti/* a*- rai- re,/*,eiii. Era-icati/*iv. C/*tr/0v. Re,t/rati/*

;> Practice, u*iue t/ i,0a*-,i. Preve*ti/*ii. Ear0y -etecti/* a*- rai- re,/*,e

iii. Era-icati/*iv. C/*tr/0

9. Summary / avai0a;0e -ataa> E,ta;0i,2e- /i*t,;> U*certai*tie,

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