Ajp-3.3.2 Air Interdiction and Close Air Support Jul04 Nu

NATO/PFP UNCLASSIFIEDAJP-3.3.2

ORIGINALi

NATO/PFP UNCLASSIFIED

AJP-3.3.2

AIR INTERDICTIONAND

CLOSE AIR SUPPORT

JULY 2004


ORIGINALii


(INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK)


ORIGINAL- iv -




ORIGINALv


CHAPTER RECORD OF RESERVATION BY NATIONS

1

2 USA

3 USA

4

5

6

Annex A

Annex B

Annex C


ORIGINAL- vi -


NATION RESERVATIONS

USA a. The USA does not subscribe to the language in the lastparagraph of paragraph 0304. Paragraph 0304, line 4 delete"normally". Last line delete from "systems …..but" and insert"other force elements".

b. The chapter on interdiction, specifically paragraph 0206, does notaddress procedures for the conduct of interdiction operationsoutside of LCC’s Area of Operations which are accomplishedsolely by the ACC and do not require LCC coordination.


ORIGINAL- vii -


RECORD OF CHANGES AND AMENDMENTS

ChangeNumber and

Date

Date

Entered

Effective

Date

By whom Entered(Signature, Rank/ Grade)


ORIGINAL- viii -




ORIGINAL- ix -


Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

0101 Origin 1 - 10102 Aim 1 - 10103 Scope 1 - 10104 Application 1 - 10105 Terms, Definitions, Abbreviations and Reference

Publications1 - 1

Chapter 2 Concept of Air Interdiction and Close Air Support

0201 Introduction 2 - 10202 Joint Campaign/Operations Structure 2 - 20203 Apportionment 2 - 20204 Allocation 2 - 30205 Authority and Responsibility of Supported and

Supporting Commanders2 - 3

0206 Air Command and Control Structure 2 - 30207 Fire Support Coordination Measures 2 - 50208 Targeting 2 - 50209 Coordinated Attack 2 - 50210 Rules of Engagement 2 – 5

Figure 2 - 1 Air Interdiction and Close Air Support Planning Process 2 – 6

Chapter 3 Air Interdiction

0301 Interdiction 3 – 10302 Use 3 – 10303 Employment methods 3 – 10304 Control and Coordination 3 – 20305 Planning and Request Considerations 3 – 3


ORIGINAL- x -


Chapter 4 Close Air Support

0401 Close Air Support 4 – 10402 Use 4 – 10403 Employment Methods 4 – 10404 Control 4 – 20405 Planning and Request Considerations 4 – 2

Figure 4 - 1 Management of Preplanned Close Air Support 4 – 5

Figure 4 - 2 Immediate Close Air Support Request Channels 4 – 5

Chapter 5 Mission Support Operations

0501 General 5 – 10502 Electronic Warfare 5 – 10503 Air-to-Air Refuelling 5 – 20504 Suppression of Enemy Air Defences 5 – 20505 Reconnaissance and Surveillance 5 – 30506 Special Operations 5 – 30507 Ground Manoeuvre 5 – 3

Annex A Glossary of Terms and Definitions A-1 – A-6

Annex B Abbreviations B-1 – B-2

Annex C Reference Publications C–1

List of effective Pages LEP – 1


ORIGINAL- 1-1 -


Chapter 1

Introduction

0101. Origin Allied Joint Publication (AJP) 3.3.2, Air Interdiction and Close AirSupport supersedes ATP-27 (C) - Air Interdiction and Close Air Support. It is based ongeneral doctrine and fundamental considerations contained in AJP-01, Allied JointDoctrine; AJP-3, Allied Joint Operations; and AJP-3.3, Joint Air and Space OperationsDoctrine.

0102. Aim The aim of this publication is to define allied joint operational doctrine onthe use of air power for Air Interdiction (AI) and Close Air Support (CAS) and to provide abasis for subordinate implementation procedures.

0103. Scope The scope of this publication is limited to AI, CAS and directly relatedactivities as part of Anti Surface Force Air Operations (ASFAO) as outlined in AJP-01 andother AJPs concerning joint operations, e.g. AJP-3.3.

0104. Application This publication provides doctrinal guidance for commanders andtheir staffs in the planning, coordination and execution of AI and CAS.

0105. Terms, Definitions, Abbreviations and Reference Publications A list ofterms and definitions pertinent to this document can be found in a consolidated glossary atAnnex A. A list of abbreviations pertinent to this document has been consolidated atAnnex B. A list of reference publications to this document has been attached as Annex C.


ORIGINAL- 1-2 -




ORIGINAL- 2-1 -

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Chapter 2

Concept of Air Interdiction and Close Air Support

0201. Introduction. Anti Surface Force Air Operations (ASFAO) are conducted todeprive the enemy of the military power he needs to occupy territory or exploit sea spaceby neutralising, delaying or destroying his surface forces. ASFAO can either beaccomplished in direct or indirect support of ground operations, or can be carried out withminimal or no friendly ground forces in the area. When friendly ground forces are present,ASFAO tends to be more effective at greater distances from the ground battle wherefratricide is not an issue and the enemy may be more vulnerable. Air Operations that areused to perform ASFAO in the context of this document are Air Interdiction (AI) and CloseAir Support (CAS). This chapter covers the most important definitions related to AI andCAS, describes the application of these operations and the basic command and controlstructure as far as it is common to both.

a. Air Interdiction is an operation that destroys, disrupts, diverts, or delays anenemy’s surface military potential before it can be used effectively againstfriendly forces, or otherwise achieve its objectives. Typical targets for AI arelines of communication, supply centres, command and control nodes, orfielded forces. AI is either performed as part of an overall JOA-wideinterdiction effort, which typically aims to isolate all or part of the battlefieldfrom its source of support and reinforcement, or as a more local effort inresponse to the needs of ground combat. Whenever AI is flown in the vicinityof own ground operations, the two achieve the greatest effects when theefforts are integrated.

b. Close Air Support is an operation flown in direct support of own groundforces, in offensive and defensive operations, to destroy, disrupt, suppress,fix or delay enemy forces. CAS can be conducted at any place and timefriendly forces are in close proximity to enemy forces. The term ‘close’ doesnot imply a specific distance; rather it is situational. The key factor tosuccess is that detailed integration is required between each air mission andthe fire and movement of surface forces to minimize the risk of fratricide.Control of CAS is performed by Tactical Air Control Parties (TACP) attachedto units being supported.


ORIGINAL- 2-2 -

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

0202. Joint Campaign/Operations Structure

a. The Joint Force Commander (JFC) sets overall campaign/operation priorities,which guide component objectives and determine the level of supportbetween components. The Air Component Commander1 (ACC)recommends JOA-wide targeting priorities and, in coordination with the othercomponent commanders’ interdiction priorities, forwards the airapportionment recommendation to the JFC. The JFC provides targetpriorities and air apportionment guidance to the ACC and other ComponentCommanders (CCs). The ACC, using priorities established in the JFC’s airapportionment decision, then plans and executes the JOA-wide airinterdiction effort. Other components may simultaneously conductinterdiction efforts with organic or assigned capabilities. The surfacecommander can determine specific targets for air interdiction or provide theair component mission-type instructions that allow tactical mission planningflexibility. In this way the ACC can best determine how to support the surfacecommander, without knowing in advance the exact location or timing of thepriority targets. Ultimately, interdiction priorities within the surface Area ofOperations (AOO) are considered along with the overall interdiction priorities,that are established by the JFC and guide the overall targeting process. Thesupported commander should clearly articulate the concept of manoeuvreoperations to the supporting commanders.

b. The air planning cycle is an interrelated series of actions that begins with theJFC’s guidance for the cycle period. When operations begin, an air planningcycle is normally established to develop daily tactical tasking (Air TaskingOrder (ATO)) based on the operational guidance provided by the AirOperations Directive (AOD) and other inputs. It provides for the efficient andeffective employment of the air assets of one or more components. The ACCallocates resources based on the JFC’s apportionment decision and the AirOperations Centre (AOC) publishes the ATO. The ATO, when combinedwith the Airspace Control Order (ACO) and Special Instructions (SPINS),provides operational and tactical direction for air operations. It issubsequently executed by the AOC.

0203. Apportionment Apportionment is the determination and assignment of the totalexpected air effort by priority and weight of effort that should be devoted to the various airoperations and geographic areas for a given period of time. After consultation with otherCCs, the ACC makes an apportionment recommendation to the JFC, based on the overallneeds and the available air assets. The JFC normally apportions by priority and weight ofeffort into geographic areas. The apportionment may be organized by mission typeorders, functional categories or mission categories significant for the campaign. JFCapportionment sets the degree of effort dedicated to accomplishing specific missions.

1 As the doctrine in this document applies equally to the static NATO military command structure as well toCJTF operations, generic terms such as Air Component Command vice Joint Force Air ComponentCommand (JFACC) have been used but that does not preclude the latter and similar terms being usedwhere applicable.


ORIGINAL- 2-3 -

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

0204. Allocation Once the apportionment decision is made, the ACC allocatesresources to the AOC to accomplish specific missions. The AOC forms the Master AirAttack Plan (MAAP), which serves as the plan of employment and the foundation of theATO.

0205. Authority and Responsibility of Supported and Supporting Commanders Injoint and combined operations, capabilities are optimised by mixing and matching forcesfrom different services and nations. In order to simplify the potentially complex Commandand Control (C2) arrangements, NATO uses the terms ‘supporting’ and ‘supported’commanders, which will usually find utility in all joint and combined operations. They aredefined as follows:

a. Supported Commander A commander having primary responsibility for allaspects of a task assigned by a higher NATO military authority and whoreceives forces or other support from one or more supporting commanders(AAP-6).

b. Supporting Commander A commander who provides a supportedcommander with forces or other support and/or who develops a supportingplan (AAP-6). Support is the action given by a component or forcecommander to assist another force as directed by the JFC. The commanderof the supported force will indicate in detail to the supporting commander thesupport mission objectives he wishes to have fulfilled, taking account of thenormal operational procedures of the supporting force. He will provide theinformation needed for complete co-ordination of the supporting action withthe action of his own force. However, supported commanders shouldprovide supporting commanders as much latitude as possible in the planningand execution of their operations. The commander of the supporting forcewill ascertain the requirements of the supported force and take action to fulfilthose that are within his capabilities. Unless directed otherwise, thesupporting commander will direct the operational tactics and associatedactivities of the supporting force.

0206. Air Command and Control Structure

a. In order to synchronise operations effectively, the JFC will establishsupported and supporting relationships within his JOA. Within his AOO acommander is responsible for the synchronisation of manoeuvre, fires andinterdiction. To facilitate this synchronisation, the commander designates thetarget priority, effects, and recommended timing of interdiction operationswithin his AOO. The supported commander must clearly articulate his visionof operations to those supporting commanders who apply forces within hisAOO. Supporting commanders should be given as much latitude as possiblein the planning and execution of their operations.

b. Using air assets made available in accordance with the JFC's apportionment,the ACC should plan, coordinate, and conduct joint air operations to


ORIGINAL- 2-4 -

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

accomplish the JFC-assigned objectives. The ACC exercises the commandauthority [e.g. Operational Control (OPCON), Tactical Command (TACOM)]as delegated by the JFC.

c. The focal point for C2 of air operations is the AOC. The AOC is structured toplan and execute all tasks deriving from the ACC’s AOD. The internalorganisation may differ based on the specific JOA requirements andoperations. However, the two organisations or functions that should becommon to all AOCs are Plans and Current Operations. Planning the nextATO is the responsibility of Plans, which includes building the ATO.Execution of the ATO is carried out by Current Operations. This elementclosely observes the action of current joint air operations, shifting missionsfrom their scheduled times or targets and making other adjustments as thesituation requires according to ACC’s guidance and priorities.

d. An Airspace Control Plan (ACP) provides specific planning guidance andprocedures to deconflict operations and avoid fratricide. The JFC will appointan Airspace Control Authority (ACA) - normally the same individualdesignated as the ACC - to develop the ACP in coordination with the otherCCs. Deconfliction by Airspace Control Means (ACM) provides the CCs themaximum freedom of action and the most effective weapon employmentwhile minimising the risk of fratricide. Considerations for Airspace Control(ASC) can be found in ATP-40.

e. Integration and synchronisation of air and surface operations are essential forthe success of the joint campaign; this is aided by the exchange of liaisonteams between components. The ACC will provide Air OperationsCoordination Centres (AOCC) to other components, e.g. Land or Maritime.The AOCC is functionally subordinate to its AOC but is responsive tocommander of the entity it is collocated with. AOCC duties include: providingair power advice and air weapon system expertise to the CC; preparingrequests for CAS and AI support and, if delegated, direct tasking of air assetsassigned to the CC; monitoring and advising on the air situation; andproviding the necessary interface for the transfer of current air operationaland intelligence data. For their part, surface CCs, including SpecialOperations Forces (SOF) Component Command, should provide liaisonelements to the ACC and the respective AOC. Their duties would include,but are not limited to: monitoring the associated CC’s battle situation andpassing his intentions to the ACC and the respective AOC(s); coordinatingand expediting requests for air support and airspace control requirements;providing the necessary interface for the transfer of component operationaland intelligence data, and weapon system expertise. To ensure thesuccessful integration of air and surface Operations, national air forcecommands should assign an Air Liaison Officer (ALO) to the appropriateformation (Bde, Div, Corps). Similarly, army Ground Liaison Officers (GLOs)and Maritime Liaison Officers (MLOs) (as appropriate) are appointed to flyingunits, at wing and/or squadron level, to brief them on land or maritimeoperations.


ORIGINAL- 2-5 -

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

0207. Fire Support Coordination Measures (FSCMs) These measures are employedby land or amphibious commanders to facilitate the rapid engagement of targets andsimultaneously to provide safeguards for friendly forces. Commanders position FSCMsconsistent with the operational situation and in coordination with superior, subordinate,supporting, and affected commanders. FSCMs include: No-Fire Areas (NFA) to protectfriendly forces; Free-Fire Areas (FFA) to facilitate rapid engagement of targets ofopportunity; Restrictive Fire Areas (RFA) to facilitate future operations; and Fire SupportCoordination Lines (FSCL) established by a land or amphibious task force commander incoordination with other CCs to facilitate rapid and effective firepower delivery. Moredetailed information on Fire Support Coordination Measures is provided in ATP-63.

0208. Targeting

a. CCs may nominate targets based on JFC’s guidance. Any CC may exercisethis option when the targeting requirements exceed the capabilities of organicassets or are best suited for the capabilities of another CC, or the target islocated beyond the nominating CC’s AOO. CCs will pass their targetnominations based on the JFC’s Direction and Guidance (D&G) through theJoint Targeting Coordination Board (JTCB) to the JCB for JFC approval.Once approved, the JTCB in coordination with the other CCs identifies theservicing agency and prioritises each target, which culminates in a JointIntegrated Prioritised Target List (JIPTL). From there each CC will thendevelop their daily target lists.

b. The end product of the target development and apportionment phase is aprioritised list of targets called the JIPTL. The culmination of the joint airtarget development process occurs when specific targets are approved andincluded in the ATO. See figure 2.1.

0209. Coordinated Attack A Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT) operation is a commonexample of a coordinated attack involving a variety of weapons and support systems,primarily Attack Helicopter (AH), CAS aircraft, artillery and Naval Gunfire Support.Whenever and wherever possible, this operation is supported by Electronic Warfare (EW),Air Defence (AD), and Suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD). The purpose of aJAAT is to create a combined arms team that can provide a commander with a lethalcombination of firepower that can move quickly across the battlefield. Each of the mainparticipants in a JAAT already has individual procedures for employment. However, inorder to obtain the maximum synergistic effect, these need to be combined andcoordinated. AH refers to attack and armed helicopters.

0210. Rules of Engagement

a. MC 362 defines NATO Rules of Engagement (ROE) as "Directives to militaryforces (including individuals) that define the circumstances, conditions,degree, and manner in which force, or actions which might be construed asprovocative, may, or may not, be applied.” ROE are not used to assign tasksor give tactical instructions. With the exception of self-defence, during


ORIGINAL- 2-6 -

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

peacetime and operations prior to the commencement of hostilities, ROEprovide the sole authority to NATO/NATO-led forces to use force. Followinga commencement of hostilities ROE generally limit the otherwise lawful useof force.

b. ROE for air operations may address, among other things, target designation,target identification, electronic warfare and the designation of circumstancesunder which they can be carried out. AI and CAS may require additionalscenario-specific rules. These specific instructions will be reflected in theSpecial Instructions (SPINS).

JFC

AOD/PTL

ACC

ATO

Wings / Squadrons

AI + CAS Requirements AI + CAS Requirements

AI & CAS Requirements (For Consideration)

AI & CAS Requirements (For Consideration)

Apportionment/ Target Recommendations Apportionment Approval/

Targeting & Guidance

Coordination & CAS Requests

JTCB/JCO

.../ AOCC

other CC LCC

Corps/ AOCC

AOC / Liaison Teams

For Action

For Information

Coordination & CAS Requests

For Coordination

Figure 2-1 - AI and CAS Planning Process

ACC Air Component Command(er)AI Air InterdictionAOC Air Operations CentreAOCCAir Operations Coordination CentreAOD Air Operations DirectiveATO Air Tasking OrderCAS Close Air SupportCC Component Command(er)JCO Joint Coordination OrderJFC Joint Force CommanderJTCB Joint Targeting Coordination BoardLCC Land Component Command(er)PTL Prioretised Target List


ORIGINAL- 3-1 -


Chapter 3

Air Interdiction

0301. Interdiction Interdiction is a powerful tool for the JFC of which AI is a majorelement. Attacking interdiction targets normally requires penetration of enemy territory.Due to the inherent characteristics of aircraft the ACC would normally assume the majorrole in an air interdiction operation, and the forces can be both land-based and ship-borne.However, SOF, AH, amphibious and airborne forces, submarine-launched and surface-to-surface weapons may also be used for interdiction.

0302. Use

a. AI is not limited to any particular area of the battle space, but is generallyconducted forward of, or at a distance from friendly forces. Surfacecomponent commanders can simplify the use of AI by establishing aFSCL, although AI can operate short of a FSCL. Commanders shouldstrive to exploit the reach, speed, concentration of force, and precision ofair power to engage high payoff AI targets. They may aim either todestroy elements of an enemy’s military capability, or to constrain hisability to bring it to bear.

b. AI missions can have an effect on operations at strategic, operational andtactical levels. Surface force CCs (land, amphibious, maritime, SOF) willbe directly concerned with those opposing forces and capabilities thataffect their current and near term operations. AI conducted in support ofsurface force operations must be coordinated between the supported andsupporting CCs.

c. The ACC is responsible for JFC's overall AI effort. He will normally be thesupporting commander for interdiction within another CC's AOO; theauthority and responsibility of the ACC in this regard are established bythe JFC.

d. CCs will nominate their AI targets, either individually or as target sets forthe respective phase of a campaign and forward these to the JTCB. TheJTCB will, in turn and based on the JFC directing guidance, prioritise thetargets, nominate the servicing CCs and issue this JIPTL to the CCs forexecution. CCs will then, in line with the JFC priorities and Weight Of Effort(WOE), service the targets to achieve the desired effect.

0303. Employment methods A number of factors influence the planning andexecution of AI missions. Unless dynamic or time sensitive targeting requires otherwise,attacks are best pre-planned to allow for proper weapon to target matching, target areatactics, threat avoidance, weather study and consideration of all the other variables thatmaximise the possibility of target destruction with minimal losses.


ORIGINAL- 3-2 -


a. AI is normally preplanned to hit specific fixed or mobile targets notexpected to move between planning and execution (for example, revettedarmour) where detailed intelligence information is available to supportplanning.

b. AI can be planned against a specific area rather than a specific target,where lucrative targets are known or suspected to exist, or where mobileenemy surface units have moved as a result of ground fighting. The areamay be defined as a box or grid, or may be a line feature such as a road,rail line or river. In this case the aircrew will locate, identify, and attacktargets in the assigned area.

c. There are circumstances where a lucrative target has been identified andassets located against it, but no permission or precise targeting data isavailable. These on-call missions rely on real or near real-time targetingguidance from other sources, which can be an inefficient use of assetsunless you have an overwhelming number of assets or an insufficientnumber of lucrative pre-planned AI targets available.

Experience has shown that certain key conditions tend to produce favourable AI results; adegree of control of the air; the existence of target sets critical to the enemy andvulnerable to attack; sustained pressure from ground combat, continued air attack or both;logistical constriction (due to both reduced supply and high consumption); andconcentration of effort. The key to providing proper control for AI lies in assessing howmuch flexibility will be required and which C2 assets will be in the best position to providetargeting updates in a timely manner.

0304. Coordination The most recognisable FSCM, and the one with the potential toimpact interdiction operations most is the FSCL. A FSCL is established by a surface forcecommander within his AOO in coordination with other component commands. Within thisAOO the surface force commander is normally the supported commander, and the FSCLidentifies the coordination requirements for fires by systems which are not organic to hisforce, but which might affect his operations:

a. Short of the FSCL Short of the FSCL (or within an enclosed FSCL) all air-to-surface and surface-to-surface attack operations are controlled by thesurface force commander responsible for the AOO, who will specify theprocedures required. The word control under these circumstances denotesaircraft control procedures; it does not imply that the surface forcecommander has OPCON or TACON of the aircraft.

b. Beyond the FSCL Commanders of forces attacking surface targets beyondthe FSCL (or outside an enclosed FSCL) must coordinate with all othercommanders who might be affected - both air and surface - in sufficient timeto avoid fratricide and in order to harmonise joint objectives. Thiscoordination is achieved through the targeting process and the componentliaison elements. If the attacks are to take place within an AOO, thiscoordination is essential to ensure that they will not adversely affect the


ORIGINAL- 3-3 -


associated surface force commander’s plan of operations or scheme ofmanoeuvre. Following coordination between the commanders, the ACCproduces the ATO.

c. The location of the FSCL should be readily apparent to forces engaged inhigh tempo operations. Normally, therefore, it should follow well-definedgeographical features. However, the positioning of a FSCL will be based onestimates of the situation and concept of operations. Location of enemyforces, anticipated rates of movement, weapons capabilities and tempo ofoperations are considered in the commander’s estimate, as well as otherfactors deemed appropriate such as his ability to control air operations shortof the FSCL. Similar considerations will apply when an isolated FSCL isestablished, e.g. for airborne or amphibious operations. If there is anydisagreement between CCs on the establishment of a FSCL, resolution bythe JFC is required.

0305. Planning and Request Considerations

a. Targets that are well defended or difficult to attack carry high risk of attrition.Communications assets, route infrastructure, key capabilities and logisticsmay offer benefits for a lower expenditure of resources. However, manytargets are mobile, and this could result in difficulties in target location andweaponeering, as well as a risk of collateral damage. Some AI targets, suchas bridges, may only be tactically relevant for very short periods. All thesefactors create problems in selecting and engaging AI targets.

b. Targets of opportunity may be attacked by interdiction-capable forces. Asurface force commander may request attacks on these time-sensitive, highpriority targets not addressed in the ATO. Requests should flow from therequesting surface force commander to the ACC via AOC. If feasible, theACC will retask other mission-assigned aircraft or task available aircraft toattack the target. The targeting process is much less flexible due to thedetailed planning required to execute such missions successfully;consequently the rescheduling of missions for these unplanned AI requestsmay not always be possible.

c. Collateral damage and fratricide are undesirable aspects of warfare. Causesinclude, but are not limited to, misidentification of targets, target locationerrors, weapons technical failures, and loss of situational awareness duringplanning or execution. It is critical for all commanders to ensure thatadequate procedures are in place to avoid fratricide or collateral damage.


ORIGINAL- 3-4 -




ORIGINAL- 4-1 -


Chapter 4

Close Air Support

0401. Close Air Support CAS is defined as air action against hostile targets whichare in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each airmission with the fire and movement of those forces (AAP-6). The firepower and mobility ofaircraft can make an immediate and direct contribution to the land battle, especiallyagainst targets that are either inaccessible or invulnerable to available surface weapons.CAS has the ability to concentrate firepower in time and space when and where required.

402. Use

a. A variety of aircraft, both fixed wing and rotary, are capable of performingCAS. CAS is not limited to any specific region of the JOA; rather it can beconducted at any place and time that combat forces are in close proximityto enemy forces. This does not imply a specific distance; rather it issituational. The supported commander will determine when detailedintegration is needed because of proximity to friendly forces, fires, ormovement.

b. CCs are supported by CAS to mass fires and destroy, disrupt, suppress,fix or delay enemy forces. CAS can be used to mass a lethal capabilityrapidly at decisive points in order to achieve local combat superiority, orallowing the commander to take advantage of battlefield opportunities.

0403. Employment Methods

a. Preplanned CAS Pre-planned CAS is conducted in 2 categories,scheduled and on-call; aircraft flying the missions are scheduled for aparticular time or time period, which normally coincides with theanticipated time when CAS will be needed by the supported component.

(1) Scheduled CAS Scheduled CAS puts the CAS assets over the areaof the battlefield where they are needed most at a pre-planned Timeon Target (TOT) and where a need for CAS has been established inadvance. Scheduled missions are more likely to have goodintelligence on the expected type of target resulting in a betterweapons to target match.

(2) On Call CAS. On call CAS involves putting aircraft on ground/deckor airborne alert during a period when the need for CAS is foreseen.This is a less efficient use of CAS resources because assets involvedmay or may not actually be employed unless a back up target isnominated.


ORIGINAL- 4-2 -


b. Immediate CAS Immediate CAS usually results from unanticipated needson the battlefield, often of an emergency nature, that require diverting orrescheduling aircraft from other missions.

c. Readiness States To ensure a prompt response, the available assets fortasking could be in the following readiness states:

(1) Airborne Alert Airborne alert is the highest level of operationalreadiness, where combat aircraft are airborne and ready forimmediate action. Airborne alert should enable aircraft to reachtargets quickly as a threat or an opportunity develops. Whileairborne alert has the advantage of providing air support in minimumtime, it can also be very costly in terms of manpower and equipment.For airborne alert, tasking can be delegated to the AOCC of therespective surface force commander. Airborne alert aircraft areconfigured with appropriate ordnance for anticipated targets (e.g.anti-armour) and maintain alert status for a designated period of time.

(2) Ground/Deck Alert Ground/Deck Alert is the status in which aircrafton the ground/deck are fully serviced and armed, ready to take offwithin a specified period of time after receiving a mission order. Thisrequires fewer resources than airborne alert. For ground/deck alert,tasking can be delegated to an AOCC.

d. Retasking When appropriate, and when tasking authority has beendelegated, aircraft already airborne on a CAS mission could be diverted bythe AOCC co-located with the supported CC to higher priority targetsdemanding immediate CAS. In some situations, airborne aircraft withappropriate ordnance on another mission may also be diverted to CAS.The decision rests with the ACC and is usually delegated to the AOC.During the planning cycle lower prioritised sorties may be identified forpotential retasking to immediate CAS missions if required. These aircraftcan be on airborne or ground/deck CAS alert before executing theirprimary mission. Planning to meet re-tasking requirements can beincluded in the allocation plan. Warning of the possibility of re-taskingshould be included in the ATO.

0404. Control The supported CC determines the aircraft attack clearancerequirements for CAS missions. Unless exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise, CASmissions are conducted under the control of a qualified FAC (ground or airborne). Fordetailed procedures refer to ATP 63.

0405. Planning and Request Considerations. CCs will assess the capability andavailability of organic assets, including AH, and if necessary, request air support from theACC to augment their capabilities. The ACC will consider these requests in hisapportionment recommendation. Tasking aircraft for CAS in joint operations isaccomplished via the apportionment process and is scheduled through the ATO. AHs are


ORIGINAL- 4-3 -


usually tasked and employed by surface force commanders as integral manoeuvre units inthe combined arms battle and are normally not part of the apportionment process.

a. Following allocation, a CAS mission begins with a request at any level ofcommand. As the requesting commander plans combat operations, heidentifies situations where CAS can be employed. He then submits arequest for either preplanned CAS or immediate CAS.

(1) Preplanned CAS requests will normally be processed via the AirLiaison Officer (ALO) at each level of command. These requests areevaluated at each level and, if approved, passed to the AOC throughthe AOCC. The AOC fills those requests with sorties in the ATO.The process is depicted in Figure 4-2.

(2) Immediate CAS requests arise from unforeseen situations thatdevelop outside the ATO planning cycle. The request is passed tothe ALO/AOCC of the highest echelon on a tactical air request netwhere it will be actioned (accepted or refused). If accepted, theALO/AOCC at the highest land force echelon has two choices - divertpreplanned CAS missions (coordinating with the AOC) or forward therequest to the AOC. If required, the ACC may need to redirect otherair missions to cover the higher priority CAS needs. If the ACC andother CCs are unable to retask or generate additional CAS sorties,the requests will be refused. This process is depicted in Figure 4-2.

Due to the inherent characteristics of either preplanned or immediate CASnumerous factors have to be considered for planning.

b. Tactics, techniques, procedures, weapon stand-off ranges and self-defence equipment have direct impact on the aircraft capability tocommence CAS day or night, from high or low level, in most weatherconditions and reacting quickly to changing tasks.

c. Misidentification of targets, target location errors, target location incorrectlytransmitted or received, weapons technical failure and loss of situationalawareness by FAC, CAS aircrews and/or other elements of own forcesmight contribute to fratricide and collateral damage.

d. CAS assets may be exposed to well coordinated, layered air defencesystems that are frequently deployed in the forward combat area.

It is critical that all CAS participants ensure friendly units, non-combatants,targets and enemy forces are correctly identified prior to engagement. Forspecific details on CAS tactics, techniques, and procedures refer to ATP 63.


ORIGINAL- 4-4 -



NATO UNCLASSIFIED

ORIGINAL- 4-5 -


Figure 4-1 - Process for requesting and tasking preplanned CAS

Figure 4-2 - Immediate CAS Request Channel

Preplanned CAS

TaskingUnitTaskingBrigadeTACP/ALO

AOCDivisionTACP/ALO

CorpsAOCC

Tasking

Delegation of Tasking

No CAS Allocated Aircraft available

CorpsDivisionTACP/ALO

BattalionTACP/FAC

BrigadeTACP/ALO

Unit

Approval/Disapproval

Tasking

If Approved

ScrambleUnitTasking

Tasking

RELAYSTATION

CorpsDivisionTACP/ALO

BattalionTACP/FAC

BrigadeTACP/ALO

AOCAOCC

AOCC

AOC

CorpsAOCC

DivisionTACP/ALO

BrigadeTACP/ALO

BattalionTACP/FAC

CAS Allocated Airborne or Airborne Alert Aircraft

Delegation of Tasking

Tasking1)

RequestFeedbackIntermediate Monitoring(fill if able/silence is consent)Tasking Authority may bedelegated to AOCC

1)

CAS Allocated Ground Alert Aircraft

BattalionTACP/FAC

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

ORIGINAL- 4-6 -




ORIGINAL- 5-1 -


Chapter 5

Mission Support Operations

0501. General

a. In many cases AI and CAS may be supported by other operations, suchas:

(1) Electronic Warfare (EW)

(2) Air-to-Air Refuelling (AAR)

(3) Suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD)

(4) Reconnaissance and Surveillance

(5) Special Operations

(6) Ground Manoeuvre

b. Mission support requirements must be identified early in the planningprocess and requested in sufficient time to coordinate their roles in AI andCAS.

c. Activities such as Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), PsychologicalOperations (PSYOPS) and Deception are not directly related to AI andCAS, but should be considered in the planning process. For further detailsof CSAR refer to ATP 62, Combat Search and Rescue.

0502. Electronic Warfare

a. EW can play an essential part in any operation and must be consideredduring planning. EW is not limited to self-protection for tactical aircraft, butmay also include the activities of specialised air, land and naval units. Theaim of EW is to enhance mission effectiveness while avoiding mutualinterference, especially in those areas where friendly ground forces areemployed.

b. For further details refer to AJP-3.6 “Allied Joint Electronic WarfareDoctrine”.


ORIGINAL- 5-2 -


0503. Air-to-Air Refuelling

a. AAR should be considered for AI and CAS missions because it enablesassets to:

(1) Concentrate larger forces for an operation by extending the rangeand/or endurance of aircraft.

(2) Transit greater distances at higher gross weights (increasedpayload/ordnance).

(3) Increase loiter capability and endurance (maintaining airborne alertfor extended periods of time may be of special importance forImmediate CAS).

b. For further details refer to ATP 56, Air-to-Air Refuelling.

0504. Suppression of Enemy Air Defences

a. SEAD is by definition a Counter Air activity. It does, however, have thecapability to support or enhance AI and CAS by creating favourableconditions for all friendly operations. In order to improve friendly aircraftsurvivability, SEAD- capable air and surface assets should be used whenthe situation requires/permits and where additional benefits would result.SEAD may be accomplished through destructive and disruptive means byusing ground attack or specialised aircraft, EW assets, or land- and sea-based direct or indirect fire support.

b. SEAD operations may involve pre-planned and target of opportunityactivities. It may require coordinated air, land and maritime efforts tolocate and attack key enemy air defences, command and control centresand communication facilities. SEAD operations may be conducted asJOA-wide air defence system suppression to support the JFC campaignplan, or as localised suppression within confined geographical areas toprotect specific operations or missions. Where combined and/or jointSEAD is required, close coordination between the affected commanders isessential.

c. Detailed SEAD allocation will take place at that command level where theSEAD assets are available. For further details see ATP 44, ElectronicWarfare in Air Operations and ATP-42, Counter Air Operations.


ORIGINAL- 5-3 -


0505. Reconnaissance and Surveillance

a. Reconnaissance and surveillance operations involve the collection ofinformation from airborne, ground, maritime or space sensors and othersources on the activities, forces and resources of the enemy.

b. Information derived from reconnaissance and surveillance is intended tosatisfy the requirements of commanders engaged in a variety ofoperations, thus contributing to the planning, decision making andexecution process. For AI and CAS, detailed information for immediateoperational and tactical purposes, such as orders of battle, enemydisposition, target location or damage assessment, is more important thanlonger term surveillance. The JFC, however, will also need strategic andoperational level information to set the overall campaign objectives and aidin decision-making.

c. The he battlefield may change rapidly. Therefore, all information gatheredshould be interpreted, evaluated and disseminated as quickly as possibleto all commanders who may benefit from it.

d. Each CC will seek to satisfy his requirements by using organic assets. Ifthis is not possible, the need for additional information will be identified tothe JFC, who will prioritise the requirements among the other requests forinformation.

e. For further details refer to ATP-61, Reconnaissance and SurveillanceSupport to Allied Joint Operations, and ATP 47, Air ReconnaissanceTasking and Reporting.

0506. Special Operations Special operations may be conducted in direct support ofany AI and CAS mission, such as locating, identifying and designating targets for tacticalaircraft. These operations must be integrated into, and closely coordinated with other airactivities on the battlefield or deep in enemy territory. In order to prevent fratricide orduplication of effort it may be necessary to establish FSCMs to support special operations.

0507. Ground Manoeuvre Ground manoeuvre can play a major role in enabling theeffective employment of AI. Manoeuvre can place sustained pressure on the enemy,enabling interdiction to effectively prevent the replacement of his losses. It can force theenemy into the open, concentrating his forces along channelled routes generating moreidentifiable and lucrative targets.


ORIGINAL- 5-4 -




ORIGINAL- A-1 -


Annex A

Glossary of Terms and Definitions

Air Interdiction - Air operations conducted to destroy, neutralise, or delay the enemy’smilitary potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces at suchdistance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire andmovement of friendly forces is not required (AAP-6).

Air Liaison Officer - A tactical air force or naval aviation officer attached to a ground ornaval unit or formation as the advisor on tactical air operation matters (AAP-6).

Air Reconnaissance - The collection of information of intelligence interest either by visualobservation from the air or through the use of airborne sensors (AAP-6).

Air Support - All forms of support given by air forces on land or sea (AAP-6).

Airspace Control - A combination of airspace organisation planning procedures, theresulting control structure and coordinating functions to minimise risks and allow forefficient and flexible use of airspace by all elements involved in air, land and seaoperations (AAP-6).

Airspace Control Means - Operational means that when established, segregate control,and/or reserve airspace for Allied operations (ATP-40).

Allocation

1. In nuclear warfare planning, the specific numbers and types of nuclear weaponsallocated to a commander for a stated time period as a planning factor only.

2. The translation of the apportionment into total numbers of sorties by aircraft typeavailable for each operation or mission (AAP-6).

Allotment - The temporary change of assignment of tactical air forces betweensubordinate commands. The authority to allot is vested in the commander havingoperational command(AAP-6).

Apportionment - The quantification and distribution by percentage of the total expectedeffort, in relation to the priorities which are to be given to the various air operations ingeographic areas for a given period of time (AAP-6).

Area of Operations - That portion of an area of war necessary for military operations andfor the administration of such operations (AAP-6).


ORIGINAL- A-2 -


Close Air Support - Air action against hostile targets which are in close proximity tofriendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire andmovement of those forces (AAP-6).

Control - That authority exercised by a commander over part of the activities ofsubordinate organizations, or other organizations not normally under his command, whichencompasses the responsibility for implementing orders or directives. All or part of thisauthority may be transferred or delegated (AAP-6).

Direct Support

1. The support provided by a unit not attached to or under the command of thesupported unit or formation, but required to give priority to the support required bythat unit or formation.

2. In maritime usage, operations related to the protection of a specific force by otherunits, normally under the tactical control of that force (AAP-6).

Electronic Warfare - Military action to exploit the electromagnetic spectrumencompassing: the search for, interception and identification of electromagneticemissions, the employment of electromagnetic energy, including directed energy, toreduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and actions to ensure itseffective use by friendly forces (AAP-6).

Fire Support Coordination Line - Within an assigned area of operations, a line establishedby a land or amphibious force commander to denote coordination requirements for fires byother force elements which may affect the commander’s current and planned operations.The fire support coordination line applies to fires of air, ground or sea weapons using anytype of ammunition against surface or ground targets. The establishment of the firesupport coordination line must be coordinated with the appropriate commanders andsupporting elements. Attacks against surface or ground targets short of the fire supportcoordination line must be conducted under the positive control or procedural clearance ofthe associated land or amphibious force commander. Unless in exceptionalcircumstances, commanders of forces attacking targets beyond the fire supportcoordination line must coordinate with all affected commanders in order to avoid fratricideand to harmonise joint objectives. Note: in the context of this definition the term "surfacetargets" applies to those in littoral or inland waters within the designated area ofoperations. (AAP-6).

Fire Support Coordination Measure - A FSCM is a measure employed by land oramphibious commanders to facilitate the rapid engagement of targets and simultaneouslyprovide safeguards for friendly forces. Commanders position FSCMs consistent with theoperational situation and in coordination with superior, subordinate, supporting, andaffected commanders.

Forward Air Controller - A qualified individual who, from a forward position on the groundor in the air, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in close air support of landforces (AAP-6).


ORIGINAL- A-3 -


Forward Observer - An observer with forward troops trained to call for and adjustsupporting fire and pass battlefield information (AAP-6).

Ground Liaison Officer - An officer especially trained in air reconnaissance and/oroffensive air support activities. These officers are normally organised into teams under thecontrol of the appropriate ground force commander to provide liaison to air force and navyunits engaged in training and combat operations (AAP-6).

Interdiction - An action to divert, disrupt, delay or destroy the enemy’s military potentialbefore it can be used effectively against friendly forces (AJP-01).

Joint - Adjective used to describe activities, operations, organisations in which elementsof at least two services participate (AAP-6).

Joint Air Attack Team - A Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT) operation is a coordinated attackinvolving a number of weapons and support systems, primarily armed helicopters, CloseAir Support aircraft, and artillery. Whenever and wherever possible, these are to besupported by Electronic Warfare, Air Defence, and Suppression of Enemy Air Defences.The purpose of a JAAT is to create a combined arms team that can provide a commanderwith a lethal combination of firepower that can move quickly across the battlefield (ATP-49).

Joint Force Commander - A general term applied to a commander authorised to exercisecommand authority or operational control over a joint force (AJP-01).

Joint Force Air Component Commander - A commander, designated by the Joint ForceCommander or higher authority, who would be responsible for making recommendationsto the Joint Force Commander on the employment of air forces and assets, planning andcoordinating air operations and accomplishing such operational missions as may beassigned to him. The joint force air component commander is given the authoritynecessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the designating commander(AJP-01).

Joint Force Land Component Commander - A commander, designated by the Joint ForceCommander or higher authority, who would be responsible for making recommendationsto the Joint Force Commander on the employment of land forces and assets, planning andcoordinating land operations and accomplishing such operational missions as may beassigned to him. The joint force land component commander is given the authoritynecessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the designating commander(AJP-01).

Joint Force Maritime Component Commander - A commander, designated by the JointForce Commander or higher authority, who would be responsible for makingrecommendations to the Joint Force Commander on the employment of maritime forcesand assets, planning and coordinating maritime operations and accomplishing suchoperational missions as may be assigned to him. The joint force maritime componentcommander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assignedby the designating commander (AJP-01).


ORIGINAL- A-4 -


Joint Force Special Operations Component Commander - A commander, designated bythe Joint Force Commander or higher authority, who would be responsible for makingrecommendations to the Joint Force Commander on the employment of special operationsforces and assets, planning and coordinating special operations and accomplishing suchoperational missions as may be assigned to him. The joint force special operationscomponent commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasksassigned by the designating commander (AJP-01).

Joint Operations Area - A temporary area defined by a NATO strategic or regionalcommander, in which a designated joint commander plans and executes a specific missionat the operational level of war (AAP-6).

Liaison - That contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of militaryforces to ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose and action (AAP-6).

Manoeuvre

1. A movement to place ships or aircraft in a position of advantage over the enemy.

2. A tactical exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map inimitation of war.

3. The operation of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, to cause it to perform desiredmovements.

4. Employment of forces on the battlefield through movement in combination with fire,or fire potential, to achieve a position of advantage in respect to the enemy in orderto accomplish the mission (AAP-6).

Mission

1. A clear, concise statement of the task of the command and its purpose. 2. One or more aircraft ordered to accomplish one particular task (AAP-6).

Objective - The physical object of the action taken, e.g., a definite tactical feature, theseizure and/or holding of which is essential to the commander’s plan (AAP-6)

Operation - A military action or the carrying out of a strategic, tactical, service, training, oradministrative military mission; the process of carrying on combat, including movement,supply, attack, defence and manoeuvres needed to gain the objectives of any battle orcampaign (AAP-6).

Operational Command - The authority granted to a commander to assign missions ortasks to subordinate commanders, to deploy units, to reassign forces, and to retain ordelegate operational and/or tactical control as the commander deems necessary. Note: itdoes not include responsibility for administration (AAP-6).


ORIGINAL- A-5 -


Operational Control - The authority delegated to a commander to direct forces assignedso that the commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks which are usuallylimited by function, time, or location; to deploy units concerned, and to retain or assigntactical control of those units. It does not include authority to assign separate employmentof components of the units concerned. Neither does it, of itself, include administrative orlogistic control (AAP-6).

Positive Control - In air traffic control within NATO, a method of regulation of all identifiedair traffic within a designated airspace, conducted with electronic means by an air trafficcontrol agency having the authority and responsibility therein (AAP-6).

Rules of Engagement - Directives issued by competent military authority which specifythe circumstances and limitations under which forces will initiate and/or continue combatengagement with other forces encountered (AAP-6).

Sortie - In air operations, an operational flight by one aircraft (AAP-6).

Special Operations - Military activities conducted by specially designated, organized,trained and equipped forces using operational techniques and modes of employment notstandard to conventional forces. These activities are conducted across the full range ofmilitary operations independently or in coordination with operations of conventional forces toachieve political, military, psychological and economic objectives. Politico-militaryconsiderations may require clandestine, covert or discreet techniques and the acceptance ofa degree of physical and political risk not associated with conventional operations (AAP-6).

Support - Support is the action of a force, or portions thereof, which aids, protects,complements or sustains any other force.

Supported Commander - A commander having primary responsibility for all aspects of atask assigned by a higher NATO military authority and who receives forces or othersupport from one or more supporting commanders (AAP-6).

Supporting Commander - A commander who provides a supported commander withforces or other support and/or who develops a supporting plan (AAP-6).

Suppression of Enemy Air Defences - That activity which neutralizes, temporarilydegrades or destroys enemy air defences by a destructive and/or disruptive means (AAP-6).

Tactical Air Control Party - A subordinate operational component of a tactical air controlsystem designed to provide air liaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft (AAP-6).

Tactical Air Operation - The employment of air power in coordination with ground or navalforces to:

1. attain and maintain air superiority;


ORIGINAL- A-6 -


2. prevent movement of enemy forces into and within the combat zone and to seek outand destroy these forces and their supporting installations; and

3. assist ground or naval forces in achieving their objectives by combined and/or jointoperations (AAP-6).

Tactical Control - The detailed and, usually, local direction and control of movements ormanoeuvres necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned (AAP-6).

Targeting - The process of selecting targets and matching the appropriate response tothem taking account of operational requirements and capabilities (AAP-6).

Target List - A tabulation of confirmed or suspected targets maintained by any echelonfor information and fire support planning purposes (AAP-6).

Tasking - The process of translating the allocation into orders, and passing these ordersto the units involved. Each order normally contains sufficient detailed instructions toenable the executing agency to accomplish the mission successfully (AAP-6).


ORIGINAL- B-1 -


Annex B

Abbreviations

AAP Allied Administrative PublicationAAR Air-to-Air-RefuellingACA Airspace Control AuthorityACC Air Component Command(er)ACM Airspace Control MeansACP Airspace Control PlanAD Air DefenceAH Attack HelicopterAI Air InterdictionAJP Allied Joint PublicationALO Air Liaison OfficerAOC Air Operations CentreAOCC Air Operations Coordination CentreAOD Air Operations DirectiveAOO Area of OperationsAPP Allied Procedural PublicationASC Airspace ControlASFAO Anti Surface Force Air OperationsATO Air Tasking OrderATP Allied Tactical Publication

CAS Close Air SupportCC Component Command(er)CSAR Combat Search and RescueC2 Command and Control

D&G Direction and Guidance

EW Electronic Warfare

FAC Forward Air ControllerFRAGO Fragmentation OrderFSCM Fire Support Coordination MeasureFSCL Fire Support Coordination LineFSO Fire Support Officer

HQ Headquarters

JAAT Joint Air Attack TeamJCO Joint Coordination OrderJFC Joint Force Command(er)JIPTL Joint Integrated Prioritised Target ListJOA Joint Operations Area


ORIGINAL- B-2 -


JTCB Joint Targeting Coordination Board

OPCON Operational Control

PTL Prioritised Target List

LCC Land Component Command(er)

MCC Maritime Component Command(er)MFC Manoeuvre Force Command(er)

PSYOP(s) Psychological Operation(s)PTL Prioritised Target List

ROE Rules of Engagement

SEAD Suppression of Enemy Air DefencesSOF Special Operations ForcesSOP Standard Operating Procedures

TACON Tactical ControlTACP Tactical Air Control PartyTOT Time on Target


ORIGINAL- C-1 -


Annex C

REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS

The following bibliography lists the Allied Publications (APs) and other documents relatedto this document, and is provided to guide the reader to a source of detail concerning it’scontents. In general, the list includes only ratified and promulgated publications. Itshould be noted that APs are identified by the number in the short title of the originaledition (e.g. ATP-56); editions which have suffix letter (e.g. ATP-56(C)) are not identifiedas such except where the publication's title has been changed.

Publication TitleAAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (English and

French)AJP-01 Allied Joint DoctrineAJP-3 Allied Joint OperationsATP-3.2 Land OperationsAJP-3.3 Joint Air and Space Operations DoctrineAJP-3.3.7 Combined Joint Force Air Component Command DoctrineAJP-3.6 Allied Joint Electronic Warfare DoctrineAPP-7 Joint Brevity Words PublicationAPP-11 NATO Message CatalogueATP-34 Tactical Air Support for Maritime Operations (TASMO)ATP-40 Doctrine for Airspace Control in Times of Crisis and War

ATP-42 Counter Air OperationsATP-47 Handbook for Air Reconnaissance Tasking and ReportingATP-49 Use of Helicopters in Land OperationsATP-56 Air-to-Air RefuellingATP-61 Reconnaissance and Surveillance Support to Allied Joint

OperationsATP-62 Combat Search and RescueATP-63 Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Close Air Support

OperationsMC-362 NATO Rules of EngagementSTANAG 3275 Method of Warning Own Aircraft of (Suspected) Enemy

Fighter AttacksSTANAG 3797 Minimum Qualifications for Forward Air Controllers


ORIGINAL- C-2 -




ORIGINAL- LEP-1 -


LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES (LEP)

Effective Pages Page numbers

Original i, (Reverse Blank)

Original iii (Reverse Blank)

Original v, vi

Original vii (Reverse Blank)

Original ix, x

Original 1-1 (Reverse Blank)

Original 2-1 to 2-6

Original 3-1 to 3-3 (Reverse Blank)



Original A-1 to A-6

Original B-1, B-2

Original C-1, (Reverse Blank)

Original LEP-1, (Reverse Blank)


ORIGINAL- LEP-2 -



Date post:	27-Nov-2014
Category:	Documents
Upload:	eweiser
View:	1,027 times
Download:	47 times

Ajp-3.3.2 Air Interdiction and Close Air Support Jul04 Nu

Documents