Akademiuri Cera damtskebtatvis

akademiurakademiurakademiurakademiurakademiuri werai werai werai werai wera

damwyebTaTvisdamwyebTaTvisdamwyebTaTvisdamwyebTaTvisdamwyebTaTvis

lia kaWarava

xaTuna marwyviSvili

lili xeCuaSvili

socialur mecnsocialur mecnsocialur mecnsocialur mecnsocialur mecnierebaTa serierebaTa serierebaTa serierebaTa serierebaTa seriaiaiaiaia

Tbilisi2007

120

• yvela suraTi da cxrili moxseniebulia Tu ara teqstSi da danomrilia Tuara moxseniebis rigis mixedviT?

bolo SeniSvna

miuxedavad imisa, rom APA-is standartiT mogeTxovebaT naSromis Sesruleba,konkretuli departamentisa Tu pedagogis moTxovna SesaZloa, garkveulwilad,gansxvavdebodes APA-is standartisgan. am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba departamentis/maswavleblis moTxovnebs eniWeba. orive – APA-isa da departamentis/maswavleblis– moTxovnebis codna students naSromis damakmayofileblad momzadebis saSualebasmiscems. Tumca gaxsovdeT, rom akademiuri sazogadoeba SeTanxmebulia weris stilzeda namdvilad ar Secvlis mas erTi individis axirebis gamo.

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura

arabuli a., qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, gamomcemloba „universali~, Tbilisi,2004.

gutbrodi h., danelia n. saqmiani urTierTobebi. gamomcemloba ̀ universali~, Tbilisi,2006.

TvalTvaZe d., gafrindaSvili n. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi, Tbilisi, 2004.

SalamberiZe g., qarTuli marTlwera, gamomcemloba „ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1965.

SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1973.

Ãóäâèí Äæ., Èññëåäîâàíèå â ïñèõîëîãèè, ìåòîäû è ïëàíèðîâàíèå. 3-å èçä. Ïèòåð, 2004.

Carter D., Beyond the Loan Word: Plagiarism and Academic Writing. Published in http://www.engelsk.au.dk/en/studies/exams/guides/plagiarism (2000, Revised 07.05.2007). bolo naxva15.08.2007

Campbell S., The Problem of Plagiarism Published inhttp://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdcamp/up540/writingtips.html (last updated: February 22, 2007).bolo naxva 15.08.2007

Fowler H. Ramsey; Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th edition.Addison-Wesley.

Georgetown University. What is Plagiarism. Published in http://gervaseprograms.georgetown.edu/hc/plagiarism.html (2007). bolo naxva 15.08.2007

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition. Published by APA.

Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills.Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.

Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Plagiarism: What It is and How toRecognize and Avoid It. Published in http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml

(2004). bolo naxva 15.08.2007

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

redaqtori: lela wiqariSvili

dakabadoneba: Tamar Sengelia

ydis dizaini: mamuka cecxlaZe

socialur mecnierebaTa centri 2007 Center for Social Sciences 2007

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. #10

el.fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

ISBN: 978 – 99940 -873 -6-5ISSN – 1512 -4576

©©

119

• calke gverdebze aris Tu ara mocemuli Tavfurceli, abstraqti, gamoyenebuliliteratura, avtoris SeniSvna, cxrilebi da suraTebi (erTi cxrili/suraTierT gverdze) calke gverdebze?

• Tanmimdevrulad aris Tu ara gadanomrili gverdebi Tavfurclidangamoyenebuli literaturis CaTvliT?

Tavfurceli da abstraqti

• Sedgeba Tu ara saTauri 10-12 sityvisgan?

• Tavfurcelze miTiTebulia Tu ara instituti/dawesebuleba, sadac SesruldanaSromi?

• Tavsdeba Tu ara abstraqti 120 sityvaSi?

abzacebi da saTaurebi

• aris Tu ara erTi abzaci erT winadadebaze meti, magram ara umetes erTixelnaweri gverdisa?

• qvesaTaurebi zustad asaxaven Tu ara naSromis struqturas?

• erTnairi qvesaTaurebi erTnairi formatiTaa Sesrulebuli Tu ara?

abreviatura

• amoRebulia Tu ara naSromidan yvela araarsebiTi da arasaWiro abreviatura?ganmartebulia Tu ara yvela saWiro da naSromSi Setanili abreviatura?

• cxrilebsa da suraTebSi mocemuli abreviaturebi axsnilia Tu ara cxrilisTanmxleb SeniSvnasa Tu suraTis legendaSi?

gamoyenebuli literatura

• gamoyenebuli literatura citirebulia rogorc teqstSi, ise boloSisaTauriT ̀ gamoyenebuli literatura~? sxva sityvebiT, rac teqstSia mocemuli,miTiTebulia boloSic da piriqiT?

• teqstSi citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSi mocemuliwyaroebi erTnairadaa dawerili da Tanxvdeba Tu ara gamocemis wlebi?

• srulad aris Tu ara mocemuli Jurnalis dasaxelebebi?

• gamoyenebuli literatura dalagebulia Tu ara avtorTa gvarebis mixedviTanbanuri TanmimdevrobiT?

sqolio

• miTiTebulia Tu ara teqstSi yvela sqolio?

• gadanomrilia Tu ara sqolioebi Tanmimdevrulad da sworadaa Tu araisini ganlagebuli teqstSi?

cxrilebi da suraTebi

• TiToeuli cxrilis svetebs aqvs Tu ara saTauri?

• cxrilebSi amoRebulia Tu ara yvela vertikaluri xazi?

• suraTebis elementebi aris Tu ara sakmarisad didi zomis, raTa suraTiszomebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi mainc wakiTxvadi iyos?

• TiToeuli suraTi danomrilia Tu ara Tanmimdevrulad da aqvs Tu ramokle saTauri?

3

s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i

Tavi 1. prTavi 1. prTavi 1. prTavi 1. prTavi 1. princiinciinciinciincipebi,pebi,pebi,pebi,pebi, romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas

gamogadgebaT gamogadgebaT gamogadgebaT gamogadgebaT gamogadgebaT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4Tavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeliTavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeliTavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeliTavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeliTavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeli

samuSaoebi samuSaoebi samuSaoebi samuSaoebi samuSaoebi .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 rogor viwyebT weras ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

weris procesis analizi ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5dagegmva: werisTvis mosamzadebeli etapi ....................................................................................................................................12

Tavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaci ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18ra aris abzaci ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18abzacis tipebi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33

Tavi 4. ra aris eseTavi 4. ra aris eseTavi 4. ra aris eseTavi 4. ra aris eseTavi 4. ra aris ese .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45sakvanZo debuleba ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 45Sesavali .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................47naSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzaci .............................................................................................. 49daskvna .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52

Tavi 5. argumentirebuli eseTavi 5. argumentirebuli eseTavi 5. argumentirebuli eseTavi 5. argumentirebuli eseTavi 5. argumentirebuli ese ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................53

argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi .....................................................................................................................................53sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba ........................................................................................................................................................................ 54mizezebis axsna da dasabuTeba .............................................................................................................................................................55argumentirebuli eses struqtura .................................................................................................................................................... 56argumentirebul eseSi argumentebis dalagebis struqtura .............................................................................. 60argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebi ............................................................................................................................ 63

Tavi 6. kritikaTavi 6. kritikaTavi 6. kritikaTavi 6. kritikaTavi 6. kritika ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva ...................................................................................................................................................... 68kritikis struqtura .........................................................................................................................................................................................78

Tavi 7. plagiatiTavi 7. plagiatiTavi 7. plagiatiTavi 7. plagiatiTavi 7. plagiati ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79

ra aris plagiati .................................................................................................................................................................................................79citireba da perifrazireba ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79rogor avaridoT Tavi plagiats ......................................................................................................................................................... 82

Tavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwera .......................................................................................................................................................... 84sxvaTa sityvis marTlwera .........................................................................................................................................................................85Tandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlwera ................................................................................................ 86saTaurebis marTlwera .................................................................................................................................................................................. 87qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi ............................................................................................................ 88nacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebi ....................................................................................................................................... 89kompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwera ....................................................................................................................... 90punqtuacia .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92

Tavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikisTavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikisTavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikisTavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikisTavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikis

fsiqologiuri asociaciis fsiqologiuri asociaciis fsiqologiuri asociaciis fsiqologiuri asociaciis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA)(APA)(APA)(APA)(APA) stiliT stiliT stiliT stiliT stiliT .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99dokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebi .......................................................................................................... 99

literaturis citirebis wesebi APAAPAAPAAPAAPA-is standartis mixedviT ......................................................................102

sqolio da SeniSvna ........................................................................................................................................................................................104cxrilebi da suraTebi ................................................................................................................................................................................106gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................................................................................................................................... 113danarTi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 117naSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari .................................................................. 118gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................................................................................................120

118

danarTis identifikacia da teqstSi motana

Tu naSroms mxolod erTi danarTi aqvs, mas mxolod danarTi ewereba. Tu masramdenime danarTi aqvs, maSin unda miuTiToT: danarTi A, danarTi B da a.S. imTanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac is teqstSia motanili. TiToeul danarTsunda hqondes saxelwodeba. teqstSi danarTebi Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiTaa motanili:

orive kvlevam erTi da igive Sedegi aCvena (ix. danarTi A da danarTi B).

ZiriTadi nawili da saTaurebi

teqstis msgavsad, danarTs aqvs saTauri da qvesaTauri (danarTis SigniT saTaurisdonis gansazRvris mizniT danarTi teqstisgan gancalkevebiT unda iyos mocemuli,magaliTad, ZiriTad teqsts SeiZleba oTxdoniani saTauri hqondes, magram Tu danarTsordoniani saTuri aqvs, dasaTaureba xdeba iseve, rogorc ordoniani ZiriTadi teqstis).

ZiriTadi teqstis msgavsad, danarTi SeiZleba moicavdes cxrilebs da suraTebsda, agreTve, vrclad mocemul maTematikur formulebs. danarTis cxrilebi dasuraTebi unda dainomros. agreTve, unda dainomros maTematikuri formulebi, Tues aucilebelia Semdgomi miTiTebisTvis. cxrilebis nomers Tan unda daerTosdanarTis dasaxelebac (magaliTad, cxrili NA1).

im SemTxvevaSi, roca danarTi erTia, danarTis cxrilebis da suraTebisgadanomrvisas gamoiyeneT aso „A,“ rom ZiriTadi teqstis cxrilebisgan dasuraTebisgan garCeva SesaZlebeli iyos. danarTSi citirebis wesebi igivea, racZiriTadi teqstis SemTxvevaSi: _ danarTis yvela cxrili da suraTi miTiTebuliunda iyos danarTSi da danomrili unda iyos motanis rigis mixedviT.

cxrilebi, romlebic danarTis saxiTaa mocemuli

Tu cxrili mTlianad danarTs warmoadgens, centrSi mocemuli danarTis saxelwodebada saTauri cxrilis nomris da saTauris Canacvlebasac warmoadgens. mravaldonianicxrilebi calkeuli danarTebis saxiT moitaneT. Tu aseTi cxrilebi (magram arateqsti) kombinirebulia erT danarTSi, danomreT cxrilebi.

kiTxvarebi da testebi

Tu Tqven gsurT gamoaqveynoT axali testi APA-is JurnalSi, maSin saavtorouflebebis mflobeli iqneba APA (avtors, romelsac surs, rom rom saavtorouflebebi SeinarCunos, unda miuTiTos: „saavtoro ufleba [weli] [avtoris gvari]).

Tu gsurT miuTiToT sxva avtoris kiTxvari an testi, amis ufleba werilobiTiformiT unda moipovoT.

naSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis SesafasebelinaSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis SesafasebelinaSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis SesafasebelinaSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis SesafasebelinaSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli

kiTxvarikiTxvarikiTxvarikiTxvarikiTxvari

formati

• warmodgenili naSromi Sesrulebulia Tu ara A4 formatis furcelze?

• mTel naSromSi citirebis, gamoyenebuli literaturis, avtoris SeniSvnis,sqolios, suraTebis dasaxelebis da cxrilis yvela nawilis CaTvliT, daculiaTu ara striqonebs Soris ormagi (qarTulSi _ 1,5) intervali? aris Tu aranaSromi mowesrigebuli da guldasmiT gaformebuli?

• mindvrebi aris Tu ara, sul mcire, 1" anu 2,54 sm?

4

Tavi 1. pTavi 1. pTavi 1. pTavi 1. pTavi 1. prrrrrincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstzeincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstzeincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstzeincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstzeincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstze

muSaobisas gamogadgebaTmuSaobisas gamogadgebaTmuSaobisas gamogadgebaTmuSaobisas gamogadgebaTmuSaobisas gamogadgebaT

gansazRvreT mizani

profesiuli urTierToba sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas gulisxmobs. werilobiTdokuments imisTvis qmniT, rom raRac unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes. amitom,rodesac raimes daweras gadawyvetT, kargad gansazRreT, ris gakeTebas apirebT.maSinac ki, rodesac vinmesTvis mxolod raimes Setyobinebas apirebT, mas esinformacia ise unda miawodoT, rom sakuTari gegmebis Secvla Tqven miermiwodebuli informaciis Sesabamisad moundes. Tu migaCniaT, rom misi mxridanraime qmedeba ar aris saWiro, maSin es Setyobineba mas arc unda gaugzavnoT.

iyaviT konkretulni

miznis gansazRvra winapirobaa imisa, rom maqsimalurad konkretulni iyoT.samoqmedo formula, romelic saqmis warmoebaSi konkretuli gadawyvetilebebismiRebisas mTel msoflioSi farTod gamoiyeneba aseTia: „vin ras rogor rodissad da ratom akeTebs~. vinaidan yvela samoqmedo gegma am formulaSi kargadjdeba, is uklebliv yvela situaciaSi gamogadgebaT.

wereT mkiTxvelisTvis

es swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva, Tu rogor undagamoiyurebodes Tqven mier momzadebuli werilobiTi dokumenti. Tqven undagaiTvaliswinoT vin iqneba Tqveni mkiTxveli da ratom gaecnoba is Tqven miermomzadebul dokuments. weris dawyebamde moifiqreT, saWiroa Tu ara potenciurimkiTxvelis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis moZieba. mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswinebisSemTxvevaSi gagiadvildebaT dokumentSi CasarTavi detalebis gansazRvra, radganTqvenTvis erTnairad wamgebiani iqneba rogorc zedmeti, ise _ mwiri informaciismiwodeba.

ZiriTadi azri dasawyisSive warmoadgineT

es principi gamoiyeneba eses, moxsenebiTi baraTis, oficialuri werilebisSedgenisas da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas. pirveli rigSi, warmoaCineT ZiriTadiazri da mxolod amis Semdeg miawodeT damatebiTi mosazrebebi, romlebic ZiriTadideas met safuZvlianobas SesZens. sxva sityvebiT, jer gadmoeciT daskvna daSemdeg daasabuTeT misi siswore. amasTan, nu SeawuxebT mkiTxvels Tqveni fiqrisprocesiT, vinaidan am procesisTvis Tvalis midevneba rTulia da did drosacmoiTxovs, ris gamoc didia albaToba, rom adresatis yuradRebas ver miipyrobT.amitom daiwyeT daskvnebiT.

gamoiyeneT dokumentis Sedgenis standartuli meTodi „gansazRvreT-daalageT-daajgufeT-daaxarisxeT-gadaxedeT~

esaa formula, romelic nebismier rTuli teqstis Sesadgenad gamogadgebaT daromelic Tanmimdevrulad gansaxorcielebel qmedebebs moicavs: (a) gansazRvreTmizani, (b) daalageT azrebi da informacia, (g) daajgufeT azrebi, (d) organizebulisaxe mieciT Tqvens azrebs da (e) gadaxedeT Sedegs.

117

13. statiis abstraqti

Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord anddivorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330 (From Psychological Abstracts, 69, Item 1320)

rodesac abstraqti da ara statiis sruli teqstia gamoyenebuli, frCxilebSimowodebul unda iyos amomwuravi informacia: saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi,abzacis nomeri. ramdenadac saTaurSi sityva abstraqti ar figurirebs, amitomis unda miuTiToT wyaros saTaursa da periodizacias Soris, rom cxadigaxdes, ra gamoiyeneT.

14. statia Jurnalidan

Van Gelder, L. (1996, Desember). Countdown to motherhood: When shoud you have a baby?Ms., 37-39, 74.

Tu Jurnals aqvs calkeuli gamocemebi da nomrebi, aucileblad unda iyosaRniSnuli. aseve, nomris gamocemis sruli TariRi da statiis gverdebi undaiyos dafiqsirebuli, oRond abrevituris (gv.) gareSe.

15. sagazeTo statia

Lewis, P.H. (1999, Jenuary 21 ). Many updates cause profitable confusion. The New York Times,pp. D1, D5.

unda miuTiToT, rogorc gamocemis weli, aseve, Tve da dRe. gverdebismisaTiTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT abraviatura: „gv.~

16. xelmouwereli statia

The right to die. (1976, Octomber 11). Time, 121. 101

miuTiTeT CamonaTvalSi anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT statiis saTauris mixedviT.iseve, rogor anonimuri avtoris wignis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi.

17. mimoxilva

Dinnage, R. (1987, November 29). Against the master and his men [Review of the book A mindof her own: The life of Karen Horney]. The New York Times Book Review, 10-11.

Tu mimoxilva dasaTaurebuli araa, gamoiyeneT frCxilebSi mocemuli informacia,rogorc saTauri.

wignis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi saTauri daxrili unda iyos, Jurnalebis SemTxvevaSiki dasaxelebaa daxrili.

danarTidanarTidanarTidanarTidanarTi

danarTi or mizans emsaxureba. is avtors mkiTxvelisTvis kiTxvis Seuwyvetladdetaluri informaciis miwodebisa da weris stilis, wesebis dacvis saSualebasaZlevs.

Cveulebrivad, danarTSi maTematikuri dasabuTeba, didi cxrilebi, kiTxvarisnimuSebi an kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli sxva xelsawyoebi da kompiuteruli programebiaaRwerili.

naSromi SeiZleba erT an met danarTs moicavdes.

5

Tavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. weris pis pis pis pis procesrocesrocesrocesrocesis Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da werisTvisisTvisisTvisisTvisisTvis

mosamzadebeli samuSaoebimosamzadebeli samuSaoebimosamzadebeli samuSaoebimosamzadebeli samuSaoebimosamzadebeli samuSaoebi

rogor viwyebT werasrogor viwyebT werasrogor viwyebT werasrogor viwyebT werasrogor viwyebT weras

yovelTvis, rodesac ambobT, rom weras iwyebT, am sityviT yvela im fizikur dafsiqikur aqtivobas gulisxmobT, romelic dasrulebuli naSromis SeqmnaSimonawileobs. es ar aris ioli Sroma, gamocdili avtorebisTvisac ki weraSromatevadi da rTulia. daxvewili statia Tu naSromi didi Sromis fasad _azrebis mkafiod formulirebis, abzacebis damuSavebisa da struqturirebisxangrZlivi procesis Sedegad miiRweva.

gaxsovdeT, rom ar arsebobs weris erTaderTi swori gza. ori sxvadasxva avtorinaSromis Seqmnisas ver moaxerxebs identuri rekomendaciebisa da miTiTebebisgaziarebas, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani sakuTari Sexedulebebisa da gemovnebisgaTvaliswinebiT warmarTavs weris process, Tumca mainc arsebobs naSromis Seqmnisgarkveuli etapebi, romlebsac yvela avtori iTvaliswinebs da romlebic nawilobrivTanxvdebian kidec erTmaneTs. es etapebia:

• weris procesis analizi. am etapze ganisazRvreba naSromis Tema, mizani,samizne auditoria anu mkiTxveli da proeqtis sxva elementebi;

• dagegmva. am etapze naSromSi gansaxilveli sakiTxi dakonkretdeba dainformacia Segrovdeba. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia erT konkretulsakiTxze. ladgeba mopovebuli masala;

• monaxazi. am etapze gamoixateba ideebi, mosazrebebi, maT Soris myardebakavSirebi;

• gadasinjva. am etapze xdeba naSromis struqturis, Sinaarsis, stilisa dagamoxatvis xerxebis xelaxali gaazreba da gaumjobeseba.

weris gamocdilebasTan erTad TandaTanobiT gamoimuSavebT naSromis agebisTqveneul stils.

cxadia, werilobiTi naSromi ufro misaRebi iqneba mkiTxvelisTvis, Tu isgramatikulad da stilisturad gamarTuli iqneba, magram kargi naweris Rirsebamxolod es ar aris. werisas jer kargad unda darwmundeT, rom saTqmeli zustadda mkafiod CamoayalibeT da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba gramatikasa da stilzefiqri (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).

weris procesis analiziweris procesis analiziweris procesis analiziweris procesis analiziweris procesis analizi1

nebismieri werilobiTi naSromi konkretuli mkiTxvelisTvis konkretuli sakiTxisgarkveuli mizniT gansaxilveladaa mowodebuli. Tqven SeiZleba kvlevis CatarebadagWirdeT. amasTan, Tqven winaSe dadgeba moTxovnebi naSromis moculobasTan,gaformebis formatTan da dasrulebis vadebTan dakavSirebiT.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli weris situaciis komponentebia, romelTa gaazrebaweris dawyebamde gacilebiT adre mogiwevT. cxrilSi #2.1 mocemulia kiTxvebiweris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D.,2000):

1 qveTavi mTlianad momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey; AaronJane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th edition. Addison-Wesley

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Tu wignis avtori ucnobia unda miuTiToT wignis saxelwodeba anbanuriTanmimdevrobiT.

7. erTi da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma, romelic erTsa da imave welsaagamoqveynebuli

Gardner, H. (1973a). The arts and human Development. New York: Weliy.

Gardner, H. (1973b). Ithe guest for mind: Pieaget, Levi-Strauss, and the structuralist movement.New York: Knopf.

rodesac gamoyenebulia erTi da imave avtoris erTsa da imave welsgamoqveynebuli Sroma, isini unda miuTiToT anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT, saTaurispirveli sityvis mixedviT da gamocemebi unda gamoirCes erTmaneTisgan asoebis(a, b da a.S. ) saSualebiT.

magram Tu uTiTebT erTi da imave avtoris or sxvadasxva Sromas, romlebicerTsa da imave wels ar aris gamoqveynebuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi, jer undamiuTiToT ufro adre gamoqveynebuli Sroma.

8. wigni, romelic xelaxla gamoica

Bollinger, D.L. (1975). Aspects of language (2nd ed). NewYork. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

xelaxali gamocemis TariRi saTauris Semdeg unda miuTiToT. Semdeggamomcemloba unda aRiniSnos.

9. wigni, romelic erTze meti tomisagan Sedgeba

Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vol.5). NewBrunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vols.1-8).New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

10. statia an Tavi redaqtirebuli wignidan

Paykel, E. S. (1994). Life stress and psychiatric disorder: Applications of the clinical approach.In B.S. Dorhewend & B.P. Dorhenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature andeffects (pp. 239-264). New York Weliy.

gamocemis TariRi aucileblad unda aRiniSnos. statiis an Tavis saTaurisSemdg unda miuTiToT, romeli wyarodan aris amoRebuli nakveTi. gverdebisnumeracia unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi.

perioduli gamocemebi: samecniero Jurnalebi, Jurnalebi da gazeTebi

11. statia yovelwliuri Jurnalidan

Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord anddivorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330

statiis saTauri brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas. Jurnalis saxelwodebadaxrili unda iyos.

12. statia Jurnalidan, romelsac calkeuli nomrebi aqvs

Dacey, J. (198). Managment participation in corporate buy-outs. Management Perspectives,7(4), 20-31

Jurnalis nomeri daxrili ar unda iyos, is frCxilebSi unda CasvaT.

6

savarjiSo #2.1: qvemoT mocemulia fsiqologiis Sesavlis kursis farglebSiSesasrulebeli davaleba. ra moTxovnebs uyenebs es davaleba weris procesiskomponentebs? am davalebis Sesrulebisas rogor upasuxebdiT cxrilSi #1 mocemulkiTxvebs?

rodis aris fsiqoTerapia yvelaze efeqturi? anu klientis,Terapevtisa da Teoriis ra mimarTebis SemTxvevaSi miiRweva dadebiTiSedegi? Tqveni poziciis, mosazrebebisa da daskvnebis gasamyarebladcitirebuli unda iyos Sesabamisi wyaroebi. moculoba: 1500-1800 sityva.naSromi eleqtronuli fostiT unda gaigzavnos. naSromebi ganixilebapirvel noembers.

Temis SerCeva da dakonkreteba. romel sferos ganekuTvneba naSromi?

swavlis periodSi mravali naSromis dawera mogiwevT. werilobiTi davalebismocemisas SeiZleba dagikonkreton Tema, an arCevani Tqven mogandon; Tumca, nebismierSemTxvevaSi, naSromis Seqmnisas unda Sesruldes Semdegi pirobebi:

cxrili #2.1. kiTxvebi weris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis

Tema

• ras exeba werilobiTi davaleba? Tu konkretuli davaleba ar gaqvT, ris Sesaxeb isurvebdiT weras?

• ra gainteresebT mocemuli Temis farglebSi? aris rame, ris Taobazec ukve gaqvT garkveuli mosazrebebi an gsurT, rom meti icodeT?

• konkretulad ra moTxovnebs giyenebT miRebuli davaleba, rogor unda SexedoT Temas?

mkiTxveli

• vin waikiTxavs Tqvens naSroms? ra ician da ras fiqroben Tqveni mkiTxvelebi gansaxilvel sakiTxze?

• xasiaTdebian Tu ara Tqveni mkiTxvelebi raime niSan-TvisebiT, romelmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos naSromis aRqmaze? aseTi maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi muSaobis gamocdileba, Tqvens sferoSi muSaobis gamocdileba, politikuri mosazrebebi.

• ra urTierToba gaqvT mkiTxvelTan? ramdenad formaluri an araformaluri unda iyos Tqveni naSromi?

• ra gsurT, rom ifiqron an moimoqmedon Tqvenma mkiTxvelebma naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg?

mizani

• ra mizans isaxavs Tqveni davaleba? magaliTad, raime unda axsnaT, Tu konkretuli poziciis dasabuTebas unda SeecadoT?

• ratom werT? risi miRweva gsurT Tqveni naSromiT?

• ra gziT SeiZleba miznis srulad miRweva?

kvleva

• ra saxis mtkicebulebebi _ faqtebi, magaliTebi, eqspertTa mosazrebebi _ gamogadgebaT yvelaze metad Tqvens naSromSi gansaxilveli sakiTxis, mkiTxvelisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT?

• moiTxovs Tu ara Tqveni davaleba informaciis wyaroebis moZiebas an sxva iseTi kvlevis Catarebas, rogoricaa gamokiTxva, interviu anda eqsperimenti?

• davalebis moTxovnebis garda, ra damatebiTi informacia gWirdebaT naSromSi gansaxilvel sakiTxze? rogor moipovebT mas?

• wyaroebis citirebis romel stils gamoiyenebT naSromSi?

115

gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba

araperioduli wyaroebisTvis gamomcemlobis miTiTebac aucilebelia. gamocemisadgilis Semdeg orwertili da Semdeg gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba unda miuTiToT.zogierTi gamomcemlobisaTvis SesaZlebelia Semoklebuli variantic gamoiyenoT(William Morrow-is nacvlad Morrow). SesaZloa gamotovoT sityvebi: gamomcemeli,kompania da a.S. (”CO.,” ”Inc.,” ”Publisher”). Tumca asociaciebis, korporaciebis dauniversitetis gamocemlobebis miTiTebisas sruli saxelwodebebi unda aRiniSnosda am SemTxvevaSi gamomcemlobis dasaxelebis gamotoveba ar xdeba (magaliTad,“Harvard University Press“).

gverdebis numeracia

wignebis an gazeTebis gverdebis miTiTebisas abreviatura – `gv.~ – miuTiTeT.gverdebisTvis yvela cifri moitaneT: `667-668.~

wignebi

1. wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs

Rodriguez, R. (1982). A Hanger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodrigeues. Boston:Godine.

avtoris saxelis sruli miTiTebis nacvlad misi iniciali unda miuTiToT,Tumca misi saxeli wyaros dasaxelebaSic ikiTxeba. didi asoTi saTauris daqvesaTuris mxolod pirveli sityva da sakuTari saxelia mocemuli.

2. wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs

Nesselroade, J.R., & Baltes, P.B. (1999). Longitudinal research in behavioral studies. NewYork: Academic Press.

avtorebis gvarebs erTmaneTisgan & gamoyofs.

3. wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs

Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (Eds). (1994). Stressful life events: Their natureand effects. New York: Weley.

redaqtorTa saxelebi miuTiTeT, rogorc avtoris saxeli da gvari, magramfrCxilebSi Semoklebuli formiT mocemuli unda iyos: „(red.)“. inglisur-enovani wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvavSi Tu redaqtori erTia: „(Ed)“, Turamodenime – „(Eds).“ iqve, frCxilebSi unda miuTiTeT gamocemis welic.

4. wigni, romelsac mTargmneli hyavs

Trajan. P. D. (1927). Psychology of animals (H.Simone, Trans.). Washington, DC: Halperin.

5. wigni, romlis avtori mkvlevarTa jgufia

Lorenz Research. (1997). Research in social studies teaching. Baltimore: Arrow Books.

roca wignis avtori avtorTa jgufia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlevarTa jgufi,saxelmwifo saagento, korporacia da a.S. aseT SemTxvevaSi, jgufis saxeli undamiuTiToT, rogorc individualuri sakuTari saxeli. gamoyenebuli literaturisnusxaSi ki anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT swored es saxeli unda gaiTvaliswinoT.

6. wigni, romlis avtori ucnobia

Mariam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1997). Sprinfield, MA: Mariam-Webster.

7

• SerCeuli Tema unda Seesabamebodes miRebul davalebas;

• Tema arc Zalze zogadi unda iyos da arc metad konkretuli; undaSeesabamebodes naSromis moculobasa da Sesrulebis vadebs;

• Tema unda gainteresebdeT.

naSromis Temis misadageba Tqvens interesebsa da arsebulgamocdilebasTan

zogierTi davaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, laboratoriuli kvlevis angariSian SemTxvevis ganxilva politikur mecnierebaSi, sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis mwirsaSualebas iZleva, Tumca, erTi SexedviT, Zalze xist da mosawyen sakiTxebzemuSaobis drosac SegiZliaT, garkveulwilad, Tavisufali iyoT, magaliTad, Tuunda daweroT ori nacnobi adamianis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba, Sesadarebeliadamianebisa da maTi Sedarebis xerxebis SerCeva Tqveni prerogativaa; aseve, Tqvenzeadamokidebuli, ubralod dawerT davalebas, Tu weriT isiamovnebT da bevr axalTvisebasac aRmoaCenT am adamianebSi.

rodesac davalebaSi ar aris Tema dakonkretebuli, is Tqvens gamocdilebasada interesTa sferoSi SegiZliaT moiZioT. qvemoT mocemulia savaraudo kiTxvebi,romlebic SeiZleba naSromis Temis SerCevisas gaCndes.

• romeli Temaa TqvenTvis nacnobi an romeli Tema gainteresebT? es SeiZlebaiyos sporti, umuSevroba Tqvens qalaqSi, klasikuri musika da a.S.

• uaxloes warsulSi monawileoba xom ar migiRiaT romelime sainteresodiskusiaSi? es SeiZleba iyos cvlilebebi qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobaSi,sauniversiteto swavlebis reformirebis warmatebuloba, universitetSifsiqologiuri samsaxuris arsebobis aucilebloba da a.S.

• ra waikiTxeT an naxeT am bolo dros? es SeiZleba iyos Zalian sainteresowigni, sasacilo filmi, skandaluri telegadacema da a.S.

• ra gaxarebT an ra gwyinT? es SeiZleba iyos Tqveni hobi, mezoblebis qceva,xmauri quCaSi da a.S.

naSromisTvis SerCeuli Temisa da Sesasrulebeli davalebisSesabamisbaSi moyvana

davalebis miRebis Semdeg yuradRebiT waikiTxeT is da SeecadeT misiadekvaturi Tema SearCioT. amaSi qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi dagexmarebaT.

• ras moiTxoven Cemgan? mravali werilobiTi davaleba moicavs iseT sityvebs,rogorebicaa ganixileT, aRwereT, gaaanalizeT, warmoadgineT, moaxdineTinterpretacia, axseniT, gansazRvreT, daasabuTeT an SeafaseT. es sityvebimigiTiTeben, Tu rogor unda miudgeT Temas, rogor azrovnebas moelianTqvengan da ra zogadi mizani unda daisaxoT.

• visTvis werT? zogierT davalebaSi dakonkretebulia mkiTxvelis vinaoba,Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tqven Tavad unda gansazRvroT, Tu vin iqneba TqvenimkiTxveli _ iqneba es mTeli sazogadoeba, Tanakurselebi, Tqveni ufrosi,instruqtori, universitetis studentoba, romelime sxva jgufi, Tu individi.

• ra tipis kvleva mogeTxovebaT? zogjer davalebaSi miTiTebulia, Tu ratipis literaturiT unda isargebloT. am wyaroebis gamoyeneba naSromissakiTxis mosaZiebladac SeiZleba.

• saWiroebs Tu ara davalebis Tema Semdgom dakonkretebas, raTa naSromismoculobisa da Sesrulebis vadebis moTxovnebi daakmayofiloT?

114

organizacia

wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT gvarebis mixedviT xdeba. Tu Sromisavtori ar aris aRniSnuli, maSin miTiTeba saTauris pirveli sityvebis mixedviTxdeba.

xazebs Soris intervali

xazebs Soris ormagi intervali (Tumca qarTulSi erTnaxevaric dasaSvebia _SesaTanxmebelia xelmZRvanelTan).

abzacis pirveli Seweuli striqoni (indention) (indention) (indention) (indention) (indention)

TiToeuli striqonisTvis Sesabamisi abzaci unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. APA-isstiliT rekomendebulia TiToeuli wyaros pirveli striqonisTvis 5–7 poziciisgamotoveba.

Rodrigues, R. (1982). A hanger of memory: The education of Richard Rodrigeues. Boston:Godine.

Tumca arsebobs meore variantic: roca miTiTebul literaturaSi pirvelstriqonSi pirveli sityva, piriqiT, gamoweulia da meore striqoni 5 poziciiTSeweulia.


hkiTxeT xelmZRvanels, romeli variantis gamoyeneba gevalebaT.

avtorebi

pirvelad unda miuTiToT avtoris gvari, Semdeg saxeli (erTmaneTisgan mZimeebiTgamoiyofa). rogorc wesi, saxelis (aseve, meore saxelis) misaTiTeblad inicialebigamoiyeneba. bolo avtoris gvaris win & kavSiri iwereba.

gamocemis TariRi

gamocemis weli unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi avtoris an avtorebis gvarebisgverdiT. Cveulebrivad, es aris xolme weli, magram zogierTi tipis gamocemebisTvis(magaliTad, Jurnalebi da sagazeTo statiebi) unda miuTiToT Tve da, iSviaTSemTxvevaSi, dReebic.

saTauri

inglisur enaze wignis an statiis saTauris miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, didi asoTiiwereba mxolod saTauris pirveli sityva, qvesaTauris pirveli sityva da sakuTarisaxelebi. sxva yvela danarCeni sityva iwereba patara asoebiT. statiis saTauribrWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas.

gamocemis adgili

wyarosTvis, romelic periodul gamocemas ar warmoadgens, unda miuTiToTgamocemis adgilic. Tu gamomcemeli romelime konkretul universitets warmoadgensda qalaqis (an provinciis) dasaxeleba miTiTebulia universitetis saxelwodebaSic,maSin misi gameoreba saWiro aRar aris.

9

JurnalSi dasabeWdi statiis SemTxvevaSi ki _ samecniero sazogadoeba, romelicmocemuli sakiTxiTaa dainteresebuli.

Tu Sesasrulebeli naSromi ar moiazrebs mkiTxvels, Tqven Tavad SegiZliaTsavaraudo mkiTxvelis gansazRvra. magaliTad, aRwerilobiTi teqstis mkiTxveliSeiZleba Tqveni jgufelebi, megobrebi an mSoblebi iyvnen.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, vinc ar unda iyos Tqveni mkiTxveli, misi gansazRvrayovelTvis dagexmarebaT saTqmelis formulirebaSi, saTanado stilis, sityvebisada frazebis arCevaSi.

mkiTxvelis moTxovnebi

Tqven, rogorc mkiTxvelma, iciT, rom mkiTxvels sWirdeba:

• konteqsti: kavSiri Tqvens naSromSi wakiTxuls, sakuTar codnasa dagamocdilebas Soris;

• prognozireba: avtoris miznisa da am miznis miRwevis gzebis codna;

• informacia: konkretuli faqtebi, magaliTebi da sxva detalebi,romlebic sakiTxs gasagebs, xelSesaxebs, sainteresosa dadamajerebels xdian;

• pativiscema: gancda imisa, rom avtori pativs scems mkiTxvelisSexedulebebs, Rirebulebebs da rwmenas, mis gamocdilebasa dagonebriv SesaZleblobebs;

• xma, toni: gancda imisa, rom avtori realuri, cocxali adamiania;

• lakonuroba da sicxade: naSromSi ar unda iyos gaugebrobebi daSecdomebi.

akademiur weraSi mkiTxvelis interesebisa da Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebaerT-erTi aucilebeli moTxovnaa, romelsac naSromi unda akmayofilebdes, radganmkiTxvelis Tavisebureba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs naSromis Sinaarss,struqturasa da tons. cxrilSi #2.3 mocemulia kiTxvebi, romlebic mkiTxvelistipis gansazRvrisTvis gamogadgebaT.

gaiTvaliswineT mkiTxveli

mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswineba Tqven mier Seqmnili naSromis sam ZiriTad elementzeimoqmedebs; es elementebia:

• konkretuli informacia, romelsac mkiTxvelis yuradRebis misapyrobad daSesanarCuneblad iyenebT da romelic mkiTxvels Tqveni daskvnebismarTebulobaSi arwmunebs. es informacia SeiZleba Sedgebodes konkretulidetalebisgan, faqtebisgan, magaliTebisgan an nebismieri sxva TvalsaCinoebisgan,romelic gaamyarebs da gasagebs gaxdis Tqvens mosazrebebs da, amasTanave,mkiTxvelis gamocdilebis, konkretuli interesebisa da mikerZoebebisSesabamisi iqneba.

• roli, romelsac irCevT mkiTxvelTan mimarTebaSi. Tqveni miznidan dagansaxilveli sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebidan gamomdinare, Tqven gendomebaT,rom mkiTxvelma garkveuli xedvis kuTxidan aRgiqvaT Tqven da Tqvenidamokidebuleba. SesaZlo roli mravalgvaria. es SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,portretisti, mTxrobeli, leqtori, damcveli, interpretatori da a.S.

• toni, romelsac iyenebT. tons werisas igive datvirTva aqvs, rac saubrisas _furcelze dawerili sityvebi da winadadebebis struqtura iseTsaveinformacias Seicavs, rogorsac xmis tembri da simaRle. weris procesidan

112

grafiki monacemTa simravleebs Soris mimarTebebs – Sedarebasa da ganawilebas– gviCvenebs anda SeiZleba gviCvenebdes, magaliTad, maT absolutur mniSvnelobebs,procentul ganawilebasa Tu indeqsebs. grafikSi xazebi gasagebad unda iyosmocemuli da masSi ar unda iyos zedmeti detalebi. informacia horizontalur davertikalur RerZebze mzardi TanmimdevrobiT da Sedarebadi erTeulebiT undaiyos warmodgenili.

•svetebiani grafiki gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac damoukidebeli cvladikategorialuria (magaliTad, sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli situacia. ix. suraTi #3).

• wriuli diagrama (pie) procentuli ganawilebisa da proporciis saCvenebladgamoiyeneba. Sesadarebeli erTeulebis raodenoba xuTs ar unda aRematebodes.segmentebi klebadi TanmimdevrobiT unda iyos dalagebuli, yvelaze didi segmentiki vertikaluri xazidan iwyebodes.

suraTis identificireba da teqstSi moxsenieba

suraTebi arabuli cifrebiT aRiniSneba da inomreba teqstSi moxseniebisTanmimdevrobiT (anu suraTi #1, suraTi #2 da a.S.) suraTs nomeri ewereba zedamarjvena kuTxeSi.

teqstSi moxseniebis wesebi:

rogorc me–2 suraTzea naCvenebi, es damokidebuleba. . .

maT Soris aRmoCnda mWidro kavSiri (ix. suraTi #2).

ar gamoiyenoT frazebi „zemoT mocemul suraTze~ an „me-12 gverdze mocemulsuraTze~, vinaidan suraTis mdebareoba da gverdebis numeracia SeiZleba Seicvalos.

suraTis nomers Tan unda axldes dasaxeleba, romelic unda iyos sakmaoddetaluri da amomwuravi.

suraTi N3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

• gafantvis grafiki calkeuliwertilebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic erTimovlenis calkeul an ori cvladis(abscisasa da ordinataze gadazomil)mniSvnelobebs warmoadgenen (ix. suraTiN1 ) . wertilebis mniSvnelovaniklasterebi korelaciebs asaxaven.magaliTad, diagonalis gaswvriv dajgu-febuli wertilebi wrfiv korelaciasgamosaxaven, xolo Tu wertilebi zustaddiagonalis wrfeze lagdebian, maSinkorelaciis koeficienti mis maqsimalurmnSvnelobas +1-s utoldeba.

suraTi N4

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr May

• wrfivi grafiki or raodenobrivcvlads Soris damokidebulebissaCveneblad gamoiyeneba. damoukidebelicvladi horizontalur RerZzegadaizomeba, damokidebuli ki –vertikalurze (ix. suraTi #2). RerZebzedanayofebi sazomis erTeulebsgviCvenebs. RerZebiT aRniSnuli skalebiSeiZleba iyos wrfivi, logariTmuli anlogariTmul–wrfivi.

10

da Tqveni mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, mkiTxveli elis, rom Tqveni toniformaluri an araformaluri iqneba. naSromSi asaxuli ganwyoba SeiZlebaseriozuli, mSvidi, amaRelvebeli, gamaRizianebeli an sasixarulo iyos.

savarjiSo #2.3: qvemoT mocemuli Temebidan airCieT erTi da TiToeuli tipismkiTxvelisTvis upasuxeT cxrilSi #3 mocemul kiTxvebs. gansazRvreT oTximosazreba, romelsac naSromSi moitandiT, SearCieT roli da toni TiToeulitipis mkiTxvelisTvis.

1. mowevis gavlena. mkiTxveli: saSualo skolis moswavleebi damozrdili mwevlebi;

2. Tqveni mosazreba socialuri dazRvevis Sesaxeb. mkiTxveli:dazRvevis mqone individebi da dazRvevis armqone individebi,romlebic ar endobian socialur dazRvevas;

3. ratom unda gaiyvanon ezodan Tqvenma mezoblebma avtoavariaSidamtvreuli manqana. mkiTxveli: Tqveni mezoblebi da raionisgamgebeli.

cxrili #2.3. kiTxvebi, romlebic mkiTxvelis tipis gansazRvraSi dagexmarebaT

• vin aris Cemi mkiTxveli?

• ratom waikiTxavs mkiTxveli Cems naSroms? ras elis is?

• ra msurs, rom mkiTxvelma icodes an moimoqmedos Cemi naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg da rogor gavagebino mas es?

• rogori mkiTxvelisTvisaa gankuTvnili Cemi naSromis Tema da mizani? magaliTad:

− asaki an sqesi;

− saqmianoba: studentebi, kolegebi da a.S.

− socialuri an ekonomikuri statusi: mozardebi, manqanis myidvelebi, potenciuri damqiraveblebi da a.S.

− ganaTleba: moswavle, studenti, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone da a.S.

− eTnikuri kuTvnileba: afrikeli, kavkasieli da a.S.

− politikuri da/an religiuri kuTvnileba, moraluri Rirebulebebi da rwmena: memarjvene, konservatori, qristiani. budisti da a.S.

− hobi da interesebi: nadiroba, koleqcioneroba, xelsaqme da a.S.

• ra gavlenas moaxdens mkiTxvelis maxasiaTeblebi sakiTxisadmi mis damokidebulebaze?

• amJamad ra icis an ra ar icis mkiTxvelma Cem mier wardgenili sakiTxis Sesaxeb? ramdenad didi masala unda mivawodo mas?

• Tu Cem mier wardgenili sakiTxi specifikuri enis an terminebis gamoyenebas saWiroebs, ramdenad SemiZlia maTi gamoyeneba an ganmarteba?

• romelma mosazrebebma, ideebma an informaciam SeiZleba gaakvirvos mkiTxveli? aaRelvos? Seuracxhyos? ra unda gavakeTo am dros?

• ra SeiZleba esmodes mkiTxvels arasworad Cem mier wardgenil sakiTxTan an Cemeul xedvasTan dakavSirebiT? rogor SemiZlia amis gamosworeba?

• ra urTierToba maqvs mkiTxvelTan? ramdenad formalur an araformalur nawers moelis igi Cemgan? ra roli da rogori toni unda SevarCio?

• rogor moepyroba mkiTxveli Cems naSroms? unda velodo, rom igi TiToeul sityvas guldasmiT waikiTxavs da zedmiwevniT gaiazrebs, mxolod gadaxedavs axali informaciis mosaZieblad Tu mxolod daskvnebs gaiTvaliswinebs? rogor unda Camovayalibo saTaurebi, Sejameba da sxva elementebi?

111

suraTebi

ramdenad gvWirdeba suraTi

APA-is standartiT Sesrulebul naSromebSi cxrilisgan gansxvavebulinebismiri tipis ilustracias suraTi (figure) ewodeba. suraTi SeiZleba iyos diagrama,grafiki, foto, naxati an sxva gamosaxuleba.

JurnalebSi raodenobrivi monacemebis aRsawerad xSirad cxrilebs aniWebenxolme upiratesobas, vinaidan maTSi zusti, konkretuli informaciaa mocemuli,suraTebze, ki, Cveulebisamebr, mkiTxvelma unda Seafasos monacemis mniSvneloba;Tumca, meore mxriv, suraTze erTi SexedviTac kargad Cans Sedegebis paterni. isinigansakuTrebiT gamosadegia or cvlads Soris mimarTebis (an am mimarTebisararsebobis) da arawrfivi damokidebulebis aRsawerad. garda amisa, kargadmomzadebuli suraTi SeiZleba teqstze ufro struqturirebulad an TvalsaCinodgadmogvcemdes ama Tu im Sedegsa Tu cnebas.

naSromis Seqmnisas suraTis gamoyenebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gamosadegiaSemdeg kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema:

• ra azris gadmocema gsurT suraTiT?

• aucilebelia suraTis gamoyeneba? Tu is imeorebs teqsts, maSin ar gWirdebaT.Tu avsebs teqsts an lakonurad gadmoscems xangrZliv msjelobas, maSin isinformaciis gadmocemis optimaluri saSualeba SeiZleba iyos.

• Tqveni miznisTvis romeli tipis suraTia (grafiki, diagrama, ruka, foto Tusxva rame) yvelaze adekvaturi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara martivi grafikiT gadmoicesTqveni azri da ar dagWirdeT ZviradRirebuli fotoebis gamoyeneba?

suraTis standartebi

kargi suraTis standartia simartive, TvalsaCinooba da Tanmimdevruloba. kargi suraTi:

• avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas;

• mxolod arsebiT faqtebs aRwers;

• ar moicavs vizualurad yuradRebis gamfantav detalebs;

• martivia wasakiTxad – misi elementebi (tipi, xazebi, dasaxelebebi, simboloebida a.S.) sakmarisad didi zomisaa, rom nabeWdi saxiT wakiTxvadi iyos;

• martivia gasagebad – misi mizani TvalsaCinodaa mocemuli;

• konsistenturia – erT naSromSi erTnairi stiliT Sesrulebuli msgavsisuraTebia. sxva sityvebiT, erTnairi zomis asoebiT gakeTebuli warwerebi,erTnairi sisqis xazebi da erTi tipis vizualuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvT;

• detalurad damuSavebuli da momzadebulia.

suraTis tipebi

mkiTxvelisTvis monacemebiswarsadgenad sxvadasxva saxissuraTebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT.zogjer saWiro tipis suraTisarCeva martivia, zogjer ki – ara.kargad momzadebuli suraTebiSedegebis mTlian paternsdasamaxsovrebels xdis.

suraTi #2

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13

ideebis generirebisTvis gamosadegi zogierTi meTodi. isini gamogadgebaT maSin,rodesac pirvelad daiwyebT fiqrs Temis Sesaxeb da yovelTvis, rodesac ideebiSemogakldebaT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom araa aucilebeli yovel jerze qvemoTaRwerili yvela meTodis erTdroulad gamoyeneba. isini urTierTSenacvlebadi daurTierTSemavsebeli SeiZleba iyos yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. Tqven irCevT im

meTods, romelic ufro mosaxerxebelia TqvenTvis yovel konkretul situaciaSi.

gonebrivi ieriSi

gonebrivi ieriSi ideebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisa da azrovnebis stimulirebissaSualebaa. gonebrivi ieriSi gulisxmobs erTi sityviT an fraziT dawyebas daazrebis nebismieri, Tavisufali mimarTulebiT gaSlas. garkveuli drois manZilzenu cdilobT, rom logikurad ifiqroT da SeecadeT, SeZlebisdagvarad swrafadCamoweroT nebismieri idea an azri, romelic TavSi mogivaT, maTi gadaxedvisa dawesrigSi moyvanis gareSe. garkveuli drois Semdeg gadaxedeT Camoweril ideebsda naxeT, ukavSirdeba Tu ara erTmaneTs ramdenime idea da ramdenad SesaZlebeliamaTi dajgufeba. Tu moaxerxebT amis gakeTebas, ideebis dajgufeba mogawvdiT Temasan sferos, romelzec SeZlebT weras. gonebrivi ieriSis gamoyeneba SegiZliaTerTi konkretuli Temis an daumTavrebel naSromSi meti magaliTebis moZiebisTvis(Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

qvemoT mocemulia gonebrivi ieriSis magaliTi. studentma gonebrivi ieriSiTCamowerili ideebis CamonaTvalSi varskvlaviT (*) aRniSna is ideebi, romelTacgamoiyenebs universitetSi saswavlo procesis aRwerisas.

saswavlo procesi universitetSi

savarjiSo #2.5: qvemoT CamoTvlili Temebidan gonebrivi ieriSisTvis airCieT 1 an2 maTgani da swrafad imuSaveT 15 wuTis manZilze. Semdeg damoukideblad daajgufeTideebi. SeadareT Tqven mier gamoyofili jgufebi sxvebisas. yuradReba miaqcieT,rom sxvadasxva avtori erTi da imave Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtze amaxvilebsyuradRebas.

Tavisufali wera

Tavisufali wera SeuCereblad weraa. es niSnavs, rom werT imas, rac TavSimogdiT imaze fiqris gareSe, Tu ramdenad kargad da sworad werT. am meTodismizania Tqveni gonebis gaTavisufleba emociebisgan. amitom Tavisufali werisdros nu gawyvetT ideaTa da azrTa nakads. zustad ise CawereT isini, rogorc

TeTri fakulteti * leqtorebi auditoria baRi * gamocdebi * leqcia * studenti carci * Sefaseba kedeli *silabusi taZari megobrebi didi kibeebi

• universiteti • mexsiereba • siyvaruli

• mogzauroba • stresi • avtomobilebi

• megobroba • kompiuterebi

• bedniereba

108

cxrilis miTiTeba teqstSi. teqstSi cxrilebi maTi nomrebiT moixsenieT:

rogorc aris cxrilSi #8 mocemuli, cdis pirTa...

gamokiTxulTa naxevari aRiarebs (ix. cxrili #8), rom...

ar gamoiyenoT frazebi `zemoT/qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi~ an `32-e gverdzewarmodgenil cxrilSi~, vinaidan naSromis sxvadasxvagvari formatirebisasyovelTvis SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc cxrilis adgilmdebareoba teqstSi, ise _gverdebis numeracia.

cxrilebis urTierTmimarTeba

SeecadeT, rom ar gaimeoroT monacemebi sxvadasxva cxrilSi da erTad warmoadginoT.Cveulebriv, monacemTa identuri mwkrivebi an svetebi ar unda meordebodes or anmet cxrilSi.

erT naSromSi warmodgenili yvela cxrili erTnairad unda iyos formatirebuli,raTa gaioldes maTi aRqma da maTSi warmodgenili monacemebis Sedareba. gamoiyeneTerTnairi formati, dasaxeleba, saTaurebi da terminologia (magaliTad, saSualomaCvenebeli an centraluri tendenciis maCvenebeli).

cxrilebis danomvra

cxrilebi yovelTvis inomreba arabuli cifrebiT.

cxrili N2, cxrili N3 cxrili N4 da a.S.

da ara: cxrili 2, cxrili 2a, cxrili 2b da a.S.

cxrilebis dasaxeleba

TiToeul cxrils mokle, magram gasagebi da axsniTi saTauri unda hqondes.

zedmetad telegrafuli:

kolejis ZiriTad sagansa da Sedegebs Soris damokidebuleba (gaugebaria, ratipis monacemebia cxrilSi warmodgenili).

zedmetad detalizebuli:

kolejis studentebis mier ZiriTad saganSi _ fsiqologiaSi, fizikaSi,inglisursa da maTematikaSi miRebuli saSualo qulebi A, B da C testebSi (aqmeordeba cxrilis nawilebis saTaurebiT gadmocemuli informacia).

kargi:

kolejis sxvadasxva ZiriTad sagnebSi studentebis mier miRebuli saSualoSefasebebi.

cxrilSi an mis romelime saTaurSi mocemuli abreviatura SeiZleba cxrilisdasaxelebaSi frCxilebSi iyos motanili.

Tematuri apercepciis testiT (TAT) miRebuli Sedegebi.

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TavSi mogdiT. nu dabrundebiT ukan da nu gadaikiTxavT. Tavisufali weris drosdaisaxeT mizani, magaliTad, weroT 15 wuTi an daweroT 5 gverdi. Semdeg wereTuwyvetad manam, sanam ar miaRwevT dasaxul mizans. dasrulebis Semdeg gadaikiTxeTnaweri da moZebneT saintereso ideebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, sasargeblo aRmoCndesTqvenTvis (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

qvemoT mocemulia Tavisufali weris magaliTi.

Cemi pirveli dRe universitetSi

maxsovs, rogor davikarge universitetis korpusSi. 17 wlis viyavi. ZalianvRelavdi... aravis vicnobdi. romeliRac sarTulze aRmovCndi. didi kibeebi...SoTa rusTavelis biusti... Tu ara? ar maxsovs. SeiZleba, raRac sainteresodavinaxe. amis Semdeg mxolod is maxsovs, rom kibis TavTan Cemnairi dabneulibavSvebi idgnen. gamixarda maTi danaxva. jinsebi mecva. mec im bavSvebTandavdeqi. auditorias eZebdnen. ise vRelavdi, ar vici, ratom, aRar maxsovs,rogor aRmovCndi leqciaze...

savarjiSo #2.2.2.2.2.6: airCieT erT-erTi Tema; Tavisufali wera, 5 wuTi.

• Cemi saukeTeso megobari

• universiteti

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• Cemi sayvareli saqme

kiTxvebi

rodesac iwereba sagazeTo statiebi, pirvelsave winadadebaSi avtorebi cdilobenupasuxon Semdeg kiTxvebs: _ vin, ra, rodis, sad, ratom da xandaxan rogor. Tqvenimave kiTxvebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT naSromisTvis masalis mosagroveblad. amkiTxvebis dasma Tqveni Temis sxvadasxva mxridan danaxvisa da Tqveni poziciisukeT garkvevis saSualebas mogcemT. am meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi dawereTrac SeiZleba bevri kiTxva. Semdeg TiToeul maTgans SeZlebisdagvarad srulipasuxi gaeciT (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

qvemoT mocemulia kiTxvebis magaliTebi, romelTac Jurnalisti svams siuJetismomzadebis procesSi.

vin? sad moxda?

ra moxda? ratom moxda?

ra Sedegi miiRes? rogor moxda?

rodis moxda?

es kiTxvebi SeiZleba maSinac gamogadgeT, rodesac naSromis Temis arCevascdilobT, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac raRacis Txrobas isaxavT miznad anmovlenis mizezebsa da Sedegebze gsurT saubari (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & KozirevJ.R, 2000).

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es SekiTxva erTi movlenis Sesaxeb informaciismogrovebisTvisaa mowodebuli, konkretuli davalebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,SesaZlebelia Tqven mxolod zogierTi maTgani dagWirdeT. magaliTad (Fowler H.R;Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000):

rogor moxda? Tu Tqveni davaleba Txrobas moiTxovs, maSin Tqvenma naSrommaunda upasuxos am kiTxvas da ambavi qronologiurad unda daalagoT, magaliTad,

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mixedviT, sxvadasxva maCvenebeli cxrilis sxvadasxva nawilSi Tavsdeba. cxrilSi#9.3. swored am principiTaa monacemebi dalagebuli.

cxrilisa da teqstis urTierTmimarTeba

informaciuli cxrili avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas. mkiTxvels teqstSiunda miuTiToT cxrilze da uTxraT, Tu ras miaqcios yuradReba. teqstSi mxolodcxrilis yvelaze gamokveTili nawilebi gaarCieT. Tu cxrilSi motanil mTelmasalas teqstSi gaarCevT, maSin cxrili aRaraferSi gWirdebaT.

darwmundiT, rom cxrili TavisTavad gasagebi unda iyos. TiToeuli cxriliteqstSi unda iyos integrirebuli, magram teqstis gareSec sruliad gasagebi undaiyos. ganmarteT yvela abreviatura (gamonaklisia iseTi statistikuri abreviaturebi,rogoricaa M, SD da df), gamokveTili teqstisa Tu frCxilebis mniSvneloba. yovelTvismiuTiTeT sazomi erTeulebi.

cxrili #9.2. normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me

debuleba

mozardTa procenti, romelic eTanxmeba TiToeul debulebas

normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob.

siamovnebas viReb cxovrebisagan.

Cveulebriv, Tavs vakontroleb.

Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad vgrZnob.

ZiriTadad, bednieri var.

kargi xumroba maSinac maniWebs siamovnebas, roca sevdiani, mowyenili var.

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83 SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia r. gerigi, f. zimbardo `fsiqologia da cxovreba~, 2007

cxrili #9.3. SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba

SeuzRudavi kveba

SezRuduli kveba gansxvaveba

gemrieli namcxvrebi

sakontrolo jgufi

mSfoTvare jgufi

6.2

5.1

5.1

7.6

-1.1

+2.5

ugemuri namcxvrebi

sakontrolo jgufi

mSfoTvare jgufi

3.0

2.7

2.6

3.7

-0.4

+1.0

SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia r. gerigi, f. zimbardo, `fsiqologia da cxovreba~, 2007

15

saqarTvelo-italiis nakrebi gundebis Sexvedra fexburTSi an meore msoflioomis dawyeba.

rogor fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs (garegnoba, suni, gemo, xma, grZnoba)? pirovnebis,adgilis, nivTis an grZnobebis aRwerisas konkretuli garegnuli maxasiaTeblebiunda gamoiyenoT, magaliTad, megobris, sayvareli adgilisa Tu Senobis aRwera.

ra mizezebi arsebobs? ra magaliTebis dasaxelebaa SesaZlebeli? gansaxilvelisakiTxis ilustracia erTi, an meti magaliTis (bavSvTa saxlidan bavSvis Sviladayvanis mcdeloba, sami satelevizio serialis dasaxeleba) moyvanas, an logikurdasabuTebas (ZiriTad sagnad politikuri mecnierebebis arCevis sami mizezi, quCaSimoZraobis wesebis dacvis aucileblobis damasabuTebeli oTxi mizezi) gulisxmobs.

rasTan gaqvT saqme? ras gulisxmobs is da ras gamoricxavs? es kiTxvebigansazRvrebis an ganmartebisTvis dagWirdebaT. naSromSi iseTi abstraqtuli cnebebi,rogorebicaa, magaliTad, samarTali, megobroba, xelovneba gansakuTrebul ganmartebebssaWiroeben.

ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs? analizis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi nawilebad, elementebadiSleba da maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis garCeva xdeba. analizis pirvelietapi kritikulad fiqria.

ramdenad hgavs an gansxvavdeba is sxvebisgan? Sedarebisas ideebs, sagnebs,adamianebs, adgilebsa da a.S. Soris msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi ganixileba, magaliTad,gansxvaveba prezidentobis or kandidats Soris, or kompiuterul sistemas Sorismsgavsebebi.

SeiZleba Tu ara misi Sedareba mkiTxvelisTvis nacnob sxva saganTan? eskiTxva analogiis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. analogia xSirad gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelisTvisucnobi Temis (magaliTad, mTavrobis struqturis) axsnisas nacnob Temaze (magaliTad,ojaxis struqturaze) miTiTebiT.

ratom xdeba es, an ras iwvevs? mizez-Sedegobrivi analizisas unda aixsnas, Turatom moxda raRac, an ra Sedegebi gamoiwvia, anda orive erTad. magaliTad, depresiisganviTarebis mizezebi, an rogor aisaxa sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCenibraldebulis ojaxis wevrebze.

rogor keTdeba? rogor muSaobs? procesis analizisas axsnilia, Tu rogorsruldeba raRac. magaliTad, rogor daiweros argumentirebuli ese, anda rogorxdeba raRac (rogor izrdeba mcenare, rogor muSaobs kompiuteri).

savarjiSo #2.7: : : : : savarjiSoSi #2.5 CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreTerTi Tema. Semdeg CamowereT maqsimalurad bevri kiTxva da upasuxeT maT.

dajgufeba/asociaciuri kavSirebis ruka

dajgufeba Tqveni ideebis vizualuri rukis Seqmnis procesia. is gaTavisuflebTmkacrad sworxazovani Tanmimdevrobisgan. amrigad, is ufro kreatuli fiqrisa daaxali kavSirebis damyarebis saSualebas iZleva. am meTodis gamoyenebisas daiwyeTimiT, rom Sua furcelze daxazeT marTkuTxedi da masSi CawereT arCeuli Tema.Semdeg daxazeT meore marTkuTxedi, masSi TemasTan dakavSirebuli idea CawereTda xaziT SeaerTeT Temis marTkuTxedTan. Semdeg am ideasTan asocirebuli ideebidawereT, isinic SemoxazeT da SeaerTeT wina ideasTan. ganagrZeT manam, sanam ideebiar gamogelevaT. rodesac daasrulebT, SeiswavleT Tqven mier Seqmnili ruka, raTakidev gagiCndeT axali Sexedulebebi Tqveni Temis irgvliv da dainaxoT ideaTaurTierTdamokidebuleba (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

qvemoT mocemulia dajgufebis anu asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis magaliTi (ix.suraTi #2.1). avtors SeuZlia eses dawera Tsu socialur da politikur mecnierebaTafakultetis struqturis Sesaxeb.

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cxrilebi da suraTebicxrilebi da suraTebicxrilebi da suraTebicxrilebi da suraTebicxrilebi da suraTebi

cxrilebi

cxrilebi Tu teqsturi masala

cxrilebi mkvlevars didi raodenobiT monacemebis kompaqturad, moxerxebuladwarmodgenis saSualebas aZlevs. cxrilebSi, rogorc wesi, konkretuli ricxobrivimonacemebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT dalagebul svetebad da mwkrivebadaawamodgenili, rac aiolebs maT urTierTSedarebas.

ramdenime mosazrebis gamo xelsayrelia, rom winaswar gaiazroT da gadawyvitoT,ramden cxrils CarTavT naSromSi; kerZod:

1. Tu naSromSi didi raodenobiT cxrilebi geqnebaT, mkiTxvels SeiZlebagauWirdes maTi daxarisxeba da Tvali veRar miadevnos Tqvens azrebs.

2. araTanabari gadanawileba cxrilebsa da teqsts Soris _ bevri cxrili damcire moculobis teqsti _ SeiZleba problemebis winapiroba gaxdes naSromisformaluri mxaris gaformebisas, rodesac verbaluri nawili xSirad wydebacxriliT, mkiTxvels uWirs xolme teqstis Tanmimdevrulad aRqma da avtorislogikuri jaWvisTvis Tvalis midevneba.

3. cxrilebis Casma arTulebs naSromis formalur organizebas da amitomcxrilebiT mdidari naSromis dabeWdva ufro Zviri jdeba, vidre cxrilebiTnaklebad datvirTuli teqstia.

amitom teqstis gasamartiveblad cxrilebis saxiT mxolod yvelaze arsebiTi,SinaarsTan uSualod dakavSirebuli monacemebi moitaneT.

naklebefeqturi varianti:

normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me-s aRwerisas mozardTa 91% eTanxmebadebulebas: „normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob~, gamokiTxul mozardTa90% siamovnebas iRebs cxovrebisgan; gamokiTxulTa igive raodenoba, Cveulebriv,akontrolebs Tavs, 86% Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad grZnobs, erTi procentiTnaklebi mozardebi, ZiriTadad, bednierebi arian da, bolos, mxolod 83%-saniWebs kargi xumroba siamovnebas, rodesac sevdiani da mowyenilia.

ufro efeqturi varianti:

mkiTxvelisTvis gacilebiT ioli iqneba am Sedegebis aRqma da gaazreba, rodesacisini cxrilSia mocemuli, Tumca rodesac monacemebi uCveulod cotaa (erTi svetian mwkrivi), maSin umjobesia, rom isini teqstSi CarToT da ar gaitanoT calkecxrilad.

gansazRvreT im monacemTa raodenoba, romlis motanac aucilebelia teqstSimimdinare msjelobis gasagebad da Semdeg gadawyviteT, cxrilis an grafikis saxiTwarmoadgenT maT Tu teqstSi CarTavT. araarsebiTi an ukiduresad detalizebulimonacemebi SeiZleba saerTod amoiRoT naSromidan anda danarTSi gaitanoT.

cxrilebi, romlebSic raodenobrivi monacemebia warmodgenili, mxolod maSinaaefeqturi, rodesac monacemebi gasagebad, naTlad da iolad aRsaqmeladaaorganizebuli. cxrilSi Sesadarebeli erTeulebi (magaliTad, saSualo, standartuligadaxra, SerCevis zoma da a.S.) erTmaneTis gverdiT unda ganTavsdes. am principis

16

monaxazis Sedgena

monaxazis Sedgena abzacis an eses realurad weris procesia. mas Semdeg, racmasalas SeagrovebT da zogad gegmas dasaxavT, Tqven mzad xarT sawerad. pirvelimonaxazis werisas miyvebiT ukve Sedgenil zogad gegmas. pirveli monaxazis werisasyuradReba azrebis furcelze gadatanaze gaamaxvileT. am etapze teqstis gramatikulsisworeze zedmetad nu iRelvebT. naweris moculobidan gamomdinare, SeiZlebaramdenjerme scadoT misi dawera.

gadasinjva

pirveli monaxazi realurad mxolod pirveli nabijia saboloo naSromisaken.realuri muSaoba mxolod misi dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba. warmatebulma mweralmaicis, rom weris procesi, ZiriTadad, gadasinjvis procesia. amrigad, Tu Tqven werT,naweris gadasinjvas dro unda dauTmoT. gadasinjva, rogorc wesi, or nawiladiyofa: _ (1) revizireba/gadamuSaveba anu abzacisa Tu eses Sinaarsis Secvla daorganizeba da (2) masSi sityvebisa da winadadebebis redaqtireba.

revizireba/gadamuSaveba

gadamuSaveba naweris xelaxali gaazreba an gadaxedvaa. werisTvis mosamzadebelda monaxazis Seqmnis etapebze, ZiriTadad, ideebis moZiebasa da maT gadmocemazexarT orientirebuli. axla yuradReba msjelobis ganviTarebaze unda gadaitanoT.Tqven unda SeafasoT Tqveni naweri. Zalian kargi iqneba, Tu Tqven garda kidev vinmewaikiTxavs monaxazs da ukukavSirs mogcemT. ukukavSiris miRebis Semdeg SegiZliaTgadawyvitoT, ra saxis cvlilebebi SeitanoT nawerSi. qvemoT mocemulia gadamuSavebisZiriTadi gzebi:

1. damateba. SeiZleba daamatoT masala ideis gansamtkiceblad, an daamatoTwinadadebebi da frazebi ideebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad.

2. Semokleba. SeiZleba SeamoakloT is nawili, romelic ar ukavSirdeba Temasan imeorebs ukve naTqvams.

3. Canacvleba. SeiZleba dagWirdeT Semoklebuli nawilebis Canacvleba.

4. masalis Tanmimdevrobis Secvla. SeiZleba mogindeT winadadebebis an abzacebisTanmimdevrobis Secvla.

savarjiSo #2.2.2.2.2.8: : : : : me-5 savarjiSoSi CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreTerTi Tema. Semdeg asociaciuri rukis gamoyenebiT gamosaxeT Tqveni ideebi. daiwyeTimiT, rom furclis SuaSi wreSi CawereT Tema da imuSaveT mis irgvliv.

redaqtireba

gadamuSavebisas Tqveni ideebis gaZlierebasa da ganmtkicebaze xarT orientirebulni,rac naweris Sinaarss ukavSirdeba. rodesac bolomde kmayofili darCebiT nawerisSinaarsiT, yuradReba im formas unda miaqcioT, romliTac gadmoscemT Tqvensmosazrebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, Seileba zogierTi winadadebis perifrazireba anuredaqtireba dagWirdeT. moaxdineT im winadadebebis perifrazireba, romlebicbundovani an arazustia. Semdeg gramatikulad gamarTeT winadadebebi.

bolo etapia naweris koreqtura. gadaikiTxeT naweri da naxeT, raime Secdoma xom araris gramatikaSi, sityvebis marTlweraSi an punqtuaciaSi, asoebi xom ar gaqvT gamorCenili.

gaxsovdeT, rom weris procesi fleqsiburi, moqnili procesia. Tqven sqematurad,mSralad ar unda misdioT am procesis aRweril safexurebs. piriqiT, unda SeZloT

105

es mcire nawyvetebi, faqtobrivad, mouTiTebs abstraqtulobaze, romelicdamaxasiaTebelia mTlianad msxvilmasStabiani gamokiTxvisaTvis, romelTaanalizi realurad arsebuli adamianebis gamocdilebisa da arCevanisgandamoukideblad xorcieldeba.

sqolioSi mxolod erTi azri unda iyos mocemuli. Tu erTze met abzacs werT anmaTematikuri formula mogyavT, maSin umjobesi iqneba, rom es ZiriTad teqstSi an/da danarTSi gaakeToT da ara sqolioSi.

sqolioSi, aseve, SeiZleba miuTiToT, romel sxva avtorTan SeiZleba ama Tu immasalis moZieba.

miiCnevdnen ra gamokiTxvaTa Sedegebs sargeblianobis motivis uSualosazomad, gutmanma da misma kolegebma amerikis 1976 wlis saprezidentoarCevnebisTvis SeimuSaves indiferentulobis sazomi (sxvaoba am skalaze fordisada karteris maCveneblebs Soris) da gaucxoebis sazomi (kandidatis prioritetisskalaze absoluturi done). miCiganis universitetis 1972-1976 wlebis monacemebisanalizis Sedegad maT daadgines, rom xmis micemis albaTobaze statistikuradmniSvnelovani gavlena hqonda sargeblianobis absolutur dones, magram arakandidatTa Sedarebis sxvaobas.

kargad Sesrulebul naSromSi arsebiTi informacia ZiriTad teqstSi unda iyosmocemuli da ara _ sqolioSi.

cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna

cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna Tavsdeba cxrilis qvemoT, sadac axsnilia cxrilSiwarmodgenili monacemebi an mocemulia damatebiTi informacia maT Sesaxeb.

cxrili N#9.1. liberaluri demokratiis zrda 1990-1995 wlebSi

liberaluri demokratiebi

msoflios mosaxleoba

qveynebi mosaxleoba (milionebiT)

raodenoba

(milionebiT)

demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebTa %

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

1995

4

9

18

15

12

26

32

31

35

39

40

130

163

371

346

217

869

1169

1263

1636

2070

2263

1608

n.a.

1860

2008

2294

2516

3019

3693

4450

5246

5765

8

n.a.

20

18

10

34

39

34

37

39

39

SeniSvna: demokratiuli qveynebis monacemTa wyaro iyo londonis ekonomikis skolis samTavrobo politikis kvlevis ganyofilebis masalebi. monacemebi

msoflios mosaxleobis Sesaxeb ix.: Borrie, 1970: 6, 1950-wlidan ki _ `gaero: msoflio mosaxleoba _ molodini da perspeqtivebi~.

17

safexuridan safexurze gadasvla, zogierTi masalis mosaZieblad SeiZlebadaubrundeT weris wina etaps mas Semdeg, rac gadasinjavT ukve daweril abzacs.

Tqven Tavad unda aRmoaCinoT werisTvis momzadebis, monaxazis Sedgenisa dagadasinjvis Tqveneuli saukeTeso gza. zogi momzadebis etaps ufro didxans undeba,zogi monaxazsa da gadasinjvas ufro met dros andomebs. ar arsebobs erTaderTidadgenili swori gza. TandaTanobiT Tavad SeqmniT da ganaviTarebT sakuTarindividualur meTods (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

zogadi fsiqologia

T s u

socialur da politikur mecn. fak.

medicinis fakulteti

fsiqologiis departamenti

sociologiis departamenti

politikis mecnierebaTa departamenti

socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri geografiis departamenti

Jurnalistikis departamenti

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis departamenti

stomatologia

okupaciuri Terapia

samkurnalo saqme

ganviTarebis fsiqologia

socialuri fsiqologia

Sromisa da sainJinro

fsiqologia

suraTi #2.1. asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis magaliTi

104

institutis, saagentos, korporaciis an avtorTa sxva jgufis SemTxvevaSi, jgufissaxelwodeba aRiniSneba, rogorc individualuri saxeli.

7. ucnobi avtoris naSromi

erT-erT statiaSi (`sikvdilis ufleba~, 1997) aRniSnulia, rom . . .

anonimuri naSromis SemTxvevaSi avtoris gvaris nacvlad naSromis saTaurimiuTiTeT. saTauri brWyalebSi unda Caisvas (Tumca, gamoyenebuli literaturisCamonaTvalSi saTauri brWyalebSi ar Caismis).

8. erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma

daaxloebiT 7 wlis asakSi bavSvebi aqtiurad iyeneben Jestebs sakuTarimonayolis efeqturobis gasaZliereblad (Gardnei, 1973a).

erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi TariRiTmkiTxvels awodebT informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel wyaroze saubrobT,magram Tu orive naSromi erTsa da imave wels aris gamoqveynebuli, am SemTxvevaSiweli asoebiTac aRiniSneba (rogorc es zemoT magaliTSia naCvenebi). aseve,aRiniSneba gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSic.

9. sxvadasxva avtoris ori an meti Sroma

ori kvlevis (markoni da hambleni, 1990; herkovici, 1994) Sedegebi aCvenebs,rom...

aseT SemTxvevaSi wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT xdeba.

10. arapirdapiri wyaro

damadasturebeli sabuTebi Cndeba vondis eqsperimentebSi (citirebuliakvlevaSi: markoni da hambleni, 1990).

sityva `citirebuli~ miuTiTebs, rom vondis miTiTebuli kvleva mopovebulia(aRmoCenilia) markonisa da hamblenis kvlevaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturisCamonaTvalSi ki mxolod markoni da hambleni unda miuTiToT.

11. eleqtronuli wyaroebi

fergunsoni da hopkinsi (1998) ar monawileobdnen TvalsaCino mtrulobiseqsperimentSi (abz. 7).

eleqtronuli wyaroebis citireba eqvemdebareba zemoT aRniSnul citirebisstandartebs. miTiTebuli unda iyos avtoris gvari da gamoqveynebis TariRi. mxolodam SemTxvevaSi, amonaridis motanisas, statiisa da wignebisagan gansxvavebiT, gverdisnacvlad abzacis nomeri unda miuTiToT.

sqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvna

sqolio

sqolio avsebs da amdidrebs teqstSi mocemul ZiriTad informacias. sqolioSiar unda iyos mocemuli rTuli, ararelevanturi anda araarsebiTi informacia.vinaidan sqolio mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs, teqstSi misi CarTva mxolodmaSinaa rekomendebuli, rodesac is aZlierebs, amyarebs ZiriTad teqstSi mimdinaremsjelobasa Tu gamoTqmul azrs.

18

Tavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaci22222

ra aris abzacira aris abzacira aris abzacira aris abzacira aris abzaci

ra aris abzaci? Tqven, albaT, iciT, rom abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelicvizualurad gamoyofilia wina striqonebisgan. pirveli striqoni momdevnostriqonebTan SedarebiT metadaa Seweuli SigniT, vidre sxvebi; Tumca, bunebrivia,es ganmarteba sakmarisi ar aris, abzacis tipisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebisgasagebad. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba abzacSi winadadebebi erTmaneTs,rogor da sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba is. swored am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemaseZRvneba es Tavi.

abzacis Tema

abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelic ayalibebs, aviTarebs erT mTavar ideas,abzacSi Camoyalibebulia erTi Tema an Temis mxolod erTi aspeqti. Tema arisabzacis sagani, sakiTxi (subject), romlis Sesaxebac aris es abzaci. magaliTad, waikiTxeTSemdegi abzaci, romelic sigaretis mowevas exeba:

moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kolofisigareti 1-dan 5 laramde Rirs, xolo mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofsmainc eweva, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT 365 laridan 1695 laramde undadaxarjon, magram yvelaferi amiT ar mTavrdeba. sigaretis mwevlebisTvisac kiarasasiamovno suni aqvs maT tansacmels, avejs, xaliCebsa da fardebs. amis gamomwevlebi ufro xSirad recxaven sakuTar nivTebs, vidre aramwevelebi. miuxedavadimisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom es kidevufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.

am abzacis Temaa sigaretis moweva (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

savarjiSo #3.1: : : : : waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT, ra sakiTxebzeasaubari.

kidev erTi mizezi, ratomac miyvars mdinaris napiri, es misi wynari garemoa,romelic ganmartoebis saSualebas gaZlevs. me iq, mis garda, sxva mowme ara myavs daSemiZlia vilaparako da vifiqro. iq xels aravin miSlis da Tan yovelTvis aris is,vinc mogismens. napiri yvelafers moismens, risi Tqmac ginda. garda amisa, es wynariadgilia, sadac SegiZlia ifiqro da imsjelo; amisaTvis ganmartoebaa saWiro.xSirad, roca dabneuli var, napirze mivdivar. es saukeTeso adgilia Cemikonfliqtebisa da problemebis gadasawyvetad da, saerTod, dasafiqreblad (M. VeronicaPorta).

abzaci exeba

fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenasfaqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagandeterminantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isiniorganizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdian informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebsdispoziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT,rom bavSvi cdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis

2 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., &Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.

103

2. avtori, romelsac moixseniebT teqstSi

baumrindi (1968) aRniSnavda, rom milgremis eqsperimentis cdis pirebi “undayofiliyvnen informirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTzemoexdina eqsperiments (gv. 34).

rodesac Tqven miuTiTebT avtoris gvars, aRar aris saWiro misi miTiTebafrCxilebSi. avtoris gvaris gverdiT miuTiTeT TariRi. Tu mogaqvT citataigive wyarodan imave abzacSi, maSin aRar aris saWiro damowmebis gameoreba,ramdenadac isedac naTelia, rom imave wyaros eyrdnobiT, magaliTad:

baumrindi eqsperimentis logikur dasabuTebasac akritikebs.

3. naSromi, romelsac ori avtori hyavs

pepinski da destefano (1987) miuTiTeben, rom maswavlebelTa metyvelebaSixSirad vlindeba maTi faruli miswrafebebi.

erT-erTi kvlevis Tanaxmad (pepinski da destefano, 1987), maswavlebelTametyvelebaSi xSirad vlindeba maTi miswrafebebi.

rodesac gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTeba inglisur enaze xdeba, teqstSiavtorebis gvarebi `da~ kavSiriT ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, xolo frCxilebSiori avtoris dakavSirebisas ,,&~ simbolo gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, (Pepinsky &DeStefano, 1987).

4. naSromi, romelsac xuTi avtori hyavs

pepinski, duni, smiti, renti da korsoni (1993) aRweren, Tu rogor vlindebaSexedulebebi JestebiT.

pirveli citirebis SemTxvevaSi xuTive (an samive) avtoris gvaris miTiTebaxdeba, rogorc es zemoT moyvanil magaliTSia naCvenebi, xolo meored amaveavtorTa moxseniebisas mxolod pirveli avtoris gvari da `da sxv.~ undamiuTiToT.

pepinsikis da sxv., kvlevaSi (1993) Jestebi Tavis daqnevasac moicavs daTvalebiT kontaqtsac.

rodesac ori an meti wyaro gamoqveynebulia erTsa da imave wels, am SemTxvevaSicimave wesiT xdeba Semokleba da imdeni avtoris gvari unda miuTiToT, ramdenicsaWiroa wyaroebis erTmaneTisgan gasarCevad (magaliTad, pepinsiki, duni da sxv.,1993) da (pepinski, bredli da sxv., 1993).

5. naSromi, romelsac eqvsi an meti avtori hyavs.

erT-erTi kvleva (rutteri da sxv., 1996) cdilobs gansxvavebebis axsnasmozardebis magaliTze.

eqvsi avtoris SemTxvevaSi, pirveli citirebis drosac ki mxolod pirveligvari miuTiTeT, romelsac mosdevs ̀ da sxv.,~. Tu erTsa da imave wels gamocemuliori wyaro gvaqvs, Semokleba imave wesis mixedviT xdeba, rogorc me-4 punqtSiamocemuli.

6. naSromi, romelic avtorTa jgufs ekuTvnis.

adreuli winaswarmetyveleba ar aRmoCnda dasabuTebuli (lorencis kvleva,1997).

19

sacobSi moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdenspirovnebis gareT mimdinare movlenebi. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos anusituaciis (situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsnasurT, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT,rom fsiqologs surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebeliaindividi gansakuTrebiT midrekilia riskisken (dispoziciuri axsna), an zogierTiTanatolTa zewolas ganicdis (situaciuri axsna), an orive faqtori aucilebelia(kombinirebuli axsna) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

werisTvis momzadeba: Temis gansazRvra/dakonkreteba

xSirad, rodesac dasawerad raime Temas gaZleven, aRmoCndeba, rom es Tema Zalianzogadia Tundac erTi gamarTuli abzacis dasawerad. amitom Tqven undadaakonkretoT Tema. es niSnavs imas, rom Tema unda daiyvanoT erT, SedrebiT viwrosakiTxamde (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000). magaliTad, davalebad gaqvTTemis dawera Tqveni sayvareli adgilis Sesaxeb da Tqven Tbiliss irCevT. SegiZliaTdaweroT ramdenime winadadeba da SeexoT yvelafers, rac mogwonT TbilisSi(mTawminda, Zveli Tbilisi, metexi, sioni, nariyala, universitetis baRi, vakis parki,operis Teatri da a. S.), magram mkiTxvelisTvis ufro saitereso iqneba, Tu erTikonkretuli adgilis Sesaxeb dawerT.

wamlebiantikonvulsantebifenobarbitali

fenobarbitalis gavlena qcevaze

TbilisiRirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi

istoriuli Zeglebimetexi

vTqvaT, davalebad narkotikebisSesaxeb abzacis dawera gaqvT. es sakmaodfarTo Temaa imisaTvis, rom erT abzacSiCaetioT, amitom aucilebelia masTandakavSirebuli konkretuli sakiTxisarCeva.

narkotikebimarixuana

mowevis gavlenagavlena kognitur funqciebze

gavlena mexsierebaze

an, vTqvaT, wamlebis Sesaxeb gaqvTabzaci dasaweri. es Temac Zalze farToaerTi abzacisTvis . amitom aqacaucilebelia am TemasTan dakavSirebulikonkretuli sakiTxis arCeva da misSesaxeb wera.

abzaci exeba

adamiani

fsiqika sxeuli

fsiqikuri procesebi

fiziologiuri

procesebi

kognituri procesebi

mexsiereba

daswavlis kanonzomier

ebebi

sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema

sisxlZarRvebi

arteriuli sisxlZarR

vebi

suraTi #3.1. Tema àdamiani~ _ dakonkretebis nimuSi.

102

• gverdebis nomrebi – mimdinare saTaurTan – marjvena zeda kuTxeSi;

• cxrilebisa da grafikebis danomvra.

literaturis citirebis wesebiliteraturis citirebis wesebiliteraturis citirebis wesebiliteraturis citirebis wesebiliteraturis citirebis wesebi

APA-----is standartis mixedviTis standartis mixedviTis standartis mixedviTis standartis mixedviTis standartis mixedviT

amonaridis motana

40 sityvaze naklebi

40 sityvaze naklebi amonaridi brWyalebSi unda Caisvas da teqstSi unda iyosCarTuli.

jorj vailanti eTanxmeba sociologebs, rom „fsiqiatriuli iarliyebismiwera saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZlia adamianebs saSineli tkivilimiayenos janmrTelobis da fsiqikuri aSlilobebis, fsiqiqikuriaSlilobis da gansxvavebuli qcevis erTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT.~

40 sityvaze meti

40 sityvaze meti amonaridi brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas da teqstSi ar undaiyos CarTuli. is gamoeyofa ZiriTad teqsts zemoT da qvemoT xazebs Sorisormagi intervaliT, xolo citatis striqonebs Soris erTmagi intervaliT.

1994 wels gamocemul wignSi „msoflios mwvervalze~ Jurnalisti rebekastefensi everestze asvlas aRwers:

everestis romantika – ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalzerom avediT, sul cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT – sxvadasxvaerovnebis, sarwmunoebisa da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul Cvengansmwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelazemaRali adgilia msoflioSi da uamravi mizezi arsebobs, romelic miskeniseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu samxreT polusisken daokeanis siRrmeebisken.

avtorTa citireba

1. avtori, romelsac ar moixseniebT teqstSi

milgremis eqsperimentis erT-erTi kritikosi aRniSnavda, rom cdis pirebi„unda yofiliyvnen informirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlomaTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (baumrindi, 1968, gv. 44).

rodesac ar moixseniebT avtors, frCxilebSi CasviT misi gvari da wyaros gamocemisTariRi. rodesac pirdapiri citireba xdeba da ara _ perifrazireba an Sinaarsismokled gadmocema, maSin gverdebic unda mieTiTos. Semadgeneli komponenti, zemoTmoyvanili magaliTis msgavsad, erTmaneTisgan wertilebiT unda gamoiyos). esliteratura ise miuTiTeT, rom gasagebi iyos, Tu romeli wyaro miuTiTeT da ise,rom es xels ar uSlides naSromis wakiTxvas. zemoT mocemul variants aseTiformac SeiZleba mieces:

milgremis eqsperimentis erT-erTi kritikosis SexedulebiT (baumrindi,1968), cdis pirebi „unda yofiliyvnen informirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb,romelic SeeZlo maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (gv. 34).

xuTi pozicia

20

Tema yovelTvis maqsimalurad unda daakonkretoT, magaliTad, Tema adamiani (ix.suraTi #3.1).

savarjiSo #3.2: daakonkreteT Semdegi Temebi:

• fsiqikuri procesebi

• agresia

• amindi

• Cemi samSoblo

• sigareti

• kompiuteri

mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba

winadadebas, romelic aRwers abzacis Temas, anu romelSic gatarebulia ZiriTadiazri, mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba (Topic sentence) ewodeba. misi funqcia Temis gacnobaa(amitom, rogorc wesi, is abzacis pirveli winadadebaa). garda gacnobisa, kargmTavar winadadebas SeuZlia im Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis Cveneba, romelsacexeba mocemuli abzaci. abzacis Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebas an azrswamyvani azri (controling idea) ewodeba. avtoris damokidebuleba, azri gansazRvravs,Tu ra iqneba abzacSi ganxiluli. abzacis yvela winadadeba wamyvan azrTan undaiyos dakavSirebuli da mas unda ganaviTarebdes. sailustraciod kidev erTxelwavikiTxoT pirveli abzacis mTavari winadadeba:

moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.am abzacis Tema mowevis Cvevaa, wamyvani azri ki isaa, rom is Zviria.mowevis TemasTan dakavSirebiT uamravi azri SeiZleba arsebobdes, maT Soris,

yvelaze gavrcelebuli, albaT, Semdegia: _ moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.

savarjiSo #3.3:3.3:3.3:3.3:3.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli mTavari winadadebebi. xazi gausviTTemas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri.

nimuSi:

kidev erTi gza inflaciis SesaCereblad saxelmwifo biujetis balansirebaa.

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meTodi

naSromis Semdegi nawili, romelsac „meTodi~ ewodeba, gvawodebs detalurinformacias cdis pirebis, cdis masalis, xelsawyoebis, instrumentebis (magaliTad,kiTxvarebis) da proceduris Sesaxeb. dasaxeleba „meTodi~ ilustraciisTvalsazrisiT, pirvel qvesaTaurs warmoadgens. rodesac meore da mesameqvesaTaurebis motanaa saWiro, gamoiyeneT qvemoT mocemuli formati, xazebs Sorisormagi intervaliT:

pirveli qvesaTauri

meore qvesaTauri

mesame qvesaTauri, romelic ukve teqstTan erTadaa mocemuli.

Sedegebi

Sedegebis nawilSi Sejamebulia kvlevaSi mopovebuli monacemebi. mocemuliamaTi analizi da is cxrilebis, grafikebisa da diagramebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.

Sedegebis ganxilva (Discussion) (Discussion) (Discussion) (Discussion) (Discussion)

Sedegebis ganxilva warmoadgens naSromis Semdeg nawils, romelSic mocemuliamonacemTa interpretacia da daskvnebi. rodesac ganxilva Zalian moklea, is SeiZlebagavaerTianoT naSromis wina nawilTan saTauriT: Sedegebi da diskusia.

naSromis sxva formaluri maxasiaTeblebi: _ manZili, gverdebisnumeracia, ilustraciebi

• mindori: marcxniv – 1,5", zemoT – 0,5", danarCeni – 1";

nimuSi

daZlevis strategiebi? *

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti


meTodi xazebs Soris ormagi intervali

SerCeva




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1. sportis dafinansebis yvelaze didi problema isaa, rom masganaTlebasTan SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben.

2. dabinZureba saSiSia, radgan is ozonis Sres azianebs.

3. studentebis kidev erT problema samsaxuris Sovnaa.

mTavari winadadebis daxvewa

rogorc vnaxeT, Tematuri winadadeba mTavar Temas da wamyvan azrs moicavs,magram es ar aris sakmarisi. wamyvani azri SeZlebisdagvarad naTeli da konkretuliaspeqtisken mimarTuli unda iyos. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:

yavis daleva cudia.

am winadadebis Tema yavis dalevaa, wamyvani azri _ cudia, magram orive sakmaodbundovania da mTel rig SekiTxvebs badebs. visTvis da risTvis aris cudi? cudiayavis nebismieri raodenobiT miReba, Tu misi mxolod didi raodenobiT daleva?mTavari winadadeba ufro konkretuli unda iyos, rac wamyvani azris kargadCamoyalibebiT miiRweva; magaliTad:

orsulebisTvis dReSi erT Wiqaze meti yavis daleva mavnebelia.

savarjiSo #3.4: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli winadadebis wyvilebi da SemoxazeTukeTesi mTavari winadadeba.

1) • universitetSi Cabareba ar aris advili saqme.

• misaRebi gamocdebis dros registracia erT-erTi mtkivneuli procesia.

2) • SesaZloa, `qarwaRebulni~ Zveli filmia, magram mainc kargia.

• filmi `cisferi mTebi~ masSi monawile araCveulebrivi msaxiobebiT gamoirCeva.

3) • Tbilisis axali ubnebis arqiteqtura Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSia.

• quTaisi saintereso qalaqia misi istoriisa da arqiteqturis gamo.

savarjiSo #3.5: mocemulia araswori mTavari winadadebebi. daxveweT isini (SeadgineTabzaci):

nimuSi: honda araCveulebrivi manqanaa.honda ekonomiuri manqanaa.

1. Cemi mSobliuri qalaqi araCveulebrivi adgilia.

2. universitetSi bevri ram aris gasaujobesebeli.

3. varjiSi kargia CvenTvis.

4. manqanis tareba saxifaToa.

5. kompiuterebi sasargebloa.

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Sesavali

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iwyeba naSromis sruli dasaxelebiT (arasavaldebulo)da SesavliT (romlis miTiTebac ar xdeba). Sesavali mokled waradgens sakvlevproblemas, meTods, informaciul fons (sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul sxvakvlevebs) da kvlevis mizans.

abstraqti

daZlevis strategiebi 2

abstraqti

pirveli striqoni ar aris Seweuli

teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti

1 ½“ teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti


teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti 1“


oTxi xazi

5 pozicia

½“

centrSi

sami xazi

xazebs Soris ormagi intervali

naSromis pirveli gverdi


daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli

profilis urTierTmimarTeba

xuTi pozicia







5 pozicia

½“

centrSi


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6. studentobis periodSi bevri saintereso ramis gakeTeba SeiZleba.

7. televizoris yureba sazianoa CvenTvis.

savarjiSo #3.6: dawereT abzaci, romlis Temaa mowevis Cveva, xolo wamyvani azria,rom moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.

mTavari winadadebis amocnoba

amrigad, mTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebasa da wamyvani azris wardgenasemsaxureba. sad unda ganvaTavsoT abzacSi mTavari winadadeba? Cveulebriv, radganmTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebas uzrunvelyofs, umjobesia, is abzacis dasawyisSian dasawyisTan axlos iyos. miuxedavad amisa, abzacis tipidan gamomdinare, mTavariwinadadeba SeiZleba abzacSi sxvadasxva adgilas ganTavsdes (abzacis SuaSi ansulac bolos). zogjer arc Tema da arc wamyvani azri araa erTi winadadebiTgadmocemuli, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri saerTodar aris. aseT abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri igulisxmeba; isini naTlad Cananabzacis ganviTarebaSi. zogadad, ukeTesia, Tu mTavari winadadebebi naTlad,konkretulad iqneba warmodgenili da es ara mxolod imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSiidea naTelia, aramed imitomac, rom is abzacis ganviTarebis mimarTulebisgansazRvraSi dagvexmareba.

savarjiSo #3.7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da miuTiTeT abzacis mTavariwinadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. Tu mTavari winadadebamocemulia, amowereT.

kvlevebisTvis sxva saintereso sferoa gansxvavebis dadgena Sinagan da garegan

motivaciaSi. Cven Sinaganad motivirebulebi varT, rodesac vakeTebT raimes ubralodsiamovnebisTvis an raime konkretuli qcevis gansaxorcieleblad. Cven saabazanoSiimitom ki ar vmReriT, rom taSs velodebiT an fulis Sovnas vcdilobT, aramedimitom, rom mogvwons amis keTeba. Cven imitom vxsniT krosvordebs, vxatavT daTvals vadevnebT mzis Casvlas, rom es jildovdeba. Cven ar velodebiT raimejildos. garegani motivacia, Tavis mxriv, im situaciebs miemarTeba, romlebSic Cvenjildos misaRebad vmoqmedebT. Cven samsaxurSi SeiZleba mxolod imitom davdiodeT,rom fuli gvWirdeba. SeiZleba mxolod imitom viaroT musikaze, rom mSoblebsvasiamovnoT. Cven SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT zrdilobianebi viyoT romelime adamianTan,radgan misgan raRacas veliT (j.p. hiustoni ̀ motivacia~. niu-iorki: makmilani, 1985,gv. 268).

mTavari winadadeba

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Tavi 9. dokumentTavi 9. dokumentTavi 9. dokumentTavi 9. dokumentTavi 9. dokumentis formatis formatis formatis formatis formati socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri socialur

mecnmecnmecnmecnmecnierebebSi amerierebebSi amerierebebSi amerierebebSi amerierebebSi amerikis fsikis fsikis fsikis fsikis fsiqologiuriqologiuriqologiuriqologiuriqologiuriiiii

asociaciisasociaciisasociaciisasociaciisasociaciis (APA) (APA) (APA) (APA) (APA) stststststiliTiliTiliTiliTiliT66666

dokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebidokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebidokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebidokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebidokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebi

Tavfurceli

Tavfurcelze mocemuli unda iyos naSromis sruli dasaxeleba, Tqveni saxelida gvari, kursis dasaxeleba, xelmZRvanelis gvari da saxeli, TariRi. garda amisa,rogorc Tavfurcelze (Tumca, qarTulad Sesrulebul naSromebSi es komponentiyovelTvis ar aris mocemuli), ise mTel naSromSi furclis zeda marjvena mxaresmocemuli unda iyos naSromis mimdinare (anu Semoklebuli) saTauri da gverdisnomeri.

abstraqti

naSromis pirveli nawili, romelsac abstraqti ewodeba, ajamebs kvlevis sakiTxs,meTods, Sedegebsa da daskvnas. Cveulebriv, is erTi abzaciTaa warmodgenili calkegverdze da daaxloebiT 100 sityvas moicavs, romelSic pirveli striqoni ar arisSeweuli.

6 qveTavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Publication Manual of the AmericanPsychological Association, 5 th edition.

nimuSi


daZlevis strategiebisa da

pirovnuli profilis urTierTmimarTeba

avtori: saxeli, gvari

fsiqologia 03

xelmZRvaneli: saxeli, gvari

Tbilisi, 2007

oTxi xazi

xazebs Soris ormagi intervali, centrSi

5 pozicia

½“

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visac erTxel mainc unaxavs misi cxviri da sxeuli, is arasodes daaviwydeba.

pirveli reaqcia gaoceba iyo, meore _ misi cxviriT aRfrTovaneba, TiTqos es didisimdidre iyo. misi cxviri, romelic barbara streizandis cxvirze ufro grZeliiyo, saxis udides nawils ikavebda. rodesac is iRimeboda, cxviris garda araferiCanda. mas bevr xalxSic ki cxviriT gamoarCevdnen. wina cxovrebaSi is, albaT, kolian WianWvelaWamia iyo. misi cxviri saparsiviT wvrili iyo. is rom TviTmfrinaviyofiliyo, advilad SeZlebda Rrublebis gakveTas. igi Zalian gamxdari iyo, 10dRis naSimSilars hgavda. amave dros, Zalian bevrs Wamda. visac ki is Wamis drosunaxavs, ukvirda, sad eteoda amdeni sakvebi aseT patara sxeulSi. amis miuxedavad,is sul ufro xdeboda da cxviri sul ufro ugrZeldeboda. erT mSvenier, qariandRes is gafrinda, rogorc meri popinsi (nobutaka macuo).

mTavari winadadeba

inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili

inglisel aristokrats, frensis galtons uWiravs. 1869 wels gamoqveynda misiwigni `geniosobis memkvidreoba~, romelmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinatestirebis meTodebis, Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. galtoniadamianis qcevis Seswavlisas darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda.mas ainteresebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisganmaTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebis mixedviT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic

halucinogenebis anu fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlisrogorc garegani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas. rogorc dasaxelebidanCans, es nivTierebebi xSirad iwveven halucinaciebsa da “me”-sa da “arame”-s SorissazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini (miiRebakaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba sokosgan), LSD da PCP (laboratoriebSisinTezirdeba) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenas

faqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagandeterminantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isini organizmisSesaxeb gvawvdian informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dispoziciuricvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvicdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis sacobSimoxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdens pirovnebis

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3. TavisTavad avtoritarizmis ara toleranturobisa da konservatizmis skalebisinterpretirebisas gamoiyeneba cvladebis iseTi sistemebi rogoricaa inteleqti,ganaTleba socialur-ekonomikuri statusi da nacionaluri regioni. yvela amSemTxvevaSi konservatizmis gamoyeneba sruliad sxvadasxva konteqstiT SeiZlebaSegvxvdes.

4. veberi axdens msoflio religiebis klasifikacias misi azriT indoeTi arisTeoriulad da praqtikulad samyarosadmi yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobili religiurieTikis akvani. konfucianeloba piriqiT samyaros mimReblobiT xasiaTdeba. iseTireligiebi rogorebicaa islami da qristianoba samyaros iReben misi gaumjobesebispirobiT.

5. ebi seiqsezi statiaSi RmerTis xati-ganviTarebasTan ganviTarebasTandakavSirebuli perspeqtiva msjelobs RmerTis xatis arsisa da masTan dakavSirebulifsiqologiuri kanonzomierebebis raobis Sesaxeb da am damokidebulebaTaTvalsaCino ilustrirebas axdens pekis ana-maria rizultos hiuston smitisa dasakuTari fsiqoTerapiuli praqtikidan moyvanili magaliTebiT (CitaSvili m., 1998).

6. berlinis xelSekrulebam Cven erTi didi sikeTe SegvZina da am mxriT SarSandeliweliwadi CvenTvis friad Rirsaxsovaria: Cveni Zmebi Cveni sisxlxorci CvenTanerTad ̀ mebrZoli Savis bedisa~ Cvenis gmirebis bude Cvenis uwindelis ganaTlebisada swavlis akvani Cveni Zveli saqarTvelo, _ dRes Cven SemogvierTda, da Tukargad moeqcevian _ vis xelTac aw imaTi bedia, CvenTan iqneba kidec samudamod.warsulma omma bevri sisxli dansTqa qarTvelobasa, bevrma vaJkacma dasdo Tavibevrma Cvenma oficerma Tavisi ymawvilkacobis dReni dalia am omSi, bevri wavida-meTqi am wuTisoflidam TvistomTagan dautirebeli bevri daixoca saxelovanissikvdiliT,_ da maTi saxeli arc ki aravin axsena da aRiara. sawyalno egregulgmirad Tavdadebulno ymawvilkacno Tqven saca Wiri iyo pirvelni iyaviTnebiT Tu uneblied da saca lxini iyo ukanasknelni!... saxeli da dideba Tqvencromelnic bedma sikvdilisagan gixsnaT. (ilia)

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gareT mimdinare movlenebi. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos anu situaciis(situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT, isiniTiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologssurs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebelia individigansakuTrebiT midrekilia riskisken (dispoziciuri axsna), an zogierTi TanatolTazewolas ganicdis (situaciuri axsna), an orive faqtori aucilebelia (kombinirebuliaxsna) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

olportma sami saxis niSnebi gamoyo _ kardinaluri, centraluri da meoradi.

kardinaluria niSnebi, romelTa irgvlivac adamiani Tavis cxovrebas agebs. magaliTad,deda terezasTvis kardinaluri niSani sxvisi keTildReobisTvis sakuTari TavisSewirva iqneboda. yvela adamians ar uviTardeba aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluriniSnebi, samagierod, ZiriTadi niSnebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, patiosneba an optimizmi,pirovnebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebia. meoradi niSnebi _ specifikuri pirovnuliTvisebebi is Tvisebebia, romlebic individis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebaSi gvexmareba,magram naklebad gamosadegia individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi niSnebismagaliTebia is, Tu rogor sakvebsa da tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas(gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

egos dacvis meqanizmebi fsiqikuri strategiebia, romlebsac ego idis gamoxatvis

maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am impulsebis uaryofis moTxovnebs Sorisarsebuli yoveldRiuri konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad iyenebs. fsiqoanalitikurTeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT individismier Zlier Sinagan konfliqtebTan fsiqologiuri gamklavebisas. maTi gamoyenebiTpirovnebas sakuTari me-s sasiamovno, mosaxerxebeli da socialurad misaRebi xatisSenarCuneba SeuZlia. magaliTad, Tu bavSvs iseTi Zlieri siZulvilis grZnoba aqvsmamis mimarT, rom gamoxatvis gzis naxvis SemTxvevaSi saxifaTo iqneba, gandevnamoagvarebs amas da SeiZleba sZlios kidec am grZnobas. SemdgomSi es mtruliimpulsi cnobierad aRar moiTxovs dakmayofilebas da misi arsebobac ki aRariqneba cnobierad mocemuli; Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom impulsi aRar gamoCndebada misi arsebobis Sesaxeb TiTqos aRaranairi niSani ar iqneba, is mainc ar gaqreba.es gandevnili grZnobebi kvlavac mniSvnelovan rols Seasruleben pirovnebisfunqcionirebaSi, magaliTad, mamasTan Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma SeiZlebaTviTRirebulebis gancda aimaRlos da Seamciros aracnobieri SiSi imisa, rommasSi mtrul ganzraxvas aRmoaCenen (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis micema (qulebis miniWeba) da gamoyeneba

SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur

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erTi Zveli Wilofi, erTi daglejili fardagi (dedaCemis mziTvebi), erTiZveli logini, sami Cinuri jami, erTi qvabi da ori Samfuri.

b) sityvebi da winadadebebi, romlebic moyvanilia damatebiTi SeniSvnis saxiT:rogor momiwonebs kato (kato moses meuRles erqva saxelad), roca getyvi amambavs.

* SeniSvna: frCxilebSi mocemul winadadebas azrobrivi kavSiri ar aqvsam winadadebasTan.

2. aris SemTxvevebi, roca mocemuli winadadeba azrobriv kavSirs amyarebswinadadebasTan, magram damatebiTi, meorexarisxovani SeniSvnis saxiT: TanasworiiaraRiT brZolas ar gaveqcevi (rom gaveqce, sadamdis unda virbino?).

a) stenografiul angariSebSi frCxilebSi Caismis frazebi, romlebic miuTiTebenmsmenelTa damokidebulebasa da azrze: oratoris gamosvla dasrulda(moZraoba darbazSi).

b) frCxilebSi Caismis citirebuli avtoris saxeli, gvari da naSromis saTauricitatis bolos: ̀ cdis pirebi unda yofiliyvnen informirebuli im zegavlenisSesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (baumridi).

g) frCxilebSi Caismis remarkebi dramatul teqstSi: anduyafari (oTaxidan) _vin laparakobs manda?

11. brWyalebi

a) brWyalebSi Caismis citatebi. ilia wers: ̀ qriste RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvisda Cvenc jvars vecviT qristesTvis~.

b) brWyalebSi Caismis gazeTebis, organizaciebis, dawesebulebebis da a.S.saxelwodebebi da saTaurebi: samkiTxvelo darbazSi magidaze ewyo gazeTebi:`kviris palitra~, ̀ alia~, Jurnalebi — ̀ anabeWdi~ da ̀ sarke~.

g) brWyalebSi Caismis ironiulad gamoyenebuli sityvebi: osma Secdoma „Seiswora~_ me wagaqcies, seni wili me, mena.

d) brWyalebSi Caismis barbarizmebi da moZvelebuli sityva-gamoTqmebi: Semawuxeamdeni kiTxviT, „poJolusta~ damexseni.

savarjiSo #8.7: dasviT sasveni niSnebi.

1. ritualis safuZveli ontogenezisSi yalibdeba yoveldRiurad deda-Svilismisalmebidan rac ganviTarebis sruliad sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi arsebebisaTvissasicocxlod aucilebeli emociuri moTxovnilebaa. drois garkveuli intervaliamgvari mzrunvelobis gamovlineba bavSvs uqmnis Tavisi rogorc sasurveli arsebisgancdas da amzadebs imisTvis rom SemdgomSi gaumklavdes separaciisa damitovebulobis gancdas. dedas amgvari ritualizacia exmareba gadalaxosambivalenturoba erTi mxriv bavSvis ganuwyveteli moTxovnebiT gamowveuldiskomforts da meore mxriv Tavgadakluli da mzrunveli dedis gancdebs Sorisrogoric is cdilobs rom iyos (CitaSvili m., 1998.).

2. 1932 wels ki iungi wers ar mqonia arc erTi SemTxveva, rom yvela Cemi pacientiTavisi cxovrebis meore naxevarSi es aris daaxloebiT 35 wlis zemoT ar yofiliyosdakavebuli cxovrebaze saWiro religiuri Sexedulebis ZiebiT. SeiZleba sruliadsarwmunod iTqvas rom TiToeuli gaxda avad radgan dakarges macocxlebelireligia romelic asakis miuxedavad amyarebs mimdevrebs da arc erTi bolomde argankurnebula manamde sanam ar daubrunda Tavis religiur Sexedulebebs. (iungi,1932, gv. 334)

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testSi Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli programebiT xorcieldeba.saboloo Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, erTniSna ricxvia, romelic erTaderTi ganzomilebisgaswvriv Tavsdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, adaptacia-disadaptacia an sxvadasxvaniSnis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv, rogoricaa impulsuroba, damokidebulebaan eqstraversia. damuSavebis Semdeg es monacemebi normatiuli SerCevis monacemebTanSedardeba (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

rogor CamovayaliboT mTavari winadadeba

abzacisTvis Temis SerCevis Semdeg, bunebrivia, saWiroa, wamyvani azris SerCeva.erT-erTi meTodi, romelic mTavari winadadebisTvis wamyvani azris daweraSidagexmarebaT, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi meTodebia (gonebrivi ieriSi, Tavisufaliwera, kiTxvebi, asociaciuri kavSirebi). magaliTad, Tqveni qveynis romelimeRirsSesaniSnavi adgilis Sesaxeb unda daweroT abzaci. SegiZliaT daakonkretoTTema da romelime kurortis Sesaxeb daweroT.

gamoiyeneT gonebrivi ieriSis meTodi da CamowereT arCeul TemasTandakavSirebuli ideebi. magaliTad, Tema ùreki~.

• mziani sanapiro, qviSa, wiwvovani xeebi sanapiro zolze, sufTa kamkama wyali,mSvidi zRva.

• damsveneblebi yvelgan arian, axali sastumroebi gadaWedilia damsveneblebiT,turistTa umravlesoba amjobinebs oTaxebs zRvaze gamavali fanjrebiT.

• sakurorto sezoni bevri adamianis dasaqmebas uwyobs xels, damsveneblebsbevri Semosavali moaqvT adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisTvis.

• kurortma ramdenime seriozuli kompania moizida, romelTac filialebigaxsnes.

es CamonaTvali, bunebrivia, SeiZleba, rom gaizardos, Seicvalos; magaliTad,SegiZliaT daamatoT, rom kurorts ekonomikuri sargebloba moaqvs regionisTvis;an SegiZliaT daweroT kurortis lamazi adgilebis Sesaxeb, an imis Sesaxeb, Turamdenad sasargebloa kurorti garkveuli daavadebebis samkurnalod da ratomaabavSvebis aq dasveneba sasurveli.

savarjiSo #3.8: airCieT erT-erTi Tema da Tavad SeadgineT mTavari winadadeba daabzaci. am davalebis Sesrulebamde SeecadeT, CamoweroT is informacia da sainteresoideebi, romlebic abzacis dakonkretebisa da faqtobrivi informaciiT misi SevsebissaSualebas mogcemT.

Temebi:

• crurwmena • dabinZureba

• saintereso tradicia • Sadrevani

• sayvareli leqtori • studentebis problemebi

• mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba

mTavari winadadeba

96

1) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavris Semdeg: bundovnad axsovda, rom

is da kirile cxenebze Sesxes da sadRac gaaqanes.

2) mTavari winadeba damokidebulis Semdeg: vinc moyvaresa ar eZebs, igi

Tavisa mteria.

3) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavarSi moqceuli: swored im dros, roca

ori darbaiseli mama-Svili buxris win sayvedurobdnen, Teimuraz

mefe marTla CaketilSi ijda.

9. tire

a) tire iwereba winadadebis romelime gamotovebuli wevris (qvemdebare, Semasmeneli,damateba, kavSiri) adgilas: elferobiT vardi aris, sinaziT ki — morcxvi ia.Tvali mqonia — minaxavs, yuri mqonia — msmenia.

b) tire iwereba ganmazogadebeli sityvebis win. kaci, qali, didi, patara, eri, mRvdeli— misTvis sul yvela erTi iyo. waiRebdnen xelsawyoebs — culs, najaxs, Toxs.

g) tire iwereba danarTis win, Tu is winadadebis boloSia, xolo Tu winadadebaSiamoqceuli, orive mxridan tireebiT gamoiyofa. Cemi ojaxi — winandeli, awindelida momavali — icode, saZirkvelia Cveni cxovrebis.

d) tireebiT gamoiyofa winadadebebi, sityvebi, romlebic teqstSi CarTulia misiaxsnisa da Sevsebis mizniT: amas winaT — sul ori kvira ar iqneba — kinaRamsoflis sasamarTlom gomurSi ar daamwyvdia.

e) tire iwereba or winadadebas Soris, Tu meoreSi gamoxatuli azri mkveTradupirispirdeba pirvels: ikra petrem jibes xeli da — orive moWrili hqonda.

v) tire iwereba mZimis Semdeg, rodesac CarTuli winadadeba vrcelia: Cvenc — ai,amoagdo RmerTma avi kacis qoqi — erT russ gavurigdiT, rva maneTi miveciT, romqalaqSi CaveyvaneT.

z) tire iwereba mZimis Semdeg, rodesac rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi mTavarwinadadebas win uZRvis ramdenime damokidebuli winadadeba: ra iyo es mizezi,saidan qroda niavi, romelsac, mas, rogorc nadirs, suns ayrida da akrTobda, —moxuci ver mimxvdariyo.

T) tire iwereba dialogebSi personaJTa metyvelebis da avtoris remarkebisgamosayofad:

— Seni saxelic miTxari — mkiTxa man.

— aki, giTxari ukve! — axla me vupasuxe.

— sadauri xar? — isev mkiTxa man.

i) tire iwereba sakuTar saxelebs Soris, romelTa erToblioba qmnis raime moZRvrebisan samecniero dawesebulebis dasaxelebas: marqsizm-leninizmi, saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo programa.

10. frCxilebi

1. frCxilebSi Caismis:

a) sityvebi, romlebic winadadebaSi CarTulia gadmocemuli azris gansamartavad,dasazusteblad: aRmoCnda, rom mamaCemma dagvitova qoxi, damsxvreuli taxti,

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abzaci

dasabuTeba

ideebis Tavmoyrisa da wamyvani azris Camoyalibebis Semdeg aucilebelia TqveniCamonaTvalidan im masalis amoReba, romelsac abzacis dasawerad gamoiyenebT. esmasala mTavar winadadebaSi gadmocemuli wamyvani azris dasabuTeba (support) undaiyos. is ilustraciis, gaSuqebis, axsnis funqcias asrulebs da im SexedulebasasabuTebs, romelic mTavar winadadebaSi gadmoeciT. ideis mxardasaWerad yvelazexSirad faqtobrivi detalebi gamoiyeneba. aseTi detalebi SeiZleba garkveuliwyaroebidan _ Jurnalebidan, gazeTebidan, wignebidan _ aRebul faqtebs moicavdesan sxvisi dakvirvebis Sedegebi iyos. dasabuTebisTvis, ZiriTadad, is informaciagamoiyeneba, romelmac Tqven Tqvens Sexedulebamde migiyvanaT.

rodesac mTavari winadadebis dasabuTebis mosaZebnad Tqvens informacias amowmebT,SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom Tqveni masala Sevsebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, ganvixiloTaseTi mTavari winadadeba: _ `kurorts praqtikulad SeuZlia adgilobrivimosaxleobis dasaqmebis problemis gadaWra~. am winadadebis dasabuTeba SeiZlebaiyos is, rom kurortma ramdenime kompania moizida. es SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorcSemdgomi dasabuTebis safuZveli. ufro metic, informaciis misaRebad SegiZliaTkiTxvebs mimarToT; magaliTad, `romel kompaniebzea saubari?~ `ra samsaxurssTavazoben es kompaniebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas?~ `ra situacia iyo dasaqmebisTvalsazrisiT kurortze manamde da ra situaciaa axla?~ am kiTxvebze gacemulipasuxebi SeiZleba wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad gamoiyenoT. sabolood, am TematuriwinadadebisTvis abzacis dasawerad dagrovilma Canawerebma SeiZleba aseTi saxemiiRos:

umuSevrobis done 1990 wels = 35%; 2000 wels – 8%.

samuSao adgilebi sastumroebSi: marioti _ 100

kopala _ 50

Zveli metexi _ 35

turistebisTvis gankuTvnili xuTi axali maRazia sanapiroze _ 15 samuSaoadgili.

daniuri saxli

nikala

makdonaldsi

isi pari

bata

95

rom kacs eTqmodes, _ qriste RmerTma Tavisi kalTa uxvebisa daibertyao,imaTSi ukanaskneli saqarTvelo ar aris.~

d) orwertili daismis ukavSiro rTuli winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevserTi an ramdenime winadadeba da masSi axsnilia, dakonkretebulia is, razedacsaWiroa saubari mTavar winadadebaSi: `qveyanaze ori mopirispire Zalaarsebobs: simdidre da siRaribe, Zlieri da susti~.

e) orwertili daismis mTavar winadadebasTan maSinac, roca momdevnoSi mocemuliamizezi, Sedegi, safuZveli imisa, ris Sesaxebac masSia saubari: Sah-abazi cecxliTada maxviliT SemoiWra kaxeTs da musri gaavlo: cixe-qalaqebi daaqcia, soflebiaaoxra.

8. mZime

a) mZime daismis Serwymuli winadadebis erTnair wevrebs Soris: Aaivanze darCnenbesarioni, pelagia da solomoni. goCas daRonebuli, gafiTrebuli, sevdianiTvalebi zRvisken miepyro.

b) mZime daismis majgufebeli (mag.: xan ucnauri var, xan brZeni), macalkevebeli(mag.: an momacileT borkili, an xmliT momWeriT Tavi) kavSirebis win, TumakavSirebeli sityva gameorebulia.

g) mZime daismis magram, oRond, xolo, Tu, Tumca, Torem mapirispirebeli kavSirebiswin: Cven Tund sul erT dRes davixocebiT, oRond Sen iyav, mefev, dRegrZeli!

d) mZime daismis winadadebaSi gameorebuli sityvebis win: ZiZias Sestrfodnenbevrni, Zalian bevrni.

e) mZime daismis Sedarebis dros, kavSirebTan rogorc, TiTqos, vidre: xelebi wingaiSvira, TiTqos undoda xelSi aeyvana vinme.

v) mZimeebiT gamoiyofa gameorebuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:

1. gankerZoebuli gansazRvreba: am saxls walmiT daxuruli marani edga,oTxkuTxiv Ria da farRalala.

2. gankerZoebuli garemoeba: Tbilisis samxreTiT, ormoci versis manZilze,aris mozrdili sofeli.

3. danarTi: marine, kacis ufrosis qaliSvili, karTan idga.

4. mimarTva: axla ki, amxanagebo, davlioT Cveni maspinZlis sadRegrZelo!

5. CarTuli: CarTul sityvebad xSirad gamoyenebulia: amrigad, amgvarad,ase vTqvaT, ase rom, davuSvaT, erTi sityviT, ra Tqma unda, rasakvirvelia,magaliTad, vfiqrob, sxvaTa Soris, Cemi azriT, erTi mxriv da sxv. essakiTxi, Cemi azriT, isev moiTxovs ganxilvas. CemTvis, ra Tqma unda,moulodneli ar iyo.

6. migebiTi nawilaki: 1. dadebiTi _ ki, ho, diax da 2. uaryofiTi _ ara, vera._ ho, imas vambobdi. _ ara, ver wamoval. _ ki, batono!

7. Sorisdebulebi: oh, eh, uh, vah, vai, fu, viS, hoi, ui, vaSa da sxv. mZimiTgamoiyofa: oh, Sena xar? vai, ra carielia es savse qveyana uadamianod!

8. mZime daismis rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi ukavSirod SeerTebis dros:Tergi rbis, Tergi Rrialebs, kldeni bans eubnebian.

9. mZime daismis qvewyobil winadadebaSi mTavarsa da damokidebulwinadadebebs Soris.

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axla SegiZliaT dasabuTeba winadadebebiT CamoayaliboT da Tematuri winadadebisSemdeg abzacis monaxazi, gegma gaakeToT. kurortis magaliTSi es gegma daaxloebiTaseTi iqneba:

Tematuri winadadeba:

kurorts praqtikulad SeuZlia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebisproblemis gadaWra.

dasabuTeba:

1. 1990 wlidan 2000 wlamde umuSevroba 35%-dan 8%-mde Semcirda.

2. turistulma industriam bevri samuSao adgili Seqmna.

a) gaixsna sami axali sastumro;

1) sastumro mariotSi 100 adgilobrivi mosaxle dasaqmda;

2) kopalam 50 adamians misca samuSao;

3) Zvel metexSi 35-ma adgilobrivma mosaxlem miiRo samsaxuri.

b) sanapiro zolze xuTi axali maRazia gaixsna, romelSic 15 adamianidasaqmda.

g) turistebisTvis mimzidvelma kompaniebma TavianTi filialebi gaxsnes_ muSaobs `daniuri saxli~, `nikala~ da `makdonaldsi~.

3. kurortma miizida iseTi araturistuli kompaniebi, rogorebicaa „bata~ da„isi pari~.

amgvari monaxazis gakeTeba sasurvelia ori mizniT: _ (1) amiT SevamowmebT,ukavSirdeba Tu ara winadadebebi Temas; (2) arian Tu ara winadadebebi logikuradorganizebuli. qvemoT kidev erTi magaliTia mocemuli:

Tematuri winadadeba: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.

dasabuTeba:

• erTi kolofi sigareti daaxloebiT 2 laramde Rirs.

• mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofs mainc eweva.

• erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli Tanxis raodenoba 365-dan 1695 laramdemeryeobs.

• mwevelebs avejis, xaliCebis, fardebisa da tansacmlis qimwmenda ufro xSiraduwevT, vidre _ aramwevelebs.

originaluri abzacis yvela winadadeba ar aris zemoT mocemul CamonaTvalSi(ix. abzaci ̀ moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa~). magaliTad, winadadeba ̀ magram yvelaferiamiT ar mTavrdeba~, Tumca, es winadadeba namdvilad ukavSirdeba Temas da wamyvanazrs, magram misi funqcia winadadebebs Soris kavSiris damyarebaa. is abzacis ornawils akavSirebs erTmaneTTan: sigaretSi gadaxdil Tanxasa da sigaretis mowevisfarul (araTvalsaCino) danaxarjs. aseT winadadebas gardamavali (transition)winadadeba ewodeba. am CamonaTvalSi, aseve, ar aris, kidev erTi winadadeba: _`miuxedavad imisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom eskidev ufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.~ aseTi tipis winadadebas, romelicajamebs abzacis mTavar ideas, daskvniTi winadadeba ewodeba, Tumca, araa aucilebeli,rom yvela abzaci moicavdes aseT daskvniT winadadebas. winadadebaTa organizaciaTemasa da Tqvens mizanzea damokidebuli. mniSvnelovania, rom masala, romelsaceyrdnobiT, pirdapir ukavSirdebodes abzacis mTavar winadadebas.

94

g) zogjer teqstSi gvxdeba frCxilebSi Casmuli (?!) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani. amiTavtors surs gamoxatos sxvisi naTqvamis mimarT eWvica da gakvirvebac:parlamentis Tavmjdomarea (?!)

5. wertil-mZime

a) wertil-mZime erTmaneTisagan gamoyofs (mijnavs) erTnair enobriv elementebs.wertil-mZime daismis rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi, rodesac meordeba mTavariwinadadebis Semasmeneli: axla saWiro iyo mxolod nafiqri saqmis asruleba;saWiro iyo moenaxa misi mxsneli; saWiro iyo ornaqmarevi uSvilo qali.

b) wertil-mZime daismis damoukidebel winadadebebs Soris, romlebic erT rTulwinadadebad arian gaerTianebuli ukavSirod: avarda korianteli; yvela mtvriTdaifara.

g) wertil-mZime daismis CamonaTvalTa bolos:

weris zogadi miznebi:1) mkiTxvelis garToba;2) grZnobebisa da mosazrebebis gamoxatva;3) mkiTxvelisaTvis raimes axsna;4) mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.

6. mravalwertili

a) mravalwertili iwereba daumTavrebeli azris, gawyvetili winadadebis bolos:Cven xedvad da smenad uRononi varT da iq ki... iq ki ramodena Rone yofilaSeqmnisa... giorgi...

b) mravalwertili daismis winadadebaSi an TviT sityvebSi mRelvarebiT an sxvaraime mizeziT (enis mokideba) gamowveuli Seferxebis gamosaxatavad: giorgimajobe... vkvdebi. –siz...mar...Si? gaocebiT ikiTxa erisTavma da piri gaaRo.

g) mravalwertili daismis citatis TavSi an boloSi, Tu citirebuli dasawyisian bolo ar emTxveva winadadebis dasawyiss an bolos dedanSi: ilia werda:`... Tu mTqmelsa da gamgones erTmaneTis ena ar esmiT, iq arc Tqmaa da arcgagoneba...~

d) mravalwertili daismis citataSi romelime sityvis an winadadebis gamotovebisaRsaniSnavad: `kacia adamianSi~ vkiTxulobT: `maWankali ... gaxldaT erTimoxucebuli, darbaiseli, lamazi da qvrivi dedakaci~.

7. orwertili

a) orwertili daismis Serwymul winadadebaSi erTgvari wevrebis win _ yvela meCamomekida: mamasaxlisi, gziri.

* SeniSvna: Tu ganmazogadebeli sityva erTgvar wevrebs mosdevs, tiredaiwereba. (mag.: damWknari diyi, Supa, Sambi, aryi da cacxvi _yvelanairad SfoTavdnen.).

b) orwertili daismis winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevs pirdapiri aniribi naTqvami: ymawvilma kacma miiwia misken da xmadadablebiT hkiTxa: _Tqven marTla eZebT sadedinacvlo qals?

g) orwertili daismis citatis win. ilia werda: ̀ CvenTvis RmerTs ara dauSavebiara, ara dauzogvia ra, ara dauklia ra; Tu qveyanaze erTi-ori kuTxea imisTana,

28

savarjiSo #3.9: ganixileT romelime abzaci. dawereT mTavari winadadeba, xazigausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri da CamoTvaleT is winadadebebi, romlebicmTavar winadadebas asabuTebs.

mTavari winadadeba:

dasabuTeba:

1. _____________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________

daskvniTi winadadeba:

savarjiSo #3.10: gamoiyeneT Tqven mier dawerili winadadebebi da abzacebi. dawereTmTavari winadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. gadaxedeT TqvensCamonaTvals da dawereT dasabuTeba mTavari winadadebisTvis. Tu aseTi dasabuTebisraodenoba mcire aRmoCndeba, gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi (kerZod, kiTxvebi)da winadadebiT CamoayalibeT dasabuTeba.

mTavari winadadeba:

dasabuTeba:

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________

mTlianoba

abzacis TiToeuli winadadeba Temas unda ukavSirdebodes da aviTarebdeswamyvan azrs. nebismieri winadadeba, romelic ar emsaxureba wamyvani azrisganviTarebas da zedmetia, unda amoiRoT abzacidan. gaixseneT abzaci, romlismTavari winadadeba iyo: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu am abzacSiiqneba winadadeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori gamaRizianebelia vinmesTvis sxva mwevlismier gaSvebuli kvamlis rgolebis yureba, is unda amoviRoT, radgan ar ukavSirdebasigaretis mowevasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci:

xanSiSesulTa kidev erTi problema mcire Semosavalia. pensiaze gasvlis Semdegisini im kompaniidan iReben pensias, romelSic muSaobdnen an saxelwifo uxdis maTsocialur dazRvevas. am Tanxis raodenoba, rogorc wesi, maTi xelfasis naxevaricar aris. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg isini ucbad aRmoaCenen, rom iZulebulni arian,cxovrebis stili Seicvalon. gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom maTaRar darCaT fuli kinoTeatrSi an qalaqgareT wasasvlelad. ra Tqma unda, SindarCenis mizezi SeiZleba maTi janmrTelobac iyos. am asakSi xSiria arTriti anrevmatizmi, ris gamoc, maT uWirT fexiT siaruli da, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT

93

wertils vsvamT Semasmenelian (mag: daiSalnen stumrebi.) da uSemasmenlo,saxeldebiTi winadadebis bolosac (mag.: saRamo. mkrTali sinaTle.).

wertils vxmarobT maSin, roca ricxvebs rigis gamosaxatavad viyenebT (mag.:enaTmecnierebis dargebia: 1. gramatika. 2. stilistika.).

wertili sityvis Sewyvetis (Semoklebis) niSanic aris. sof. (sofeli), e.w. (egreTwodebuli).

* SeniSna: wertils ar vwerT moTxrobis, leqsis, werilis, samecniero statiis,naSromis, zRapris da a.S. saTaurebis bolos.

2. kiTxvis niSani

kiTxvis niSans vwerT kiTxviTi winadadebis bolos. mag.: ra moxda? vin movida?saidan gaCndi aq?

a) kiTxvis niSani daismis kiTxvis Semcveli damokidebuli winadadebis bolos,roca moubari gadmoscems Tavis da sxvis naTqvams. mag.: bolos hkiTxa man _vin xar, Svilo? vin aris aq? _ ikiTxa maspinZelma.

b) kiTxvis niSani daismis nawilakiani pirdapiri sxvisi naTqvamis bolosac.mag.: man mkiTxa _ ra ginda Cemgan? tyis mcvelma hkiTxa _ vina xar?

g) zogjer erTad ramdenime kiTxva iyris Tavs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mZimeebs vixmarT,kiTxvis niSans ki winadadebis bolos vsvamT. mag.: ra vuTxra, rogor gavagebino,ras mivmarTo?

3. Zaxilis niSani

Zaxilis niSani daismis:

• Zaxilis winadadebis bolos.

• brZanebiTi winadadebis bolos.

• mimarTvasTan, roca is calkea xmarebuli (mag.: Zmebo! amxanagebo!) damaSinac, roca Zlieri grZnobiT gadmoicema (mag: ar gecodebi, Cemo sosia!)

• Zaxilis niSani iwereba SorisdebulTanac, Tu mZafri grZnobiTaawarmoTqmuli: vaime! oh! va!

• Zaxilis niSani ixmareba migebiT nawilakTan, Tu is calkea da ZliergrZnobas gamoxatavs: ki! diax!

• Zaxilis niSani ixmareba STabeWdielabis gasaZliereblad gameorebuliSorisdebulis, mimarTvis an nawilakis bolos: kargi, kargi! egre iyos!

• zogjer teqstSi gvxvdeba frCxilebSi Casmuli (!) Zaxilis niSani, racmoyvanili azrisadmi mTqmelis damokidebulebas (dacinvas, gakvirvebas,aRSfoTebas) gamoxatavs. mag.: bevrs miaCnia, rom dRes saqarTveloSimecniereba mokvda (!)

4. kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani

a) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani (?!) daismis maSin, roca winadadebaSi kiTxvasTan erTadgamoxatulia gakvirveba an aRtaceba: nuTu Tvalebi matyueben?!

b) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani ixmareba wyvetilad warmoTqmuli iseTi arasruliwinadadebis gamosayofadac, romelic gamoxatavs rogorc kiTxvas, isegakvirvebas: rao?! rao?!

29

yofna. cxovrebis stilis Secvla amanac SeiZleba gamoiwvios; Tumca, zogierTmamaTganma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom misi pensia yovelTviur gadasaxadebsac ki verwvdeba. erT dRes SeiZleba gaacnobieron, rom eleqtroenergia, telefoni da sakvebiukve fufunebaa maTTvis (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

am abzacis Temaa `xanSi SesulTa kidev erTi problema~, wamyvani azri ki _mcire SemosavliT cxovreba, amitom yoveli winadadeba SeWirvebul yofas undaukavSirdebodes. am abzacSi sami zedmeti winadadebaa:

1. ra Tqma unda, Sin darCenis mizezi maTi janmrTelobac SeiZleba iyos.

2. am asakSi xSiria arTriti an revmatizmi, ris gamoc maT uWirT fexiT siarulida, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT yofna.

3. cxovrebis stilis Secvla amanac SeiZleba gamoiwvios.

savarjiSo #3.11: xazi gausviT abzacis mTavar winadadebas da amoSaleT zedmetiwinadadebebi.

60-iani wlebidan sagrZnoblad gaizarda samxreT amerikeli novelistebis

popularoba da maTdami interesi. maTgan aRsaniSnavia meqsikeli mwerali karlosfuentesi, romelsac ekuTvnis àrtemio krucis sikvdili~. 1967 wels nobelispremia literaturaSi mieniWa gvatemalel mwerals migel anxel asturiass.argentinaSi moRvaweobdnen iseTi mwerlebi, rogorebic arian xorxe luis borxesi,xulio kortasari, luiza valensuela, manuel huiji. am ukanasknelis nawarmoebis_ ̀ qali-obobas kocna~ mixedviT filmicaa gadaRebuli. am filmSi mamakacis mTavarirolis saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis oskari uiliam harTs gadaeca. ukanasknelperiodSi msoflioze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina novelistma izabela alendam(`sulebis saxli~). CamonaTvali SeiZleba kidev gagrZeldes, Tumca, maT Sorisyvelaze metad nacnobia gabriel garsia markesi, romelsac 1982 wels romanisTvis`martoobis asi weli~ nobelis premia mieniWa (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R,2000).

umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze usiamovno problema isaa, rom ar gaqvs

fuli yoveldRiuri xarjebisTvis. adamianTa umravlesobas fuli iseTi aucilebelimoTxovnebisTvis sWirdeba, rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da sakvebi. tansacmlis yidvacki mniSvnelovania da ara aucilebeli. Tu ar muSaobT, vin mogcemT fulsyoveldRiuri xarjebisTvis? iqneb, naTesavi gyavT, romelic ramdenime TviT gasesxebTfuls, magram adamianTa umravlesobas ar aqvs imdeni fuli, rom sxvisi gadasaxadebicixados (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

Tu yvela Sesabamis asakSi mokvdeba, maSin sulac ar minda vicocxlo 500 weli

da marto me viyo beberi. xalxi uamrav kiTxvas damisvams warsulis Sesaxeb: rodismoxda? moxda Tu ara? rogor moxda da a.S. ganuwyvetliv Semawuxeben. mgonia, rommoxucebs ar moswonT, roca awuxeben. garda amisa, Tu yvela mokvdeboda, me momiwevdaCemi ojaxis wevrebisa da megobrebis sikvdilis yureba. ar minda Cemi Svilebisa daSviliSvilebis sikvdils moveswro. me Zalian maxinji viqnebi (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoriTac Seqmna zigmund froidma, intensiuri da

droSi gaxangrZlivebuli Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic nevrotuli da mSfoTvarepirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da konfliqtebs ikvlevs. es konfliqtebi SeiZlebaadreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas an raime mniSvnelovan, travmul movlenasukavSirdebodes. rogorc cnobilia, froidis Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi

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3. guSin Zmis Svilma miambo es araki.

4. sxvada sxva dargis cnobili mecnierebi Camovidnen.

5. giorgi Tav qudmoglejili garboda.

6. ar surda esmas Tavadis-Svilis coloba.

7. is Zalian gaaoca fexda fex mimyolma megzurma.

8. gogim ver gaigo mariamis abda ubda laparaki.

9. vin icis, ratom garboda ivane iaraR asxmuli.

10. aravin icoda ratom ar dawera mecnierma wliuri angariSi.

11. orori da samsami lariT aba, ras iyididi.

12. misi xvewnamudara aravis mousmenia.

13. mas Tavisi colSvili ar anaRvlebda.

14. aseTi kaS-kaSa mze iyo erTi Tve.

15. ras miedmoedo TviTonac ar icoda.

16. Cami-Cumi ar ismoda.

17. es taepi 20 marcvliania.

18. 4 adgiliani kupe dajavSna.

19. isini Tana mSromlebi iyvnen.

20. glex kacoba Sromobda, magram uSedegod.

21. navT qura mainc unda Seinaxo.

22. iagom yurimokra am saubars.

23. vin icis kidev ras ilaq-laqebda.

24. isini dReda Rame erTad iyvnen.

25. Tav-dauzogavi iyo ivane.

26. Zalian uyvarda qaT-qaTa TeTreulSi wola.

27. yovelgvari siyvaruli deda-Sviluria.

28. quCa quCa daexeteboda giorgi.

29. xuT sarTulian saxlSi cxovrobda elene.

30. onisem cxeni gaaWen gamoaWena.

punqtuaciapunqtuaciapunqtuaciapunqtuaciapunqtuacia

metyvelebis kulturisaTvis anu marTlmetyvelebisa da marTlwerisaTvis didimniSveloba aqvs sasveni niSnebis sworad gamoyenebas. punqtuacia (laT. Punctum,wertili) sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebis wesebs gulisxmobs. is gamoxatavs winadadebissxvadasxva Sinaarss, grafikulad gamoyofs winadadebis nawilebs, migvaniSnebs, raurTierTobaa winadadebis nawilTa Soris.

1. wertili

dasrulebuli TxrobiTi winadadebis bolos wertili iwereba. mag: qveyanadamSvidda. qali, kaci da bavSvi yvela saqmes kidebda xels.

30

aSlilobebi im Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis unaris arqonaa,romlebic warmoiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur impulsebsa da superegosinternalizebul (anu gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris. idi, ego dasuperego pirovnebis struqturis komponentebia, romlebic, froidis Teoriis mixedviT,mudmiv dinamikur urTierTqmedebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. fsiqoanalizis mizaniaintrafsiqikuri harmoniis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis gacnobierebas, superegosmoTxovnebisadmi zedmetad damyolobis Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZlierebasgulisxmobs (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

masobriv informaciul saSualebaTa Sefaseba winaaRmdegobrivia. erTni mas

ganixilaven sazogadoebrivi azris manipulirebisa da gabatonebuli fenisxelisuflebis ganmtkicebis instrumentad. Tanamedrove msoflioSi, mkacrikonkurenciis pirobebSi, gamoikveTa masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTakoncentraciis tendencia, rac Zalze saxifaToa demokratiisaTvis. meoreni amtkiceben,rom masmedia xels uwyobs sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi realur CarTvasada gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi mosaxleobis farTo fenebis monawileobas,rac aucilebelia nebismieri demokratiuli sistemis funqcionirebisTvis.manipulaciis Sedegad xalxis cnobierebaSi inergeba iluziuri warmodgenebipolitikur cxovrebaze (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi iyeneben

standartizacias da operaciul gansazRvrebebs. standartizacia niSnavs monacemTaSegrovebis yvela fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvelasaTvis saerToprocedurebis gamoyenebas. cvladi ki aris nebismieri faqtori, romelicraodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba. testis, an eqsperimentis yvela fazastandartuli unda iyos, anu, kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa da imave pirobebSiunda imyofebodes. standartizacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT da pasuxebswinaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT qulebs. mkvlevarma, agreTve, unda gaiTvaliswinosdamatebiTi cvladebis arsebobac (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba

niSnavs fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuliqcevis monacemebis Sesabamisobas da sandoobas. mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebTimgvari gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver daakvirdebi. esenia Sinaganifsiqologiuri mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi, Sexedulebebi. sandoSedegi, sxva msgavs pirobebSi, Semowmebisas unda gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumentisandoa, misi ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda miviRoT (gerigi, zimbardo,2007).

Tanmimdevruloba

rogorc vnaxeT, abzacs unda gaaCndes Tema, wamyvani azri, es azri dasabuTebuliunda iyos da mTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes. kidev erTi elementi, romelic,aseve, esaWiroeba abzacs, Tanmimdevrulobaa (coherence), rac gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv,azrTa logikur mimdinareobas: _ azri ar unda gadadiodes (xtebodes) erTisakiTxidan meoreze da, meore mxriv, gadasvla moqnili (lamazi, sxarti) unda iyos.

logikuri Tanmimdevroba winadadebis TanmimdevrulobaSi aisaxeba, romelicTqveni miznidan gamomdinare icvleba. magaliTad, Tu gsurT, aRweroT, ra xdebodafilmSi, Tqveni winadadebebi unda mihyvebodes moqmedebebis Tanmimdevrobas,dasawyisidan dasasrulamde, magram Tu gsurT, aRweroT yvelaze STambeWdavi momentebifilmSi, Tqven unda SearCioT ramdenime maTgani da warmoadginoT garkveuli

91

• ori sityvis SeerTebis Sedegad miRebuli kompozitebi, miuxedavad fuZisSemadgeneli pirveli nawilis brunvis formisa: jariskaci, SviliSvili,vardisferi...

• mravalwevriani kompozitebi: Tavgzaabneuli, Tavqudmoglejili...

• rTuli sityvebi, romlebSic pirveli wevri zmnisarTi an Tandebulia: zegavlena,Tanaklaseli...

• kompozitebi, romlebSic msazRvreli kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelia da meoreadgilze dgas: dedaCemi, mamaTqveni...

• kompozitebi, romlebSic atributuli msazRvrelis fuZe Sezrdilia arsebiTisaxelis fuZes: qalbatoni, lukmapuri, avdari...

• -a sufiqsdarTuli fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi: narnara, kamkama...

mravalcnebiani kompozitebi

defisiT iwereba:

• mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli fuZeebis gaerTianebiT miRebuli

rTuli sityvebi: ded-mama, da-Zma, oqro-vercxli...

• sinonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitebi: Zal-Rone, sicil-kiskisi...

• antonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitebi: did-patara, sikvdil-sicocxle...

• fuZegaorkecebuli ricxviTi saxelebi: or-ori, Svid-Svidi...

• fuZegaorkecebuli zedsarTavebi: cxel-cxeli, patar-patara...

• saxelis fuZis gaorkecebiT miRebuli brunvis niSnis uqoneli zmnizedebi:

quCa-quCa, mindor-mindor...

• erTi da imave fuZis mqone zmniswiniT gansxvavebuli kompozitebi: miixed-moixeda, aiar-Caiara...

erTad iwereba:

• kuTvnilebiTi kompozitebi, miuxedavad fuZeTa raodenobisa: maRalqusliani,lamazkabiani, samsarTuliani...

• orcnebiani defisiani kompoziti, romelsac sityvis sawarmoebeli afiqsidaerTvis: daZmuri, colSviliani, ucolSvilo...

(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb. 2004w.gv. 62, 67)

savarjiSo #8.6: gaasworeT Secdomebi.

1. me is Tbilisis erTerT cnobil restoranSi davpatiJe.

2. onise da maTia Zmad naficebi iyvnen.

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logikuri TanmimdevrobiT. magaliTad, naklebad STambeWdavidan _ metadSTambeWdavisken.

abzaci ar aris Tanmimdevruli, Tu ideebis Tanmimdevruloba ar aris logikuri.xandaxan weris dros students, SesaZloa, gamorCes raRac, risi dawerac adresurda da CarTos maSin, roca gaaxsendeba. bunebrivia, es winadadeba uadgiloiqneba. ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci, romelSic ramdenime winadadeba uadgilodaris CarTuli:

miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevrdamsvenebels izidavs. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaTicuraoT sanapiroze. damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxvakenkrovani xilis krefa izidavs. sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aqbevr adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobsramdenime sakmaod keTilmowyobil sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebisdaTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT, magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. yvelazesaxaliso saqmianobaa Ria bazris monaxulebaa, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebssakuTari baRCis dovlaTi aqvT gamofenili. aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia,kafeebiT dawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTaganigemriel kvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze.erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi xis produqcia. saTevzaodsiaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa. wylis sporti garTobis yvelazemimzidvel aqtivobad miiCneva. rogorc xedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizsgTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvens ojaxs sasiamovno sazafxuloardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.

am abzacs organizaciis garkveuli principi aqvs: pirvel naxevarSi ganxiluliais aqtivobebi, romlebic qalaqis Semogarens ukavSirdeba, abzacis meore naxevariki qalaqis Sida aqtivobebs eTmoba. Tumca, abzacis bolos Cndeba uadgilowinadadebebi. sami winadadeba: _ ̀ erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivixis produqcia;~ `saTevzaod siaruli garTobis sakmaod gavrcelebul saxeobaswarmoadgens;~ `wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobad miiCneva.~ –es winadadebebi aq amovardnilia da uadgilodaa motanili. es abzaci SemdegiTanmimdevrobiT unda iyos warmodgenili:

miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevrdamsvenebels izidavs. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobadmiiCneva. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT icuraoTsanapiroze. saTevzaod siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva kenkrovani xiliskrefa izidavs. sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq maTTvis bevradgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs ramdenimesakmaod keTilmowyobil sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebisdaTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT, magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. erT-erTmaRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi xis produqcia. yvelaze saxalisosaqmianobaa Ria bazris monaxuleba, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs sakuTaribaRCis dovlaTi aqvT gamofenili. aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia, kafeebiTdawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani gemrielkvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze. rogorcxedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvensojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.

winadadebidan winadadebaze gadasvla moqnili da sxarti unda iyos. es niSnavsimas, Tu ramdenad kargad mosdevs erTi idea an winadadeba meores. es SeiZlebagarkveuli winadadebebis kombinaciiT an garkveuli frazebis gamoyenebiT vcadoT.aseT winadadebebsa Tu frazebs gardamavali frazebi (transitional expressions) ewodeba;

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Tu subieqti mravlobiTi ricxvis formiTaa gamoxatuli, maSin unda vixmaroTnacvalsaxeli TavianTi: nestanma da nanam TavianTi kabebi italiur maRaziaSiSeiZines.

2. I piris nacvalsaxels (me-s) Tandebulian micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi Cem enacvleba(Cemze, Cemken, CemTvis)

3. Tandebulian I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs s ar daerTvis (Senken, Cem mier, TqvenSua).

4. maT piris nacvalsaxelia, maTi _ kuTvnilebiTi. maT ixmareba zmnasTan erTad:maT gaakeTs, maT ecotavaT. maT piris nacvalsaxeli ar dairTavs moTxrobiTibrunvis niSans, mcdari formebia: maTma gaakeTes, maTma miaRwies. kuTvnilebiTinacvalsaxeli ki saxels axlavs da brunvis niSans dairTavs: maTma mondomebam,maTma naTqvamma (da ara: maT mondomebam, maT naTqvamma).

5. nacvalsaxeli Cvengani, Tqvengani, maTgani aRniSnavs erT romelimes, amitomswori formebia: TiToeuli Cvengani, TiToeuli Tqvengani da ara: TiToeuliTqvenTagani, TiToeuli CvenTagani.

6. kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebs (rogorc wesi, msazRvrulia) micemiTSi s undadaerTos: Cems saxls, Sens megobars, maTs gaZlebas (da ara: Cem saxls, Sen megobars,maT gaZlebas).

7. gansazRvrebiT da ganusazRvrelobiT, aseve ricxviTi saxelis SemcvelnacvalsaxelebTan arsebiTi saxeli mxolobiT ricxvSi daismis: yvela bavSvi,ramdenime Senoba, imdeni Tevzi (da ara: yvela bavSvebi, ramdenime Senobebi, imdeniTevzebi).

8. -Rac nawilakdarTuli nacvalsaxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvis formebia viRacebi,raRacebi, raRac-raRacebi (da ara: viRaceebi, raRaceebi).

9. erTi da igive sazRvrulTan ase ibrunvis:sax. erTi da igive saxlimoTx. erTma da imave saxlmamic. erTsa da imave saxlsnaT. erTisa da imave saxlismoq. erTi da imave saxliTviT. erT da imave saxladwod. ...........................................

kompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwerakompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwerakompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwerakompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwerakompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwera

erTcnebiani kompozitebi

erTad, udefisod, iwereba:

• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTac axali, gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobaaqvT: wamwami, TavTavi...

• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTa nawilebi mniSvnelobamoklebulimarcvlebia: laplapi, cimcimi...

• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTa fuZeSi bgeris Secvla an damatebaxdeba: aremare, qoxmaxi...

• ,,da~ kavSiriT SeerTebuli fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi: sxvadasxva,pirdapir... da ricxviTi saxelebi 21-dan 100-mde: ocdaori, samocdaoTxi...

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aseTi frazebia, magaliTad, daviwyoT imiT, rom; amis sapirispirod; agreTve; Tumca;miuxedavad amisa. aseTi frazebiT abzacis Tanmimdevruloba ufro daxvewili xdeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevrdamsvenebels izidavs. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobadmiiCneva. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT icuraoTsanapiroze. saTevzaod siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva kenkrovani xiliskrefa izidavs. garda amisa, sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq maTTvisbevr adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. maTTvis, vinc qalaqSi darCenasamjobinebs, qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs ramdenime sakmaod keTilmowyobilsastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebis daTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT,magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoTadgilobrivi xis produqcia. kidev erTi, yvelaze saxaliso saqmianobaa Riabazris monaxuleba, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs sakuTari baRCis dovlaTiaqvT gamofenili. da bolos, aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia, kafeebiTdawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani gemrielkvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze. rogorcxedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvensojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.

savarjiSo #3.12: : : : : gadaawyveT da gamotoveT zedmeti winadadebebi.

tineijerebi, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari yoveldRiuri xarjebisaTvis muSaoben;

magaliTad, Cemi biZaSvili tansacmlis maRaziaSi muSaobs da tansacmels TviTonyidulobs. gasul kviras man mSvenieri tyavis qurTuki iyida. Cemma erT-erTmamegobarma Zveli manqana iyida im fuliT, romelic skolis damTavrebis SemdegmuSaobiT daagrova. axalgazrdebs surT fulis momavlisTvis Segroveba. maT surTtansacmlis yidva da fulis Segroveba manqanis, magnitofonisa Tu televizorissayidlad. amis magaliTia ganaTlebisTvis fulis Segroveba. Cemi biZaSvili giorgiamas Tavisi momavlisTvis akeTebs. man miTxra, rom fuls, agreTve, momavali ojaxisTvisagrovebs (adaptirebulia Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

saSineleba iyo, roca Cemi saqmro manqanis marTvas maswavlida. yvelaferi

kargad midioda, sanam man ufrosoba ar daiwyo. erTi SemeSala, saWe imaze metaddavatriale, vidre saWiro iyo da man iseTi yvirili atexa, gamvlelebs giJi egonaT.me wynarad SevTavaze, Segvewyvita mecadineoba, is ki yviroda: _ droze daZarimanqanao. ho, sul damaviwyda meTqva, bordiurze rom avxti, boZs davejaxe da manqanaSeiWeWya, uknidan ki sxva manqana mogvadga, romelic Cem gamo gzas ketavda. sworedamitom gabrazda. Cemi saqmro tenisis TamaSsac maswavlida da maSinac miyviroda.mas undoda, droze dameZra manqana adgilidan, radgan orive mxridan manqanebimisignalebdnen. me gadavwyvite, rom es is adamiani ar aris, vinc tareba undamaswavlos (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

manipulacia adamianis qcevis marTvis teqnologiaa. manipulaciis obieqti

Tvlis, rom is moqmedebs Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze, sinamdvileSi ki masmarTaven. esaa adamianebis azrisa da miswrafebebis, maTi ganwyobisa da fsiqikurimdgomareobis faruli marTva im mizniT, rom manipulaciis obieqtSi aRZrasmanipulaciis saSualebebis mflobelisaTvis sasurveli qceva. manipulaciis Sedegadxalxis cnobierebaSi inergeba iluziuri warmodgenebi politikur cxovrebaze.manipulaciuri teqnologiebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uaris Tqma argumentebze damisi Secvla fsiqologiuri STagonebiT, adamianebSi sxvadasxva emociis (SiSis,SeSfoTebis, iZulebis) gaCeniT (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

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* SeniSvna: Sedgenil SemasmenelSi „arian~ meSveli zmna ar SeiZleba Semokldesda saxelad nawils SeuerTdes. mcdari formebia: isini studentebia,Zmebi maRlebia / unda iyos: isini studentebi arian, Zmebi maRlebiarian.

(g. SalamberiZe, „qarTuli marTlwera~, Tb. gv. 125-127)

savarjiSo #8.5: monaxeT qvemdebareebi, gadaiyvaneT mravlobiT ricxvSi da SeuwyveTSemasmenlebi.

1. dilis niavma daqrola, nisli Searyia, moeSvela mzis Suqic da nislmaaRSfoTebuli sayviriviT, romlisTvisac ganTiads moeswro, wynarad mTa-mTa daiwyo parva. gamoCnda xeoba da masTan erTad gvelsaviT daklaknili,gamxecebuli da aqafebuli Tergi. soflebic moZraobaSi mosuliyvnen. yvelganxalxi midi-modioda, soflebis win jgufdeboda da raRacas mRelvarebda.yovel sofelTan xalxis Sua moCanda sasoflo droSa, romelic niavisganwynarad frialebda.

am xanSi wmindis samebis samrekloze zarebis rekva ar wydeboda. erTbaSadxalxi SeinZra, gaisma „gergetulas~ simRera. grgvinvasaviT banis mimcemmaxalxma qudebi moixada. medroSeni droSebiT gauZRvnen wina: ukan wamohyvamowiwebiT xalxi, romelic Tavisi pativisa da saxelis niSans, saxalxowmindans, cecxlSiac warbSeuxrelad gahyveboda (a. yazbegi).

2. zed saurme gzis pirad idga erTi Zveli sabZeli, gomurze midgmuli.gomuris CasavalSi CardaxsaviT iyo win wamoweuli. am sabZelis garSemoadamianis kvali ara Canda. is iyo, mgonia, ayrilis kacisa, an amowyvetilisaTavminebebuli da patroniviT daviwyebuli. rasakvirvelia, xSirad Semxvedriaam sabZlisaken avla da Cavla, arc erTxel arc erTi sulieri me iq ardaminaxavs, Tu iqneboda isic xandaxan zurgwamxdari, daWlevebuli glexkaciscxenebi, romelic uilajobiT Sors ver wasuliyo da sabZelis garSemosjijgnida golvisagan gamxmar balaxs (ilia).

3. Cqara ipova pirveli xe. xeli Seavlo Stoebs da miealersa. odnav SeirxnenfoTlebi da nami daapkures ucnobs.

frTxili nabiWiT ahyva mgzavri saurme gzas. nela midioda, nabijsiTvlida. xeliT sinjavda Saras da kaklis xeebis nawvimar Stoebs. wyvdiadiwamowoliliyo yvelgan. ra moCanda irgvliv.

koSkTan misuli Sedga. mkafiod Semoesma ZaRlis yefa da es yefa ucnobmaicno. kankaliT daeSva qvemoT da xarataanT karebs miadga.

nacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebinacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebinacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebinacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebinacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebi

1. xSiria kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis misi da Tavisi xmarebis aRrevis SemTxvevebi.orive nacvalsaxeli mesame piris (is, man, mas) kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs. Tu obieqti(kuTvnilebis sagani) zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis subieqts ekuTvnis, maSinunda gamoviyenoT Tavisi: giorgim Tavisi wigni maTxova. roca obieqti (kuTvnilebissagani) subieqtis kuTvnileba ar aris, maSin nacvalsaxeli misi unda gamoviyenoT:giorgim misi (sxvisi) wigni maTxova. aseTi SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad(misi Tu Tavisi) CavunacvloT winadadebaSi sxvisi da Tu is Seuferebeli aRmoCnda,amis Semdeg gamoviyenoT Sesabamisi nacvalsaxeli.

nacvalsaxeli Tavisi gamoiyeneba maSin, roca subieqti mxolobiT ricxvSia dasmuli,krebiTi saxelia an mravlis gamomxatveli nacvalsaxelia: giorgim Tavisi, brbomTavisi, zogma Tavisi.

33

rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba, adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi

eZebs araformalur konsultantebs. morwmuneTaTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasulieropiri. es SeiZleba iyos ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi megobari, piradi eqimi, advokati,sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRvaneloba an sabWo. sazogadoebaSi arsebuliaraformaluri Terapevtebis mxrebze mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da esaubrebian barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis mZRolebsada, nebismiers, vinc mousmens maT. rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia,araprofesionalTa daxmareba sakmaod didia (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs, rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli

kavSiri raRac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. magaliTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobarimorcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobsTavs, Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. Tqvens megobars warmatebiT romdaemyarebina ucnobTan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala. xSirad qcevis romelimeformis safuZvlad miCneuli mizezebis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarszustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. rodesac romelime qcevis an kavSirissxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mixedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaTzusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

sakontrolo kiTxvari gamarTuli abzacisTvis

1. aris Tu ara abzaci sakmarisad konkretuli?

2. Seicavs Tu ara abzaci mTavar (Tematur) winadadebas; Tu ar Seicavs, arisTu ara mTavari winadadeba nagulisxmevi?

3. moicavs Tu ara Tqveni mTavari winadadeba wamyvan azrs?

4. aris Tu ara abzaci mTliani, tovebs Tu ara mTlianobis STabeWdilebas(abzacis winadadebebi amarTleben an upasuxeben Tu ara wamyvan azrs)?

5. aris Tu ara abzaci Tanmimdevruli (anu aris Tu ara winadadebebilogikurad dakavSirebuli da ikiTxeba Tu ara abzaci Tavisuflad)?

abzacis tiabzacis tiabzacis tiabzacis tiabzacis tipebipebipebipebipebi

abzaci SeiZleba iyos TxrobiTi, aRweriTi an axsniTi.

TxrobiTi abzaci

abzacSi winadadebebis dawyobis ramdenime gza arsebobs. winadadebebis wyobada abzacis sxva detalebi avtoris mizanzea damokidebuli. vTqvaT, gTxoves skolaSiCveulebrivi dilis aRwera. cxadia, Tqven ar daiwyebT imis moyolas, Tu ras akeTebTskolidan saxlSi misvlisas. amis nacvlad Txrobas daiwyebT imiT, Tu ras akeTebTskolaSi misvlisTanave. mokled rom vTqvaT, Tqvens azrebsa da moqmedebebs imdrois mixedviT daalagebT, romelSic es moqmedebebi xorcieldeba.

analogiurad, procesis (rogor keTdeba raime) axsnisas Tqven daiwyebT imiT, Tu rakeTdeba pirvel rigSi da daasrulebT bolo moqmedebiT. droSi mimdinareobis mixedviTideebis dalageba qronologiur ganviTarebas gulisxmobs (ix. suraTi #3.2).

faqtebis qronologiuri dalageba, ZiriTadad, ori saxis nawerSi gamoiyeneba,esaa Txroba da procesis aRwera (rogor gakaveToT raRac _ moqmedebebis aRwera).

Txroba gamocdilebis gaziarebas gulisxmobs. gamocdileba SeiZleba iyos warsuli(warsuli Txroba), awmyo (awmyo gamocdileba) an tipuri (anu Cveulebrivi gamocdileba).

88

moq. S. nadiraSvilis monografiiT „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.viT. S. nadiraSvilis monografiad „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.wod. S. nadiraSvilis monografia(v) „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.

sworia: besikis leqsSi „aspinZisaTvis” (da ara: besikis leqs „aspinZisaTvisSi~).

* SeniSvna: Tandebulebi da brunvis niSnebi brWyalebis SigniT unda daiweros:dawesebuleba „kaTarzisSi~ (da ara: dawesebuleba „kaTarzis~-Si).

* SeniSvna: qarTulSi saTauris Semdeg wertili ar iwereba.

(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb.2004w. gv. 56)

qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi

Zvel qarTulSi narian mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare Semasmenels yovelTvisiTanxmebda ricxvSi, -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmuli ara. Semdeg nariani mravlobiTi-eb-iani mravlobiTiT Seicvala. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda vicodeT:

1. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmul sulieri sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebaresSemasmeneli mravlobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: moswavleebi swavloben, ZaRlebiyefen, buzebi bzuian.

2. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmul usulo sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares SemasmenelimxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: saxlebi dgas, mdinareebi adidda, saavadmyofoebiaSenda.

3. gapirovnebis SemTxvevaSi usulo sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares SemasmenelimravlobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: wuTebi miqrian, foTlebi CurCuleben.

4. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmniT gadmocemuli Semasmeneli qvemdebares SeewyobaricxvSi: faqtebi gvarwmuneben, magaliTebi gviCveneben, elsadgurebi gvaZleven.

5. krebiT saxelebs Semasmeneli mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: xalxi Relavs,axalgazrdoba dros atarebs.

6. Tu qvemdebares gansazRvrebad axlavs ricxviTi saxeli (iseTi saxeli, romelicerTze mets gulisxmobs), Semasmeneli mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: samasmaaragvelma Tavi isaxela, bevrma wyalma Caiara.

7. roca Serwymul winadadebaSi ramdenime qvemdebare gvaqvs, isini Semasmenelsise Seerwymian, rogorc mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare. sulieri: gia danika swavloben; usulo: saxli da ofisi aSenda; gapirovneba: nakaduli damdinare CuxCuxeben; moqmedebiTi gvaris aRmniSvneli zmna: cda da gamokvlevagvarwmuneben.

8. Sedgenili Semasmenlis SemTxvevaSi:

a) Tu Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad gamoyenebulia arsebiTisaxeli, maSin igi mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmul zmnur nawils mravlobiTisformiT unda Seewyos: isini studentebi arian, amxanagebi moswavleebiarian.

b) Tu Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad mimReobaa gamoyenebuli, ismxolobiTi formiT Seewyoba zmnur nawils: mayureblebi aRtacebuliiyvnen, isini gabrazebuli arian.

g) Tu mimReoba arsebiT an zedsarTav saxelad aris qceuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi,is mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmul zmnur nawils mravlobiTis formiTSeewyoba: Cemi ufrosi Zmebi maswavleblebi arian, Cven axali qveynismSeneblebi varT.

34

Tbilisoba weliwadSi erTxel, oqtombris bolo SabaT-kviras imarTeba. am drosdilidan iketeba qalaqis centraluri quCa _ rusTavelis gamziri da riye. qalaqissxvadasxva adgilSi soflis meurneobis produqtebis gamofena-gayidva imarTeba,sadac SegiZliaT SeiZinoT CurCxelebi, Ciri, sxvadasxvagvari xili, baRCeuli, bostneuli,xorceuli da sasmelebi. aseT bazrobebTan saxeldaxelod dadgmul magidebsa dasavele samzareuloebs naxavT. aq SegiZliaT kargad danayrdeT: _ miirTvaT mwvadi,xinkali, xaWapuri da sxva erovnuli kerZebi, romelTac Tqven Tvalwin daamzadeben.amis garda, specialurad am dRisTvis ewyoba scenebi, sadac warmodgenebs marTavenTeatris, cirkisa da estradis msaxiobebi. saRamos imarTeba saxalxo seirnoba.centraluri quCebi gadaWedilia xalxiT. dResaswauli gvian Ramemde grZeldeba.saRamos mTel qalaqSi mwvadis suni da misi kvamli trialebs.

rogorc xedavT, avtorma qarTuli tradiciebis Tema daakonkreta da erTkonkretul tradiciaze, Tbilisobis dResaswaulze dawera. am abzacSi TemisSesabamisi winadadebebi logikurad qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiTaa dalagebuli.Sesabamisad, abzaci Tanmimdevrulia. amasTan, abzaci mTlianobiTac xasiaTdeba.yvela winadadeba Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba Tbilisobis dros, magram ramdenadnaTlad aris warmoCenili Tavad avtoris damokidebuleba am yvelafris mimarT?cxadia, es abzaci amaze arafers gveubneba. Tu mas ise SevcvliT, rom masSi gveqnebamkafio, Zlieri wamyvani azri, avtoris damokidebulebac cxadi gaxdeba CvenTvis.

Tbilisobis mSvenieri da mxiaruli dResaswauli weliwadSi mxolod erTxel,oqtombris bolo SabaT-kviras imarTeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am dros iketebaqalaqis centraluri quCa _ rusTavelis gamziri da riye da amiT ferxdebatransportis moZraoba, dResaswauli mainc sasixaruloa da xalxi siamovnebiTerTveba xolme dagegmil RonisZiebebSi. qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilSi soflismeurneobis produqtebis gamofena-gayidva imarTeba, sadac SedarebiT iafadSegiZliaT SeiZinoT naturaluri, gemrieli CurCxelebi, Ciri, sxvadasxvagvarixili, baRCeuli, bostneuli, axalTaxali xorceuli da ugemrielesi Rvino. aseTbazrobebTan axlos saxeldaxelod gamarTul kafeebs, swrafi kvebis obieqtebsada savele samzareuloebs naxavT. aq SegiZliaT kargad danayrdeT: gamocdilimzareulebi Tqven Tvalwin daamzadeben da SemogTavazeben ugemrieles mwvads,xinkals, xaWapursa da sxva erovnul kerZebs. amis garda, specialurad am dRisTvisewyoba scenebi, sadac mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi imarTeba saintereso daTvalwarmtaci sanaxaobebi bavSvebisTvisa da mozrdilebisTvis. scenebzeSegiZliaT ixiloT estradis popularuli varskvlavebi, Teatris msaxiobebi,bavSvebis sayvareli zRapruli personaJebi da mxiaruli jambazebi. saRamossaxalxo seirnoba imarTeba. centraluri quCebi gadaWedilia gaRimebuliadamianebiT, romlebic Sin kmayofilni da sanovagiT xeldamSvenebulni brundebian.

qronologiuri

dalageba

Txroba procesis aRwera (ra ris mere)

warsuli awmyo tipuri gamocdil

eba

suraTi #3.2: qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT dalageba

mogexsenebaT, ideebisa dawinadadebebis qronologiuridalageba ar aris rTuli, Tumca,rTulia abzacis mTlianobisSenarCuneba. sxva sityvebiT romvTqvaT, rTulia wamyvani azrisSerCeva da imis gadawyveta, Tu raCavrToT da amoviRoT abzacidan.

tipuri gamocdileba

davuSvaT, sazRvargareT mcxovrebimegobrisgan miiReT werili, romelsacqarTuli tradiciebi dadResaswaulebi ainteresebs. TqvengadawyviteT, misweroT mas daTbilisobis Sesaxeb uamboT.

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„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~, redaqciam Jurnalisa „demokratiuliaRzrdisaTvis~. b) msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Cveulebrivi wyobiT, oRondsaTauri gamoiyos tireTi: Jurnalis _ „demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~ _redaqcias.

7. aseTive viTarebaa -ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulian sakuTar saxelebTan: s. CiqovanispoemaSi „simRera daviT guramiSvilze~ (da ara: s. Ciqovanis poema „simReradaviT guramiSvilze~)

(g. SalamberiZe, „qarTuli marTlwera~, Tb. 1965, gv. 113-115)

savarjiSo #8.4: mcdari formebi gaasworeT Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulisnormaTa mixedviT.

1. cota xnis Semdeg amohyo Tavi cxenma da iwyo curva gverdigverd.mxedari zurgze ekra da Tavs uWerda.

2. imis xelismomkides es SemTxveva TavSi arc ki mosvlia, iqamdisgarTuliyo sakuTari mdgomareobiT.

3. mxolod xmis kankalze SeatyobdiT, rom sawyeni sityvebi gulamdisCaswvdomoda.

4. yovel sityvazed, yovel kiTxvazed laxvari mitrialebs gulSid.

5. derefnis win, erTi ociod nabijzed, uSvelebeli kakali dgas.

6. glexkacobis kvalobazed oTaraanT qvrivs bevri Senatroda.

7. yinulad qceuli nawuri CurCxelebsaviT ekida xis totebs.

8. _ qalaqiTgan geaxlebiT, Cemo batono, _ upasuxa Tedom.

9. mze iq wverzed Semdgariyo.

10. arCili da kesoc gamosuliyvnen saxlidam.

11. oTxi uremi oTx kuTxiv mosdgomoda saTives.

12. am dros giorgis Toxi mxarzed gaedo da modioda.

13. _ petre, ai, petre! _ dauZaxa Soridam Tivis mdgmels.

14. im mxriv, saidamac giorgi modioda, arCils win uremi efara.

saTaurebis marTlwerasaTaurebis marTlwerasaTaurebis marTlwerasaTaurebis marTlwerasaTaurebis marTlwera

1. Tu saTauri erT, or da metsityviania da saxelobiTi brunvis formiTaagadmocemuli, iseve ibrunvis, rogorc sazRvruli, romlis winac SeTanxmebulimsazRvreli daismis: sax. wigni „qarTlis cxovreba~, moTx. wignma „qarTliscxovrebam~, mic. wign „qarTlis cxovrebas~, naT. wign „qarTlis cxovrebis~, moq.wign „qarTlis cxovrebiT~, viT. wign „qarTlis cxovrebad~, wod. wigno „qarTliscxovreba(v)~, Tu msazRvreli xmovanfuZiania, maSin is ucvlelia da ibrunvismxolod sazRvruli.

2. Tu saTauri narTaniani mravlobiTis („Serisxulni~), an romelime brunvis formiT(„vumRer samSoblos~) aris warmodgenili, an Tandebuliania („aspinZisaTvis~) daan vrcelia („demokratiis ganviTarebis gzebi saqarTveloSi~), maSin ibrunvismsazRvreli:

sax. S. nadiraSvilis monografia „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.moTx. S. nadiraSvilis monografiam „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.mic. S. nadiraSvilis monografias „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.naT. S. nadiraSvilis monografiis „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.

35

dResaswauli gvian Ramemde grZeldeba. saRamos mTel qalaqSi mwvadis kvamlida misi Tavbrudamxvevi da madisaRmZvreli suni trialebs.

abzacisTvis mniSvnelovani wamyvani azris („mSvenieri da mxiaruli~) SemcvelimTavari winadadebis damatebiT avtori mkafiod gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebasTbilisobis dResaswaulisadmi. amasTan, man zogierTi winadadeba Secvala dadetalebi daamata, raTa dasabuTebas kargad gamoexata Tbilisobis mSveniereba.

savarjiSo #3.13: Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoT mocemuli abzaci da xazi gausviTmeore variantSi Setanil cvlilebebs. ra gavlena iqonia am cvlilebebma abzacze?

savarjiSo #3.14: damokidebulebis gamosaxatad damasabuTebeli winadadebebisgamoyenebaSi gasavarjiSeblad qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi orgvarad gadawereT.pirvel variantSi dauSviT, rom wamyvani azria `sasiamovno~, meoreSi _ `saSineli~.nimuSSi mocemulia is frazebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamogadgeT winadadebebis werisas.

nimuSi:

Tematuri winadadeba: giorgisTvis yoveli dila xalisiania.

sasargeblo frazebi:

sawolidan wamoxtoma swrafad adgoma

aromatiT tkboba mxiaruli

ylupylupad daleva dakvirvebiT icvams

mSvidi yuradRebiT irCevs

xalisiani mziani

Tematuri winadadeba: daviTi Tvlis, rom misi yoveli dila autanelia.

sasargeblo frazebi:

Tavs Zlivs wevs mowyenilad

Zlivs dgeba buzRuniT

erTianad moyudeba daTrgunulad

tansacmlis dayra Semawuxebeli sinaTle

gaRizianeba

1. sawolidan dgeba.

giorgi

daviTi

2. tansacmels icvams.

giorgi

daviTi

3. fardebs wevs.

giorgi

daviTi

86

7. maspinZels vetyvi, saqme gvaqvs, usaTuod xval adrianad wasasvleli var-Tqva.

8. me madli movaxsene da siciliT vuTxari: dRes kidev gadavrCi-Tqo. (akaki)

9. ase vuTxari TqvenTvis arc mosvla mikiTxavs da arc wasvlas gkiTxavTo.(e. ninoSvili)

10. _ asi maneTic rom mogecaT, arc fulze mogyididiT da arc samagierozegagicvlidiT, _ SeuTvala bagratma pasuxad. (e. ninoSvili)

Tandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlwera

-ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulebis darTvisas zog sityvaSi Tavs iyris ori erTnairiTanxmovani (aqedan erTi fuZiseulia): asparezze, baliSSi, baraTTan.

-Si micemiTSi dasmul saxels daerTvis da brunvis niSans akargvinebs saxels:`wign-s-Si~!wignSi; `skola-s-Si~!skolaSi;

calke mdgom Tandebulsa da zmnisarTebTan saxelis SewyobaSi rom Secdomebi ardavuSvaT, unda davicvaT wesebi:

1. Soris, Sua _ unda vixmaroT yovelTvis micemiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelebTan:klaselebs Soris, Tvalsa da xels Sua.

2. garda, iqiT, aqeT, ukan, Semdeg, qveS, gamo, winaSe, win, mier, gaRma, gamoRma, winaT,zeviT, qveviT, qvemoT, magier, nacvlad, axlos, Soriaxlo, maxloblad, msgavsad,moSorebiT, irgvliv, garSemo, piras, Ziras, Sesaxeb da sxva Tandebul-zmnisarTebi ixmareba naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelebTan: amis garda,saxlis iqiT, erTi kviris win, amxanagis mier.

3. zemoT CamoTvlil formaucvlel sityvebs Sewyobili piris nacvalsaxelebiar unda avurioT kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi. Sens, Cvens, TqvenskuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi brunvis formaa da ara pirisnacvalsaxelebis, amitom sworia: Sen mier, Tqven win, Cem mimarT, Cem garda,Cven winaSe (da ara: Sens mier, Tqvens win, Cems mimarT, Cems garda, CvenswinaSe)

* SeniSvna: igive wesi vrceldeba Soris, Sua zmnisarTul Tandebulebzec:Cven Soris, Cven Sua, me da Sen Soris, Sen da Cem Soris.

4. erTi da igive Tandebuli SeiZleba daerTos ramdenime sityvas. Tu TandebulidaerTvis „da~ kavSiriT SeerTebul or sityvas, maSin is meore sityvasTandaismeba: turistebi Camovidnen Tbilissa da baTumSi, magidasa da iatakzewignebi eyara.

* SeniSvna: aseT SemTxvevaSi uTandebulo sityva a xmovniT undaiyos gavrcobili.

5. -gan Tandebuli daerTvis naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiT brunvaSi dasmulsaxelebs. naTesaobiTis SemTxvevaSi saxeli miugebs kiTxvaze visgan anrisgan: werili miviRe megobrisgan, xolo moqmedebiTi brunva miugebs kiTxvazesaidan: manZili saxlidan skolamde.

6. Tanamedrove qarTulSi daniSnulebis aRmniSvneli Tandebuli -Tvis xSiradgvxvdeva saTaurSi: „gogolis SexedulebaTa sakiTxisaTvis xelovnebaze~,„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~. aseTi saTaurebi xSirad gamoyenebuliawinadadebis wevrad da romelime brunvaSi unda Caisvas: Jurnal„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~ redaqcias / „saxalxo ganaTlebis~ redaqcias.qarTulSi „aRzrdisaTvisis~ forma arabunebrivia. riT SeiZleba aseTi formisSecla? a) msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigis SecvliT: redaqcia Jurnalisa

36

4. Cais svams.

giorgi

daviTi

5. mezobels `dila mSvidobisas~ usurvebs.

giorgi

daviTi

savarjiSo #3.15: wina savarjiSos informaciis gamoyenebiT dawereT abzaci giorgisan daviTis Sesaxeb. Tqveni Tematuri winadadebis wamyvani azris dasabuTebisTvismocemuli winadadebebi damatebiTi informaciiT unda SeavsoT.

savarjiSo #3.16: werisTvis mosamzadebeli meTodebis gamoyenebiT daagroveTinformacia Tqveni Cveulebrivi dilis Sesaxeb, airCieT wamyvani azri da dawereTabzaci.

savarjiSo #3.17: gaixseneT, yovelwliurad rogor aRiniSneba saqarTvelosdamouideblobis dRe. CamowereT, ras akeTeben adamianebi dResasawaulis dawyebamdeda dResaswaulis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli CamonaTvalis mixedviT SearCieT wamyvaniazri da dawereT abzaci imis Sesaxeb, Cveulebriv, rogor iqcevian xolme adamianebiam dRes. SeamowmeT, rom yvela winadadeba wamyvani azris dasabuTeba iyos.

warsuli gamocdileba

Cven ganvixileT TxrobiTi abzaci, romelic awmyoSi mimdinare movlenebisTanmimdevrobas aRwerda. Tu movlena awmyoSi ar xdeba, maSin is ukve moxda warsulSi.Cveulebriv, warsulSi momxdaris Sesaxeb mogviTxroben, magaliTad, SeiZleba cxovrebismniSvnelovani momentis Sesaxeb gviambon. am dros, pirvel rigSi, erT winadadebaSiunda Sejamdes am gamocdilebis mniSvneloba. Semdeg logikurad unda dalagdeswinadadebebi da mxolod TemasTan dakavSirebuli winadadebebi daiweros.

momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqanisosisi moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridanwveramde. `ra sisulele iyo... amis gakeTeba~, _ buzRuniT Tqva TanamgzavrmamTamsvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli, daudevari da araseriozulivyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva... me wavbodialdi Cems karavSi, pirquSmartoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina sakuTari Tavi. `yvelaferikargad iqneba,~ _ Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo, ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axlaromc momrCenoda,SemdegSi mainc ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 7800 futissimaRleze moxda. ra moxdeboda 11300 futze, sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadida, Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari, naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalisdapyroba ase Zvirad _ sakuTari TiTis dakargvis fasad? me davfiqrdi cota xansda sakmaod mSvidad da Cemda gasaocrad davaskveni is, rasac verasodes warmovidgendi,Tundac erTi Tvis win: _ TiTi arc ise didi sazRauri iyo: rogorme ioladgavidodi nekis gareSec (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

savarjiSo #3.18: airCieT erT-erTi Tema:

1. gaixseneT nebismieri gamocdileba Tqveni warsulidan, iqneba es SiSismomgvreli, arafriT gamorCeuli Tu sasiamovnod mosagonari. werisTvismosamzadebeli erT-erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT SeagroveT masalamocemuli Temis Sesaxeb. Semdeg gaakeTeT am gamocdilebiT movlenebis

85

7. me-45 qarxana Sors iyo.

savarjiSo #8.2: gamosaxeT rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arabuli cifrebiT.

1. ocdameerTe saukuneSi bevri ram moxdeba.

2. giorgi meaTe sarTulze cxovrobs.

3. pirveli sarTuli saxls TiTqmis ar hqonda.

4. meore Svili sad muSaobs?

5. meoTxe klasi meore sarTulze ganTavsda.

6. ocdameore sarTulze asvla fexiT SeuZlebelia.

7. xuTas ocdamecamete mxedars sikvdili undoda.

sxvaTa sityvis marTlwerasxvaTa sityvis marTlwerasxvaTa sityvis marTlwerasxvaTa sityvis marTlwerasxvaTa sityvis marTlwera

mosaubre sxva piris naTqvamis an ganzraxvis ucvlelad gameorebis gamosaxatavadqarTulSi gamoyenebulia nawilakebi: -meTqi, -Tqo da -o.

1) -meTqi ixmareba pirveli piris (mosaubris) winaT naTqvamis an ganzraxvisganmeorebiT gadmosacemad: CemTvis vTqvi, am kacs ra emarTeba-meTqi; ase megona,damunjda-meTqi. mravlobiT ricxvSi -meTqis nacvlad -o nawilaki ixmareba:ase vambobdiT _ didi kacia, radgan Tavisi RvawliT xalxis saqme gaaumjobesao.

2) -Tqo ixmareba pirveli piris naTqvamTan, rodesac pirveli piri meore pirssTxovs an avalebs, rom Tavisi naTqvami mesame pirs gadasces: uTxari, rocabebia kvdeboda-Tqo, Sen glocavda-Tqo; daarwmune yvela, rom baSi-aCuki movkali-Tqo.

3) -o nawilaki daerTvis mesame piris naTqvams an ganazraxs: aTasi maneTic rommomceT, mainc ar gavyidio _ SemouTvala petrem pavles; cxenis daRupvasCivis imereli, rogor ver gadavarCineo.

-meTqi da -Tqo nawilakebi sityvisagan defisiT gamoiyofa, o winadadebis wevrTanerTad iwereba.

savarjiSo #8.3: gaasworeT sxvaTa sityvis gadmosacemad umarTebulod naxmariformebi.

1. _ aTanase madliani kacia, ar ityvis uars. an ratom unda Tqvas? masaraferi dauSavebia da TqvenTvis ki didi Semweoba iqneba, an maincdamaincra saWiroa gaumxiloT aTanases, rom sofona gerad aris dawerili. aTanasemxom xelnaweris kiTxva ar icis... erTi sityviT, Sen amaze mets nurasetyvi: saqmeze mwerali mogviyvaneT da dagveswariT-Tqva. (e. ninoSvili)

2. Tu gkiTxon, raze gesaWiroebiTo, Tqven ase uTxariT: mwerali gvikeTebsqaRalds da iman gviTxra, saWiro arian, sxva ara vici-Tqo. (e. nininoSvili)

3. Cven rom mivediT, viTom loginSi iwva da eZina. ise tkbilad eZina-Tqva,ise magra, rom Segvecoda da aRar gavaRviZeT-meTqi. (l. qiaCeli)

4. gana amisTana kacis mokvla didi codva unda iyos-Tqva? _ vfiqrobdigulmosuli da brazmoreuli. (ilia)

5. maS, RvTis samarTalma aRar unda gaiRviZos-Tqva? _ vambobdi da ufrovbrazdebodi.

6. cxenis daRupvas Civis, rogor ver gadavarCine-Tqo.

37

Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi. gansazRvreT Txrobis Tema da abzaciswamyvani azri. dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.

2. gaixseneT SemTxveva, rodesac Tqveni survilis winaaRmdeg imoqmedeT.SeagroveT masala da gaakeTeT movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi,gansazRvreT wamyvani azri, dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.

savarjiSo #3.19: : : : : airCieT Tema da dawereT TxrobiTi abzaci.

1. fsiqologia _ cnobilia, rom organizmebi Ramis Zilis cikliTxasiaTdebian. isini erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme gaivlianZilis srul cikls, romelic ramdenime fazas moicavs.

dawereT abzaci, romelSic Tanmimdevrulad iqneba aRwerili organizmis Ramis Zilis mimdinareoba fazebis mixedviT.

2. fsiqologia _ Jan piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituriganviTareba SeiZleba oTx Tanmimdevrul, calkeul stadiad daiyos.yvela bavSvi am stadiebs erTnairi TanmimdevrobiT gadis.

dawereT abzaci, romelSic mokled aRwerT, Tu rogor viTardeba bavSviskognituri unarebi piaJes mixedviT.

TxrobiTi abzacis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari

1. TxrobiTi abzaci ambavs an SemTxvevas unda gadmogvcemdes. uambobsTu ara Tqveni abzaci mkiTxvels raime ambavs?

2. TxrobiT abzacSi movlenebi qronologiurad aris dalagebuli. arisTu ara Tqvens abzacSi daculi winadadebebis qronologiuriTanmimdevroba?

3. aqvs Tu ara Tqvens abzacs kargad gamokveTili an nagulisxmevi Tematuriwinadadeba?

4. aqvs Tu ara Tqvens abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azri?

5. aris Tu ara Tqveni abzaci erTiani anu yvela winadadeba aris Tu arawamyvani azris dasabuTeba?

aRweriTi abzaci

TxrobiT abzacebSi aRwerilia movlenebis Tanmimdevroba an raime ambavi. sxvasityvebiT, maTSi aRwerilia gamocdileba. TxrobiT abzacSi ideebi da winadadebebiqronologiurad, droSi ganviTarebis mixedviT dalagdeba, magram, rodesac saWiroxdeba raimes aRwera (ix. suraTi #3.3), vTqvaT, rogor gamoiyureba esa Tu is adgili,sagani Tu adamiani, cxadia, rom aralogikuri iqneba qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobisgamoyeneba. rodesac aRvwerT, Tu rogor gamoiyureba raRac anu aRvwerT garegnobas,mniSvnelovania sivrce da ara dro. Sesabamisad, aRweriT abzacSi winadadebebi dadetalebi dalagdeba imis mixedviT, Tu sad mdebareobs aRsaweri obieqti. teqstisorganizaciis am tips sivrciTi organizacia ewodeba. aRweriT abzacSi aRsaweriobieqtebis mdebareoba cxadad da gasagebad unda aRiweros.

aRwera

sagani adgili

Tavi 8. marTlwerTavi 8. marTlwerTavi 8. marTlwerTavi 8. marTlwerTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiis wesebi da savarjiSoebiis wesebi da savarjiSoebiis wesebi da savarjiSoebiis wesebi da savarjiSoebi

ricxviTi saxelebis marTlweraricxviTi saxelebis marTlweraricxviTi saxelebis marTlweraricxviTi saxelebis marTlweraricxviTi saxelebis marTlwera

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli:

1) erTad iwereba yvela ricxviTi saxeli erTidan asis CaTvliT, agreTve _ aseulTasaxelebi (oTxasi, xuTasi, aTasi).

2) cal-calke iwereba raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi, romlebic Sedgeba martivian rTuli komponentebisagan: xuTas ormocdarva, aTas Svidas ocdaeqvsi, xuTimilion oTxi aTas Svidasi.

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis arabuli cifrebiT gamosaxvisas:

1) mawarmoebeli me- TavsarTis Semdeg defisi iwereba da Semdeg saTanado ricxvi:me-7; me-15.

2) roca me- TavsarTi rTuli ricxviTi saxelis ukanasknel nawils moudis, maSinjer saTanado ricxvi, Semdeg defisi da bolos -e iwereba: 27-e; 267-e.

* SeniSvna: `pirveli~ arabuli cifriT unda daiweros 1-li; 1-ls; 1-lSi.

3) rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis romauli cifrebiT gamosaxvisas mawarmoebels arvwerT, sworia: XIX; XVII da ara: me-XIX; me-XVII.

4) ricxvis cifriT gamoxatvisas brunvis niSani (garda saxelobiTisa) cifrs defisiTgamoeyofa: 6-ma, 27-s; XII-s, XIV-s.

5) Tu rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli arabuli cifriTaa gadmocemuli, -e mawarmoebelida brunvis niSani erTad iwereba: 45-em, 27-ed. aseTive wesiT daerTvis ricxviTsaxels nawilaki da Tandebuli: 25-eSi, me-9-Si, me-10-ze.

6) -ve nawilakdarTuli ricxviTi saxelis brunebisas gabatonebulia Sezrdilisaxeoba: oTxive, oTxivem; dasaSvebia aseTi formebic: oTxsave, oTxisave, oTxmave,magram mcdari formebia: oTxTave, oTxTaveni, oTxTaves.

* SeniSvna: defisi saWiroa maSinac, roca sxvadasxva ricxviTi saxeliaSeerTebuli: aTi-TerTmeti, 80-90.

wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli::

1) wiladis gamomxatveli sityvebi iwereba cal-calke: erTi meoTxedi, sami mexuTedi.

2) swori formebia: or-naxevari, xuT-naxevari, xuTlar-naxevari.

(d. TvalTvaZe; n. gafrindaSvili; gv. 48-50)


1. XX-e saukuneSi bevri ram aRmoaCines.

2. xuTas ocda rva kaci daeswro TaTbirs.

3. 19-e saukune, didze didi asi weli.

4. me-15-e rigSi nodari idga.

5. samiaTas Svidasocdasami adamiani movida stadionze.

6. giorgi X-e daRonda.

adamiani

suraTi #3.3: aRweris nairsaxeobebi

84

38

adgilis aRwera

pirvel rigSi, ras aRwerT oTaxis aRwerisas? kedlebs, iataks Tu raime sxvadetals? qronologiurad dalagebuli abzacisgan gansxvavebiT, aRweriT abzacSiar arsebobs winadadebebis dalagebis unikaluri da aucilebeli wesi. araaaucilebeli, rom erTi adgiliT daiwyoT da meoreze gadaxvideT. miuxedavad amisa,winadadebebi SemTxveviTad ar unda daiweros. aRwera ise unda iyos organizebuli,rom mkiTxvelma naTlad SeZlos aRwerili scenis warmodgena.

aRweriT abzacSi detalebis dalageba aRsawer saganzea damokidebuli, detalebisSerCeva da aRwera ki _ aRmweris mizanze.

Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Taobaze mogiTxrobT. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTispatara sofelSi erTi adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _ orsarTuliani saxliqviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyo marani, walmiT daxurulida im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaT erTi ficruli, romelicsaqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilze kidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imasaqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmuli sasiminde, baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves, moCanda Caluri. ezo am cixe-darbazisa,sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyo gaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Robe(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~)

albaT, kargad warmoidgineT, ezoSi sad idga saxli da misi minaSenebi. abzacSinaTlad aris aRwerili, sad ra mdebareobs. abzaci mTliani da Tanmidevrulia,magram ras ityviT misi wamyvani azris Sesaxeb? ra STabeWdileba moaxdina TqvenzeTavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis aRweram? rogor fiqrobT, ra damokidebuleba aqvsavtors misdami? albaT, verafers ityviT amis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom abzaci ufrosaintereso gaxdes, mas wamyvani azri unda daematos, romelic aRsaweri obieqtisadmiavtoris damokidebulebasa da emociebs gamoxatavs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZlebT,gaigoT, Tu ras grZnobs da fiqrobs avtori Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Sesaxeb.ilia WavWavaZis mier dawerili originaluri abzaci swored aseTia _ masSi naTladCans avtoriseuli damokidebuleba:

kargi ram iyo Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTis patarasofelSi erTi triali, dacemuli adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _orsarTuliani saxli qviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyomarani, walmiT daxuruli, da im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaTerTi patara mciredi ficruli, romelic saqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilzekidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imas aqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmulicalTvala sasiminde, erTi ubadruki ram da mgloviare. baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves moCanda Zveli Caluri, droTa brunvisganise gverdzed wamoRerebuli da wamowolili, TiTqos griloSi wamowolas apirebso,magram beberiviT nekresis qaris tkivilebs uecrad ise wamoxrili da daRrejiliSeukavebiaTo. ezo am cixe-darbazisa, sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyogaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Zveli tyruSuli Robe, romelic zogierTgangadaqceuli iyo da exlandels patrons arc ki mosvlia fiqrad, rom gaekeTebina.etyoba, rom qarTvelia!... (i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~)

cxadia, rom meore varianti sakmaod gansxvavdeba pirvelisgan, Tumca, oriveabzacSi erTi da igive saxl-karia aRwerili. Zlieri wamyvani azris SemcveliTematuri winadadebis damateba ara marto imas gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda iyosabzacSi, aramed Tavad aRsaweri obieqtis detalebis aRweris mimarTulebasacgvkarnaxobs. Zlieri wamyvani azri abzacs Tavs uyris. Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoTmocemuli ori abzaci da xazi gausviT gansxvavebebs. es cvlilebebi ganamtkicebswamyvan azrs da naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvsavtors aRwerili saxl-karisadmi.

aRweriT abzacSi detalebi ara marto logikurad unda dalagdes, aramed _STambeWdavi, naTlad gamokveTilic unda iyos. amisaTvis es detalebi unda daixvewos

83

urTierTobis Sedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenilkanonproeqts (6).

mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom ̀ prezident buSisa da kongresis urTierTobisSedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenil kanonproeqts~interpretaciaa da ara _ faqti. Sesabamisad, Tqven unda miuTiToT konkretuliwyaro, saidanac amoiReT es mosazreba (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University,2004).

savarjiSo #7.2: qvemoT mocemulia perifrazirebisa da citirebis ramdenime varianti.SeadareT TiToeuli maTgani sawyis nawyvets. romelia plagiatorobis magaliTi,arazusti perifrazireba anda orive erTad? romelia swori varianti? daasabuTeT(Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).

originaluri teqsti:

me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisada fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqcevis erTmaneTSiareviTa da diskriminaciiT.

jorj vailanti, cxovrebisadmi adaptacia, gv. 361.variantebi:

1. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba xSirad tkivils ayenebs adamianebsfsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miweriT, fsiqikuri aSlilobis, janmrTelobisada cudad moqcevis cnebebis erTmaneTSi areviT (361).

2. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera (rogoricaa`homoseqsualizmi~ da `Sizofrenia~) saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZliasaSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobis fsiqikur aSlilobasTan,fsiqikuri aSlilobis cudad moqcevasTan areviT... (361)

3. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, roca fsiqiatriuli iarliyi erTmaneTisgangamijnavs janmrTelobasa da fsiqikur aSlilobas an fsiqikur aSlilobasada cudad moqcevas, amas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos im adamianebs,romelTac es iarliyi miaweres (361).

4. fsiqiatriul iarliys SeuZlia cudi gavlena iqonios im adamianze, romelsaces iarliyi miaweres, ambobs jorj vailanti. iarliyi ver ganasxvavebserTmaneTisgan janmrTelobas, avadmyofobasa da gansxvavebul qcevas (361).

5. iseTi iarliyebi, rogoricaa `homoseqsualzmi~ da `Sizofrenia~, SeiZlebamtkivneuli aRmoCndes, radgan maTi saSualebiT SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisganganvasxvavoT janmrTeloba, avadmyofoba da gansxvavebuli qceva (361).

6. `me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisada fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqceviserTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT~ (vailanti, 361).

39

anu dakonkretdes maTi mniSvneloba.

arsebiTi saxelebis modificirebis sami gza arsebobs: (1) zedsarTavi saxelebisdamateba, (2) zedsarTavi saxelisa da TandebulTa jgufebis damateba da (3)winadadebebis damateba. TiToeuli modifikatoris damatebis SemTxvevaSi ufroda ufro dakonkretdeba saganTa is klasi, romelsac mocemuli arsebiTi saxelimiekuTvneba. magaliTad, ganvixiloT sityva wigni. es sityva farTo klass aRniSnavs.wigni SeiZleba iyos didi, patara, mwvane, Zveli an axali. is SeiZleba iyossaxelmZRvanelo an deteqtivi. amitom sityva wigni ar uqmnis mkiTxvels zustwarmodgenas, konkretulad rogor wignzea saubari. Tu wigns davumatebT zedsarTavswiTeli, maSin wignebis klasi Semcirdeba da mxolod wiTeli wignebiT Semoifargleba.Tu Txelydiansac davamatebT, wiTeli wignebis klasi kidev ufro dakonkretdebada gveqneba wiTeli Txelydiani wignebis klasi, romelic kidev ufro SeiZlebadakonkretdes gansazRvrebiTi winadadebis damatebiT da, magaliTad, miviRoT wiTeliTxelydiani wigni, romlidanac Sua furclebi amoxeulia.

yovelTvis ecadeT, rom detalebi maqsimalurad konkretuli gaxadoT, vinaidanbundovani aRwerebi obieqtis realurad danaxvis saSualebas ar aZlevs mkiTxvels.dakonkretebuli detalebi nawers ufro gasagebsa da sainteresos xdian.

aRwerisas detalebis dalageba aRsawer sagansa da mizanzea damokidebuli.sityvebiT suraTis xatvisas SegiZliaT aRweroT marcxinidan marjvniv, marjvnidanmarcxniv, zemodan qvemoT an qvemodan zemoT.

zogjer aRwera SeiZleba obieqtis irgvliv iyos koncentrirebuli. am SemTxvevaSigamokveTilia mocemuli scena, an is, rac uCveuloa am scenaSi. am SemTxvevaSiSeiZleba sasurveli iyos am obieqtze orientireba da, pirvel rigSi, misi aRwera.es iqneba pirvelad SemCneulis principiT aRwera. magaliTad, oTaxis aRwerisasavtorma, pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba aRweros is, rasac mayurebeli, pirvel rigSi, dainaxavda,vTqvaT, kedlebi, fardebi da oTaxis SuaSi dadgmuli didi sawoli.

msazRvrelis SeTanxmeba sazRvrulTanmsazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas gamoarCeven Semdeg variants:

1) TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvreli:sax. Wkvian-i kac-i,moTx. Wkvian-ma kac-ma.mic. Wkvian kac-s,naT. Wkviani kac-is.moq. Wkviani kac-iT,viT. Wkvian kac-ad,wod. Wkvian-o kac-o.

* a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:sax. kac-i Wkvian-i,moTx. kac-ma Wkvian-ma,mic. kac-s Wkvian-s,naT. kac-is Wkvian-is,moq. kac-iT Wkvian-iT,viT. kac-ad Wkvian-ad,wod. kac-o Wkviano.

Sebrunebul wyobas ZiriTadad mxatvrul literaturaSi vxvdebiT da sruladibrunvis.

2) xmovanfuZiani msazRvreli:

sax. mokle gza,moTx. mokle gza-m,

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rogor avaridoT Tavi plagiatsrogor avaridoT Tavi plagiatsrogor avaridoT Tavi plagiatsrogor avaridoT Tavi plagiatsrogor avaridoT Tavi plagiats

imisaTvis, rom plagiatorobis safrTxe ar dagemuqroT, yovelTvis daicaviTqvemoT mocemuli sami ZiriTadi wesi:

• Tu nebismieri sxva adamianis ideebs iyenebT, zustad daasaxeleT wyaro;

• Tu Tqvens naSromSi bundovnad Cans, rogor gamoiyeneT esa Tu is wyaro,ise SecvaleT misi motanis forma, rom es sruliad calsaxad gasagebigaxdes;

• Tu vinme dagexmaraT werilobiTi naSromis Sesrulebisas, aucilebladmoixsenieT is da gamoyaviT, daafaseT misi wvlili (Georgetown University,2007. abz. 2).

qvemoT mocemulia is konkretuli strategiebi, romlebic dagexmarebaTplagiatorobisgan Tavis aridebaSi.

yovelTvis CasviT brWyalebSi nebismieri ram, rasac pirdapir amoiRebT

teqstidan, gansakuTrebiT, werisTvis mosamzadebel etapze, rodesac CaniSvnebsakeTebT;

gaakeTeT perifrazi, Tumca gadaamowmeT, rom perifrazirebis nacvlad ubralod

sityvebis gadanacvleba ar gamogivideT;

yuradRebiT waikiTxeT teqsti, romlis perifrazsac akeTebT, Semdeg xelidaafareT teqsts an Tvalebi daxuWeT, raT Tvali ar gageqceT da originalSiCaxedvis gareSe Tqveni sityvebiT CawereT teqsti.

SeadareT perifrazi originals da darwmundiT, rom ar gaqvT gamoyenebuli

igive frazebi an sityvebi, xolo informacia (anu Sinaarsi) zustadaagadmocemuli.

Tqven ar gWirdebaT iseTi faqtebis wyaros miTiTeba, romlebic sayovelTaodaa

cnobili da romelTa Sesaxebac uamrav wyaros moiZiebT.

magaliTi: `jon kenedi aSS-is prezidentad 1960 wels airCies~.

es winadadeba sayovelTaod cnobil faqts aRwers, amitom Tqven argevalebaT misi dokumentireba anu wyaros miTiTeba, Tumca aucilebeliadokumentireba maSin, rodesac mogaqvT iseTi faqtebi, romlebic ar arissayovelTaod cnobili da iseTi ideebi, romlebic faqtebis interpretaciasgulisxmoben.

magaliTi: organizacia amerikuli ojaxis koaliciis axali wignis ̀ ojaxissakiTxebi da kongresi~ mixedviT, prezident buSisa da kongresis

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mic. mokle gza-s,naT. mokle gz-is,moq. mokle gz-iT,viT. mokle gza-d,wod. mokle gza-v.

msazRvreli ucvleli rCeba.

a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:sax. gza mokle,moTx. gza-m mokle-m,mic. gza-s mokle-s,naT. gz-is mokl-is,moq. gz-iT mokl-iT,viT. gza-d mokl-ed,wod. gza-v mokle-v.

3) naTesaobiTbrunviani msazRvreli: sax. kuWis wylul-i,

moTx. kuWis wylul-ma,mic. kuWis wylul-s,naT. kuWis wylul-is,moq. kuWis wylul-iT,viT. kuWis wylul-ad,wod. kuWis wylul-o.

a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:sax. wylul-i kuWisa,moTx. wylul-ma kuWisa-m,mic. wylul-s kuWisa-s,naT. wylul-is kuWisa,moq. wylul-iT kuWisa,viT. wylul-ad kuWisa,wod. wylul-o kuWisav.

naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi TiTqmis ar ixmareba.

* SeniSvna: Tu msazRvreli warmomavlobiT moqmedebiTi an viTarebiTibrunvis formaa, micemiT brunvaSi niSans dairTavs _ yofiTsproblemebs, pirads saqmes.

(momzadebulia: a. arabuli, ̀ qarTuli metyvelebis kultura~, Tb. 2004w. gv.122-124.)

ramdenime msazRvrelis rigi

1. Tu ramdenime msazRvrelidan erTi aris ricxviTi saxeli, meore zedsarTavi anmarTuli msazRvreli (arsebiTi saxeli naT. brunvaSi) da kuTvnilebas argamoxatavs, ricxviTi saxeli pirvel adgilze daismis: aTi lamazi qali, Svidimokle gza, (da ara: lamazi aTi qali, mokle Svidi gza).

2. Tu zedsarTavi saxeli an marTuli msazRvreli kuTvnilebas gamoxataven (amxanagiswigni, froidis naSromi),maSin ricxviTi saxeli meore adgilze daismis: amxanagisxuTi wigni, froidis aTi naSromi (da ara: xuTi amxanagis wigni, aTi froidisnaSromi).

3. Tu araerTgvar msazRvrelTagan erT-erTi nacvalsaxelia, is yovelTvis pirveladgils daiWers: misi samecniero naSromi, Seni oqros beWedi (da ara: samecnieromisi naSromi, oqros Seni beWedi).

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aseTi dasaxleba iyo, romelic ìqca rogorc warmoebis, ise komerciulisaqmianobisa da vaWrobis centrad~ (uiliamsi, gv. 1).

es nawyveti misaRebia, radgan avtori:

• zustad gadmoscems mocemuli originaluri teqstidan aRebul informacias;

• teqstSi mocemuli ideebis wyaros asaxelebs;

• brWyalebis gamoyenebiTa da gverdis dasaxelebiT miuTiTebs, Tu romelifrazebi aqvs uSualod originaluri teqstidan aRebuli.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom avtors es frazebi an winadadebebi sakuTar naSromSibrWyalebSi Casmis gareSe rom gamoeyenebina, plagiatTan gveqneboda saqme. sxvaadamianis frazebisa Tu winadadebebis sakuTar naSromSi gamoyeneba brWyalebSiCasmis gareSe maSinac ki ganixileba plagiatad, rodesac naSromSi miTiTebulia iswyaro, romlidanac man es fraza Tu winadadeba amoiRo (Writing Tutorial Services,Indiana University, 2004).

savarjiSo #7.1: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli situacia, upasuxeT kiTxvebs daSeasruleT davaleba ( Ãóäâèí Äæ, 2004, ñò. 89)

studenti werda sakurso naSroms tyuilis Sesaxeb da kiTxulobda pol ekmaniswigns `tyuili~. is gaecno gavrcelebul situacias, rodesac adamiani realuradsimarTles ambobs, magram am dros nerviulobs da ise Cans, TiTqos ityuebao. qvemoTmocemulia ramdenime amonaridi wignidan:

...simarTlis ardajerebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa e.w. otelosSecdoma. es maSin xdeba, rodesac erTi adamiani cdilobs meoris tyuilSigamoWeras, is ver acnobierebs, rom Tu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani nerviulobsan stresul situaciaSi imyofeba, SeiZleba moeCvenos, rom is ityueba.

...patiosan adamianebs SeiZleba eSinodeT, rom ar daujereben da es SiSiSeiZleba tyuilSi gamoWeris SiSad aRiqvan.

...am Secdomas otelos Secdoma vuwode, radgan mkvlelobis scena SeqspiristragediaSi aseTi Secdomis mSvenieri da Zalze cnobili SemTxvevaa... (Ekman,1985; p. 169-170).

studentis sakurso naSromSi waikiTxavdiT Semdeg abzacs:

simarTlis ardajereba kidev erTi problemaa tyuilis amocnobisas. zogjeradamiani, romelic vinmes tyuilSi gamoWeras cdilobs, ar iTvaliswinebs, romTu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani stresul situaciaSia an nerviulobs, SeiZlebamoeCvenos, rom es adamiani ityueba. es fenomeni otelos Secdomis saxeliTaacnobili. amrigad, zogjer SeiZleba adamiani simarTles ambobdes, magram amdros eSinodes, rom aravin daujerebs. amis Sedegad is ise Cans, rogorc adamiani,romelsac eSinia, rom tyuilSi gamoiWeren.

rodesac students Semowmebuli naSromi daubrunda, is Sokirebuli iyo: profesormaigi plagiatorobaSi daadanaSaula da aradamakmayofilebeli Sefaseba dauwera.

kiTxvebi:

• rogor fiqrobT, ratom moxda ase?

• rogor unda daewera students igive abzaci ise, rom is profesors plagiatorobaSi ar daedanaSaulebina?

davaleba: dawereT abzacis swori varianti.

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4. Tu orive msazRvreli zedsarTavia (an mimReoba), erTi viTarebiTi (pirveladi),meore mimarTebiTi (nawarmoebi), porvel adgilze viTarebiTi zedsarTavi (anmimReoba) dgeba, meoreze mimarTebiTi: grZeli galeqsili ena, kargi samecnieronaSromi (da ara: galeqsili grZeli ena, samecniero kargi naSromi).

5. Tu orive msazRvreli mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelia, meore adgilze upiratesad_ur sufiqsiT nawarmoebi zedsarTavi daismis: dangreuli mSobliuri saxli,ganTqmuli kaxuri Rvino (da ara: mSobliuri dangreuli saxli, kaxuri ganTqmuliRvino).

6. roca msazRvrelTagan erTi SeTanxmebulia, meore marTuli da gamoxatavssazRvrulis warmomavlobas an daniSnulebas, maSin jer SeTanxmebuli msazRvreliunda daiweros, Semdeg marTuli: ucxo qveynis Svili, nacionaluri partiislideri (da ara: qveynis ucxo Svili, partiis nacionaluri lideri), magram TumarTuli msazRvruli sazRvrulTan erTad kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs, maSinSeTanxmebuli msazRvrulis win unda daisvas: qarTvelebis gulisamaCuyebelimaspinZloba, agitatoris dausrulebeli leqcia (da ara: gulisamaCuyebeliqarTvelebis maspinZloba, dausrulebeli agitatoris leqcia).

(momzadebulia: d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, `marTlweris wesebi dasavarjiSoebi~, Tb. 2004, gv. 54-55.)


1. sisxliani imeruli fafanaki didxans iyo gamokidebuli moedanze.

2. ori kaci mividnen eremias saxlis WiSkarTan.

3. aRfrTovanebulma Tavadis colma brZaneba gasca.

4. erTma axalgazrda mosxepilma kacma Tofi aiRo xelSi.

5. maimuni cxovrobs cxels qveyanaSi.

6. gza midis xrioks qveyanaSi.

7. axalma Cemma nacnobma gaixara.

8. soflis orRobeebSi daiwyes WriWini mZimed dadebulma Tivis urmebma.

9. gzaSi moxucebul erT cxenosans wavawydi.

10. gaCaRebuls buxars guguni gahqonda.

11. aleqsandre iTxovda Semosasvlelis gzebis Sekvras.

12. ymawvili kaci axalgazrda Sin dabrunda.

13. am miwaze feradi sxvadasxva yvavili daiTeseba.

14. es vaSlebi melam lamazi maxlobeli baRidan mozida.

15. dRes oci „sonis~ feradi televizori gaaTamaSes.

16. xeebi Semosilia foTliT mwvaneTi.

pirovnebis aRwera

xSirad gviwevs cocxali arsebis aRwera, iqneba es adamiani, cxoveli Tu mweri.rogor aRwerT adamians? davalebidan da subieqtidan gamomdinare, Tqven SeiZlebaaRweroT adamianis garegnoba, qceva an orive erTad. aq mxolod garegnobas SevexebiT.am dros abzacis organizebis principi, ZiriTadad, sivrciTia.

adamianis garegnoba mravalnairad SeiZleba aRiweros. Tqven SeiZleba isaubroTpirovnebis Cacmis stilze, siarulis maneraze, Tmis fersa da varcxnilobaze, saxisnakvTebze, sxeulis formebsa da gamometyvelebaze. aseve, SegiZliaT aRweroT

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misaRebi da miuRebeli perifrazi

qvemoT mocemulia originaluri teqsti joi uiliamsis wignis `lizi bodeni:ojaxi da danaSauli 1890-ian wlebSi _ SemTxvevis aRwera~ pirveli gverdidan:

industriis ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da mosaxleobis zrda me-19 saukunisbolos amerikis istoriaSi ganviTarebisa da winsvlis sami yvelaze TvalsaCinomagaliTia. mas Semdeg, rac axali, didi da orTqlze momuSave qarxnebi aRmosavleTamerikis peizaJis Cveul maxasiaTeblad iqca, miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebismuSebad iqcnen. amave qarxnebSi emigrantTa mozRvavebuli talRisTvis SeiqmnasamuSao adgilebi. industrializaciam didi qalaqis (rogoricaa fol riveri,masaCusetsi, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda) urbanizaciac moitana Tan.swored es qalaqebi iqca rogorc warmoebis, ise _ komerciuli saqmianobisa davaWrobis centrebad.

miuRebeli perifrazi, plagiatis magaliTi:

industriis ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da mosaxleobis zrda me-19 saukunisbolos amerikis ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi faqtoria. mas Semdeg, rac qveynisaRmosavleT nawilSi orTqlze momuSave kompaniebi ufro SesamCnevi gaxda,miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis muSebad iqcnen. amave qarxnebma uzrunvelhyosamuSao adgilebi emigrantTa mozRvavebuli talRisTvis. didi qalaqis(rogoricaa fol riveri sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda) industrializaciamis rogorc warmoebis, ise _ komerciuli saqmianobisa da vaWrobis centradaqcia.

es nawyveti ori mosazrebis gamo ganixileba, rogorc plagiatorobis magaliTi:

• avtorma mxolod ramdenime sityva da fraza Secvala da ramdenime winadadebagadaanacvla;

• avtorma ar daasaxela arc erTi mosazrebisa Tu faqtis wyaro.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom es abzaci imis gamocaa problemuri, rom masSi SecvliliazogierTi winadadebis mniSvneloba. magaliTad, gamoyenebulia fraza òrTqlzemomuSave kompaniebi~, riTac sruliad dakargulia originalur teqstSi qarxnebzegakeTebuli aqcenti.

misaRebi perifrazi:

fol riveri, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda, me-19 saukunis amerikistipuri Crdilo-aRmosavluri industriuli qalaqi iyo. orTqlze momuSavewarmoebis ganviTarebas muSaxelis miwaTmoqmedebidan manufaqturul warmoebazegadanacvleba mohyva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis zrda da didi urbanulidasaxlebebis warmoqmna gamoiwvia. fol riveri swored erT-erTi aseTiindustriuli da komerciuli centri iyo (uiliamsi, gv. 1).

es nawyveti misaRebi perifrazia, radgan avtori:

• zustad teqstSi mocemul informacias iyenebs da mas sakuTari sityvebiTgadmoscems;

• mkiTxvels acnobs wyaros, saidanac es informacia amoiRo.

misaRebi perifrazisa da citirebis kombinirebuli magaliTi:

fol riveri, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda, me-19 saukunis amerikistipuri Crdilo-aRmosavluri industriuli qalaqi iyo. orTqlze momuSavewarmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegad ̀ miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis muSebadiqcnen~ da emigrantebisTvisac Seiqmna samuSao adgilebi. amasTan, mosaxleobiszrdam dasaxlebuli punqtebis zomebis zrda gamoiwvia. fol riveri erT-erTi

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pirovnebis saubris manera. is, Tu ris aRweraze SeCerdebiT, damokidebulia Temasada Tqvens mizanze. magaliTad, rogor aRuwerT Tqvens Seyvarebuls megobars? razeisaubrebT: mis Tmaze, Tvalebze Tu xmaze? gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven sityvebiT undadaxatoT misi portreti, amitom aRwera naTeli da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos;logikurad ise unda daalagoT, rom Tqvenma megobarma cxadad SeZlos TqvenirCeulis warmodgena. amasTan, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu Tqvens nawerSi aRsaweripirovnebisadmi damokidebulebac iqneba gadmocemuli (anu unda gqondeTmniSvnelovani wamyvani azri).

lamaziseuli Casuqebuli qali iyo. tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba. kalTebiaqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda. boloebi sul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda.daxeulebidam moCanda sabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTomda iubkaa. Tavzed ekra CirTmedini, qalbatonis gamonacvali. Signidan mouCandaSavi Tma. ai, amgvari iyo is arseba, romelsac darejani `lamaziseuls~ eZaxda(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~).

es abzaci Tanmimdevrulia? SeZeliT Tu ara lamaziseulis danaxva? cxadia,abzaci Tanmimdevrulia da lamaziseulic dainaxeT, magram ramdenad mimzidveladgamoiyureboda igi? SegiZliaT, zustad warmoidginoT, Tu rogori iyo es personaJirealurad? albaT, ara. garda amisa, avtoriseul damokidebulebazec verafersvityviT. arc garegnobaa zedmiwevniT aRwerili. am abzacidan ver SeityobTlamaziseuli sufTad Cacmul-davarcxnili dadioda Tu Tavidan fexebamde WuWySiiyo amosvrili; verc imas igebT, ra ferisa da formis samosi ecva. uamravi detalia,romelic originalur abzacSi CarTo avtorma da lamaziseulis portreti Zalzemetyveli gaxada:

sasacilo ram iyo es lamaziseuli: erTi raRac uSnod Casuqebuli, jmuxi,WuWyiani, tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba, WuWyisgan ver gairCeoda _ ra ferisa iyo;kalTebi aqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda zamTarSi cecxlTan axlos gdebisgan, boloebisul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda. daxeulebidam moCanda erTi raRac dampalissabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTom da iubkaa. ai, mexi kidageca! amasac ki sdomebia iubka! Tavzed ekra Siga-da-Sig amofleTili CirTmedini,qalbatonis gamonacvali. am amofleTilebSi muTaqis matylsaviT dasorsvliliSavi _ ukacravod ar viyo _ wiliani da dauvarcxneli Tma muWa-muWa amoSveroda.quslebdaxeTqili, muguzaliviT Savi fexebi, wengosgan SeRebili xelebi, cxvir-piri qvabebis muriT muTxupnuli _ ai, amgvari iyo is cxoveli, romelsac darejani`lamaziseuls~ eZaxda (i.WavWavaZe, kacia-adamiani?!~).

axla ki namdvilad SeZlebT realuri lamaziseulis danaxvasac da misdamiavtoris damokidebulebis gagebasac. abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azriaqvs (sasacilo).

axsniTi abzaci

abzacis organizacia da Sinaarsi mis Temasa da wamyvan azrzea damokidebuli.Tematuri winadadeba unda dasabuTdes qronologiurad dalagebuli detalebiTTxrobiT abzacSi da sivrciTad organizebuliT _ aRweriT abzacSi; Tumca, yvelaTemas ver gavSliT TxrobiT an aRweriT abzacSi. davuSvaT, dagavales Tematuriwinadadebis: _ „universitetSi siaruli SeiZleba Zviri iyos~ ganviTareba. cxadia,aq wamyvani azria Zviri. ra tipis dasabuTebas gamoiyenebdiT am TematuriwinadadebebisaTvis? naTelia, rom mTavari winadadeba ar moiTxovs Cvengan, romraime ambavi movyveT, adgili an pirovneba aRvweroT. is gveubneba, rom Cven wamyvaniazri informaciiT, axsniT, faqtebiT an ilustraciebiT unda davasabuToT.

abzacs, romelic xsnis an aanalizebs Temas, axsniTi abzaci ewodeba. miuxedavadimisa, rom Temis axsna mravalnairad SeiZleba, axsniTi abzacis gaSlis yvelazegavrcelebuli da xSirad gamoyenebadi xerxi specifikuri detalebisa da

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Tavi 7. plagiatTavi 7. plagiatTavi 7. plagiatTavi 7. plagiatTavi 7. plagiatiiiii

ra aris plagiatira aris plagiatira aris plagiatira aris plagiatira aris plagiati

plagiati inteleqtualuri qurdobaa da gulisxmobs erTi adamianis miernebismieri sxva adamianis sityvebisa Tu mosazrebebis gamoyenebas am adamianis (anuoriginaluri azrisa Tu sityvebis avtoris) wvlilis sworad warmoCenis gareSean misi ignorirebiT. plagiatis gamo SeiZleba ar CagiTvalon Sesrulebuli davaleba,gavlili kursi an samsaxuridanac ki dagiTxovon (Campbell, 2007. abz. 1).

termini „plagiati~ laTinuri plagiatrus-dan momdinareobs da adamianTa motacebasniSnavda. aleqsander lindli Tavis naSromSi `plagiati da originaluroba~(1952) mas gansazRvravs, rogorc „avtorobis mcdar daSvebas: esaa sxva adamianisgonebis nayofis sakuTar naSromad gasaRebis mcdari qmedeba~. amrigad, rodesacakademiur weraSi adamiani sxvisi naSromidan erT frazas, mTlian winadadebas,ramdenime winadadebasa Tu mTlian abzacs iRebs, ucvlelad an arsebiTadsaxecvlilad gadaaqvs is Tavis naSromSi avtorisa da naSromis wyaros miuTiTeblad,is plagiatoria. plagiatTan ara marto maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani sakuTradasaRebs sxva adamianis winadadebebsa Tu konkretul frazebs, aramed maSinac, rodesacsxvis argumentebs sakuTrad warmoaCens (Carter, 2007, abz. 1).

SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom akademiur weraSi SeuZlebelia plagiatis gareSenaSromis Sesruleba, vinaidan nebismieri davalebis Sesrulebisas pirveli, rasacnebismieri Tqvengani akeTebs, davalebis Sesabamisi literaturis mimoxilvaa saWiroinformaciis, ideebis, argumentebisa Tu magaliTebis mosaZieblad (Carter, 2007, abz. 2).

cxadia, aravin ibadeba, vTqvaT, daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis periodis saqarTveloscxovrebis detalebis anda fizikis fundamenturi aqsiomebis Tandayolili codniT.amitom, bunebrivia, rom rodesac romelime konkretul Temaze gaqvT dasaweri naSromi,Tqven sxvaTa naSromebs mimarTavT informaciisTvis da zogjer erTi sityvisTvisacki. es Cveuli praqtikaa studentebisa Tu mecnierebis muSaobisas, Tumca esavtomaturad ar niSnavs plagiats.

rodesac werilobiT naSromSi sxvaTa mosazrebebis, frazebisa da winadadebebisgamoyeneba saTanado wesebis dacviT xorcieldeba, maSin sruliad SesaZlebeliaplagiatisgan Tavis arideba.

citireba da perifrazirebacitireba da perifrazirebacitireba da perifrazirebacitireba da perifrazirebacitireba da perifrazireba

citireba erTi adamianis mier sakuTar naSromSi nebismieri sxva adamianissityvebis gamoyenebas niSnavs. citirebis dros aucilebelia sxvisi naSromidanamoRebuli teqstis brWyalebSi Casma da saTanado wesebis dacviT teqstis wyarosmiTiTeba.

perifrazi erTi adamianis mier sakuTar naSromSi nebismieri sxva adamianismosazrebebis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemas niSnavs. swored am xerxs iyenebenadamianiebi yvelaze xSirad TavianT naSromebSi ukve gamoqveynebuli masalebisgamoyenebisas (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, 2004).

perifrazi mxolod sityvebis gadanacvlebas ar niSnavs. sxvaTa naSromis Sejamebada perifrazi xSirad originaluri teqstis avtoris naazrevis xelaxal gaazrebas,sakuTari kulturisa da sametyvelo enis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebasa daleqsikur maragTan morgebas gulisxmobs (Campbell, 2007. abz. 3).

miuxedavad imisa, rom perifrazis dros sakuTar sityvebs iyenebT, maincaucilebelia informaciis wyaros zustad miTiTeba, radgan idea, azri, ZiriTadiinformacia Tqven ar gekuTvniT (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, 2004).

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magaliTebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, qvemoT mocemul abzacSi axsnilia,Tu ratom aris iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.

iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planetadedamiwis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. Tqven xedavT mzis ̀ amosvlas~ da ̀ Casvlas~,Tumca, iciT, rom mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTavsebuli . . . aseve,roca savse mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT,Tumca, iciT, rom es ase ar aris. esec iluziaa, romelsac Tqvens Tvalebsa damTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridanareklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis mimarT, ZiriTadad,paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba da mniSvneloba ar aqvs am dros, TusaiT midixarT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra tipis abzacs werT, Tqven mTavar winadadebaSimocemuli wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad specifikuri detalebi da konkretulimagaliTebi gWirdebaT. wamyvani azri aris mTavari/Tematuri winadadebis sityva anfraza, romelic Temis azrs/ideas an misdami damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. am azrsan damokidebulebas xSirad generalizacias uwodeben. generalizacia aris debuleba,romelic SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi miesadageba sagnebis, azrebisa Tu adamianebisjgufs. generalizacia SeiZleba SefasebiTi msjeloba an mosazreba (magaliTad,àna sasiamovno adamiania~) anda faqtis konstatireba (magaliTad, ̀ inglisur enaSibevri sityva frangulidan aris Semosuli~) iyos.

savarjiSo #3.21: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi. TiToeulpunqtSi mocemuli oTxi variantidan amowereT is mTavari winadadeba, romelicsaTanado/Sesatyvis generalizacias Seicavs.

1. Tematuri winadadeba: _______________________________________________________

dasabuTeba:

a) sasursaTo maRaziis Taroebze gamofenil mraval produqtsaweria ùqolesterno~.

b) roberte kovalskis `qolesterolisagan gankurnebis 8 kvira~ dadoqtor kenet h. kuperis `qolesterolis kontroli~ am wlisbestselerebia.

g) herkulesi, romeliczomierad amcirebs qolesterolis dones,imdenad swrafad iyideba, rom masze moTxovnilebisdasakmayofileblad sawarmoebi uwyvetad (24 sT) muSaoben.

d) ukanaskneli saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis dros eqimebmagamoaqveynes samedicino angariSebi wamyvani kandidatebissisxlSi qolesterolis Semcvelobis Sesaxeb.

axsniT abzacSi avtori, advokatis msgavsad, raRac mosazrebis damtkicebascdilobs. rogorc advokati ver SeZlebs raimes damtkicebas konkretuli faqtebisdasaxelebis gareSe, ise avtorisTvis SeuZlebelia azris dasabuTeba faqtebisgareSe. wamyvani azris anu generalizaciis yvelaze kargi dasabuTeba aris faqtobrivimasala (informacia wyaroebidan, faqtebi, monacemebi da a.S.).

savarjiSo #3.22: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli mTavari winadadeba damisi detalebi. Tematuri/mTavari winadadebisTvis aRniSneT is detali, romelicver axdens generalizacias (wamyvani azris) saTanado dasabuTebas.

sigaretis moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.

a) kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom sigaretis moweva zrdis kibos risks.

b) mwevlebi ufro xSirad avaddebian iseTi respiratoruli daavadebebiT,rogoricaa bronqiti an enfizema.

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kritikis struqturakritikis struqturakritikis struqturakritikis struqturakritikis struqtura

teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg iwereba misi kritika. kritika~ teqstisformalizebuli, kritikuli Sefasebaa. is, aseve, pasuxicaa, Tumca kritikulad werametad skurpulozuri samuSaoa, vidre imis Tqma, rom teqsti ̀ didebuli~, ̀ saintereso~an ̀ aradamakmayofilebelia~. CamoTvlili Sefasebebi reaqciebia, Tumca isini sakiTxsyvelasTvis gasagebs ver xdian, amitom Tqven unda axsnaT, Tu rogor mixvediT amdaskvnebamde.

Tu kritikulad kiTxvis zemoT aRweril process SevajamebT, SeiZleba iTqvas,rom kritikis daweramde Tqven unda gaarkvioT, ra Tqva avtorma, ramdenad kargadSeZlo sakuTari mosazrebebis gadmocema, ra daSvebebi udevs safuZvlad misargumentebs, ra sakiTxebia ganxiluli, ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba moeZebnos am sakiTxebs.

kritikaSi, iqneba es dadebiTi, Tu uaryofiTi Sefaseba, samarTlianad da gasagebadunda Sejamdes teqsti. aseve, mocemuli unda iyos Tqveni sakuTari mosazrebebi.

kritikuli Sefasebis werisas aucileblad mogiwevT Tqveni codnis, rwmenisada varaudis gadasinjva, Sesabamisad, kritika axal codnas SegZenT.

kritika SeiZleba oTx nawilad daiyos, esenia: Sesavali, Sejameba, Tqveni pasuxiteqstze da daskvna (ix. cxrili #6.8).

savarjiSo #6.4: dawereT im statiis kritika, romelic mocemulia savarjiSoSi #6.1.

cxrili #6.8. kritikuli eses struqtura

Sesavali

• naSromis saTauri da avtoris saxeli;

• naSromis wyaro, saidan iqna aRebuli, sad daibeWda;

• sakiTxis zogadi mimoxilva da avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi.

• naSromis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba mkiTxvelisTvis, raTa man ukeT aRiqvas gansaxilveli teqsti. es masala SeiZleba moicavdes:

− imis axsnas, Tu ratomaa es sakiTxi amJamad saintereso da ratom daiwera masze es naSromi;

− biografiuli cnobebi avtoris Sesaxeb;

− pirobebi, viTareba, romelSic daiwera mocemuli naSromi;

− miTiTeba savaraudo mkiTxvelze.

• sakiTxis Sesaxeb SesaZlo arsebuli urTierTsapirispiro Sexedulebebi;

• miTiTeba imaze, Tu rogor dayofT naSroms sadiskusiod, ra elementebs ganixilavT;

• Tqveni pozicia naSromis mimarT.

Sejameba

• avtoris Tvalsazrisis Sejameba; naSromis mokle mimoxilva _ ZiriTadi mosazrebebi;

• avtoris mizani.

pasuxi teqstze

• avtoris romel Sexedulebebs eTanxmebiT;

• romels ar eTanxmebiT;

• ratom? erTad SeajameT es mizezebi da moitaneT Tqveni argumentebi; am nawilSi, aseve, SeiZleba pasuxis gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:

− ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi?

− ras iZleva es naSromi axals?

− ramdenad sainteresoa naSromi?

− ra wvlili SeiZleba Seitanos am naSromma mkiTxvelis profesiul zrdaSi?

daskvna

• daskvna mTeli teqstis validurobis Sesaxeb;

• mxolod Tqveneuli Sefasebebis Sejameba;

• ramdenad warmatebulad miaRwia avtorma dasaxul mizans;

• ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi, misi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.

wyaro: http://homepage.uhwo.hawaii.edu/∼writing/critique.htm. bolo naxva: 25.05.2007

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g) kvlevebi, aseve, aCveneben, rom sigaretis mwevlebs ufro xSirad emarTebaTgulis Setevebi.

d) metic, sigaretis moweva kbilebs ayviTlebs.

Tu faqtobrivi detalebiT ver xerxdeba dasabuTeba axsniT abzacSi, SeiZlebasxva saxis dasabuTebis gamoyeneba da es, yvelaze xSirad, aris magaliTi. ganmartebisTanaxmad, magaliTi aris erTeuli, romelSic warmodgenilia sagnebis, adamianebisaTu ideebis jgufi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, magaliTi aris zogadi kategoriiskonkretuli warmomadgeneli. erTi sityviT, magaliTi generalizacias anu wamyvanazrs ufro gasagebs xdis da amitom dasabuTebis efeqturi saSualebaa.

savarjiSo #3.23: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT abzacistipebi.

Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wyalSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis

Wavli Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva `wyali~ jer nela, Semdegufro swrafad. me wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi misissalivanis TiTebis moZraobas. uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli gancda,TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda da rogorRac enis saidumlos fardaaexada. maSin mivxvdi, rom ̀ w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili raRac, xelebze rommexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, imedi,sixaruli da Tavisufleba; miuxedavad imisa, rom siZneleebi amiT ar dasrulebula,maT SedarebiT iolad vumklavdebodi (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

zafxulobiT, roca santa esperansas mosaxleoba erTiaTad izrdeba

turistuli sezonis gamo, aq ara mxolod damsveneblebi arian, aramed dRiurimuSaobis msurvelnic, radgan servisis sferos Tavad mosaxleoba ver audisturistebis siWarbisa da kunZulis mosaxleobis tradiciebis ramdenadmeTaviseburebis gamo (aka morCilaZe, “mister diqslis mdumare yuTi”).

Cvilebi xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT iweoda ise, rom maT

SeeZloT imis danaxva, rom mis miRma araferi iyo da isev eSveboda. Semdeg daxrilsibrtyeze patara vagoni gordeboda, romelic sademonstracio yuTs gaivlida dasiCqaris Semcirebis gareSe ekranis ukan uCinardeboda, Semdeg ekranis meore mxaridangamoCndeboda da sabolood sademonstracio yuTis marjvena mxares gamodioda(Baillargeon, 1986).

amanda fsiqoTerapevti iyo. is saSualo asakis, warmosadegi, gemovnebiT

Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qali iyo. misi kilo, romelic Cems gamocdil smenas argamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul daxvewilobazemianiSnebda. amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali Canda, romelsac CemTvis daxmarebisgaweva SeeZlo (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

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qvemoT mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis naSromis SefasebisTvis gamosadegi kiTxvebi(ix. cxrili #6.7).

cxrili #6.7. kiTxvebi SefasebisTvis

• ra reaqcia gaqvT naSromze? konkretulad ras exmaurebiT naSromSi?

• Seesabameba Tu ara naSromi ZiriTad ideas? aris Tu ara faqtebi, magaliTebi dasxva mtkicebulebebi naTlad da adekvaturad mocemuli?

• miaRwia Tu ara avtorma dasaxul mizans? aris Tu ara es mizani Rirebuli?

• aris Tu ara avtori avtoritetuli, gulwrfeli da imsaxurebs Tu ara ndobas?

• aris Tu ara naSromi mTliani? Seesabameba Tu ara misi yvela nawili ZiriTadideas? aris Tu ara is Tanmimdevruli _ gasagebad mihyveba Tu ara misi nawilebierTmenTs?

• Tu naSromi Seicavs ferad grafikebs, sqemebs, multimediis elementebs (eleqtronuliversiis SemTxvevaSi), es elementebi naSromis Sinaarss amdidreben da avseben, Tuubralod aqsesuaris funqcias asruleben?

• mTlianobaSi ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi? ra Rirebuleba aqvs mas ufro farTokonteqstSi ganxilvisas?

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara naSromSi mocemul mosazrebebs? SegiZliaT daasabuToT anuaryoT isini?

savarjiSo #6.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli debulebebi masobrivi informaciissaSualebebis Sesaxeb da gaiazreT ara marto maTi Sinaarsi, aramed is mizezebic,romelTa gamoc SeiZleba avtors ase efiqra da nimuSis mixedviT werilobiTgaarCieT TiToeuli maTgani.

nimuSi:

debuleba yovel wels ufro da ufro meti wignis gamomcemlobisgauCinareba xdeba, radgan didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.

analizi ratom gaakeTa avtorma es ganacxadi? garkveuli sityvebimiuTiTebs avtoris mizanze: ufro da ufro meti gamomcemloba;radgan, didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.

interpretacia ùfro da ufro meti~ niSnavs, rom sxva kompaniebs mouwiaTgaqroba. ̀ radgan~ akonkretebs mizezs. STanTqavs gulisxmobsmomxmareblis mtaceblur qcevas. avtoris daSveba: didikompaniebi iqcevian, rogorc mtacebeli cxovelebi. didikompaniebis amgvari qceva iwvevs patarebis gaqrobas, rac ufrometi kompaniebia, miT ukeTesi.

sinTezi avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs didi kompaniebis mtaceblurqcevaze, romelTac akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas pataragamomcemlobebis gauCinrebasa da maTi ricxvis totalurSemcirebaze.

Sefaseba debuleba mimarTulia didi gamomcemlobebis winaaRmdeg,romlebsac ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba kompaniaTa ricxvissaerTo Semcirebaze. magram aris ki mxolod didigamomcemlobebi pasuxismgebeli amaze? da bolos, ratomaakompaniaTa ricxvis Semcireba cudi?

1. Jurnal–gazeTebi informaciis miRebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidretelevizia, radgan isini kiTxvas saWroeben da ara ubralod yurebas.

2. virtualuri („onlain~) urTierToba safrTxes uqmnis pirispir

urTerTobis unars.

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Tavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra aris eseis eseis eseis eseis ese33333

ese abzacTa garkveuli jgufia, romelSic Camoyalibebulia erTi ZiriTadiidea. abzacisagan gansxvavebiT, eses ufro formaluri (zusti) struqtura aqvs.masSi TiToeul abzacs sxvadasxva funqcia akisria:

1. Sesavali _ Cveulebriv, es erTi (ori an meti) abzacia, romelic gansaxilvelTemasa da eses ZiriTad ideas _ sakvanZo debulebas gadmogvcems.

2. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci _ ayalibebs centraluri ideis da Temis sxvadasxvaaspeqts. is SeiZleba ganixilavdes mizezebs, Sedegebs, magaliTebs, procesebs,klasifikacias anda Sedarebebs. is, agreTve, SeiZleba aRwerdes anmogviTxrobdes rames.

3. daskvna _ moicavs azrebs, romlebic Camoyalibebulia eseSi. esaa daskvniTi,saboloo sityva.

is, Tu ramdeni abzaci iqneba eseSi, mTlianad damokidebulia Temis sirTuleze.zogierT eses ori an sami abzaci aqvs, zogs ki _ 20 da 30 abzaci.

sakvanZo debulebasakvanZo debulebasakvanZo debulebasakvanZo debulebasakvanZo debuleba

eses, iseve, rogorc abzacs, erTi mTavari wamyvani azri aqvs. sakvanZo debuleba_ es aris winadadeba, romelic moicavs eses ZiriTad ideas. abzacis mTavariwinadadebis msgavsad, sakvanZo debuleba moicavs gamonaTqvams, romelSicgadmocemulia damokidebuleba, mosazreba an idea Temis Sesaxeb, magram, mTavariwinadadebisgan gansxvavebiT, sakvanZo debuleba ufro farToa da masSi mTeliesesaTvis aris gadmocemuli wamyvani azri. faqtobrivad, TiToeul ganmaviTarebelabzacs wamyvani azri unda hqondes, romelic exmaureba an ukavSirdeba ZiriTadideas _ sakvanZo debulebas.

sakvanZo debulebasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia gvaxsovdes Semdegi:

1. sakvanZo debuleba gadmocemuli unda iyos sruli winadadebis saxiT, undagamoxatavdes dasrulebul azrs da ar unda iyos dasmuli kiTxvis saxiT; anusakvanZo debuleba unda iyos dasrulebuli azri, romelic, rogorc wesi,gadmocemulia rTuli winadadebiT.

mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:

sibnelis SiSi. (me meSinia sibnelis an Cemi sibnelis SiSi)

swori sakvanZo debuleba:

sibnelis SiSi Cems cxovrebas autanels xdis.

2. sakvanZo debulebaSi gadmocemulia azri, damokidebuleba an idea da ara ubralodTema, romelic eseSi iqneba Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebuli. sakvanZo debulebaacnobs azrs, damokidebulebas raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, ara imsaxiT, rom “me vapireb ganvixilo~, radgan sakvanZo debulebaSi xdeba romelimesakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqveni poziciis gancxadeba da ara imaze miniSneba, Turogor iqneba warmodgenili da gaSlili is Tqvens naSromSi.


ganvixilavT radiaciis gavlenas.

3 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & JoannRishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.

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swored amitomaa saWiro kritikulad wakiTxvis dros avtoriseuli daSvebebisinterpretireba.

sinTezi

Tu analizisa da interpretaciis procesiT dakmayofildebiT da aq SewyvetTteqstis kritikulad wakiTxvas, mxolod calkeuli elementebisa da SesaZlomniSvnelobebis grova SegrCebaT xelSi da ver SeZlebT mocemuli teqstis, rogorcerTi mTlianobis aRqmas. sinTezis etapze nawilebis an calkeuli erTeulebisurTierTdakavSireba xdeba. Tqven kavSirebisa da daSvebebis Sesaxeb daskvnebisgamotaniT axal mTlianobas qmniT.

sinTezis saSualebiT Tqven raRac axals, sawyisi masalisgan gansxvavebulsqmniT. magaliTad, Jurnal ̀ sarkis~ mkiTxvelebisTvis is garTobis saSualebaa, xoloTqven, kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg (rodesac Tqven gaaanalizeT, interpretirebada sinTezireba moaxdineT) es Jurnali (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi is konkretulinawili, romelic daamuSaveT) momxmarebelTa kulturis formirebis mniSvnelovansaSualebad aRiqviT. es gansxvaveba kritikulad wakiTxvidan gamomdinareobs.

qvemoT mocemulia analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis gamosadegikiTxvebi (ix. cxrili #6.6).

cxrili #6.6. kiTxvebi analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis

• ra mizniT kiTxulobT?

• ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT naSromTan dakavSirebiT? romeli kiTxvebi gainteresebT yvelazemetad an romeli kiTxvebi iZleva yvelaze met SesaZleblobas? ra elementebi undaiqnes detalurad ganxiluli? Sedegad, romeli elementebis ignorirebaa SesaZlebeli?

• ra interpretacias aZlevT elementebis mniSvnelobasa da mniSvnelovnebas rogorcindividualur doneze anu calkeul elementTan, ise _ mTlian naSromTan mimarTebiT?ra daSvebebi gaqvT naSromis Taobaze? avtoris daSvebebis Taobaze?

• rogor axdenT maT sinTezs? ra mimarTebaa elementebs Soris? ra mimarTebaa amkonkretul naSromasa da sxva Sromebs Soris?

• ra daskvnas akeTebT naSromis Sesaxeb? ras matebs es daskvna naSroms?

Sefaseba

xSirad kritikulad kiTxva da wera mxolod analiziT, interpretaciiTa dasinTeziT Semoifargleba. Tqven ganmartavT avtoris naTqvamis Tqveneul gagebas,magram Tavad arafers ambobT. kritikulad kiTxvisa da werisas mxolod maSinunda ganacxadoT da daicvaT Tqveni pozicia naSromis xarisxisa da mniSvnelovnebisSesaxeb, rodesac misi Sefasebac mogeTxovebT. SefasebaSi erTad SekrebT Tqvensmosazrebebs, ganmartavT, Tu ratom arian isini zogadad misaRebni da maT debulebebisformiT ayalibebT; amasTan, Tavad asabuTebT Tqvens TiToeul mosazrebasoriginaluri teqstis citirebis saSualebiT.

Sefaseba kompetenturobis garkveul dones moiTxovs. SeiZleba ifiqroT, romgakliaT codna da gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom sxvisi naSromis logikasa daazrTa dinebas mihyveT, gansakuTarebiT maSin, rodesac teqsti rTulia an misiavtori kargad cnobili pirovnebaa. sruliad marTalia, rac ufro metad xarTinformirebulni da meti iciT mocemul sferoSi, miT ukeT waikiTxavT kritikulad,magram isic gaxsovdeT, rom keTilsindisierad kiTxva da analizi Sinagandarwmunebulobas SegZenT da SeZlebT imis garCevas, Tu rogor weria realurad,Tqven rogor aRiqvamT dawerils da amaSi xels ar SegiSliT Tqveni gamocdileba,dakvirvevebi da damokidebulebebi.

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xSirad radiaciis Sedegebi sruliad prognozirebadia.

3. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes azrs, Sexedulebas da ara faqts, romlisWeSmaritebaSic Znelad Tu SeiZleba eWvi Seeparos vinmes. ramdenadac sakvanZodebulebiT gadmocemulia damokidebuleba anda idea Temis Sesaxeb. sakvanZodebuleba, romelsac SeiZleba vinme ar daeTanxmos, unda aixsnas da dasabuTdes.


Zroxa gvaZlevs rZes.


rZe, romelsac Zroxa gvaZlevs, yovelTvis ar Seesabameba adamianismoTxovnebs.


kolejSi Cabarebas bevri nakli da bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs (ar arissakamaTo Tema).


kolejSi Cabareba aSkarad sjobs arCabarebas.

4. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes mxolod erT ideas erT TemasTandakavSirebiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, naSromi dakargavs erTianobas. Tu masSigadmocemulia ori an meti idea, arsebobs riski, rom ese ar iqneba logikuradgamarTuli da winadadebebi erTmaneTs azrobrivad ver daukavSirdeba (unity,coherence).


Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba SeiZleba gasarTobi ramiyos da me aRmovaCine, rom didi qalaqis gareubani ufro kargisacxovrebeli adgilia, vidre _ koleji.


Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba gasarTobi (mxiaruli)ramaa.

savarjiSo #4.11111: guldasmiT waikiTxeT debulebebi. gansazRvreT, aris Tu aradebuleba sakvanZo.

1. genetikis upiratesobebi.

2. Cemi survilia, ganvixilo sakuTari Sexeduleba olimpiurTamaSebze.

3. studentebs wignis maRaziaSi muSaobis neba unda darTon.

4. rodesac pirvelad vestumre SeerTebul Statebs, arvsargeblobdi swrafi kvebis obieqtebiT da gaocebuli viyavisavaWro centrebiT.

5. ratom ar minda, rom mosamarTle gamovide?

6. saqarTvelos respublikur da konservatul partiebs Sorisgansxvaveba.

7. ucxo enis codna yvelasaTvis kargia.

8. vapireb, aRvwero sakuTari saxli.

9. Tbilissa da quTaiss Soris bevri msgavseba da gansxvavebaa.

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gainteresebT, an ris garkvevas cdilobT. es SekiTxva erTgvari gamadidebeli SuSisfunqcias Seasrulebs _ is gamokveTs zogierT Strixs da SeumCnevlad datovebsdanarCenebs. qvemoT (ix. cxrili #6.5) sailustraciod mocemulia kiTxvebi, romelTadasmac SesaZlebelia Jurnal `sarkis~ mimarT; aseve, aRniSnulia, am JurnalTandakavSirebul romel nawils, elements Seexeba TiToeuli maTgani.

rogorc magaliTidan Cans, analizis mizniT kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT TqveniyuradReba teqstis relevantur anu saTanado maxasiaTeblebze warimarTeba,irelevanturi ki yuradRebis miRma rCeba. magaliTad, Jurnal ̀ sarkis~ mier garkveulimomsaxurebis gamoyenebisken biZgis Sesaxeb kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad TqveniyuradReba iseT debulebebze unda SeaCeroT, romlebic momsaxurebisa da garTobissaSualebebis moxmarebas Seexeba: _ silamazis salonebis, klubebisa Tu solariumebissareklamo fotoebze, im cnobili adamianebis interviuebze, romlebic ukvesargebloben SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebiT da kmayofilni arian. amasTan, Tqvenunda gamotovoT („gadaaxteT~) is debulebebi, romlebic mcirediT an saerTod arexeba moxmarebis Temas. magaliTad, konkretuli ojaxis amaRelvebeli istoria anromelime cnobili wyvilis mogonebebi piradi cxovrebidan.

interpretacia

cxadia, rom mTelis elementebis identificireba procesis mxolod dasawyisia.amitom am etapis bunebrivi gagrZelebaa TiToeuli elementisa da maTgan SeqmnilimTelis mniSvnelobisa Tu mniSvnelovnebis interpretirebaa. interpretacia, rogorcwesi, gulisxmobs mocemul sakiTxze avtoris daSvebis, mosazrebisa Tu rwmeniswvdomas (mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gamotanas).

sityva daSveba aq ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, vidre yoveldRiurmetyvelebaSi, romelSic is SeiZleba molodins (`vvaraudob, rom aanazRaurebs~),spekulacias (ès naklebad dasaSvebia~), anda Secdomas (àngariSi varaudebiT iyosavse~) aRniSnavdes. ufro zustad Tu ganvmartavT, daSveba aris is, rac individisvaraudiT, marTali da gardauvalia. TiToeul adamians Tavisi mosazrebebi aqvs.adamianebi aseTi daSvebebis garemocvaSi cxovroben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi yovlismomcvlia, daSvebebi yovelTvis ar arispirdapir da gasagebad mocemuli. momxsenebeli an avtori, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes,rom misi auditoria an mkiTxveli ukve icnobs mis daSvebebs da miRebuli aqvs isini,Tumca SeiZleba auditoriam an mkiTxvelma sruliad araferi icodes am daSvebebisSesaxeb anda momxsenebeli/avtori sruliad Segnebulad Tavs ikavebdes sakuTaridaSvebebis deklarirebisgan auditoriis/mkiTvelis mier miuReblobis SiSis gamo.

cxrili #6.5. konkretul elementebze mimarTuli kiTxebi analizisTvis.

kiTxvebi analizisTvis elementebi

• qmnis Tu ara Jurnali `sarke~ stereotipebs?

• stereotipebi: eqsplicituri da implicituri stereotipebi an gamowvevebi JurnalSi.

• sTavazobs Tu ara Jurnali dadebiT rolur modelebs Tavis mkiTxvelebs?

• roluri modelebi: teqsti da fotoebi dadebiTi an uaryofiTi roluri modelebis funqcias asruleben.

• JurnalSi mocemuli statiebi da maTi Tanmxlebi fotoebi ubiZgeben Tu ara mkiTxvels, rom gaxdes SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da garTobis saSualebebis momxmarebeli?

• biZgi moxmarebisTvis: momsaxurebisa da garTobis saSualebebis moxsenieba, momxmareblebze aqcentis gakeTeba, SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da bednierebis an warmatebis gaTanabreba.

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savarjiSo # 4.2: 4.2: 4.2: 4.2: 4.2: waikiTxeT winadadebebi. gansazRvreT, romeli maTgani ar arissakvanZo debuleba. gadawereT TiToeuli maTgani. gadaaqcieT is sakvanZodebulebad.

nimuSi: me vapireb, agixsnaT, Tu ratom gadavwyvite kolejSi Cabareba.kolejSi swavlis gagrZeleba rTulad misaRebi gadawyvetileba iyo.

1. qimiuri narCenebis Senaxvis safrTxe.

_______________________________________________________________________

2. qalaqsa da sofelSi cxovreba bevri ramiT hgavs da gansxvavdebaerTmaneTisgan.

_______________________________________________________________________

3. Tbilisi saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi qalaqia.

_______________________________________________________________________

4. zRvispira qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ukeTesia, vidre mTian adgilze.

_______________________________________________________________________

5. saqarTvelos universitetebi ufro met humanitarul kursebs saWiroeben;maT, agreTve, meti socialuri aqtivoba esaWiroebaT.

_______________________________________________________________________

SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali

sakvanZo debuleba

sakvanZo debuleba mTeli eses mTavari debulebaa. ar arsebobs wesi, romlismixedviTac sakvanZo debuleba raime gansakuTrebul adgilze unda iyos ganTavsebuli,Tumca, Cveulebriv, is Sesaval abzacSia xolme mocemuli. debuleba unda aixsnasda ganimartos ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.

Sesavali abzacis maxasiaTeblebi

1. Sesavali abzaci waradgens Temas. esaa pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli ecnoba.aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom am abzacma unda miawodos mkiTxvelsinformacia gansaxilveli Temis Sesaxeb.

2. Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, zogadad rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili.kargi Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, agreTve, ra iqneba ganxilulieseSi: _ mizezebi, Sedegebi, magaliTebi; iqneba Tu ara gadmocemuli eseSiprocesis aRwera, axsna Tu klasifikacia.

3. zogadad, Sesavali unda moicavdes sakvanZo debulebas. esaa zogadi wesi.xandaxan sakvanZo debuleba SeiZleba nawerSi ufro mogvianebiT gamoCndes,xandaxan _ dasasrulSic. zogierT SemTxvevaSi debuleba pirdapir arcaris mocemuli da igulisxmeba. sasurvelia, rom sakvanZo debulebaSesavalSive naTlad iyos gadmocemuli.

4. idealur SemTxvevaSi Sesavali abzaci imdenad saintereso unda iyos, romnaSromis wasakiTxad iwvevdes mkiTxvels. ramdenadac Sesaval abzacs Temisgacnobis funqcia aqvs da is gamomwvevi unda iyos, amitom sasurvelia,sakvanZo debuleba ar iyos moTavsebuli zustad Sesavali abzacisdasawyisSi. Tqven ara mxolod unda gaacnoT mkiTxvels Tema, sanamgadmoscemT Tqvens Sexedulebasa da mosazrebas, aramed unda moxibloT

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erTi Tavi an mTlianad wigni, miRebuli Sejameba sawyis teqstTan SedarebiT sakmaodmcire zomis unda iyos. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera mocemuliacxrilSi #6.4.

cxrili #6.4. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera

moZebneT da gaarkvieT im sityvebisa da cnebebis mniSvnelobebi, romlebic xelsgiSlian avtoris mier dawerili teqstis Sinaarsisa da masSi mocemuli kavSirebisdanaxvaSi.

daamuSaveT teqsti da gamoyaviT nawilebi (qveTavebi, seqciebi) _ calkeuli abzacebian abzacTa erTobliobebi, romlebic erT Temas Seexeba. raTa ufro naTladgamoikveTos, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba naSromis nawilebi erTmaneTs, SeecadeT, Sinaarsigrafikulad gamosaxoT (piramidis saxiT) an monaxazi gaakeToT (ix. werisTvismosamzadebeli etapi).

ukve garCeuli nawilebi erTi-ori winadadebiT SeajameT. yuradReba am nawilisZiriTad punqtebze gaamaxvileT da gamotoveT magaliTebi, faqtebi da dasabuTebebi.

erTi-ori winadadebiT CawereT avtoris ZiriTadi idea.

dawereT erTi mTliani (da Tu saWiroa metic) abzaci, romelic ZiriTadi ideiTdaiwyeba da dasabuTebis funqcias naSromis TiToeuli nawilis Sejamebisas daweriliwinadadebebi Seasruleben. es abzaci mokled (SemWidrovebulad) da zedmiwevniTunda aRwerdes mTlian naSroms.

wereT Tqveni sityvebiT. werisas naSromis Sinaarsi im sityvebiT unda gadmosceT,romelic TqvenTvis iqneba gasagebi, amitom yovelTvis Tqveni sityvebiT wereT da nuSeecdebiT TqvenTvis ucxo da uCveulo sityvebis gamoyenebas.

erTi abzacis Sejamebac ki SeiZleba rTuli da Sromatevadi iyos.

SeniSvna: sakuTari sityvebiT Sejamebisas darwmundiT, rom plagiatori ar xarT.Sejamebis Tqveni sityvebiT werisas Tu raimes sxvaTa mier dawerils iyenebT,aucileblad unda miuTiToT wyaro, romlidanac iRebT am azrs, ideasa Tu pozicias.

savarjiSo #6.2: daubrundiT wina savarjiSoSi mocemul teqsts da Tqveni sityvebiTdawereT misi erTabzaciani Sejameba.

kritikuli pasuxis formireba

wakiTxulis Sinaarsis _ avtoris mier naTqvamis _ wvdomisa da gaazrebisSemdeg Tqven ukve SegiZliaT teqstTan mibruneba da imis garkveva, Tu ra ar uTqvamsavtors pirdapir, magram igulisxma, ra ivarauda, anda ra mosazreba SemogvTavaza.kiTxvis am etapze Tqveni yuradReba avtoris ganzraxvaze an/da mizanze da am miznismiRwevis xerxebze gadadis. wasakiTxi teqstis Taviseburebebidan da kiTxvis miznidangamomdinare, Tqven arkvevT, Tu rogor asabuTebs avtori sakuTar pozicias, rogoraateqsti organizebuli, rogori eniT wers igi da rogoria teqstis sxva elementebi.

kritikuli azrovneba da kiTxva oTx operacias gulisxmobs: esenia analizi,interpretacia, sinTezi da (xSirad) Sefaseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es operaciebiqvemoT Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli, realurad isini mWidrod urTierTqmedebenda faraven erTmaneTs. pirveli sami operacia xSirad gaerTianebulia da maTerTad analizs uwodeben, xolo Sefaseba ganixileba, rogorc am procesis Sedegi.

analizi

sakiTxis ukeT gagebis mizniT mimarTaven mis Semadgenel nawilebad(elementebad) dayofas, daSlas. wasakiTx teqstSi am elementebis gamoxSirvisaTvisdasviT SekiTxva, romelSic teqstis analizis mizani iqneba mocemuli: _ ratom

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kidec igi, rom pirveli winadadebis Semdeg man gaagrZelos kiTxva. pirvelsavewinadadebaSi Tqveni Sexedulebis gadmocema, Cveulebriv, aRaraa saintereso;faqtobrivad, Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, savaraudod, is aRargaagrZelebs kiTxvas. amitom sakvanZo debuleba unda moTavsdes Sesavaliabzacis bolos an daaxloebiT mis dasasrulTan axlos.

savarjiSo #4.3: ganixileT Semdegi abzacebi. xazi gausviT sityvas an sityvebs,romlebic pirvel winadadebaSi Cndeba da xelmeored aris mocemuli sakvanZodebulebis saxiT (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).

kompiuteri daxvewili manqanaa, romelic Zalian swrafad inaxavs da ixsenebs

informacias. is Zalian martivi da saintereso ramaa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT,Tumca, zogierTs eSinia kidec misi. mec meSinoda kompiuteris, meSinodawarumateblobis, radgan araferi vicodi programirebis Sesaxeb, magram Semdegmivxvdi, rom kompiuterTan muSaobis procesi Zalze martivia .

rodesac Zalian axalgazrdebi viyaviT, gvjeroda, rom SeuZlebelia mSoblebma

raime arasworad gaakeTon. isini srulyofil arsebebad gveCvenebodnen, romlebmacyvela Cvens kiTxvaze icodnen pasuxi da romlebsac yvela Cveni problemis gadaWraSeeZloT; Tumca, roca gavizardeT, davinaxeT, rom mSoblebic uSveben Secdomebs.

Cven televiziis epoqaSi vcxovrobT, sadac televizori drois flangvis

saSualebaa. adamianebi sul ufro da ufro met dros atareben televizorTan dasxvas arafers akeTeben. zogierTi uaryofs amas da ambobs, rom televizorisyureba sulac ar aris drois kargva, radgan televizoris saSualebiT adamianiZalian bevr rames swavlobs. darwmunebuli var, rom Tu didxans da yuradRebiTgadavxedavT satelevizio programebs, namdvilad SeiZleba saganmanaTleblogadacemebis moZebna, magram, umeteswilad, televizoris yureba drois flangvaa.

dRevandeli bavSvebi Cveni momavalia. erT dRes isini dominantur Zalad iqcevian.

Tu maT Sesaferis xelmZRvanelobas gauweven da Tu mSvenieri bavSvoba eqnebaT,roca gaizrdebian, isini did daxmarebas gauweven Cvens sazogadoebas. sxva sityvebiTrom vTqvaT, dRevandeli bavSvebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenen Cvenssazogadoebaze momavalSi, magram mSoblebma unda gaiTvaliswonon is Sesaferisigaremo, romelic maT Svilebs mTeli bavSvobis manZilze esaWiroebaT.

Sesavali abzacis Sefaseba

1. gvamcnobs, waradgens Tu ara abzaci Temas?

2. mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci, rogor iqneba Tema SemdegSi gaSlili daCamoyalibebuli?

3. moicavs Tu ara abzaci sakvanZo debulebas?

4. aris Tu ara abzaci gamomwvevi, damaintrigebeli?

savarjiSo #4.4: SeadareT abzacebi zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebis mixedviT. arisTu ara abzacSi mocemuli yvela elementi? (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).

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1978 wlamde saxelmwifo programebidan sesxis aReba kolejis mxolod imstudentebs SeeZloT, romelTa ojaxebis Semosavali garkveul niSnulze dabaliiyo. es niSnuli TiTqmis orjer aRemateboda saSualo Semosavals, magram rokfelerisda vanderbiltsis msgavs mdidar adamianebs am sesxiT sargeblobis uflebas araZlevda. Tanamedrove „TanagrZnobis~ epoqaSi ki kongresma es SezRudvebic gaauqma.

am faqtma yvelasaTvis gaxsna gza. rogori mdidaric ar unda yofiliyo adamiani,mas Zalian mcire saprocento ganakveTiT SeeZlo saxelmwifosagan Tanxis sesxeba,Svilebis ganaTlebisaTvis Segrovili fuli ki SeeZlo sxva saqmeSi Caedo, saidanacmaRal procents miiRebda. studenturi sesxis gadaxdis dros mSoblebs SvilebisTvisSegrovili TanxiT SeeZloT am valis gadaxda da miRebuli procentuli sxvaobismiTviseba.

swrafad mzardma sesxebma politikosebsa da medias aCvena, Tu ra didi „saWiroebaa”amisa. is faqti, rom studentebi Tavs arideben droulad valis gadaxdas, gviCvenebs,Tu ramdenad „mZimea~ vali maTTvis. sinamdvileSi ki maT, vinc valis gadaxdasgaurbis, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT mcire sesxi aqvT aRebuli da xSirad isiniswavlis periodSi kolejidanac arian garicxulni. upasuxismgeblo adamianebiyvela saqmeSi upasuxismgebloni arian.

kolejis standartebis gauaresebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maTi mzardiadvilad misawvdomoba maTTvis, vinc ganaTlebis miRebas seriozulad ar ekideba.koleji ar aris adgili, sadac SegiZlia dro ataro, araferi akeTo da amaSiviRacam fuli ixados. ra Tqma unda, ganaTleba Zviri Rirs, magram gadasaxadebiZalian mZime tvirTad awevT ara marto saxelmwifo universitetebsa da qalaqiskolejebs, aramed sul ufro mzard „kerZo~ saswavleblebsac.

uamravi saxelmwifo subsidia da sesxis programa bevr adamians socialuriresursebis uzarmazari raodenobis maTTvis dabali saprocento ganakveTiTgamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. 1970 wlidan ramdenime aseuli procentiTgaizarda federaluri daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis. aman kolejebs swavlisgadasaxadis naxtomiseburad gazrdis da profesorebisaTvis ufro mdare xarisxisswavlebis procesSi sul ufro metis gadaxdis saSualeba misca.

bunebrivia, yvela, vinc aseTi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs, am isteriebisa da reklamebisiniciatoria. is amiT cdilobs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa fuliT sargeblobisgaxangrZlivebas, magram Cven sulelebi viqnebiT, Tu gavagrZelebT maTTvisganusazRvreli raodenobis Tanxaze qviTrebis gamoweras.

Tu Tqven am faqtebs ekonomikis kuTxidan SexedavT, amas gacvlas uwodeben,politikaSi ki _ siZunwes. rogorc Cans, Tuki am sakiTxs ubralod sxva kuTxiTmivudgebiT, deficiti aRar iqneba.

Sejameba

mocemuli teqstis miRma qveteqstis ufro Rrma Sinaarsis danaxvamde da mismimarT sakuTari mosazrebis Camoyalibebamde, Tqven zustad unda gaarkvioT dagaigoT, realurad ras ambobs avtori. teqstis Sinaarsis wvdomisa da misi Zlierida susti mxareebis danaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa teqstis Sejameba anu ZiriTadipunqtebis, mosazrebebis dawmenda, gamijvna, gamoyofa da sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema.

Tqven mogiwevT davalebebis Sesruleba, romelSic mcire zomis SejamebasmogTxoven, amasTan, Sejameba kvleviTi (samecniero statia, sakurso Tu sabakalavro)naSromisa da iseTi sxva tipis nawerebis arsebiTi, mniSvnelovani nawilia, romelSicwyaroebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, wakiTxulis ukeT gagebismizniT mis Sejamebaze visaubrebT.

Sejameba mocemuli teqstis ZiriTadi mosazrebebis SeZlebisdagvarad mokled,ramdenime winadadebiT gadmocemas gulisxmobs. rodesac ramdenime abzacis anmokle statiis Sejamebaa saWiro, is ar unda aRematebodes originaluri (mTliani)teqstis erT mexuTeds. ufro didi moculobis naSromisTvis, rogoricaa wignis

49

Cven yvela vicnobT msuqani, mxiaruli adamianis xats. aris Tu ara es ase?

samwuxarod, es araswori stereotipia. msuqani adamianebi yovelTvis ar arianaseTi bednierni .

`Cven yvelani qalaqisken mivemarTebiT~, _ am sityvebs uamravi sofleli ambobs

dRes. roca maT gadaadgilebis mizezebis dasaxelebas sTxoven, isini martivadupasuxeben, rom qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ganviTarebulia, vidre _ sofelSi.qalaqSi arsebobs transporti, sakomunikacio saSualebebi, saganmanaTleblo dasamedicino momsaxureba. aseve, aq samsaxuris dawyebis ufro meti Sansia. me veTanxmebiam adamianebs, magram ifiqres Tu ara maT sakuTar janmrTelobaze? ifiqres Tu araim safrTxeze, romelic maT Svilebs emuqreba? am safrTxem SeiZleba ar iCinosTavi pirveli eqvsi Tvis manZilze, magram is aucileblad gamovlindeba momavalSi,roca qalaqi sxvadasxva erovnebisa da warmoSobis adamianebiTa da uamravi manqaniTgaivseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sofeli moklebulia momsaxurebis zogierT sferos,romelic zemoT iqna naxsenebi, is CemTvis kvlav rCeba saukeTeso sacxovrebelgaremod .

msurs Cemi mSobliuri qalaqis Sesaxeb giamobT. esaa patara qalaqi daaxloebiT

8000 mcxovrebiT. mTavari saqmianoba aq saxelmwifosTvis muSaobaa, ramdenadac issamxreTis dedaqalaqia .

gasul wels Cemma biZaSvilma giorgim samsaxurisTvis banks mimarTa. mogexsenebaT,

rodesac aseTi TxovniT mimarTav organizacias, mzad unda iyo imisaTvis, rom bevriorazrovani kiTxvisTvis mogiwevs pasuxis gacema. zogierTi SekiTxva, romelsacgisvamT interviueri, SeiZleba ganaTlebasa da wina samsaxurs exebodes, magramgiorgi ar iyo momzadebuli SekiTxvevebisTvis. interviuerma mas kiTxvebi dausva,giorgim ki umravlesobas ver upasuxa, radgan ar iyo momzadebuli interiviusTvis.Sesabamisad, ver moewyo samsaxurSi. Tu ar gsurT imave situaciaSi aRmoCndeT, undamoemzadoT gasaubrebisTvis.

savarjiSo #4.5: mocemulia Temebi. gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi dadaajgufeT informacia Temis irgvliv. airCieT Tema, romelic yvelaze metad mogwonTda dawereT Sesavali abzaci.

Temebi:

1. Cems samSobloSi uamravi RirsSesaniSnavi adgilia, romelTa naxvacRirs.

2. Sidsis virusi msoflio problemaa.

3. televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.

4. axali weli saukeTeso dResasawaulia.

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzacinaSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzacinaSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzacinaSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzacinaSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzaci

ganmaviTarebeli abzacis funqcia sakvanZo debulebis axsna, ilustrireba, ganxilvada dasabuTebaa. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis maxasiaTeblebia:

1. TiToeuli ganmaviTarebeli abzaci unda ganixilavdes mTavari Temis mxoloderT aspeqts, magaliTad, Tu Tqven werT naSroms sigaretis mowevis gavlenis Sesaxebadamianis janmrTelobaze, maSin TiToeul ganmaviTarebel abzacs unda hqondesTema `sigaretis gavlena~.

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Tu pirdapir teqstze muSaobis saSualeba gaqvT, maSin TqvenTvis mosaxerxebelinebismieri sistemis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, magaliTad: _ gaugebari frazebisgaswvriv mindorze dasviT „?~ niSani, SemoxazeT ucnobi, gaugebari sityvebi,ZiriTad sakiTxebsa da azrebs xazi gausviT, „*~-iT aRniSneT is debulebebi,romelsac eTanxmebiT, xolo `!~-iT ki isini, romlebic aRmafrTovaneblad,gamaogneblad da mimzidvelad migaCniaT, „mere ra?~ SegiZliaT miaweroTiseT frazebsa Tu debulebebs, romlebic aradamajereblad geCvenebaT.

savarjiSo #6.1: qvemoT mocemulia souel Tomasis statia „studenturi sesxi~,romelic stenfordSi daibeWda 1993 wels Jurnal huverSi 131-133 gverdebze. mocemuliteqsti, sul mcire, orjer waikiTxeT da SeecadeT gaigoT, ras wers avtori. CainiSneTyvela Tqveni komentari, SekiTxva Tu asociacia, romelic kiTxvisas gagiCndebaT.gaarkvieT yvela ucnobi sityvis mniSvneloba da SeecadeT, Tavad gasceT pasuxigaCenil kiTxvebs.

studenturi sesxi

souel Tomasi

Sowell, Thomas, “Student Loans.” Is Reality Optional? And Ather Essays.

Stanford: Hoover, 1993.131-33.ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis Tema deficitis cnebaa: _ adamianTa moTxovnebis

srulad dakmayofilebisaTvis sakmarisi ram arasodes arsebobs.politikis pirvel gakveTils ki ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis ugulebelyofa

warmoadgens. rodesac politikosi xedavs adamianTa jgufs, romelic Civis, romraRac imdeni ar aqvs, ramdenic surs, politikosis mier miRebuli „gadawyvetileba”maTTvis am raRacis ufro meti raodenobiT micemaa, magram saidan moaqvTpolitikosebs es „ufro meti”? cxadia, isini erTs (viRac petres) arTmeven dameores (viRac pavles) aZleven.

cxadia, cota xnis Semdeg politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom axla petres ar aqvs esraRac sakmarisi odenobiT. isev ifeTqebs maTSi TanagrZnobis talRa da axlapetres gadarCenas ecdebian. imis nacvlad, rom politikosebma aRiaron, rom petresgaZarcva pavles moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad TavisTavad miuRebeli qcevaiyo, isini axla toms, diksa da haris Zarcvaven da ase exmarebian petres.

am grZeli istoriis dasasruli aseTi iqneba: _ politikosebi ucbad aRmoaCenen,rom kolejis uamravi studenti yelamde valebSi Cafluli amTavrebs universitets.maTTvis dResaviT naTeli xdeba, rom mTavrobam daxmareba unda gauwios gadamxdelebs.

ramdenad mZimea is tvirTi, romelzec ase xSirad saubroben politikosebi daJurnalistebi? saxelmwifo kolejebis studentebisTvis es Tanxa daaxloebiT 7 000dolaria, kerZo kolejis studentebisTvis ki _ 9 000 dolars uaxlovdeba.

Cveulebrivi, saSualo donis avtomobilis yidva am valze gacilebiT meti jdeba,magram, rogorc wesi, manqanis valis dafarva ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre aTwlianistudenturi valis. metic, manqanis yidva ramdenime weliwadSia SesaZlebeli, kolejSierTxel swavlis valis dafarva ki TiTqmis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.

cxadia, kolejis kursdamTavrebulebs ufro meti Semosavali aqvT, vidre sxvebs.Tu es asea, maSin ratomRaa atexili aseTi panika maTi valebis gamo? saSualoSemosavlis mqone kolejis kursdamTavrebuli pirvel wels wliuri Semosavlis10%-ze naklebs ixdis sesxis dasafarad, momaval wlebSi ki es procenti gadasaxadiszrdasTan erTad sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.

politikuri isteria da media-reklama dabali Semosavlis mqone studentebzeakeTebs aqcents, romelTac didi vali aqvT aRebuli. Tqven SeiZleba gulisamaCuyebeli,sruliad uCveulo, aratipuri istoriebic ki moisminoT. realurad ki gasulaTwleulSi perspeqtiuli studentebi sesxs iRebdnen rogorc maRali Semosavlismqone pirebisagan, ise _ saxelmwifo programebidan.

50

2. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis wamyvani azri unda exmaurebodes sakvanZo debulebisZiriTad ideas. Tu sakvanZo debuleba isaa, rom ̀ moweva damangreveli Cvevaa~, maSinTiToeuli abzaci am gavlenis damangrevel Sedegebs unda Seexebodes.

3. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci Tanmimdevruli, logikuri unda iyos, sxartad, moqniladunda ikiTxebodes da mTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes. aseve, abzacebic logikuradunda iyos erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, iseve, rogorc masSi Semavali calkeuliwinadadebebi. winadadebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis principebi ZalaSia abzacebiserTmaneTTan dakavSirebis SemTxvevaSic.

Temis dakonkretebis meTodi sakvanZo debulebis SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. sakvanZodebuleba ufro zogadia, vidre mTavari winadadeba. garda amisa, TiToeuliganmaviTarebeli abzaci ganixilavs sakvanZo debulebaSi mocemuli mTavari TemiserT aspeqts. debulebis SerCevis Semdeg is logikurad TiToeuli abzacisTvisTemebad unda daiyos. es Temebi, arsebiTad, Tqveni debulebis dasabuTebaa.

erT-erTi meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba sakvanZo debulebis Temebaddayofa, debulebis kiTxvad gadaqcevaa. kiTxvaze pasuxebi SeiZleba ganmaviTarebeliabzacis Temad iqces.

savarjiSo #4.6:6:6:6:6: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi ori Tematuri winadadebiT.yuradRebiT waikiTxeT TiToeuli sakvanZo debuleba da mTavari winadadeba.gansazRvreT, ra logikiT xdeba Temis dakonkreteba da daumateT TiTo mTavariwinadadeba.

1. sakvanZo debuleba:

qalaqi aris adgili, sadac me vicxovrebdi.

mTavari winadadebebi:


sofeli saukeTeso sacxovrebeli garemoa CemTvis.

kiTxva: ra aqcevs sofels saukeTeso garemod?

pasuxi: • adamianTa axlo urTierTobebi. • naklebad dabinZurebuli garemo.

• usafrTxo cxovreba.


kiTxva: pasuxi:

gasaubrebaze kargi STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad aucilebelia momzadeba. rogor unda moemzado gasaubrebisTvis? • dagegmo da winaswar unda moifiqro pasuxebi savaraudo SekiTxvebze.

• SearCio, ras Caicvam. • ar unda daigviano.


televizoris yureba ar aris drois fuWad kargva.

kiTxva: ratom ar aris televizoris yureba drois fuWad kargva?

pasuxi: • Rirebuli saganmanaTleblo gadacemebi. • televizia relaqsaciis saukeTeso saSualebaa. • informaciis wyaroa.


kiTxva: pasuxi:

baTumi da foTi ufro metad hgvanan erTmaneTs, vidre xalxs hgonia. ratom? riT hgvanan es qalaqebi erTmaneTs? • orive qalaqi didia. • orivegan sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebi cxovrobs. • orive saporto qalaqia.

71

ukeTesi koncentraciisTvis ikiTxeT wynar adgilas, iseTi gamRizianeblebisganmoSorebiT, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, musika an saubari.

gamoyaviT dro kiTxvisTvis. Tu CqarobT, an sxva rameze gaqvT yuradRebagadatanili, ver gaigebT wakiTxuls.

SeecadeT, muSaobisgan siamovneba miiRoT; SeecadeT, wakiTxuli imasdaukavSiroT, rac ukve iciT. moipoveT axali informacia, sainteresokavSirebi, mniSvenlovani argumentebi, iumori, kargi magaliTebi.

kiTxvis dros mokle CaniSvnebi gaakeTeT. aRniSneT ZiriTadi erTeulebi,rogoricaa, magaliTad, abzaci, romelic ver gaigeT da romelsac xelmeoredwakiTxvisas miubrundebiT.

pirveli wakiTxvisas nu SeCerdebiT TiToeul ucxo, gaugebar sityvaze da nudaiwyebT misi mniSvnelobis garkvevas. ase veRar iqnebiT koncentrirebulni, codnaski ver miiRebT imdens, rom koncentrirebis dakargvad Rirdes. amitom SeecadeT,rom ucnobi sityvebis mniSvneloba konteqstis mixedviT ivaraudoT, SemoxazeT essityvebi da xelmeored wakiTxvisas gaarkvieT maTi mniSvnelobebi.

ganmeorebiTi wakiTxva

pirveli gadakiTxvis Semdeg, sul mcire, kidev erTxel unda waikiTxoT naSromi.amjerad nela ikiTxeT. am dros Tqveni ZiriTadi mizani Sinaarsisa da misistruqturis (agebis principis) wvdomaa. es niSnavs, rom Tqven xelaxla undawaikiTxoT abzaci, Tu ver mixvdiT, ris Tqma surda avtors, leqsikonSi undamoiZioT saWiro sityvebi anda vebgverdebze moZebnoT saTanado bmulebi („linkebi~).

teqstis kiTxvisas SeniSvnebisa da komentarebis gakeTebisaTvis TavisufladgamoiyeneT kalami an klaviatura:

Tu pirdapir teqstze ver axerxebT SeniSvnebis miweras (is Tqveni ar aris aneleqtronuli versia gaqvT), calke furcelze CamowereT SeniSvnebi dakomentarebi.

cxrili #6.3. gadaxedvisas gamosadegi kiTxvebi

masalis moculoba sakmarisad mcirea Tu ara masalis moculoba, rom erTbaSad waikiTxoT, Tu meti dro dagWirdebaT?

publikaciis faqtebi iZleva Tu ara publikaciis TariRi informacias misi savaraudo gavrcelebisa da mimdinare konteqstis Sesaxeb? specializdeba Tu ara publikacia erTi mimarTulebiT (vTqvaT, samecniero statiebi Tu popularuli wignebi)?

Sinaarsis maniSneblebi ras geubnebaT naSromis saTauri, rezume an abstraqti, qvesaTaurebi, ilustraciebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi? ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT amasTan dakavSirebiT?

avtori ras geubnebaT avtoris biografiuli monacemebi misi publikaciis, interesebis, tendenciebisa da reputaciis Sesaxeb?

Tqven xedavT Tu ara raime konkretul sirTules SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT? Tqveni mxridan ra saxis mikerZoebam SeiZleba moaxdinos gavlena Sinaarsze reagirebisas? magaliTad, SfoTvam, cnobismoyvareobam, mowyenilobam anda avtoris radikalurad gansxvavebulma xedvam.

51

1. me mizidavs gasarTobi adgilebis mravalferovneba.

2. momwons resursebis xelmisawvdomoba.

3. ___________________________________________________


sigaretis moweva saSiSia Tqveni janmrTelobisTvis.


1. sigaretis Warbma mowevam SeiZleba yelis daavadeba gamoiwvios.

2. moweviT SeiZleba filtvebi daiziano.

3. ___________________________________________________


sirbili ar aris erTaderTi gza sisxlis momoqcevis gasaumjobeseblad.


1. bevrisTvis efeqturi varjiSia velosipedis tareba.

2. sisxlis mimoqcevis gasaumjobesebeli saSualebaa curvac.

3. ____________________________________________________________


universitetSi aucilebelia ucxo enis Seswavla.


1. studentebi SeZleben sxva qveynebis kulturis gacnobas..

2. ucxo enis codna momaval saqmianobaSi dagexmarebaT.

3. ___________________________________________________

savarjiSo #4.7: 7: 7: 7: 7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sakvanZo debulebebi da TiToeulisTvissami mTavari winadadeba dawereT.

1. inglisuri enis swavla advili araa.

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

2. avtobusiT mgzavroba SeiZleba arc ise usafrTxo iyos.

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

3. umuSevrobam SeiZleba adamians sakuTari Tavis pativiscema daakargvinos.

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

70

nebismier saswavlo kursSi Semavali davalebebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisganmaTSi wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis mixedviT. wignis kiTxva SeiZleba saWiroebdesweras, gadaxedvas, kiTxvasa da Sejamebas, magram ara _ intensiur kritikul kiTxvas;Jurnalis statiis Sefasebisas ki zemoT CamoTvlili yvela meTodis gamoyenebaSeiZleba.

kritikuli kiTxva aqtiuri kiTxvaa, Tqven urTierTobT naSromTan, CarTulixarT masSi. is Tqvens gamocdilebas emateba, giCenT ideebsa da kiTxvebs. kiTxvisdros saweri kalmisa Tu dafis gamoyenebiT nawerze werilobiT reagirebT, riTacmocemul naSroms Tqvens „enaze TargmniT~ (Tqveni sityvebiT gadmoscemT) da TqvenTvismis rekonstruqcias axdenT.

gadaxedva, gadaTvaliereba

mxatvruli literaturis nimuSis kiTxvisas, Cveulebisamebr, am safexurstoveben (àxtebian~), magram sxva tipis naSromebis kritikulad wakiTxvisas esnayofieri safexuria garkveuli molodinebisa da pirveladi kiTxvebisformirebisTvis manamde, sanam sityva-sityviT gaarCevdeT naSroms. gadaxedva kiTxvisprocess metad informaciulsa da nayofiers xdis.

gadaxedvis erT-erTi gzaa gadaTvaliereba, romelic mowodebulia Sinaarsis,avtorisa da naSromisadmi Tqveni damokidebulebis ZiriTadi maniSneblebismosaZieblad. gverdebis uxalisod gadafurcvlisa Tu ekranze Tvalis gadavlebiTgarbenisgan gansxvavebiT, gadaTvaliereba informaciis moZiebis fokusirebuli,koncentrirebuli aqtivobaa. teqstis gadaTvalierebisas SegiZliaT qvemoT mocemulikiTxvebi gamoiyenoT (ix. cxrili #6.3).

kiTxva

kiTxva, TavisTavad, ar aris erTsafexuriani procesi. Tqveni ZiriTadi mizaniapirveli safexuris gageba, romliTac operirebs teqsti anu is, rasac avtorirealurad ambobs.

pirveli wakiTxva

Tavdapirvelad axali masala SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad da uwyvetad waikiTxeT;Tan SeecadeT, gamokveToT arsi (dedaazri) da igrZnoT avtoris toni.

wera kiTxvis dros

arsebobs ori kargi mizezi imisaTvis, rom weroT kiTxvis dros: (1) Cawerilinformaciasa da ideebs momavalSi gamoiyenebT da (2) wakiTxuli naSromidan metsgaigebT.

cxrili #6.2. wakiTxvis miznisa da kiTxvis meTodis urTierTmimarTeba

mizani kiTxvis meTodi

Worebis gageba eqimis mosacdelSi swrafi, arakritikuli

Jurnal „Tbiliselebis“, rogorc Cveni popkulturis artefaqtis, ganxilva, romelic asaxavs da xSirad afasebs kidec Tanamedrove Rirebulebebs

detaluri, kritikuli

52

daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna

Sesavali abzacis funqcia Temis wardgena, Temis gacnobaa. Sesabamisad, daskvniTiabzacis funqcia diskusiis damTavreba, ganviTarebis logikuri dasasrulia. TuganmaviTarebeli abzaci aviTarebs, gaSlis sakvanZo debulebas, bunebrivia, rom masdaskvna mosdevdes.

daskvna mTlianad ganmaviTarebel abzaczea damokidebuli, Tumca, arsebobsdaskvnis daweris standartuli wesebi:

daskvnaSi ganxiluli qveTemebis (an Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtis) xelaxaligacxadeba unda xdebodes. es mimoxilva ufro mokle unda iyos, ramdenadaces sakiTxebi vrclad unda iyos ganxiluli ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.

daskvnaSi SeiZleba sakvanZo debulebis xelaxali gacxadebac, magram,tavtologiis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, es SeiZleba sxva sityvebiT moxdes.sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba misi mniSvnelobis dasabuTebaa.

daskvnaSi ar unda xdebodes axali Temis anda Temis axali aspeqtis gaCena,romelic ar iyo naxsenebi ganmaviTarebel abzacebSi.

savarjiSo #4.8: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi dasabuTebuli debulebebiTa dadaskvnebiT. ganixileT, aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri mocemuli winadadebebisTvis.daasabuTeT Tqveni daskvna.

sakvanZo debuleba:

televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.

a) is sasargeblo saganmanaTleblo saSualebaa;

b) is garTobis saukeTeso saSualebaa, romelic modunebis saSualebasiZleva;

g) is masalas iZleva ojaxuri diskusiebisTvis.

kritikosebi agrZeleben televizoris kritikas, magram misisaganmanaTleblo Rirebulebis da kidev imis gamo, rom is ulev masalasiZleva diskusiisTvis, Cveni ojaxi televizoris xangrZliv yurebasagrZelebs. aseve moiqcevian sxvebic. marTlac, televizoris yureba droisgayvanis, drois flangvis saukeTeso saSualebaa.

69

iseTi saqmianobac ki, rogoricaa Jurnal „Tbiliselebis~ wakiTxva, kiTxvissxvadasxva meTods moiazrebs, arCeuli meTodi ki wakiTxvis mizanzea damokidebuli(ix. cxrili #6.2).

kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi ar aris erTmaneTis miyolebiT aucilebladgasavleli safexurebi. Tqven SeiZleba ar gamoiyenoT yvela maTgani yovelikonkretuli naSromis SemTxvevaSi. zogjer, rodesac aucilebelia teqstisdetalurad kritikulad wakiTxva, SeiZleba ubralod ar gqondeT mimoxilvis,wakiTxvisa da xelaxali wakiTxvis dro. sxva SemTxvevebSi, naweris wakiTxvis mizezi(Tqveni mizani) ganapirobebs imas, Tu kiTxvis romel meTods gamoiyenebT. suraTze#6.1 sqematurad mocemulia kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi.

cxrili #6.1. kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi

• wera: kiTxvis dros SeniSnvnebis Cawera;

• gadaxedva: ukan dabruneba, gadaTvaliereba, Tvalis gadavleba;

• kiTxva: teqstze muSaoba da Seswavla;

• Sejameba: Sinaarsis gaazreba da gageba;

• sakuTari kritikuli pasuxis Camoyalibeba

analizi: nawilebad dayofa;

interpretacia: mniSvnelobebisa da daSvebebis gaazreba da gaSla;

sinTezi: nawilebis SeerTeba, kavSirebis damyareba;

Sefaseba: xarisxisa da Rirebulebis Sefaseba.

suraTi #6.1: kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi

wera kiTxvis procesSi

• informaciis da ideebis Cawera momavali miznebisTvis;

• maqsimaluri informaciis miRebis saSualeba;

• wignTan urTierTqmedeba;

• ormxriv CanawerTa dRiuri

gadaTva liereba

• moculoba;

• gamomcemloba;

• Sinaarsi; • avtori; • Tqven TviTon

wakiTxva • pirveli wakiTxva (gadakiTxva);

• gameorebiT wakiTxva (ukve nela, detaluri kiTxva).

kritikuli kiTxva

Sejameba • sityvebisa da cnebebis moZebna (romlebic ar gvesmis);

• teqstis calkeul nawilTa identifikacia, maT Soris kavSiri;

• TiToeuli nawilisTvis Sejamebis dawera;

• avtoris ZiriTadi ideis gamokveTa;

• mTliani abzacis dawera: ZiriTadi idea dasabuTebiT;

• gamoiyeneT Tqveni sityvebi.

kritikuli pasuxis

formireba • analizi;

• sinTezi;

• interpretacia; • Sefaseba.

53

Tavi 5. argumentTavi 5. argumentTavi 5. argumentTavi 5. argumentTavi 5. argumentirebuli eseirebuli eseirebuli eseirebuli eseirebuli ese

argumentirebuli eses mizania raime azris sisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.argumentebis motanis saWiroeba maSin Cndeba, rodesac adamianebi ar eTanxmebianerTmaneTs raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. erTi mxare mosazrebas gamoTqvams da ammosazrebis mxardaWeris mizezebs gvTavazobs. meore mxare sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebasgvawodebs da aseve gvTavazobs mis dasabuTebas.

SeiZleba ori adamianis azri romelime konkretuli sakiTxze ar daemTxvaserTmaneTs, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom is namdvilad sadavo da sakamaTo sakiTxia.magaliTad, erT-erTi mxare Tvlis, rom marwyvis nayini ukeTesia, vidre Jolosi,magram ar arsebobs aranairi xerxi, romliTac erTi SeZlebs meoris gadarwmunebasda sakuTari azris sisworeSi darwmunebas, radgan garkveuli aromatis mqonenayinisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba gemovnebis sakiTxia da ara logikisa dadasabuTebis; Tumca, SesaZloa sakamaTo iyos is, rom erT-erTi maTgani ufropopularulia, vidre meore. am SemTxvevaSi dasasabuTeblad SesaZlebelia gayiduliproduqtis raodenobis maCveneblebis faqtebis motana. analogiurad, orma adamianmaSeiZleba bevri ikamaTos da mainc ver SeTanxmdebs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu araRmerTi; SeuZlebelia, erT-erTma daarwmunos meore da Seacvlevinos Sexeduleba,radgan religiur sakiTxebze Sexeduleba rwmenas efuZneba da ara logikasa daSemowmebad faqtebs. aseve, Tu ar emTxveva azri imis Sesaxeb, vin moigo erovnuliCempionati, mcire gamokvlevis Semdeg SesaZlebelia amis dadgena. aq argumentadfaqtebi gveqneba. amrigad, gemovneba, faqtebi da rwmena ar aris sakamaTo da sadavoTemebi.

sakamaTod da sadavod SeiZleba iseTi sakiTxi iqces, romelic mosazrebas,azrs, Sexedulebas efuZneba, romlis dasabuTebac SesaZlebelia faqtebiT, eqspertTamosazrebebiT, empiriuli monacemebiT an logikuri mizezebiT. magaliTad, TqvengsurT daasabuToT mosazreba, rom skolis moswavleebma fizikuri momzadebiskursi yvela semestrSi unda gaiaron. Tqven amis gakeTeba relevanturi faqtebiTada logikuri mizezebiT unda moaxerxoT, radgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebismqone adamianebsac TavianTi dasabuTeba aqvT sakuTari mosazrebis sasargeblod.fizikuri momzadebis kursis saWiroeba iseTi sakiTxia, romelsac ori mxare aqvs,is ar aris arc rwmenis, arc faqtebisa da arc gemovnebis saqme (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.

K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi

naSromebis umaravlesobas gamarTuli sakvanZo debuleba aqvs, magaliTad,„amerikaSi pirvelma vizitma travma momayena~ debulebis centraluri ideaa travma,magram es ar aris argumentirebuli debuleba. vinaidan argumentirebuli eseaucileblad unda moicavdes argumentirebul debulebas, romelSic avtorimkiTxvelis darwmunebas, misi Sexedulebis Secvlasa da sakuTar mosazrebazegadayvanas ecdeba, argumentirebuli ese damajerebeli da logikurad gamarTuliunda iyos.

argumentirebuli sakvanZo debuleba anu Tezisi sxva tipis debulebebisganZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSi gadmocemulia pozicia, romelic Semdegunda dasabuTdes. magaliTad, fizikuri kulturis kursis Sesaxeb sakvanZo debulebasSeiZleba Semdegi saxe hqondes: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma yovelsemestrSi unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi~. ra Tqma unda, viRac SeiZlebaar daeTanxmos am mosazrebas da sapirispiro Sinaarsis sakvanZo debulebaSemogvTavazos: ̀ saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma ar unda gaiaron fizikurikulturis kursi yovel semestrSi~ (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

68

Tavi 6. krTavi 6. krTavi 6. krTavi 6. krTavi 6. kritititititikaikaikaikaika55555

swavlis procesSi da swavlis dasrulebis Semdegac Tqvengan moelian, romkritikulad iazrovnebT, waikiTxavT da dawerT. kritikuli niSnavs „kreatuls~,„skeptikurs~. kritikulad operireba niSnavs imas, rom eWvi geparebaT da amowmebTsxvebis naTqvams da sakuTar azrsa da nafiqrals gamoTqvamT. am konteqstSi sityvakritikuli ar niSnavs „negatiurs~. misi mniSvneloba berZnuli sityvidan„gancalkeveba~, „gamijvna~, „wvdoma~ momdinareobs. kritikulad moazrovne, iqneba esmkiTxveli, Tu avtori, sakiTxs Semadgenel nawilebad dayofs da arkvevs, Tu ramimarTebaSi imyofebian es nawilebi erTmaneTTan, rogor ukavSirdeba es sakiTxisxva sakiTxebs da (xSirad) msjelobs sakiTxis Tvisebebsa da Rirebulebaze.

Tqven yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ukve operirebT kritikulad, rodesac megobrebTanarkvevT urTierTobas („ras gulisxmobda am sityvebSi?~), an rodesac wina dRiTnanax films arCevT („rogor fiqrob, is cudi tipi Zalian gamomwvevad iqceoda?~).aseTi kiTxvebi im mizezebis gamokveTaSi gexmarebaT, Tu ra da ratom gemarTebaTda ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tqvens gamocdilebas.

aq azrovnebisa da (sapirispiro poziciidan) kiTxvis praqtikul, aseve, werisufro formalur meTodebs warmogidgenT. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: risTvisaris saWiro am meTodebis mizanmimarTulad swavla?

− kritikulad azrovneba swavlisa da muSaobis unars gagiumjobesebT. sadacar unda iyoT, Tqvengan moelian wakiTxulisa da mosmenilis Sefasebas, aseve_ Tqveni mosazrebebis gamoTqmas;

− kritikulad azrovneba Tqveni sakuTari qmedebebisa da mosazrebebis ukeTgagebaSi, sapirispiro mosazrebebTan maTi mniSvnelobis Sefasebasa da Tqvenimsjelobebisa da motivebis damajereblad gamoTqmaSi dagexmarebaT;

− Tqveni damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebuli kritikuladazrovnebis, kiTxvisa da weris unarze.

kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva

nebismier saganze SesaZlebelia kritikulad fiqri da azrovneba, iqneba esavtobusSi yurmokruli argumenti, Tqveni sayvareli musikosis axali albomi,programuli uzrunvelyofa, megobris ideebi, fexburTi da ZaRlis sakvebic ki.nebismieri maTganis „gamocalkevebiTa~ da „wvdomiT~ Tqven misi ukeT gagebis, sxvamovlenebTan Tu sakiTxebTan misi mimarTebisa da Sefasebis SesaZlebloba geZlevaT.

kritikuli azrovneba swavlis periodSi, ZiriTadad, naweri teqstebis (moTxroba,Jurnalis statia, internet-korespondencia, vebgverdi) an vizualuri obieqtebis(foto, grafiki, diagrama, filmi) damuSavebisas gamogadgebaT. nebismieri sagniskritikulad ganxilva, gadamuSavebis sul mcire, sam doneze xorcieldeba: (1) rasgveubneba an gviCvenebs avtori, (2) ra ar uTqvams an uCvenebia avtors, magram naSromSimocemulia (igulisxmeba an ara), (3) Tqven ras fiqrobT. naSromis (vizualurisCaTvliT) TiToeuli donis ganxilva kiTxvis mTel rig meTodebs (ix. cxrili #6.1)saWiroebs. swored amaze visaubrebT qvemoT.

5 Tavis ZiriTadi nawili momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey;Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook.

54

savarjiSo #5.1: : : : : waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sakvanZo debulebebi da dasviT `+~im debulebebTan, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, argumentirebulia.

1. ___ kolejis studentebi ar unda iyvnen SezRudulni saleqcio kursisarCevaSi.

2. ___ momaval mSoblebs bavSvebis gaCenisTvis licenzia unda sWirdebodeT.

3. ___ Tbilisis samSeneblo kodeqsi araadekvaturia.

4. ___ TbilisSi arsebul universitetebs Soris am universitets yvelazemeti studenti hyavs.

5. ___ studentebma unda gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazreba maswavleblebismiReba-gaTavisuflebis Taobaze.

6. ___ biblioTekaSi pornografiuli wignebi unda aikrZalos.

7. ___ am universitets ar unda hyavdes fexburTis gundi.

8. ___ am raionis moqalaqeebs iaraRis tarebis ufleba unda miscen.

9. ___ saqarTvelos mTavrobam meti ltolvili unda daakmayofilossacxovrebeli pirobebiT.

10. ___ adamianebma mxari ar unda dauWiron klonirebas, romelsac bevriuaryofiTi Sedegis motana SeuZlia kacobriobisTvis.

sawinaaRmdego SexedulebasawinaaRmdego SexedulebasawinaaRmdego SexedulebasawinaaRmdego SexedulebasawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba

argumentirebuli eses werisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom mizani Tqveni mosazrebissisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmunebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, daiwyeT daSvebiT, rommkiTxveli ar geTanxmebaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakamaToc araferi iqneboda.agreTve, aucilebelia gaxsovdeT, rom Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, essulac ar niSnavs imas, rom is Tqvenze naklebad Wkviani da ganaTlebulia. TaviaarideT iseT gamonaTqvams, rogoricaa: _ „is, vinc ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, romsaxelmwifo universitetis studentebma unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi,cdeba da saTanadod ver afasebs realobas~. wereT obieqturad, logikurad,dasabuTebulad da gamoxateT pativiscema sapirispiro Sexedulebis mqone mkiTxvelismimarT.

Zalian mniSvnelovania im argumentis gaTvaliswineba, romelsac sawinaaRmdegomosazrebis mqone adamiani eyrdnoba. Tqveni azriT, ra mizezebis gamo SeiZlebainarCunebdes igi am pozicias? SeecadeT, gadmosceT da gamoyoT is mniSvnelovanimizezebi, romelTa gamoc Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba ar dageTanxmoT. Tu Tqven argaiTvaliswinebT am mizezebs da mxolod sakuTar argumentebs miiRebT mxedvelobaSi,mkiTxvelis darwmunebis naklebi Sansi gaqvT. magaliTad, gsurT universitetSifizikuri momzadebis kursis swavlebis sakiTxis ganxilva da gaqvT Semdegiargumentebi:

1. studentebs moswonT es kursi da siamovnebas iReben;

2. studentebi mniSvnelovan socialur Cvevebsa da gunduri muSaobis unarebsiZenen;

3. studentebi gacilebiT ukeTesad iswavlian, Tu isini fizikurad janmrTelebiiqnebian.

Tqveni argumentebi udavod kargia. Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba eTanxmebodeskidec maT, magram misi poziciis mTavari argumenti SeiZleba pasuxismgeblobissakiTxi iyos: namdvilad universitetis saqmea studentis janmrTelobaze zrunva?Tu yuradRebas ar miaqcevT am arguments, ar ganixilavT mas da ar daarwmunebT

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21. aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri? (daasabuTeT)

22. raime SeniSvna xom ar gaqvT daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT?

23. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? (daasabuTeT)

24. romeli nawili saWiroebs yvelaze met damuSavebas? (daasabuTeT)

55

oponents, rom universitetSi fizikuri momzadebis kursi adekvaturi moTxovnaa,naklebad mosalodnelia, rom mkiTxveli dageTanxmoT; sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebisganxilvis SemTxvevaSi ki ufro metad dauWerT mxars sakuTar mosazrebas (SmalleyR.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

savarjiSo #5.2: waikiTxeT sakvanZo debulebebi da moifiqreT mizezebi, romelTagamoc SeiZleba daeTanxmo an ar daeTanxmo am debulebas. CamoTvaleT rac SeiZlebameti mizezi orive SemTxvevisTvis. Semdeg xazi gausviT im mizezebs, romelic, TqveniazriT, yvelaze damajereblad migaCniaT.

nimuSi:sakvanZo debuleba: marixuanas moweva legalizebuli unda iyos.

SeecadeT, maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da kontrargumenti moitanoT SemdegidebulebebisTvis:

1. studentebi ar unda iyvnen SezRudulni saleqcio kursis arCevaSi.

2. mecnieruli miznebisTvis dauSvebelia cxovelebze cdebis Catareba.

3. sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia.

4. adreuli qorwineba miuRebelia.

mizezebis axsna da dasabuTebamizezebis axsna da dasabuTebamizezebis axsna da dasabuTebamizezebis axsna da dasabuTebamizezebis axsna da dasabuTeba

argumentirebul eseSi Tqveni mosazrebis dasabuTebis ramdenime xerxi arsebobs.

faqtebi. vinaidan mizani Tqveni mosazrebis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis

darwmunebaa, abzacebis organizebis nebismieri tipis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT. magaliTad,Tu migaCniaT, rom mkacri kontroli unda dawesdes qimiuri narCenebis Senaxvasa daganadgurebaze, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqven mier mowodebuli erT-erTi argumentiSeiZleba is iyos, rom swored qimiuri narCenebi iwveven garemos dabinZurebas.SegiZliaT, ganixiloT am narCenebis ganadgurebis Sedegebi. garda amisa, SeiZlebamoitanoT qimiuri narCenebis ganadgurebis Sedegad garemos dabinZurebis magaliTebi.aseve, SegiZliaT aRweroT am narCenebis ganadgurebis procesi da axsnaT, Tu riTda rogor binZurdeba am dros garemo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni mosazrebisdasasabuTeblad faqtebis motana dagWirdebaT. faqtebi unda moicavdes monacemebs,romlebic obieqturad dadasturebuli da sazogadod miRebulia. magaliTad,rogoricaa istoriuli faqtebi, mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi da statistikurimonacemebi. faqtebis mosapoveblad SeiZleba garkveuli Teoruli Ziebis CatarebacdagWirdeT.

argumentebi:

a) is sasiamovno gasarTobi relaqsantia;

b) mTavrobas ar aqvs ufleba, migviTiTos, riT SegviZlia gaverToT da riT ara;

g) is sasargeblo medikamentia;

d) bevri adamiani isedac moixmars mas.

kontrargumentebi:

a) is adiqturi nivTierebaa;

b) mTavrobam ar unda dauSvas mavne narkotikis ukontrolo gavrceleba;

g) misi zemoqmedebis qveS myofma adamianebma SeiZleba ziani miayenon erTmaneTsa da sazogadoebas;

d) mis moxmarebas ufro saxifaTo narkotikebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mohyves.

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16. midis Tu ara avtori daTmobaze da gvTavazobs Tu ara kompromisul gadawyvetas?(daasabuTeT)

17. aris Tu ara abzacebi mTliani, Sekruli? Tu ara, miuTiTeT konkretul abzacsada winadadebebze, romelic am moTxovnas ar akmayofilebs.

18. aris Tu ara abzacebi Tanmimdevruli? (daasabuTeT)

19. aris Tu ara ese mTliani? (daasabuTeT)

20. aris Tu ara ese Tanmimdevruli? (daasabuTeT)

56

konkretuli magaliTi. dasabuTeba konkretuli magaliTebis gamoyenebiTac

SesaZlebelia. Tu magaliTi pirovnuli gamocdilebidan mogaqvT, gadaamowmeT, romam magaliTis ganzogadeba namdvilad SesaZlebelia SedarebiT did jgufze.

eqspertTa mosazreba. dasabuTebisTvis eqspertTa mosazrebis motanac

SeiZleba. eqsperti aris adamiani, romelsac gansakuTrebuli codna aqvs mocemulsakiTxze misi profesiis, gamocdilebisa da sakiTxis Taobaze Catarebuli kvlevebisSesaxeb informirebulobis gamo. eqspertis azris dasamowmeblad aucilebeliacitirebis wesebis codna (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).

sawinaaRmdego mosazrebis aRiareba da gabaTileba

argumentirebul eseSi unda gaabaTiloT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis argumenti.vinaidan sakiTxs ori mxare aqvs da Tqven erT-erTi Sexedulebis sasargeblodgamoxatavT pozicias da gsurT am poziciis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba,Tqven ara marto imis dasabuTeba mogiwevT, rom marTali xarT, aramed imisac, romTqveni oponenti cdeba, an, sul mcire, rom Tqveni mosazreba ufro sando damniSvnelovania, vidre oponentisa.

sawinaaRmdego argumentis (anu kontrargumentis) gabaTileba mosazrebissimcdaris dasabuTebas niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia oponentisargumentebis mxedvelobaSi miReba da imis Cveneba, rom Tqveni argumentebi ufrosando, ukeTesi da Rirebulia. Tu oponents Rirebuli argumenti aqvs, Tqven undaaRiaroT misi Rirebuleba, daeTanxmoT, rom is namdvilad validuria da ganagrZoTTqveni Sexedulebis ganxilva (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).

argumentirebuli eses struqturaargumentirebuli eses struqturaargumentirebuli eses struqturaargumentirebuli eses struqturaargumentirebuli eses struqtura

argumentirebuli ese SeiZleba komponentebad an etapebad daiyos, romelTaganSemdegi oTxi TiTqmis yovelTvis unda iyos: (1) Sesavali, (2) sakiTxis dasma, (3)mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba da (4) daskvna.

Sesavali

iseTi literaturuli Janris garda, rogoricaa, magaliTad, deteqtivi,mkiTxveli, Cveulebriv, pirdapir ar erTveba xolme moqmedebaSi. eses dasawyisSiavtori, ZiriTadad, waradgens xolme im sakiTxs, romelsac SemdgomSi ganixilavs.Sesavali nawilis mizania gansaxilvel sakiTxze mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyrobada misTvis orientaciis gansazRvra Semdgomi ganxilvis Temis TvalsazrisiT.Sesavals, Cveulebriv, nabij-nabij mivyavarT zogadi situaciidan konkretulgansaxilvel sakiTxamde. magaliTad, Tu albaneTSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvisevropuli konvenciis me-13 punqtis darRvevis Sesaxeb Temis ganxilva gsurT, Temazesaubris dawyeba ufro zogadad, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxiT iqneba umjobesi.amis Semdeg mkiTxvelis yuradRebas albaneTSi adamianis uflebebs miapyrobT dabolos konkretulad albaneTSi konvenciis me-13 muxlis darRvevis sakiTxisganxilvaze gadaxvalT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom warmatebuli Sesavlis weris mza formula ar arsebobs,Cveulebriv, is moicavs Semdeg elementebs:

Sesavali debuleba: Tqveni eses pirveli winadadeba sakmaod saintereso

unda iyos, rom mkiTxvels kiTxvis gagrZelebis survili gauCndes. Tema STambeWdavi

65

10. avtoris mTavari argumenti.

11. motanilia Tu ara yvela SesaZlo mZlavri argumenti debulebis dasasabuTeblad?romelimes xom ar daamatebdiT?

12. aris Tu ara argumentebi damajerebeli? (daasabuTeT)

13. ganxilulia Tu ara sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba?

14. konkretuli kontrargumentebi, romlebsac abaTilebs avtori.

15. aris Tu ara gabaTilebuli yvela SesaZlo kontrargumenti? romelimes xom ardaamtebdiT?

57

ritorikuli xerxebiT unda miawodoT mkiTxvels. gamoiyeneT saintereso debulebebian dasviT ZiriTadi kiTxva. mkiTxveli Temamde unda miiyvanoT da im konkretulsferoze gaumaxviloT yuradReba, romelsac ganixilavT, raTa igi Tqveni debulebisdasabuTebisTvis moamzadoT.

sakvanZo debuleba: es, Cveulebriv, pirveli abzacis bolo winadadeba da

eses mamoZravabeli Zalaa. is gviCvenebs pozicias, romelsac asabuTebT, romelSexedulebasac icavT.

avtoris pozicia: akademiur weraSi miRebulia, Cveuli da sasurvelic kia,

rom mkiTxvels dasawyisSive auwyos avtorma Tavisi pozicia.

argumentirebuli eses Sesavlis weris zogadi principi:

magaliTi:

sazogadoebaSi rom icxovroT da mis saqmianobaSi aqtiuri monawileobamiiRoT, sazogadoebis wevrebTan sistematuri urTierToba unda gqondeT. amitomadamianTa umravlesoba mowadinebulia, kargad flobdes komunikaciis unar-Cvevebs. komunikaciis kargi unar-Cveva ara marto Tqveni, aramed TqvenigarSemomyofebis warmatebis sawindaria, vinaidan komunikaciis kargi unarisSemTxvevaSi meti Sansi gaqvT, rom maT sworad aRiqvan Tqveni ideebi.

urTierTobis unar-Cvevebis profesiul doneze Seswavla ioli ar aris.sauniversiteto kursebSi urTierTobis Seswavla TiTqmis ar arisgaTvaliswinebuli, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobam ki TiTqmis araferiicis komunikaciis profesiul doneze damyarebis Sesaxeb, romelsac mxolodwignebiT ver iswavliT.

axals ras gvetyvis es wigni? Rrmad varT darwmunebulni, rom Tqvensdaxmarebas SevZlebT, vinaidan Cven mier axsnili principebi SeuzRudavadgamoiyeneba, xolo konkretuli instruqciebi principebis praqtikaSi danergvissaSualebas iZleva. . .

am SesavalSi swored zemoT xsenebuli principia gamoyenebuli: rogorcxedavT, es efeqturi da moxerxebuli principi didi daxmarebas gagiwevT damajerebeliSesavlis SeqmnaSi.

situacia – faqtia, rom sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi monawileobisaTvis

saWiroa urTierTobebis damyareba. isic faqtia, rom adamianTa umravlesobas surskomunikaciis unar-Cvevebis daxvewa, vinaidan esmiT, rom urTierToba warmatebisumTavresi pirobaa, marTalia, rom araTu umravlesobas, aramed uklebliv yvelassurs, ukeT exerxebodes urTierTobis damyareba, magram unda daiSvas, rom vinmeSeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes am mosazrebas (magaliTad, biZaTqvenis biZa...) amitomumjobesia daiweros „umravlesoba~, raTa iseTi mosazreba iqnes gadmocemuli,romelsac cota Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba.

sirTule – magram situacia SeiZleba garTuldes – arasrulfasovani

swavleba universitetebSi (rac dasavleTTan mimarTebiT sworia, radgan komunikaciisxelovneba arsad iswavleba), urTierTobis unar-Cvevis ucodinroba ganviTarebadqveynebSi, am unar-Cvevis mxolod wigniT swavlebis sirTule.

kiTxva – SeiZleba warmoiSvas iseTi SekiTxva, romelic arsebiTi iqneba

TqvenTvis, rogorc mkiTxvelisaTvis: axali ra SeiZleba miTxras am wignma?

gadawyveta – Cveni amoxsna umTavres mosazrebas pirvel adgilze aTavsebs.

esenia: principebi, romelTa gamoyeneba nebismier dros SeiZleba, iseve, rogorcSesabamisi formulebis gamoyenebiT maTi koreqtireba (h. gutbrodi, n. danelia, 2006).

64

argumentirebuli eses Sesafasebeli kiTxvari

1. ra aris eses Tema? ra sakiTxia ganxiluli eseSi?

2. waradgens, gvacnobs Tu ara Sesavali abzaci (abzacebi) Temas?

3. mianiSnebs Tu ara Sesavali imas, rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili? (daasabuTeT)

4. aris Tu ara Sesavali dakonkretebuli? (miuTiTeT Temis dakonkretebis principi)

5. aris Tu ara Sesavali saintereso? (daasabuTeT)

6. gamoyaviT eses sakvanZo debuleba/Tezisi.

7. aris Tu ara Tezisi dakonkretebuli? gadmoeciT is Tqveni sityvebiT.

8. konkretuli SeniSvnebi SesavalTan dakavSirebiT.

9. konkretuli SeniSvnebi TezisTan dakavSirebiT.

58

sakiTxis wardgena

SesavalSi gansaxilveli sakiTxisTvis niadagis momzadebisa da poziciisgancxadebis Semdeg eses ZiriTadi nawili Tqveni moqmedebis adgilia, romelSicgaSliT gansaxilvel sakiTxs da mkiTxvels Tqvens simarTleSi daarwmunebT. kargadwarmodgenili sakiTxi daarwmunebs mkiTxvels, rom radgan garkveuli warmodgenilifaqtebi simarTles Seesabameba da mkiTxveli eTanxmeba avtoris garkveulmosazrebebs, igi miiRebs avtoris daskvnebs, rogorc Rirebulsa da mniSvnelovans.

akademiur weraSi sakiTxis wardgena, Cveulebriv, gancxadebis gakeTebiT anmtkicebulebebis miwodebiT da Semdeg am mtkicebulebebis dasabuTebiT (faqtebiTada magaliTebiT) xdeba; Tumca aseve, SesaZlebelia dasabuTebisa da samagaliTosituaciebis mimoxilviT dawyeba da Semdeg daskvnis gakeTeba. qvemoT mocemuliabzaci cenzuris Sesaxeb dasabuTebis ilustraciaa:

cenzura, Tavisi bunebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiuli sazogadoebisprincipebs (Tezisi). is Zireulad arademokratiulia, radgan zRudavs gamoxatvissaSualebas da umciresobas upiratesobas aniWebs, ukarnaxos umravlesobas,Tu risi naxva, wakiTxva an mosmena SeuZlia an ar SeuZlia mas (dasabuTeba).magaliTad, sajaro biblioTekidan nebismieri mizeziT sakamaTo wignis amoRebamis avtors im mravali mkiTxvelisken uWris gzas, romelsac wignTan Sexebissxva saSualeba ara aqvs. amave dros, individTa rCeuli jgufi, romelic wignisSesaxeb iRebs gadawyvetilebas, faqtobrivad, ukrZalavs sazogadoebas am wigniswakiTxvas (es damasabuTebeli winadadebis ori magaliTia). aqedan gamomdinare,es qmedeba, diqtaturas ufro uwyobs xels, vidre demokratias (Tavdapirvelimtkicebulebis gameoreba).

am Tezisisa da dasabuTebis ZiriTadi sayrdeni is varaudia, romelsacmtkicebuleba efuZneba. varaudi aris filosofiuri an moraluri Tvalsazrisi,romelsac vimedovnebT, rom sazogadoebaSi sxva adamianebi, Cveni mkiTxvelis CaTvliT,gaiziareben. magaliTad, diskusia saxelmwifo samedicino samsaxuris dafinansebisSesaxeb SeiZleba daeyrdnos varauds, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis sicocxle fuliTSefasdes. umetes SemTxvevaSi imedi gvaqvs, rom Cveni mkiTxveli iziarebs Cvensvarauds. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saeWvoa, rom maT is mtkicebulebebi miiRon, romlebsacam varaudis safuZvelze vakeTebT. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin unda davasabuToT esvaraudic. am SemTxvevaSi varaudi Tavad iqceva mtkicebulebad, romelsac dasabuTebasWirdeba.

mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba

akademiuri ritorika avtorisgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis codnas moiTxovs.Cveulebriv, eses werisas sakuTar Sexedulebebs warmoadgenen, Semdeg ki sawinaaRmdegoSexedulebebis kritikuli ganxilva xdeba; Tumca SesaZlebelia im SexedulebiTdawyeba, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da misi gakritikeba an uaryofa sakuTari poziciisdasabuTebisTvis. erTi SexedviT, argumentis sawinaaRmdego mxaris Cveneba SeiZlebaTqveni poziciisTvis wamgebianad mogeCvenoT. miuxedavad amisa, uamravi mizezi arsebobsimisTvis, rom sawinaaRmdego azri icodeT.

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar iRebT sawinaaRmdego azrs, e. i. ganzrax malavT sawinaaRmdego

azris dasabuTebas. sawinaaRmdego azris gauTvaliswineblobam ki sruliadSesaZlebelia mkiTxvelis pativiscema dagakargvinoT. unda gaxsovdeT, rom mkiTxvelisdaTanxmebas, darwmunebas cdilobT da ara mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas.

argumenti ufro damajerebeli iqneba, Tu sawinaaRmdego azric iciT. yovelTvis,

roca vinmes darwmunebas cdilobT, gamoCndebian adamianebi, romlebic ar geTanxmebian.

63

argumentebi ar unda faravdes erTmaneTs da unda iyos mTlianobaSi erTmaneTis Semavsebeli;

piramidis struqturis gamoyenebiT dawerili argumentirebuli ese, romelSic motanilia 3 argumenti, idealur variantSi 3-4 gverdi unda gamovides.

argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebiargumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebiargumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebiargumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebiargumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebi

argumentirebuli eses Sesavlis wyvilSi Sefasebis meTodi

xmamaRla kiTxva

avtori Sesavals xmamaRla orjer kiTxulobs, msmenelebi Cumad usmenen daSeniSvnebs iweren.

gvacnobs Tu ara Sesavali Temas?

rogoria Temis dakonkretebis meTodi?

mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci imas, rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili, rasakiTxebi iqneba ganxiluli?

aris Tu ara Sesavali saintereso, damaintrigebeli?

aris Tu ara dakonkretebuli Tezisi?

toni, romliTac avtori wers.

SeniSvna: kiTxulobs mxolod avtori. msmenelebi ise iweren SeniSvnebs,

rom avtors ar awyvetineben kiTxvas.

fiqri

msmenelebi TavisTvis fiqroben SeniSvnebze, emzadebian, weren:

jer pozitiur Sefasebas, ra aris kargad dawerili (dasabuTebiT);

negatiur Sefasebas (dasabuTebiT);

gzas, romelsac SesTavazeben avtors naweris gasaumjobeseblad.

msmenelis SeniSvnebi

msmeneli gamoTqvams azrebs.

SeniSvna: saubrobs mxolod msmeneli, avtori usmens da iwers mis

SeniSvnebs.

avtoris pasuxi

ras eTanxmeba, ras _ ara. ris gaTvaliswinebas apirebs, axsna-ganmartebebi.

SeniSvna: saubrobs mxolod avtori.

59

maTi winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT da imis CvenebiT, rom maTi sapirispiro azrinaklebad Rirebuli da safuZvliania, vidre Tqveni Sexedulebebi, an imis CvenebiT,rogor migiyvanaT sapirispiro azris codnam Tqveni poziciis Secvlamde, aZlierebTTqvens azrs.

sawinaaRmdego azris gaTvaliswinebis Cveva srulyofils xdis kritikul

azrovnebas, avtors kamaTSi CarTvasa da imis aRqma-gacnobierebas aiZulebs, romsxva Tvalsazrisi ara marto arsebobs, aramed mas Tavisi dasabuTebac aqvs.

sawinaaRmdego poziciasTan gamklavebis xerxebi

rogorc wesi, sawinaaRmdego pozicia unda daadginoT da ramdenadacSesaZlebelia, es safuZvlianad da miukerZoeblad unda gaakeToT. sawinaaRmdegoazris damaxinjebiT da gaubraloebiT, albaT, mxolod yvelaze morCili mkiTxvelissimpaTias moipovebT. sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis gadmocemisas sasurvelia:

• SesTavazoT gamosavali, romelsac sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba Tqvensarguments upirispirebs;

• miuTiToT dasabuTebis sust mxareebsa da problemebze, romlebic amarTlebensawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebas.

• daTmoT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis sasargeblod anda SesTavazoTkompromisuli pozicia da sakiTxis gadaWra.

cenzuris Sesaxeb zemoT motanil magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor uwyobsxels sawinaaRmdego argumentis gaTvaliswineba avtoris debulebis gaZlierebas.zemoT warmodgenili Sesavali abzacis Semdeg, romelSic Tezisia mocemuli, modisramdenime abzaci, romelSic dasabuTebulia, rom cenzura ̀ cudi azria~ sxvadasxvamizezis gamo. amis Semdeg avtors ramdenime (erTis an metis) abzacis CarTva SeuZlia,romelSic argumentis meore mxares moitans da garkveul daTmobaze wava.

miuxedavad imisa, rom cenzura saxifaToa Tavisufali sazogadoebisTvis,zogierTi Sewuxebuli moqalaqe cenzuris momxrea da, SesaZloa, amisi myarisafuZvelic hqondes, rodesac isini aRniSnaven, rom bavSvebi televiziiT naCvenebifilmebiT Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian (daTmoba da sawinaaRmdego azrisgaTvaliswineba). televiziiT marTlac bevr Zaladobas gadmoscemen (daTmobada Tanxmobis momenti). amis sapasuxod, SeiZleba yvela teleqselma ganaviTarosTviTcenzura (kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis SeTavazeba). Tu televiziebi amasufro didi pasuximgeblobiT moekidebian da mdare gemovnebis masalis Tavidanacilebas Seecdebian, xelisuflebis moxeleebs, religiur jgufebsa da SewuxebulmSoblebs aRar dasWirdebaT maT gadawyvetilebebSi Careva.

cxadia, es abzaci (mcireodeni cvlilebebiT) SeiZleba Sesavlis Semdeg, cenzuriswinaaRmdeg mTavar argumentze gadasvlis win modiodes. sad moaTavsebTkontrarguments, ra moculobis iqneba is da rogor warmoadgenT, es mxolod TqveniarCevania efeqturi argumentirebuli eses werisas.

daskvna

bevrma studentma xSirad aRar icis, ra daweros daskvnaSi, rodesac SesavalSiukve gamoTqmuli aqvs sakuTari pozicia.

daskvna eses Zalian mniSvnelovani nawilia, radgan jamdeba sakvanZo debulebada misi argumentebi, romlebic mkiTxvels naTel warmodgenas uqmnis avtorispoziciaze. am etapze ar aris rekomendebuli iseTi axali azris wamoweva, romelicsaerTod ar ganxilula eses ZiriTad nawilSi. aramomgebiania daskvnis gamoyeneba

62

aseTi wris gamoyenebiT sakmaod rTuli informaciis dalageba SegviZlia ise,rom is mkiTxvelisTvis da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes. darwmundiT, rom wreyvela mimarTulebiT Tanmimdevrulia. Tezisi unda ajamebdes yvela ZiriTadarguments. es struqtura daRmavali gziT muSaobs: argumentebi uSualod/pirdapirunda dasabuTdes qveargumentebiT, xolo qveargumentebi Tqveni dasabuTebis Sejamebaunda iyos.

Sejameba zusti unda iyos. es niSnavs imas, rom mxolod is azrebi/ideebi (anuargumentebi, qveargumentebi da a.S.) unda iyos masSi CarTuli, romelTac uSualodSeaqvT wvlili SejamebaSi.

magaliTi:

Tezisi: vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba.

argumenti: vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba, radgan masSinaTlad aris mocemuli azrebis urTierTmimarTeba.

qveargumenti: vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba, radgan masSinaTlad aris mocemuli azrebis urTierTmimarTeba maTiSesatyvisobis Cvenebis gziT.

argumentebis raodenoba

argumentebis struqturaSi dalagebisas optimaluria samidan xuTamde (3-5) argumentis moyvana. yvela sxva danarCeni mosazreba unda dalagdes ufroqveda doneze, rogorc qveargumentebi. gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven mkiTxvelisTviswerT da dro/adgili SezRuduli gaqvT. Tu samidan xuTamde Zlier argumentsmoitanT, SeZlebT mkiTxvelis darwmunebas. Tu am argumentebiT ver daarwmunebTmas, Semdgomi argumentebi, miT umetes, aRar dagWirdebaT. metic, Tu Tqven yvelaim arguments moitanT nawerSi, rac gagaxsendebaT, is imdenad grZeli gamogivaT,rom aravin waikiTxavs.

rCevebi:

moiyvaneT mxolod 3-5 argumenti;

argumentebis dalagebis Tanmimdevroba (siZlieris mixedviT) auditoriazea damokidebuli, Tumca rekomendebulia siZlieriT meore argumenti pirvel adgilze moTavsdes, Semdeg yvelaze susti argumenti da bolos yvelaze Zlieri;

cudi argumenti faravs danarCen karg/Zlier argumentebs;

argumentTa raodenoba verasodes Caanacvlebs maT xarisxs;

A1 A3

A2 S1A1

S3A1

S2A1 Tezisi

suraTi #5.2: argumentirebuli wre

60

sakuTari naazrevis CvenebisTvis. amiT datovebT STabeWdilebas, rom nebismiersSeuZlia, rac moesurveba, is ifiqros. marTalia, nebismiers aqvs sakuTari azrisqonis ufleba, magram unda gaxsovdeT, rom argumentirebuli eses werisas Tqvenimizania mkiTxvelisTvis Tqveni mosazrebis ara marto gacnoba, aramed misi darwmuneba,rom, rasac fiqrobT, myari da dasabuTebuli poziciaa, romelic manac SeiZlebagaiziaros an aRiaros mainc.

garda amisa, Zalze aramomgebiania am etapze imis Cveneba, rom arc erTi poziciaar aris meoreze ukeTesi an uaresi.

daskvnis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi

argumentebis sinTezi: daskvnaSi unda gaimeoroT argumentebis mTavari

momentebi da mokled SeajamoT isini. SeecadeT, mkiTxvels aCvenoT, Tu rogoresadageba erTmaneTs sakiTxi, dasabuTeba da magaliTebi, romlebic argumentebisdasamtkiceblad gamoiyeneT;

sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba: kvlav CamoayalibeT da xazi gausviT Tqveni

Tavdapirveli debulebis mniSvnelobas, radgan mTeli ese am sakiTxis dasabuTebasada mxardaWeras mieZRvna. zogi avtori fiqrobs, rom Tezisis sityvasityviT gameorebaefeqturi ritorikuli xerxia, zogs ki miaCnia, rom umjobesia misi perefrazi.

daskvniTi debulebebi: es nawili ukve argumentirebuli eses dasasrulia,

romelic saboloo STabeWdilebas tovebs mkiTxvelze. daskvniTi debulebis dawerisramdenime xerxi arsebobs:

• problemis momavali ganixileT, rogorc sakamaTo sakiTxi. esgaaZlierebs Tqveni eses mniSvnelobas. agreTve, SeiZleba daexmarosmkiTxvels, gamoiyenos axali informacia da ufro globaluradSexedos sakiTxs;

• mkiTxvels fiqris sagani mieciT, magaliTad, Tqveni eses “realurcxovrebaSi” gamoyenebis gza;

• miubrundiT Sesaval debulebas, raTa Tqveni ese gamTliandes;

• kiTxva zogadad dasviT, mimarTeT mkiTxvels, rac mas ganxilulsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT iseTi axali warmodgenebis SeqmnaSidaexmareba, romlebic daskvnis wakiTxvamde ar uCndeboda. am xerxiTSeiZleba Tqvens ZiriTad azrebs mouyaros Tavi da axalimosazrebebis gaCenis winapirobad eqces (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. &

Anderson D., 2000).

argumentirebuli eseSi argumentebisargumentirebuli eseSi argumentebisargumentirebuli eseSi argumentebisargumentirebuli eseSi argumentebisargumentirebuli eseSi argumentebis

dalagebis struqturadalagebis struqturadalagebis struqturadalagebis struqturadalagebis struqtura44444

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad ideas sakvanZo debulebaanu Tezisi ewodeba. Teziss sWirdeba dasabuTeba misi Semdgomi, ganmaviTarebeliideebiT, romelTac argumentebi ewodebaT, argumentebs ki, Tavis mxriv, dasabuTebaaqvT da maT qveargumentebi ewodebaT. qveargumentebs xSirad ganamtkicebs dasabuTeba,romelic, ZiriTadad, yovelTvis konkretuli magaliTia.

4 qveTavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: hans gutbrodi, nana danelia.saqmiani urTierTobebi. gamomcemloba ̀ universali~, Tbilisi, 2006.

61

argumentebis dalagebis sam tips ganvixilavT:

monaxazi, gegma (outline) (outline) (outline) (outline) (outline)

am dalagebas aseTi struqtura aqvs:

Tezisi

1. argumenti

a) qveargumenti

(1) magaliTi

2. argumenti

a) qveargumenti

(1) magaliTi

piramida

Tezisi

(T)

1arg.

(A1)

2 arg.

(A2)

3 arg. (A3)

1 qvearg.

(S1A1)

2 qvearg. (S2A1)

3 qvearg. (S3A1)

1 qvearg.

(S1A2)

2 qvearg. (S2A2)

3 qvearg. (S3A2)

magaliTi

idealur SemTxvevaSi (ix. suraTi #5.1) argumentebma erTsa da imave kiTxvasunda upasuxon: `ratom?~ monaxazi da piramida, principSi, sxvadasxvagvari vizualuri gamosaxulebiTmocemuli erTi da igive struqturaa.

1312111

321

ASASASA

AAAT

++=++=

es toloba gviCvenebs, rom radgan Tezisi qveargumentebis jamia, qveargumentebSiar unda iyos iseTi ram, rac TezisSi ar aris asaxuli.

argumentirebuli wre

argumentirebuli wris centrSi (ix. suraTi #5.2) Cveni Tezisia moTavsebuli.Semdeg doneze argumentebia ganlagebuli, Semdeg ki qveargumentebi modis da TuTqven mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba Zalze detaluria, maT SeiZleba magaliTicmohyvebodes.

argumentirebul wres Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT viyenebT: pirvel etapze jerwarmovadgenT Teziss (ZiriTad pozicias), Semdeg _ pirvel arguments, Semdeg kimimovixilavT qveargumentebs da bolos vbrundebiT TezisTan. meore etapzewarmovadgenT meore arguments, mis qveargumentebs (Tu gvaqvs, magaliTs) da isevvubrundebiT Teziss.

suraTi #5.1: piramida

60

sakuTari naazrevis CvenebisTvis. amiT datovebT STabeWdilebas, rom nebismiersSeuZlia, rac moesurveba, is ifiqros. marTalia, nebismiers aqvs sakuTari azrisqonis ufleba, magram unda gaxsovdeT, rom argumentirebuli eses werisas Tqvenimizania mkiTxvelisTvis Tqveni mosazrebis ara marto gacnoba, aramed misi darwmuneba,rom, rasac fiqrobT, myari da dasabuTebuli poziciaa, romelic manac SeiZlebagaiziaros an aRiaros mainc.

garda amisa, Zalze aramomgebiania am etapze imis Cveneba, rom arc erTi poziciaar aris meoreze ukeTesi an uaresi.

daskvnis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi

argumentebis sinTezi: daskvnaSi unda gaimeoroT argumentebis mTavari

momentebi da mokled SeajamoT isini. SeecadeT, mkiTxvels aCvenoT, Tu rogoresadageba erTmaneTs sakiTxi, dasabuTeba da magaliTebi, romlebic argumentebisdasamtkiceblad gamoiyeneT;

sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba: kvlav CamoayalibeT da xazi gausviT Tqveni

Tavdapirveli debulebis mniSvnelobas, radgan mTeli ese am sakiTxis dasabuTebasada mxardaWeras mieZRvna. zogi avtori fiqrobs, rom Tezisis sityvasityviT gameorebaefeqturi ritorikuli xerxia, zogs ki miaCnia, rom umjobesia misi perefrazi.

daskvniTi debulebebi: es nawili ukve argumentirebuli eses dasasrulia,

romelic saboloo STabeWdilebas tovebs mkiTxvelze. daskvniTi debulebis dawerisramdenime xerxi arsebobs:

• problemis momavali ganixileT, rogorc sakamaTo sakiTxi. esgaaZlierebs Tqveni eses mniSvnelobas. agreTve, SeiZleba daexmarosmkiTxvels, gamoiyenos axali informacia da ufro globaluradSexedos sakiTxs;

• mkiTxvels fiqris sagani mieciT, magaliTad, Tqveni eses “realurcxovrebaSi” gamoyenebis gza;

• miubrundiT Sesaval debulebas, raTa Tqveni ese gamTliandes;

• kiTxva zogadad dasviT, mimarTeT mkiTxvels, rac mas ganxilulsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT iseTi axali warmodgenebis SeqmnaSidaexmareba, romlebic daskvnis wakiTxvamde ar uCndeboda. am xerxiTSeiZleba Tqvens ZiriTad azrebs mouyaros Tavi da axalimosazrebebis gaCenis winapirobad eqces (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. &

Anderson D., 2000).

argumentirebuli eseSi argumentebisargumentirebuli eseSi argumentebisargumentirebuli eseSi argumentebisargumentirebuli eseSi argumentebisargumentirebuli eseSi argumentebis

dalagebis struqturadalagebis struqturadalagebis struqturadalagebis struqturadalagebis struqtura44444

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad ideas sakvanZo debulebaanu Tezisi ewodeba. Teziss sWirdeba dasabuTeba misi Semdgomi, ganmaviTarebeliideebiT, romelTac argumentebi ewodebaT, argumentebs ki, Tavis mxriv, dasabuTebaaqvT da maT qveargumentebi ewodebaT. qveargumentebs xSirad ganamtkicebs dasabuTeba,romelic, ZiriTadad, yovelTvis konkretuli magaliTia.

4 qveTavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: hans gutbrodi, nana danelia.saqmiani urTierTobebi. gamomcemloba ̀ universali~, Tbilisi, 2006.

61

argumentebis dalagebis sam tips ganvixilavT:

monaxazi, gegma (outline) (outline) (outline) (outline) (outline)

am dalagebas aseTi struqtura aqvs:

Tezisi

1. argumenti

a) qveargumenti

(1) magaliTi

2. argumenti

a) qveargumenti

(1) magaliTi

piramida

Tezisi

(T)

1arg.

(A1)

2 arg.

(A2)

3 arg. (A3)

1 qvearg.

(S1A1)

2 qvearg. (S2A1)

3 qvearg. (S3A1)

1 qvearg.

(S1A2)

2 qvearg. (S2A2)

3 qvearg. (S3A2)

magaliTi

idealur SemTxvevaSi (ix. suraTi #5.1) argumentebma erTsa da imave kiTxvasunda upasuxon: `ratom?~ monaxazi da piramida, principSi, sxvadasxvagvari vizualuri gamosaxulebiTmocemuli erTi da igive struqturaa.

1312111

321

ASASASA

AAAT

++=++=

es toloba gviCvenebs, rom radgan Tezisi qveargumentebis jamia, qveargumentebSiar unda iyos iseTi ram, rac TezisSi ar aris asaxuli.

argumentirebuli wre

argumentirebuli wris centrSi (ix. suraTi #5.2) Cveni Tezisia moTavsebuli.Semdeg doneze argumentebia ganlagebuli, Semdeg ki qveargumentebi modis da TuTqven mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba Zalze detaluria, maT SeiZleba magaliTicmohyvebodes.

argumentirebul wres Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT viyenebT: pirvel etapze jerwarmovadgenT Teziss (ZiriTad pozicias), Semdeg _ pirvel arguments, Semdeg kimimovixilavT qveargumentebs da bolos vbrundebiT TezisTan. meore etapzewarmovadgenT meore arguments, mis qveargumentebs (Tu gvaqvs, magaliTs) da isevvubrundebiT Teziss.

suraTi #5.1: piramida

59

maTi winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT da imis CvenebiT, rom maTi sapirispiro azrinaklebad Rirebuli da safuZvliania, vidre Tqveni Sexedulebebi, an imis CvenebiT,rogor migiyvanaT sapirispiro azris codnam Tqveni poziciis Secvlamde, aZlierebTTqvens azrs.

sawinaaRmdego azris gaTvaliswinebis Cveva srulyofils xdis kritikul

azrovnebas, avtors kamaTSi CarTvasa da imis aRqma-gacnobierebas aiZulebs, romsxva Tvalsazrisi ara marto arsebobs, aramed mas Tavisi dasabuTebac aqvs.

sawinaaRmdego poziciasTan gamklavebis xerxebi

rogorc wesi, sawinaaRmdego pozicia unda daadginoT da ramdenadacSesaZlebelia, es safuZvlianad da miukerZoeblad unda gaakeToT. sawinaaRmdegoazris damaxinjebiT da gaubraloebiT, albaT, mxolod yvelaze morCili mkiTxvelissimpaTias moipovebT. sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis gadmocemisas sasurvelia:

• SesTavazoT gamosavali, romelsac sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba Tqvensarguments upirispirebs;

• miuTiToT dasabuTebis sust mxareebsa da problemebze, romlebic amarTlebensawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebas.

• daTmoT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis sasargeblod anda SesTavazoTkompromisuli pozicia da sakiTxis gadaWra.

cenzuris Sesaxeb zemoT motanil magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor uwyobsxels sawinaaRmdego argumentis gaTvaliswineba avtoris debulebis gaZlierebas.zemoT warmodgenili Sesavali abzacis Semdeg, romelSic Tezisia mocemuli, modisramdenime abzaci, romelSic dasabuTebulia, rom cenzura ̀ cudi azria~ sxvadasxvamizezis gamo. amis Semdeg avtors ramdenime (erTis an metis) abzacis CarTva SeuZlia,romelSic argumentis meore mxares moitans da garkveul daTmobaze wava.

miuxedavad imisa, rom cenzura saxifaToa Tavisufali sazogadoebisTvis,zogierTi Sewuxebuli moqalaqe cenzuris momxrea da, SesaZloa, amisi myarisafuZvelic hqondes, rodesac isini aRniSnaven, rom bavSvebi televiziiT naCvenebifilmebiT Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian (daTmoba da sawinaaRmdego azrisgaTvaliswineba). televiziiT marTlac bevr Zaladobas gadmoscemen (daTmobada Tanxmobis momenti). amis sapasuxod, SeiZleba yvela teleqselma ganaviTarosTviTcenzura (kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis SeTavazeba). Tu televiziebi amasufro didi pasuximgeblobiT moekidebian da mdare gemovnebis masalis Tavidanacilebas Seecdebian, xelisuflebis moxeleebs, religiur jgufebsa da SewuxebulmSoblebs aRar dasWirdebaT maT gadawyvetilebebSi Careva.

cxadia, es abzaci (mcireodeni cvlilebebiT) SeiZleba Sesavlis Semdeg, cenzuriswinaaRmdeg mTavar argumentze gadasvlis win modiodes. sad moaTavsebTkontrarguments, ra moculobis iqneba is da rogor warmoadgenT, es mxolod TqveniarCevania efeqturi argumentirebuli eses werisas.

daskvna

bevrma studentma xSirad aRar icis, ra daweros daskvnaSi, rodesac SesavalSiukve gamoTqmuli aqvs sakuTari pozicia.

daskvna eses Zalian mniSvnelovani nawilia, radgan jamdeba sakvanZo debulebada misi argumentebi, romlebic mkiTxvels naTel warmodgenas uqmnis avtorispoziciaze. am etapze ar aris rekomendebuli iseTi axali azris wamoweva, romelicsaerTod ar ganxilula eses ZiriTad nawilSi. aramomgebiania daskvnis gamoyeneba

62

aseTi wris gamoyenebiT sakmaod rTuli informaciis dalageba SegviZlia ise,rom is mkiTxvelisTvis da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes. darwmundiT, rom wreyvela mimarTulebiT Tanmimdevrulia. Tezisi unda ajamebdes yvela ZiriTadarguments. es struqtura daRmavali gziT muSaobs: argumentebi uSualod/pirdapirunda dasabuTdes qveargumentebiT, xolo qveargumentebi Tqveni dasabuTebis Sejamebaunda iyos.

Sejameba zusti unda iyos. es niSnavs imas, rom mxolod is azrebi/ideebi (anuargumentebi, qveargumentebi da a.S.) unda iyos masSi CarTuli, romelTac uSualodSeaqvT wvlili SejamebaSi.

magaliTi:

Tezisi: vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba.

argumenti: vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba, radgan masSinaTlad aris mocemuli azrebis urTierTmimarTeba.

qveargumenti: vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba, radgan masSinaTlad aris mocemuli azrebis urTierTmimarTeba maTiSesatyvisobis Cvenebis gziT.

argumentebis raodenoba

argumentebis struqturaSi dalagebisas optimaluria samidan xuTamde (3-5) argumentis moyvana. yvela sxva danarCeni mosazreba unda dalagdes ufroqveda doneze, rogorc qveargumentebi. gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven mkiTxvelisTviswerT da dro/adgili SezRuduli gaqvT. Tu samidan xuTamde Zlier argumentsmoitanT, SeZlebT mkiTxvelis darwmunebas. Tu am argumentebiT ver daarwmunebTmas, Semdgomi argumentebi, miT umetes, aRar dagWirdebaT. metic, Tu Tqven yvelaim arguments moitanT nawerSi, rac gagaxsendebaT, is imdenad grZeli gamogivaT,rom aravin waikiTxavs.

rCevebi:

moiyvaneT mxolod 3-5 argumenti;

argumentebis dalagebis Tanmimdevroba (siZlieris mixedviT) auditoriazea damokidebuli, Tumca rekomendebulia siZlieriT meore argumenti pirvel adgilze moTavsdes, Semdeg yvelaze susti argumenti da bolos yvelaze Zlieri;

cudi argumenti faravs danarCen karg/Zlier argumentebs;

argumentTa raodenoba verasodes Caanacvlebs maT xarisxs;

A1 A3

A2 S1A1

S3A1

S2A1 Tezisi

suraTi #5.2: argumentirebuli wre

58

sakiTxis wardgena

SesavalSi gansaxilveli sakiTxisTvis niadagis momzadebisa da poziciisgancxadebis Semdeg eses ZiriTadi nawili Tqveni moqmedebis adgilia, romelSicgaSliT gansaxilvel sakiTxs da mkiTxvels Tqvens simarTleSi daarwmunebT. kargadwarmodgenili sakiTxi daarwmunebs mkiTxvels, rom radgan garkveuli warmodgenilifaqtebi simarTles Seesabameba da mkiTxveli eTanxmeba avtoris garkveulmosazrebebs, igi miiRebs avtoris daskvnebs, rogorc Rirebulsa da mniSvnelovans.

akademiur weraSi sakiTxis wardgena, Cveulebriv, gancxadebis gakeTebiT anmtkicebulebebis miwodebiT da Semdeg am mtkicebulebebis dasabuTebiT (faqtebiTada magaliTebiT) xdeba; Tumca aseve, SesaZlebelia dasabuTebisa da samagaliTosituaciebis mimoxilviT dawyeba da Semdeg daskvnis gakeTeba. qvemoT mocemuliabzaci cenzuris Sesaxeb dasabuTebis ilustraciaa:

cenzura, Tavisi bunebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiuli sazogadoebisprincipebs (Tezisi). is Zireulad arademokratiulia, radgan zRudavs gamoxatvissaSualebas da umciresobas upiratesobas aniWebs, ukarnaxos umravlesobas,Tu risi naxva, wakiTxva an mosmena SeuZlia an ar SeuZlia mas (dasabuTeba).magaliTad, sajaro biblioTekidan nebismieri mizeziT sakamaTo wignis amoRebamis avtors im mravali mkiTxvelisken uWris gzas, romelsac wignTan Sexebissxva saSualeba ara aqvs. amave dros, individTa rCeuli jgufi, romelic wignisSesaxeb iRebs gadawyvetilebas, faqtobrivad, ukrZalavs sazogadoebas am wigniswakiTxvas (es damasabuTebeli winadadebis ori magaliTia). aqedan gamomdinare,es qmedeba, diqtaturas ufro uwyobs xels, vidre demokratias (Tavdapirvelimtkicebulebis gameoreba).

am Tezisisa da dasabuTebis ZiriTadi sayrdeni is varaudia, romelsacmtkicebuleba efuZneba. varaudi aris filosofiuri an moraluri Tvalsazrisi,romelsac vimedovnebT, rom sazogadoebaSi sxva adamianebi, Cveni mkiTxvelis CaTvliT,gaiziareben. magaliTad, diskusia saxelmwifo samedicino samsaxuris dafinansebisSesaxeb SeiZleba daeyrdnos varauds, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis sicocxle fuliTSefasdes. umetes SemTxvevaSi imedi gvaqvs, rom Cveni mkiTxveli iziarebs Cvensvarauds. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saeWvoa, rom maT is mtkicebulebebi miiRon, romlebsacam varaudis safuZvelze vakeTebT. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin unda davasabuToT esvaraudic. am SemTxvevaSi varaudi Tavad iqceva mtkicebulebad, romelsac dasabuTebasWirdeba.

mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba

akademiuri ritorika avtorisgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis codnas moiTxovs.Cveulebriv, eses werisas sakuTar Sexedulebebs warmoadgenen, Semdeg ki sawinaaRmdegoSexedulebebis kritikuli ganxilva xdeba; Tumca SesaZlebelia im SexedulebiTdawyeba, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da misi gakritikeba an uaryofa sakuTari poziciisdasabuTebisTvis. erTi SexedviT, argumentis sawinaaRmdego mxaris Cveneba SeiZlebaTqveni poziciisTvis wamgebianad mogeCvenoT. miuxedavad amisa, uamravi mizezi arsebobsimisTvis, rom sawinaaRmdego azri icodeT.

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar iRebT sawinaaRmdego azrs, e. i. ganzrax malavT sawinaaRmdego

azris dasabuTebas. sawinaaRmdego azris gauTvaliswineblobam ki sruliadSesaZlebelia mkiTxvelis pativiscema dagakargvinoT. unda gaxsovdeT, rom mkiTxvelisdaTanxmebas, darwmunebas cdilobT da ara mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas.

argumenti ufro damajerebeli iqneba, Tu sawinaaRmdego azric iciT. yovelTvis,

roca vinmes darwmunebas cdilobT, gamoCndebian adamianebi, romlebic ar geTanxmebian.

63

argumentebi ar unda faravdes erTmaneTs da unda iyos mTlianobaSi erTmaneTis Semavsebeli;

piramidis struqturis gamoyenebiT dawerili argumentirebuli ese, romelSic motanilia 3 argumenti, idealur variantSi 3-4 gverdi unda gamovides.

argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebiargumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebiargumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebiargumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebiargumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebi

argumentirebuli eses Sesavlis wyvilSi Sefasebis meTodi

xmamaRla kiTxva

avtori Sesavals xmamaRla orjer kiTxulobs, msmenelebi Cumad usmenen daSeniSvnebs iweren.

gvacnobs Tu ara Sesavali Temas?

rogoria Temis dakonkretebis meTodi?

mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci imas, rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili, rasakiTxebi iqneba ganxiluli?

aris Tu ara Sesavali saintereso, damaintrigebeli?

aris Tu ara dakonkretebuli Tezisi?

toni, romliTac avtori wers.

SeniSvna: kiTxulobs mxolod avtori. msmenelebi ise iweren SeniSvnebs,

rom avtors ar awyvetineben kiTxvas.

fiqri

msmenelebi TavisTvis fiqroben SeniSvnebze, emzadebian, weren:

jer pozitiur Sefasebas, ra aris kargad dawerili (dasabuTebiT);

negatiur Sefasebas (dasabuTebiT);

gzas, romelsac SesTavazeben avtors naweris gasaumjobeseblad.

msmenelis SeniSvnebi

msmeneli gamoTqvams azrebs.

SeniSvna: saubrobs mxolod msmeneli, avtori usmens da iwers mis

SeniSvnebs.

avtoris pasuxi

ras eTanxmeba, ras _ ara. ris gaTvaliswinebas apirebs, axsna-ganmartebebi.

SeniSvna: saubrobs mxolod avtori.

57

ritorikuli xerxebiT unda miawodoT mkiTxvels. gamoiyeneT saintereso debulebebian dasviT ZiriTadi kiTxva. mkiTxveli Temamde unda miiyvanoT da im konkretulsferoze gaumaxviloT yuradReba, romelsac ganixilavT, raTa igi Tqveni debulebisdasabuTebisTvis moamzadoT.

sakvanZo debuleba: es, Cveulebriv, pirveli abzacis bolo winadadeba da

eses mamoZravabeli Zalaa. is gviCvenebs pozicias, romelsac asabuTebT, romelSexedulebasac icavT.

avtoris pozicia: akademiur weraSi miRebulia, Cveuli da sasurvelic kia,

rom mkiTxvels dasawyisSive auwyos avtorma Tavisi pozicia.

argumentirebuli eses Sesavlis weris zogadi principi:

magaliTi:

sazogadoebaSi rom icxovroT da mis saqmianobaSi aqtiuri monawileobamiiRoT, sazogadoebis wevrebTan sistematuri urTierToba unda gqondeT. amitomadamianTa umravlesoba mowadinebulia, kargad flobdes komunikaciis unar-Cvevebs. komunikaciis kargi unar-Cveva ara marto Tqveni, aramed TqvenigarSemomyofebis warmatebis sawindaria, vinaidan komunikaciis kargi unarisSemTxvevaSi meti Sansi gaqvT, rom maT sworad aRiqvan Tqveni ideebi.

urTierTobis unar-Cvevebis profesiul doneze Seswavla ioli ar aris.sauniversiteto kursebSi urTierTobis Seswavla TiTqmis ar arisgaTvaliswinebuli, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobam ki TiTqmis araferiicis komunikaciis profesiul doneze damyarebis Sesaxeb, romelsac mxolodwignebiT ver iswavliT.

axals ras gvetyvis es wigni? Rrmad varT darwmunebulni, rom Tqvensdaxmarebas SevZlebT, vinaidan Cven mier axsnili principebi SeuzRudavadgamoiyeneba, xolo konkretuli instruqciebi principebis praqtikaSi danergvissaSualebas iZleva. . .

am SesavalSi swored zemoT xsenebuli principia gamoyenebuli: rogorcxedavT, es efeqturi da moxerxebuli principi didi daxmarebas gagiwevT damajerebeliSesavlis SeqmnaSi.

situacia – faqtia, rom sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi monawileobisaTvis

saWiroa urTierTobebis damyareba. isic faqtia, rom adamianTa umravlesobas surskomunikaciis unar-Cvevebis daxvewa, vinaidan esmiT, rom urTierToba warmatebisumTavresi pirobaa, marTalia, rom araTu umravlesobas, aramed uklebliv yvelassurs, ukeT exerxebodes urTierTobis damyareba, magram unda daiSvas, rom vinmeSeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes am mosazrebas (magaliTad, biZaTqvenis biZa...) amitomumjobesia daiweros „umravlesoba~, raTa iseTi mosazreba iqnes gadmocemuli,romelsac cota Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba.

sirTule – magram situacia SeiZleba garTuldes – arasrulfasovani

swavleba universitetebSi (rac dasavleTTan mimarTebiT sworia, radgan komunikaciisxelovneba arsad iswavleba), urTierTobis unar-Cvevis ucodinroba ganviTarebadqveynebSi, am unar-Cvevis mxolod wigniT swavlebis sirTule.

kiTxva – SeiZleba warmoiSvas iseTi SekiTxva, romelic arsebiTi iqneba

TqvenTvis, rogorc mkiTxvelisaTvis: axali ra SeiZleba miTxras am wignma?

gadawyveta – Cveni amoxsna umTavres mosazrebas pirvel adgilze aTavsebs.

esenia: principebi, romelTa gamoyeneba nebismier dros SeiZleba, iseve, rogorcSesabamisi formulebis gamoyenebiT maTi koreqtireba (h. gutbrodi, n. danelia, 2006).

64

argumentirebuli eses Sesafasebeli kiTxvari

1. ra aris eses Tema? ra sakiTxia ganxiluli eseSi?

2. waradgens, gvacnobs Tu ara Sesavali abzaci (abzacebi) Temas?

3. mianiSnebs Tu ara Sesavali imas, rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili? (daasabuTeT)

4. aris Tu ara Sesavali dakonkretebuli? (miuTiTeT Temis dakonkretebis principi)

5. aris Tu ara Sesavali saintereso? (daasabuTeT)

6. gamoyaviT eses sakvanZo debuleba/Tezisi.

7. aris Tu ara Tezisi dakonkretebuli? gadmoeciT is Tqveni sityvebiT.

8. konkretuli SeniSvnebi SesavalTan dakavSirebiT.

9. konkretuli SeniSvnebi TezisTan dakavSirebiT.

56

konkretuli magaliTi. dasabuTeba konkretuli magaliTebis gamoyenebiTac

SesaZlebelia. Tu magaliTi pirovnuli gamocdilebidan mogaqvT, gadaamowmeT, romam magaliTis ganzogadeba namdvilad SesaZlebelia SedarebiT did jgufze.

eqspertTa mosazreba. dasabuTebisTvis eqspertTa mosazrebis motanac

SeiZleba. eqsperti aris adamiani, romelsac gansakuTrebuli codna aqvs mocemulsakiTxze misi profesiis, gamocdilebisa da sakiTxis Taobaze Catarebuli kvlevebisSesaxeb informirebulobis gamo. eqspertis azris dasamowmeblad aucilebeliacitirebis wesebis codna (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).

sawinaaRmdego mosazrebis aRiareba da gabaTileba

argumentirebul eseSi unda gaabaTiloT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis argumenti.vinaidan sakiTxs ori mxare aqvs da Tqven erT-erTi Sexedulebis sasargeblodgamoxatavT pozicias da gsurT am poziciis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba,Tqven ara marto imis dasabuTeba mogiwevT, rom marTali xarT, aramed imisac, romTqveni oponenti cdeba, an, sul mcire, rom Tqveni mosazreba ufro sando damniSvnelovania, vidre oponentisa.

sawinaaRmdego argumentis (anu kontrargumentis) gabaTileba mosazrebissimcdaris dasabuTebas niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia oponentisargumentebis mxedvelobaSi miReba da imis Cveneba, rom Tqveni argumentebi ufrosando, ukeTesi da Rirebulia. Tu oponents Rirebuli argumenti aqvs, Tqven undaaRiaroT misi Rirebuleba, daeTanxmoT, rom is namdvilad validuria da ganagrZoTTqveni Sexedulebis ganxilva (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).

argumentirebuli eses struqturaargumentirebuli eses struqturaargumentirebuli eses struqturaargumentirebuli eses struqturaargumentirebuli eses struqtura

argumentirebuli ese SeiZleba komponentebad an etapebad daiyos, romelTaganSemdegi oTxi TiTqmis yovelTvis unda iyos: (1) Sesavali, (2) sakiTxis dasma, (3)mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba da (4) daskvna.

Sesavali

iseTi literaturuli Janris garda, rogoricaa, magaliTad, deteqtivi,mkiTxveli, Cveulebriv, pirdapir ar erTveba xolme moqmedebaSi. eses dasawyisSiavtori, ZiriTadad, waradgens xolme im sakiTxs, romelsac SemdgomSi ganixilavs.Sesavali nawilis mizania gansaxilvel sakiTxze mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyrobada misTvis orientaciis gansazRvra Semdgomi ganxilvis Temis TvalsazrisiT.Sesavals, Cveulebriv, nabij-nabij mivyavarT zogadi situaciidan konkretulgansaxilvel sakiTxamde. magaliTad, Tu albaneTSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvisevropuli konvenciis me-13 punqtis darRvevis Sesaxeb Temis ganxilva gsurT, Temazesaubris dawyeba ufro zogadad, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxiT iqneba umjobesi.amis Semdeg mkiTxvelis yuradRebas albaneTSi adamianis uflebebs miapyrobT dabolos konkretulad albaneTSi konvenciis me-13 muxlis darRvevis sakiTxisganxilvaze gadaxvalT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom warmatebuli Sesavlis weris mza formula ar arsebobs,Cveulebriv, is moicavs Semdeg elementebs:

Sesavali debuleba: Tqveni eses pirveli winadadeba sakmaod saintereso

unda iyos, rom mkiTxvels kiTxvis gagrZelebis survili gauCndes. Tema STambeWdavi

65

10. avtoris mTavari argumenti.

11. motanilia Tu ara yvela SesaZlo mZlavri argumenti debulebis dasasabuTeblad?romelimes xom ar daamatebdiT?

12. aris Tu ara argumentebi damajerebeli? (daasabuTeT)

13. ganxilulia Tu ara sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba?

14. konkretuli kontrargumentebi, romlebsac abaTilebs avtori.

15. aris Tu ara gabaTilebuli yvela SesaZlo kontrargumenti? romelimes xom ardaamtebdiT?

55

oponents, rom universitetSi fizikuri momzadebis kursi adekvaturi moTxovnaa,naklebad mosalodnelia, rom mkiTxveli dageTanxmoT; sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebisganxilvis SemTxvevaSi ki ufro metad dauWerT mxars sakuTar mosazrebas (SmalleyR.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

savarjiSo #5.2: waikiTxeT sakvanZo debulebebi da moifiqreT mizezebi, romelTagamoc SeiZleba daeTanxmo an ar daeTanxmo am debulebas. CamoTvaleT rac SeiZlebameti mizezi orive SemTxvevisTvis. Semdeg xazi gausviT im mizezebs, romelic, TqveniazriT, yvelaze damajereblad migaCniaT.

nimuSi:sakvanZo debuleba: marixuanas moweva legalizebuli unda iyos.

SeecadeT, maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da kontrargumenti moitanoT SemdegidebulebebisTvis:

1. studentebi ar unda iyvnen SezRudulni saleqcio kursis arCevaSi.

2. mecnieruli miznebisTvis dauSvebelia cxovelebze cdebis Catareba.

3. sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia.

4. adreuli qorwineba miuRebelia.

mizezebis axsna da dasabuTebamizezebis axsna da dasabuTebamizezebis axsna da dasabuTebamizezebis axsna da dasabuTebamizezebis axsna da dasabuTeba

argumentirebul eseSi Tqveni mosazrebis dasabuTebis ramdenime xerxi arsebobs.

faqtebi. vinaidan mizani Tqveni mosazrebis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis

darwmunebaa, abzacebis organizebis nebismieri tipis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT. magaliTad,Tu migaCniaT, rom mkacri kontroli unda dawesdes qimiuri narCenebis Senaxvasa daganadgurebaze, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqven mier mowodebuli erT-erTi argumentiSeiZleba is iyos, rom swored qimiuri narCenebi iwveven garemos dabinZurebas.SegiZliaT, ganixiloT am narCenebis ganadgurebis Sedegebi. garda amisa, SeiZlebamoitanoT qimiuri narCenebis ganadgurebis Sedegad garemos dabinZurebis magaliTebi.aseve, SegiZliaT aRweroT am narCenebis ganadgurebis procesi da axsnaT, Tu riTda rogor binZurdeba am dros garemo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni mosazrebisdasasabuTeblad faqtebis motana dagWirdebaT. faqtebi unda moicavdes monacemebs,romlebic obieqturad dadasturebuli da sazogadod miRebulia. magaliTad,rogoricaa istoriuli faqtebi, mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi da statistikurimonacemebi. faqtebis mosapoveblad SeiZleba garkveuli Teoruli Ziebis CatarebacdagWirdeT.

argumentebi:

a) is sasiamovno gasarTobi relaqsantia;

b) mTavrobas ar aqvs ufleba, migviTiTos, riT SegviZlia gaverToT da riT ara;

g) is sasargeblo medikamentia;

d) bevri adamiani isedac moixmars mas.

kontrargumentebi:

a) is adiqturi nivTierebaa;

b) mTavrobam ar unda dauSvas mavne narkotikis ukontrolo gavrceleba;

g) misi zemoqmedebis qveS myofma adamianebma SeiZleba ziani miayenon erTmaneTsa da sazogadoebas;

d) mis moxmarebas ufro saxifaTo narkotikebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba mohyves.

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16. midis Tu ara avtori daTmobaze da gvTavazobs Tu ara kompromisul gadawyvetas?(daasabuTeT)

17. aris Tu ara abzacebi mTliani, Sekruli? Tu ara, miuTiTeT konkretul abzacsada winadadebebze, romelic am moTxovnas ar akmayofilebs.

18. aris Tu ara abzacebi Tanmimdevruli? (daasabuTeT)

19. aris Tu ara ese mTliani? (daasabuTeT)

20. aris Tu ara ese Tanmimdevruli? (daasabuTeT)

54

savarjiSo #5.1: : : : : waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sakvanZo debulebebi da dasviT `+~im debulebebTan, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, argumentirebulia.

1. ___ kolejis studentebi ar unda iyvnen SezRudulni saleqcio kursisarCevaSi.

2. ___ momaval mSoblebs bavSvebis gaCenisTvis licenzia unda sWirdebodeT.

3. ___ Tbilisis samSeneblo kodeqsi araadekvaturia.

4. ___ TbilisSi arsebul universitetebs Soris am universitets yvelazemeti studenti hyavs.

5. ___ studentebma unda gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazreba maswavleblebismiReba-gaTavisuflebis Taobaze.

6. ___ biblioTekaSi pornografiuli wignebi unda aikrZalos.

7. ___ am universitets ar unda hyavdes fexburTis gundi.

8. ___ am raionis moqalaqeebs iaraRis tarebis ufleba unda miscen.

9. ___ saqarTvelos mTavrobam meti ltolvili unda daakmayofilossacxovrebeli pirobebiT.

10. ___ adamianebma mxari ar unda dauWiron klonirebas, romelsac bevriuaryofiTi Sedegis motana SeuZlia kacobriobisTvis.

sawinaaRmdego SexedulebasawinaaRmdego SexedulebasawinaaRmdego SexedulebasawinaaRmdego SexedulebasawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba

argumentirebuli eses werisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom mizani Tqveni mosazrebissisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmunebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, daiwyeT daSvebiT, rommkiTxveli ar geTanxmebaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakamaToc araferi iqneboda.agreTve, aucilebelia gaxsovdeT, rom Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, essulac ar niSnavs imas, rom is Tqvenze naklebad Wkviani da ganaTlebulia. TaviaarideT iseT gamonaTqvams, rogoricaa: _ „is, vinc ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, romsaxelmwifo universitetis studentebma unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi,cdeba da saTanadod ver afasebs realobas~. wereT obieqturad, logikurad,dasabuTebulad da gamoxateT pativiscema sapirispiro Sexedulebis mqone mkiTxvelismimarT.

Zalian mniSvnelovania im argumentis gaTvaliswineba, romelsac sawinaaRmdegomosazrebis mqone adamiani eyrdnoba. Tqveni azriT, ra mizezebis gamo SeiZlebainarCunebdes igi am pozicias? SeecadeT, gadmosceT da gamoyoT is mniSvnelovanimizezebi, romelTa gamoc Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba ar dageTanxmoT. Tu Tqven argaiTvaliswinebT am mizezebs da mxolod sakuTar argumentebs miiRebT mxedvelobaSi,mkiTxvelis darwmunebis naklebi Sansi gaqvT. magaliTad, gsurT universitetSifizikuri momzadebis kursis swavlebis sakiTxis ganxilva da gaqvT Semdegiargumentebi:

1. studentebs moswonT es kursi da siamovnebas iReben;

2. studentebi mniSvnelovan socialur Cvevebsa da gunduri muSaobis unarebsiZenen;

3. studentebi gacilebiT ukeTesad iswavlian, Tu isini fizikurad janmrTelebiiqnebian.

Tqveni argumentebi udavod kargia. Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba eTanxmebodeskidec maT, magram misi poziciis mTavari argumenti SeiZleba pasuxismgeblobissakiTxi iyos: namdvilad universitetis saqmea studentis janmrTelobaze zrunva?Tu yuradRebas ar miaqcevT am arguments, ar ganixilavT mas da ar daarwmunebT

67

21. aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri? (daasabuTeT)

22. raime SeniSvna xom ar gaqvT daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT?

23. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? (daasabuTeT)

24. romeli nawili saWiroebs yvelaze met damuSavebas? (daasabuTeT)

53

Tavi 5. argumentTavi 5. argumentTavi 5. argumentTavi 5. argumentTavi 5. argumentirebuli eseirebuli eseirebuli eseirebuli eseirebuli ese

argumentirebuli eses mizania raime azris sisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.argumentebis motanis saWiroeba maSin Cndeba, rodesac adamianebi ar eTanxmebianerTmaneTs raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. erTi mxare mosazrebas gamoTqvams da ammosazrebis mxardaWeris mizezebs gvTavazobs. meore mxare sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebasgvawodebs da aseve gvTavazobs mis dasabuTebas.

SeiZleba ori adamianis azri romelime konkretuli sakiTxze ar daemTxvaserTmaneTs, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom is namdvilad sadavo da sakamaTo sakiTxia.magaliTad, erT-erTi mxare Tvlis, rom marwyvis nayini ukeTesia, vidre Jolosi,magram ar arsebobs aranairi xerxi, romliTac erTi SeZlebs meoris gadarwmunebasda sakuTari azris sisworeSi darwmunebas, radgan garkveuli aromatis mqonenayinisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba gemovnebis sakiTxia da ara logikisa dadasabuTebis; Tumca, SesaZloa sakamaTo iyos is, rom erT-erTi maTgani ufropopularulia, vidre meore. am SemTxvevaSi dasasabuTeblad SesaZlebelia gayiduliproduqtis raodenobis maCveneblebis faqtebis motana. analogiurad, orma adamianmaSeiZleba bevri ikamaTos da mainc ver SeTanxmdebs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu araRmerTi; SeuZlebelia, erT-erTma daarwmunos meore da Seacvlevinos Sexeduleba,radgan religiur sakiTxebze Sexeduleba rwmenas efuZneba da ara logikasa daSemowmebad faqtebs. aseve, Tu ar emTxveva azri imis Sesaxeb, vin moigo erovnuliCempionati, mcire gamokvlevis Semdeg SesaZlebelia amis dadgena. aq argumentadfaqtebi gveqneba. amrigad, gemovneba, faqtebi da rwmena ar aris sakamaTo da sadavoTemebi.

sakamaTod da sadavod SeiZleba iseTi sakiTxi iqces, romelic mosazrebas,azrs, Sexedulebas efuZneba, romlis dasabuTebac SesaZlebelia faqtebiT, eqspertTamosazrebebiT, empiriuli monacemebiT an logikuri mizezebiT. magaliTad, TqvengsurT daasabuToT mosazreba, rom skolis moswavleebma fizikuri momzadebiskursi yvela semestrSi unda gaiaron. Tqven amis gakeTeba relevanturi faqtebiTada logikuri mizezebiT unda moaxerxoT, radgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebismqone adamianebsac TavianTi dasabuTeba aqvT sakuTari mosazrebis sasargeblod.fizikuri momzadebis kursis saWiroeba iseTi sakiTxia, romelsac ori mxare aqvs,is ar aris arc rwmenis, arc faqtebisa da arc gemovnebis saqme (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.

K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi

naSromebis umaravlesobas gamarTuli sakvanZo debuleba aqvs, magaliTad,„amerikaSi pirvelma vizitma travma momayena~ debulebis centraluri ideaa travma,magram es ar aris argumentirebuli debuleba. vinaidan argumentirebuli eseaucileblad unda moicavdes argumentirebul debulebas, romelSic avtorimkiTxvelis darwmunebas, misi Sexedulebis Secvlasa da sakuTar mosazrebazegadayvanas ecdeba, argumentirebuli ese damajerebeli da logikurad gamarTuliunda iyos.

argumentirebuli sakvanZo debuleba anu Tezisi sxva tipis debulebebisganZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSi gadmocemulia pozicia, romelic Semdegunda dasabuTdes. magaliTad, fizikuri kulturis kursis Sesaxeb sakvanZo debulebasSeiZleba Semdegi saxe hqondes: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma yovelsemestrSi unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi~. ra Tqma unda, viRac SeiZlebaar daeTanxmos am mosazrebas da sapirispiro Sinaarsis sakvanZo debulebaSemogvTavazos: ̀ saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma ar unda gaiaron fizikurikulturis kursi yovel semestrSi~ (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

68

Tavi 6. krTavi 6. krTavi 6. krTavi 6. krTavi 6. kritititititikaikaikaikaika55555

swavlis procesSi da swavlis dasrulebis Semdegac Tqvengan moelian, romkritikulad iazrovnebT, waikiTxavT da dawerT. kritikuli niSnavs „kreatuls~,„skeptikurs~. kritikulad operireba niSnavs imas, rom eWvi geparebaT da amowmebTsxvebis naTqvams da sakuTar azrsa da nafiqrals gamoTqvamT. am konteqstSi sityvakritikuli ar niSnavs „negatiurs~. misi mniSvneloba berZnuli sityvidan„gancalkeveba~, „gamijvna~, „wvdoma~ momdinareobs. kritikulad moazrovne, iqneba esmkiTxveli, Tu avtori, sakiTxs Semadgenel nawilebad dayofs da arkvevs, Tu ramimarTebaSi imyofebian es nawilebi erTmaneTTan, rogor ukavSirdeba es sakiTxisxva sakiTxebs da (xSirad) msjelobs sakiTxis Tvisebebsa da Rirebulebaze.

Tqven yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ukve operirebT kritikulad, rodesac megobrebTanarkvevT urTierTobas („ras gulisxmobda am sityvebSi?~), an rodesac wina dRiTnanax films arCevT („rogor fiqrob, is cudi tipi Zalian gamomwvevad iqceoda?~).aseTi kiTxvebi im mizezebis gamokveTaSi gexmarebaT, Tu ra da ratom gemarTebaTda ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tqvens gamocdilebas.

aq azrovnebisa da (sapirispiro poziciidan) kiTxvis praqtikul, aseve, werisufro formalur meTodebs warmogidgenT. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: risTvisaris saWiro am meTodebis mizanmimarTulad swavla?

− kritikulad azrovneba swavlisa da muSaobis unars gagiumjobesebT. sadacar unda iyoT, Tqvengan moelian wakiTxulisa da mosmenilis Sefasebas, aseve_ Tqveni mosazrebebis gamoTqmas;

− kritikulad azrovneba Tqveni sakuTari qmedebebisa da mosazrebebis ukeTgagebaSi, sapirispiro mosazrebebTan maTi mniSvnelobis Sefasebasa da Tqvenimsjelobebisa da motivebis damajereblad gamoTqmaSi dagexmarebaT;

− Tqveni damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebuli kritikuladazrovnebis, kiTxvisa da weris unarze.

kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva

nebismier saganze SesaZlebelia kritikulad fiqri da azrovneba, iqneba esavtobusSi yurmokruli argumenti, Tqveni sayvareli musikosis axali albomi,programuli uzrunvelyofa, megobris ideebi, fexburTi da ZaRlis sakvebic ki.nebismieri maTganis „gamocalkevebiTa~ da „wvdomiT~ Tqven misi ukeT gagebis, sxvamovlenebTan Tu sakiTxebTan misi mimarTebisa da Sefasebis SesaZlebloba geZlevaT.

kritikuli azrovneba swavlis periodSi, ZiriTadad, naweri teqstebis (moTxroba,Jurnalis statia, internet-korespondencia, vebgverdi) an vizualuri obieqtebis(foto, grafiki, diagrama, filmi) damuSavebisas gamogadgebaT. nebismieri sagniskritikulad ganxilva, gadamuSavebis sul mcire, sam doneze xorcieldeba: (1) rasgveubneba an gviCvenebs avtori, (2) ra ar uTqvams an uCvenebia avtors, magram naSromSimocemulia (igulisxmeba an ara), (3) Tqven ras fiqrobT. naSromis (vizualurisCaTvliT) TiToeuli donis ganxilva kiTxvis mTel rig meTodebs (ix. cxrili #6.1)saWiroebs. swored amaze visaubrebT qvemoT.

5 Tavis ZiriTadi nawili momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey;Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook.

52

daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna

Sesavali abzacis funqcia Temis wardgena, Temis gacnobaa. Sesabamisad, daskvniTiabzacis funqcia diskusiis damTavreba, ganviTarebis logikuri dasasrulia. TuganmaviTarebeli abzaci aviTarebs, gaSlis sakvanZo debulebas, bunebrivia, rom masdaskvna mosdevdes.

daskvna mTlianad ganmaviTarebel abzaczea damokidebuli, Tumca, arsebobsdaskvnis daweris standartuli wesebi:

daskvnaSi ganxiluli qveTemebis (an Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtis) xelaxaligacxadeba unda xdebodes. es mimoxilva ufro mokle unda iyos, ramdenadaces sakiTxebi vrclad unda iyos ganxiluli ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.

daskvnaSi SeiZleba sakvanZo debulebis xelaxali gacxadebac, magram,tavtologiis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, es SeiZleba sxva sityvebiT moxdes.sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba misi mniSvnelobis dasabuTebaa.

daskvnaSi ar unda xdebodes axali Temis anda Temis axali aspeqtis gaCena,romelic ar iyo naxsenebi ganmaviTarebel abzacebSi.

savarjiSo #4.8: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi dasabuTebuli debulebebiTa dadaskvnebiT. ganixileT, aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri mocemuli winadadebebisTvis.daasabuTeT Tqveni daskvna.

sakvanZo debuleba:

televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.

a) is sasargeblo saganmanaTleblo saSualebaa;

b) is garTobis saukeTeso saSualebaa, romelic modunebis saSualebasiZleva;

g) is masalas iZleva ojaxuri diskusiebisTvis.

kritikosebi agrZeleben televizoris kritikas, magram misisaganmanaTleblo Rirebulebis da kidev imis gamo, rom is ulev masalasiZleva diskusiisTvis, Cveni ojaxi televizoris xangrZliv yurebasagrZelebs. aseve moiqcevian sxvebic. marTlac, televizoris yureba droisgayvanis, drois flangvis saukeTeso saSualebaa.

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iseTi saqmianobac ki, rogoricaa Jurnal „Tbiliselebis~ wakiTxva, kiTxvissxvadasxva meTods moiazrebs, arCeuli meTodi ki wakiTxvis mizanzea damokidebuli(ix. cxrili #6.2).

kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi ar aris erTmaneTis miyolebiT aucilebladgasavleli safexurebi. Tqven SeiZleba ar gamoiyenoT yvela maTgani yovelikonkretuli naSromis SemTxvevaSi. zogjer, rodesac aucilebelia teqstisdetalurad kritikulad wakiTxva, SeiZleba ubralod ar gqondeT mimoxilvis,wakiTxvisa da xelaxali wakiTxvis dro. sxva SemTxvevebSi, naweris wakiTxvis mizezi(Tqveni mizani) ganapirobebs imas, Tu kiTxvis romel meTods gamoiyenebT. suraTze#6.1 sqematurad mocemulia kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi.

cxrili #6.1. kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi

• wera: kiTxvis dros SeniSnvnebis Cawera;

• gadaxedva: ukan dabruneba, gadaTvaliereba, Tvalis gadavleba;

• kiTxva: teqstze muSaoba da Seswavla;

• Sejameba: Sinaarsis gaazreba da gageba;

• sakuTari kritikuli pasuxis Camoyalibeba

analizi: nawilebad dayofa;

interpretacia: mniSvnelobebisa da daSvebebis gaazreba da gaSla;

sinTezi: nawilebis SeerTeba, kavSirebis damyareba;

Sefaseba: xarisxisa da Rirebulebis Sefaseba.

suraTi #6.1: kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi

wera kiTxvis procesSi

• informaciis da ideebis Cawera momavali miznebisTvis;

• maqsimaluri informaciis miRebis saSualeba;

• wignTan urTierTqmedeba;

• ormxriv CanawerTa dRiuri

gadaTva liereba

• moculoba;

• gamomcemloba;

• Sinaarsi; • avtori; • Tqven TviTon

wakiTxva • pirveli wakiTxva (gadakiTxva);

• gameorebiT wakiTxva (ukve nela, detaluri kiTxva).

kritikuli kiTxva

Sejameba • sityvebisa da cnebebis moZebna (romlebic ar gvesmis);

• teqstis calkeul nawilTa identifikacia, maT Soris kavSiri;

• TiToeuli nawilisTvis Sejamebis dawera;

• avtoris ZiriTadi ideis gamokveTa;

• mTliani abzacis dawera: ZiriTadi idea dasabuTebiT;

• gamoiyeneT Tqveni sityvebi.

kritikuli pasuxis

formireba • analizi;

• sinTezi;

• interpretacia; • Sefaseba.

51

1. me mizidavs gasarTobi adgilebis mravalferovneba.

2. momwons resursebis xelmisawvdomoba.

3. ___________________________________________________


sigaretis moweva saSiSia Tqveni janmrTelobisTvis.


1. sigaretis Warbma mowevam SeiZleba yelis daavadeba gamoiwvios.

2. moweviT SeiZleba filtvebi daiziano.

3. ___________________________________________________


sirbili ar aris erTaderTi gza sisxlis momoqcevis gasaumjobeseblad.


1. bevrisTvis efeqturi varjiSia velosipedis tareba.

2. sisxlis mimoqcevis gasaumjobesebeli saSualebaa curvac.

3. ____________________________________________________________


universitetSi aucilebelia ucxo enis Seswavla.


1. studentebi SeZleben sxva qveynebis kulturis gacnobas..

2. ucxo enis codna momaval saqmianobaSi dagexmarebaT.

3. ___________________________________________________

savarjiSo #4.7: 7: 7: 7: 7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sakvanZo debulebebi da TiToeulisTvissami mTavari winadadeba dawereT.

1. inglisuri enis swavla advili araa.

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

2. avtobusiT mgzavroba SeiZleba arc ise usafrTxo iyos.

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

3. umuSevrobam SeiZleba adamians sakuTari Tavis pativiscema daakargvinos.

1. ___________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________

70

nebismier saswavlo kursSi Semavali davalebebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisganmaTSi wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis mixedviT. wignis kiTxva SeiZleba saWiroebdesweras, gadaxedvas, kiTxvasa da Sejamebas, magram ara _ intensiur kritikul kiTxvas;Jurnalis statiis Sefasebisas ki zemoT CamoTvlili yvela meTodis gamoyenebaSeiZleba.

kritikuli kiTxva aqtiuri kiTxvaa, Tqven urTierTobT naSromTan, CarTulixarT masSi. is Tqvens gamocdilebas emateba, giCenT ideebsa da kiTxvebs. kiTxvisdros saweri kalmisa Tu dafis gamoyenebiT nawerze werilobiT reagirebT, riTacmocemul naSroms Tqvens „enaze TargmniT~ (Tqveni sityvebiT gadmoscemT) da TqvenTvismis rekonstruqcias axdenT.

gadaxedva, gadaTvaliereba

mxatvruli literaturis nimuSis kiTxvisas, Cveulebisamebr, am safexurstoveben (àxtebian~), magram sxva tipis naSromebis kritikulad wakiTxvisas esnayofieri safexuria garkveuli molodinebisa da pirveladi kiTxvebisformirebisTvis manamde, sanam sityva-sityviT gaarCevdeT naSroms. gadaxedva kiTxvisprocess metad informaciulsa da nayofiers xdis.

gadaxedvis erT-erTi gzaa gadaTvaliereba, romelic mowodebulia Sinaarsis,avtorisa da naSromisadmi Tqveni damokidebulebis ZiriTadi maniSneblebismosaZieblad. gverdebis uxalisod gadafurcvlisa Tu ekranze Tvalis gadavlebiTgarbenisgan gansxvavebiT, gadaTvaliereba informaciis moZiebis fokusirebuli,koncentrirebuli aqtivobaa. teqstis gadaTvalierebisas SegiZliaT qvemoT mocemulikiTxvebi gamoiyenoT (ix. cxrili #6.3).

kiTxva

kiTxva, TavisTavad, ar aris erTsafexuriani procesi. Tqveni ZiriTadi mizaniapirveli safexuris gageba, romliTac operirebs teqsti anu is, rasac avtorirealurad ambobs.

pirveli wakiTxva

Tavdapirvelad axali masala SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad da uwyvetad waikiTxeT;Tan SeecadeT, gamokveToT arsi (dedaazri) da igrZnoT avtoris toni.

wera kiTxvis dros

arsebobs ori kargi mizezi imisaTvis, rom weroT kiTxvis dros: (1) Cawerilinformaciasa da ideebs momavalSi gamoiyenebT da (2) wakiTxuli naSromidan metsgaigebT.

cxrili #6.2. wakiTxvis miznisa da kiTxvis meTodis urTierTmimarTeba

mizani kiTxvis meTodi

Worebis gageba eqimis mosacdelSi swrafi, arakritikuli

Jurnal „Tbiliselebis“, rogorc Cveni popkulturis artefaqtis, ganxilva, romelic asaxavs da xSirad afasebs kidec Tanamedrove Rirebulebebs

detaluri, kritikuli

50

2. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis wamyvani azri unda exmaurebodes sakvanZo debulebisZiriTad ideas. Tu sakvanZo debuleba isaa, rom ̀ moweva damangreveli Cvevaa~, maSinTiToeuli abzaci am gavlenis damangrevel Sedegebs unda Seexebodes.

3. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci Tanmimdevruli, logikuri unda iyos, sxartad, moqniladunda ikiTxebodes da mTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes. aseve, abzacebic logikuradunda iyos erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, iseve, rogorc masSi Semavali calkeuliwinadadebebi. winadadebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis principebi ZalaSia abzacebiserTmaneTTan dakavSirebis SemTxvevaSic.

Temis dakonkretebis meTodi sakvanZo debulebis SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. sakvanZodebuleba ufro zogadia, vidre mTavari winadadeba. garda amisa, TiToeuliganmaviTarebeli abzaci ganixilavs sakvanZo debulebaSi mocemuli mTavari TemiserT aspeqts. debulebis SerCevis Semdeg is logikurad TiToeuli abzacisTvisTemebad unda daiyos. es Temebi, arsebiTad, Tqveni debulebis dasabuTebaa.

erT-erTi meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba sakvanZo debulebis Temebaddayofa, debulebis kiTxvad gadaqcevaa. kiTxvaze pasuxebi SeiZleba ganmaviTarebeliabzacis Temad iqces.

savarjiSo #4.6:6:6:6:6: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi ori Tematuri winadadebiT.yuradRebiT waikiTxeT TiToeuli sakvanZo debuleba da mTavari winadadeba.gansazRvreT, ra logikiT xdeba Temis dakonkreteba da daumateT TiTo mTavariwinadadeba.


qalaqi aris adgili, sadac me vicxovrebdi.



sofeli saukeTeso sacxovrebeli garemoa CemTvis.

kiTxva: ra aqcevs sofels saukeTeso garemod?

pasuxi: • adamianTa axlo urTierTobebi. • naklebad dabinZurebuli garemo.

• usafrTxo cxovreba.


kiTxva: pasuxi:

gasaubrebaze kargi STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad aucilebelia momzadeba. rogor unda moemzado gasaubrebisTvis? • dagegmo da winaswar unda moifiqro pasuxebi savaraudo SekiTxvebze.

• SearCio, ras Caicvam. • ar unda daigviano.


televizoris yureba ar aris drois fuWad kargva.

kiTxva: ratom ar aris televizoris yureba drois fuWad kargva?

pasuxi: • Rirebuli saganmanaTleblo gadacemebi. • televizia relaqsaciis saukeTeso saSualebaa. • informaciis wyaroa.


kiTxva: pasuxi:

baTumi da foTi ufro metad hgvanan erTmaneTs, vidre xalxs hgonia. ratom? riT hgvanan es qalaqebi erTmaneTs? • orive qalaqi didia. • orivegan sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebi cxovrobs. • orive saporto qalaqia.

71

ukeTesi koncentraciisTvis ikiTxeT wynar adgilas, iseTi gamRizianeblebisganmoSorebiT, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, musika an saubari.

gamoyaviT dro kiTxvisTvis. Tu CqarobT, an sxva rameze gaqvT yuradRebagadatanili, ver gaigebT wakiTxuls.

SeecadeT, muSaobisgan siamovneba miiRoT; SeecadeT, wakiTxuli imasdaukavSiroT, rac ukve iciT. moipoveT axali informacia, sainteresokavSirebi, mniSvenlovani argumentebi, iumori, kargi magaliTebi.

kiTxvis dros mokle CaniSvnebi gaakeTeT. aRniSneT ZiriTadi erTeulebi,rogoricaa, magaliTad, abzaci, romelic ver gaigeT da romelsac xelmeoredwakiTxvisas miubrundebiT.

pirveli wakiTxvisas nu SeCerdebiT TiToeul ucxo, gaugebar sityvaze da nudaiwyebT misi mniSvnelobis garkvevas. ase veRar iqnebiT koncentrirebulni, codnaski ver miiRebT imdens, rom koncentrirebis dakargvad Rirdes. amitom SeecadeT,rom ucnobi sityvebis mniSvneloba konteqstis mixedviT ivaraudoT, SemoxazeT essityvebi da xelmeored wakiTxvisas gaarkvieT maTi mniSvnelobebi.

ganmeorebiTi wakiTxva

pirveli gadakiTxvis Semdeg, sul mcire, kidev erTxel unda waikiTxoT naSromi.amjerad nela ikiTxeT. am dros Tqveni ZiriTadi mizani Sinaarsisa da misistruqturis (agebis principis) wvdomaa. es niSnavs, rom Tqven xelaxla undawaikiTxoT abzaci, Tu ver mixvdiT, ris Tqma surda avtors, leqsikonSi undamoiZioT saWiro sityvebi anda vebgverdebze moZebnoT saTanado bmulebi („linkebi~).

teqstis kiTxvisas SeniSvnebisa da komentarebis gakeTebisaTvis TavisufladgamoiyeneT kalami an klaviatura:

Tu pirdapir teqstze ver axerxebT SeniSvnebis miweras (is Tqveni ar aris aneleqtronuli versia gaqvT), calke furcelze CamowereT SeniSvnebi dakomentarebi.

cxrili #6.3. gadaxedvisas gamosadegi kiTxvebi

masalis moculoba sakmarisad mcirea Tu ara masalis moculoba, rom erTbaSad waikiTxoT, Tu meti dro dagWirdebaT?

publikaciis faqtebi iZleva Tu ara publikaciis TariRi informacias misi savaraudo gavrcelebisa da mimdinare konteqstis Sesaxeb? specializdeba Tu ara publikacia erTi mimarTulebiT (vTqvaT, samecniero statiebi Tu popularuli wignebi)?

Sinaarsis maniSneblebi ras geubnebaT naSromis saTauri, rezume an abstraqti, qvesaTaurebi, ilustraciebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi? ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT amasTan dakavSirebiT?

avtori ras geubnebaT avtoris biografiuli monacemebi misi publikaciis, interesebis, tendenciebisa da reputaciis Sesaxeb?

Tqven xedavT Tu ara raime konkretul sirTules SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT? Tqveni mxridan ra saxis mikerZoebam SeiZleba moaxdinos gavlena Sinaarsze reagirebisas? magaliTad, SfoTvam, cnobismoyvareobam, mowyenilobam anda avtoris radikalurad gansxvavebulma xedvam.

49

Cven yvela vicnobT msuqani, mxiaruli adamianis xats. aris Tu ara es ase?

samwuxarod, es araswori stereotipia. msuqani adamianebi yovelTvis ar arianaseTi bednierni .

`Cven yvelani qalaqisken mivemarTebiT~, _ am sityvebs uamravi sofleli ambobs

dRes. roca maT gadaadgilebis mizezebis dasaxelebas sTxoven, isini martivadupasuxeben, rom qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ganviTarebulia, vidre _ sofelSi.qalaqSi arsebobs transporti, sakomunikacio saSualebebi, saganmanaTleblo dasamedicino momsaxureba. aseve, aq samsaxuris dawyebis ufro meti Sansia. me veTanxmebiam adamianebs, magram ifiqres Tu ara maT sakuTar janmrTelobaze? ifiqres Tu araim safrTxeze, romelic maT Svilebs emuqreba? am safrTxem SeiZleba ar iCinosTavi pirveli eqvsi Tvis manZilze, magram is aucileblad gamovlindeba momavalSi,roca qalaqi sxvadasxva erovnebisa da warmoSobis adamianebiTa da uamravi manqaniTgaivseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sofeli moklebulia momsaxurebis zogierT sferos,romelic zemoT iqna naxsenebi, is CemTvis kvlav rCeba saukeTeso sacxovrebelgaremod .

msurs Cemi mSobliuri qalaqis Sesaxeb giamobT. esaa patara qalaqi daaxloebiT

8000 mcxovrebiT. mTavari saqmianoba aq saxelmwifosTvis muSaobaa, ramdenadac issamxreTis dedaqalaqia .

gasul wels Cemma biZaSvilma giorgim samsaxurisTvis banks mimarTa. mogexsenebaT,

rodesac aseTi TxovniT mimarTav organizacias, mzad unda iyo imisaTvis, rom bevriorazrovani kiTxvisTvis mogiwevs pasuxis gacema. zogierTi SekiTxva, romelsacgisvamT interviueri, SeiZleba ganaTlebasa da wina samsaxurs exebodes, magramgiorgi ar iyo momzadebuli SekiTxvevebisTvis. interviuerma mas kiTxvebi dausva,giorgim ki umravlesobas ver upasuxa, radgan ar iyo momzadebuli interiviusTvis.Sesabamisad, ver moewyo samsaxurSi. Tu ar gsurT imave situaciaSi aRmoCndeT, undamoemzadoT gasaubrebisTvis.

savarjiSo #4.5: mocemulia Temebi. gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi dadaajgufeT informacia Temis irgvliv. airCieT Tema, romelic yvelaze metad mogwonTda dawereT Sesavali abzaci.

Temebi:

1. Cems samSobloSi uamravi RirsSesaniSnavi adgilia, romelTa naxvacRirs.

2. Sidsis virusi msoflio problemaa.

3. televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.

4. axali weli saukeTeso dResasawaulia.

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzacinaSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzacinaSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzacinaSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzacinaSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzaci

ganmaviTarebeli abzacis funqcia sakvanZo debulebis axsna, ilustrireba, ganxilvada dasabuTebaa. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis maxasiaTeblebia:

1. TiToeuli ganmaviTarebeli abzaci unda ganixilavdes mTavari Temis mxoloderT aspeqts, magaliTad, Tu Tqven werT naSroms sigaretis mowevis gavlenis Sesaxebadamianis janmrTelobaze, maSin TiToeul ganmaviTarebel abzacs unda hqondesTema `sigaretis gavlena~.

72

Tu pirdapir teqstze muSaobis saSualeba gaqvT, maSin TqvenTvis mosaxerxebelinebismieri sistemis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, magaliTad: _ gaugebari frazebisgaswvriv mindorze dasviT „?~ niSani, SemoxazeT ucnobi, gaugebari sityvebi,ZiriTad sakiTxebsa da azrebs xazi gausviT, „*~-iT aRniSneT is debulebebi,romelsac eTanxmebiT, xolo `!~-iT ki isini, romlebic aRmafrTovaneblad,gamaogneblad da mimzidvelad migaCniaT, „mere ra?~ SegiZliaT miaweroTiseT frazebsa Tu debulebebs, romlebic aradamajereblad geCvenebaT.

savarjiSo #6.1: qvemoT mocemulia souel Tomasis statia „studenturi sesxi~,romelic stenfordSi daibeWda 1993 wels Jurnal huverSi 131-133 gverdebze. mocemuliteqsti, sul mcire, orjer waikiTxeT da SeecadeT gaigoT, ras wers avtori. CainiSneTyvela Tqveni komentari, SekiTxva Tu asociacia, romelic kiTxvisas gagiCndebaT.gaarkvieT yvela ucnobi sityvis mniSvneloba da SeecadeT, Tavad gasceT pasuxigaCenil kiTxvebs.

studenturi sesxi

souel Tomasi

Sowell, Thomas, “Student Loans.” Is Reality Optional? And Ather Essays.

Stanford: Hoover, 1993.131-33.ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis Tema deficitis cnebaa: _ adamianTa moTxovnebis

srulad dakmayofilebisaTvis sakmarisi ram arasodes arsebobs.politikis pirvel gakveTils ki ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis ugulebelyofa

warmoadgens. rodesac politikosi xedavs adamianTa jgufs, romelic Civis, romraRac imdeni ar aqvs, ramdenic surs, politikosis mier miRebuli „gadawyvetileba”maTTvis am raRacis ufro meti raodenobiT micemaa, magram saidan moaqvTpolitikosebs es „ufro meti”? cxadia, isini erTs (viRac petres) arTmeven dameores (viRac pavles) aZleven.

cxadia, cota xnis Semdeg politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom axla petres ar aqvs esraRac sakmarisi odenobiT. isev ifeTqebs maTSi TanagrZnobis talRa da axlapetres gadarCenas ecdebian. imis nacvlad, rom politikosebma aRiaron, rom petresgaZarcva pavles moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad TavisTavad miuRebeli qcevaiyo, isini axla toms, diksa da haris Zarcvaven da ase exmarebian petres.

am grZeli istoriis dasasruli aseTi iqneba: _ politikosebi ucbad aRmoaCenen,rom kolejis uamravi studenti yelamde valebSi Cafluli amTavrebs universitets.maTTvis dResaviT naTeli xdeba, rom mTavrobam daxmareba unda gauwios gadamxdelebs.

ramdenad mZimea is tvirTi, romelzec ase xSirad saubroben politikosebi daJurnalistebi? saxelmwifo kolejebis studentebisTvis es Tanxa daaxloebiT 7 000dolaria, kerZo kolejis studentebisTvis ki _ 9 000 dolars uaxlovdeba.

Cveulebrivi, saSualo donis avtomobilis yidva am valze gacilebiT meti jdeba,magram, rogorc wesi, manqanis valis dafarva ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre aTwlianistudenturi valis. metic, manqanis yidva ramdenime weliwadSia SesaZlebeli, kolejSierTxel swavlis valis dafarva ki TiTqmis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.

cxadia, kolejis kursdamTavrebulebs ufro meti Semosavali aqvT, vidre sxvebs.Tu es asea, maSin ratomRaa atexili aseTi panika maTi valebis gamo? saSualoSemosavlis mqone kolejis kursdamTavrebuli pirvel wels wliuri Semosavlis10%-ze naklebs ixdis sesxis dasafarad, momaval wlebSi ki es procenti gadasaxadiszrdasTan erTad sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.

politikuri isteria da media-reklama dabali Semosavlis mqone studentebzeakeTebs aqcents, romelTac didi vali aqvT aRebuli. Tqven SeiZleba gulisamaCuyebeli,sruliad uCveulo, aratipuri istoriebic ki moisminoT. realurad ki gasulaTwleulSi perspeqtiuli studentebi sesxs iRebdnen rogorc maRali Semosavlismqone pirebisagan, ise _ saxelmwifo programebidan.

48

kidec igi, rom pirveli winadadebis Semdeg man gaagrZelos kiTxva. pirvelsavewinadadebaSi Tqveni Sexedulebis gadmocema, Cveulebriv, aRaraa saintereso;faqtobrivad, Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, savaraudod, is aRargaagrZelebs kiTxvas. amitom sakvanZo debuleba unda moTavsdes Sesavaliabzacis bolos an daaxloebiT mis dasasrulTan axlos.

savarjiSo #4.3: ganixileT Semdegi abzacebi. xazi gausviT sityvas an sityvebs,romlebic pirvel winadadebaSi Cndeba da xelmeored aris mocemuli sakvanZodebulebis saxiT (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).

kompiuteri daxvewili manqanaa, romelic Zalian swrafad inaxavs da ixsenebs

informacias. is Zalian martivi da saintereso ramaa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT,Tumca, zogierTs eSinia kidec misi. mec meSinoda kompiuteris, meSinodawarumateblobis, radgan araferi vicodi programirebis Sesaxeb, magram Semdegmivxvdi, rom kompiuterTan muSaobis procesi Zalze martivia .

rodesac Zalian axalgazrdebi viyaviT, gvjeroda, rom SeuZlebelia mSoblebma

raime arasworad gaakeTon. isini srulyofil arsebebad gveCvenebodnen, romlebmacyvela Cvens kiTxvaze icodnen pasuxi da romlebsac yvela Cveni problemis gadaWraSeeZloT; Tumca, roca gavizardeT, davinaxeT, rom mSoblebic uSveben Secdomebs.

Cven televiziis epoqaSi vcxovrobT, sadac televizori drois flangvis

saSualebaa. adamianebi sul ufro da ufro met dros atareben televizorTan dasxvas arafers akeTeben. zogierTi uaryofs amas da ambobs, rom televizorisyureba sulac ar aris drois kargva, radgan televizoris saSualebiT adamianiZalian bevr rames swavlobs. darwmunebuli var, rom Tu didxans da yuradRebiTgadavxedavT satelevizio programebs, namdvilad SeiZleba saganmanaTleblogadacemebis moZebna, magram, umeteswilad, televizoris yureba drois flangvaa.

dRevandeli bavSvebi Cveni momavalia. erT dRes isini dominantur Zalad iqcevian.

Tu maT Sesaferis xelmZRvanelobas gauweven da Tu mSvenieri bavSvoba eqnebaT,roca gaizrdebian, isini did daxmarebas gauweven Cvens sazogadoebas. sxva sityvebiTrom vTqvaT, dRevandeli bavSvebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenen Cvenssazogadoebaze momavalSi, magram mSoblebma unda gaiTvaliswonon is Sesaferisigaremo, romelic maT Svilebs mTeli bavSvobis manZilze esaWiroebaT.

Sesavali abzacis Sefaseba

1. gvamcnobs, waradgens Tu ara abzaci Temas?

2. mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci, rogor iqneba Tema SemdegSi gaSlili daCamoyalibebuli?

3. moicavs Tu ara abzaci sakvanZo debulebas?

4. aris Tu ara abzaci gamomwvevi, damaintrigebeli?

savarjiSo #4.4: SeadareT abzacebi zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebis mixedviT. arisTu ara abzacSi mocemuli yvela elementi? (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).

73

1978 wlamde saxelmwifo programebidan sesxis aReba kolejis mxolod imstudentebs SeeZloT, romelTa ojaxebis Semosavali garkveul niSnulze dabaliiyo. es niSnuli TiTqmis orjer aRemateboda saSualo Semosavals, magram rokfelerisda vanderbiltsis msgavs mdidar adamianebs am sesxiT sargeblobis uflebas araZlevda. Tanamedrove „TanagrZnobis~ epoqaSi ki kongresma es SezRudvebic gaauqma.

am faqtma yvelasaTvis gaxsna gza. rogori mdidaric ar unda yofiliyo adamiani,mas Zalian mcire saprocento ganakveTiT SeeZlo saxelmwifosagan Tanxis sesxeba,Svilebis ganaTlebisaTvis Segrovili fuli ki SeeZlo sxva saqmeSi Caedo, saidanacmaRal procents miiRebda. studenturi sesxis gadaxdis dros mSoblebs SvilebisTvisSegrovili TanxiT SeeZloT am valis gadaxda da miRebuli procentuli sxvaobismiTviseba.

swrafad mzardma sesxebma politikosebsa da medias aCvena, Tu ra didi „saWiroebaa”amisa. is faqti, rom studentebi Tavs arideben droulad valis gadaxdas, gviCvenebs,Tu ramdenad „mZimea~ vali maTTvis. sinamdvileSi ki maT, vinc valis gadaxdasgaurbis, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT mcire sesxi aqvT aRebuli da xSirad isiniswavlis periodSi kolejidanac arian garicxulni. upasuxismgeblo adamianebiyvela saqmeSi upasuxismgebloni arian.

kolejis standartebis gauaresebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maTi mzardiadvilad misawvdomoba maTTvis, vinc ganaTlebis miRebas seriozulad ar ekideba.koleji ar aris adgili, sadac SegiZlia dro ataro, araferi akeTo da amaSiviRacam fuli ixados. ra Tqma unda, ganaTleba Zviri Rirs, magram gadasaxadebiZalian mZime tvirTad awevT ara marto saxelmwifo universitetebsa da qalaqiskolejebs, aramed sul ufro mzard „kerZo~ saswavleblebsac.

uamravi saxelmwifo subsidia da sesxis programa bevr adamians socialuriresursebis uzarmazari raodenobis maTTvis dabali saprocento ganakveTiTgamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. 1970 wlidan ramdenime aseuli procentiTgaizarda federaluri daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis. aman kolejebs swavlisgadasaxadis naxtomiseburad gazrdis da profesorebisaTvis ufro mdare xarisxisswavlebis procesSi sul ufro metis gadaxdis saSualeba misca.

bunebrivia, yvela, vinc aseTi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs, am isteriebisa da reklamebisiniciatoria. is amiT cdilobs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa fuliT sargeblobisgaxangrZlivebas, magram Cven sulelebi viqnebiT, Tu gavagrZelebT maTTvisganusazRvreli raodenobis Tanxaze qviTrebis gamoweras.

Tu Tqven am faqtebs ekonomikis kuTxidan SexedavT, amas gacvlas uwodeben,politikaSi ki _ siZunwes. rogorc Cans, Tuki am sakiTxs ubralod sxva kuTxiTmivudgebiT, deficiti aRar iqneba.

Sejameba

mocemuli teqstis miRma qveteqstis ufro Rrma Sinaarsis danaxvamde da mismimarT sakuTari mosazrebis Camoyalibebamde, Tqven zustad unda gaarkvioT dagaigoT, realurad ras ambobs avtori. teqstis Sinaarsis wvdomisa da misi Zlierida susti mxareebis danaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa teqstis Sejameba anu ZiriTadipunqtebis, mosazrebebis dawmenda, gamijvna, gamoyofa da sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema.

Tqven mogiwevT davalebebis Sesruleba, romelSic mcire zomis SejamebasmogTxoven, amasTan, Sejameba kvleviTi (samecniero statia, sakurso Tu sabakalavro)naSromisa da iseTi sxva tipis nawerebis arsebiTi, mniSvnelovani nawilia, romelSicwyaroebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, wakiTxulis ukeT gagebismizniT mis Sejamebaze visaubrebT.

Sejameba mocemuli teqstis ZiriTadi mosazrebebis SeZlebisdagvarad mokled,ramdenime winadadebiT gadmocemas gulisxmobs. rodesac ramdenime abzacis anmokle statiis Sejamebaa saWiro, is ar unda aRematebodes originaluri (mTliani)teqstis erT mexuTeds. ufro didi moculobis naSromisTvis, rogoricaa wignis

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savarjiSo # 4.2: 4.2: 4.2: 4.2: 4.2: waikiTxeT winadadebebi. gansazRvreT, romeli maTgani ar arissakvanZo debuleba. gadawereT TiToeuli maTgani. gadaaqcieT is sakvanZodebulebad.

nimuSi: me vapireb, agixsnaT, Tu ratom gadavwyvite kolejSi Cabareba.kolejSi swavlis gagrZeleba rTulad misaRebi gadawyvetileba iyo.

1. qimiuri narCenebis Senaxvis safrTxe.

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2. qalaqsa da sofelSi cxovreba bevri ramiT hgavs da gansxvavdebaerTmaneTisgan.

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3. Tbilisi saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi qalaqia.

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4. zRvispira qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ukeTesia, vidre mTian adgilze.

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5. saqarTvelos universitetebi ufro met humanitarul kursebs saWiroeben;maT, agreTve, meti socialuri aqtivoba esaWiroebaT.

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SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali

sakvanZo debuleba

sakvanZo debuleba mTeli eses mTavari debulebaa. ar arsebobs wesi, romlismixedviTac sakvanZo debuleba raime gansakuTrebul adgilze unda iyos ganTavsebuli,Tumca, Cveulebriv, is Sesaval abzacSia xolme mocemuli. debuleba unda aixsnasda ganimartos ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.

Sesavali abzacis maxasiaTeblebi

1. Sesavali abzaci waradgens Temas. esaa pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli ecnoba.aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom am abzacma unda miawodos mkiTxvelsinformacia gansaxilveli Temis Sesaxeb.

2. Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, zogadad rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili.kargi Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, agreTve, ra iqneba ganxilulieseSi: _ mizezebi, Sedegebi, magaliTebi; iqneba Tu ara gadmocemuli eseSiprocesis aRwera, axsna Tu klasifikacia.

3. zogadad, Sesavali unda moicavdes sakvanZo debulebas. esaa zogadi wesi.xandaxan sakvanZo debuleba SeiZleba nawerSi ufro mogvianebiT gamoCndes,xandaxan _ dasasrulSic. zogierT SemTxvevaSi debuleba pirdapir arcaris mocemuli da igulisxmeba. sasurvelia, rom sakvanZo debulebaSesavalSive naTlad iyos gadmocemuli.

4. idealur SemTxvevaSi Sesavali abzaci imdenad saintereso unda iyos, romnaSromis wasakiTxad iwvevdes mkiTxvels. ramdenadac Sesaval abzacs Temisgacnobis funqcia aqvs da is gamomwvevi unda iyos, amitom sasurvelia,sakvanZo debuleba ar iyos moTavsebuli zustad Sesavali abzacisdasawyisSi. Tqven ara mxolod unda gaacnoT mkiTxvels Tema, sanamgadmoscemT Tqvens Sexedulebasa da mosazrebas, aramed unda moxibloT

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erTi Tavi an mTlianad wigni, miRebuli Sejameba sawyis teqstTan SedarebiT sakmaodmcire zomis unda iyos. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera mocemuliacxrilSi #6.4.

cxrili #6.4. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera

moZebneT da gaarkvieT im sityvebisa da cnebebis mniSvnelobebi, romlebic xelsgiSlian avtoris mier dawerili teqstis Sinaarsisa da masSi mocemuli kavSirebisdanaxvaSi.

daamuSaveT teqsti da gamoyaviT nawilebi (qveTavebi, seqciebi) _ calkeuli abzacebian abzacTa erTobliobebi, romlebic erT Temas Seexeba. raTa ufro naTladgamoikveTos, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba naSromis nawilebi erTmaneTs, SeecadeT, Sinaarsigrafikulad gamosaxoT (piramidis saxiT) an monaxazi gaakeToT (ix. werisTvismosamzadebeli etapi).

ukve garCeuli nawilebi erTi-ori winadadebiT SeajameT. yuradReba am nawilisZiriTad punqtebze gaamaxvileT da gamotoveT magaliTebi, faqtebi da dasabuTebebi.

erTi-ori winadadebiT CawereT avtoris ZiriTadi idea.

dawereT erTi mTliani (da Tu saWiroa metic) abzaci, romelic ZiriTadi ideiTdaiwyeba da dasabuTebis funqcias naSromis TiToeuli nawilis Sejamebisas daweriliwinadadebebi Seasruleben. es abzaci mokled (SemWidrovebulad) da zedmiwevniTunda aRwerdes mTlian naSroms.

wereT Tqveni sityvebiT. werisas naSromis Sinaarsi im sityvebiT unda gadmosceT,romelic TqvenTvis iqneba gasagebi, amitom yovelTvis Tqveni sityvebiT wereT da nuSeecdebiT TqvenTvis ucxo da uCveulo sityvebis gamoyenebas.

erTi abzacis Sejamebac ki SeiZleba rTuli da Sromatevadi iyos.

SeniSvna: sakuTari sityvebiT Sejamebisas darwmundiT, rom plagiatori ar xarT.Sejamebis Tqveni sityvebiT werisas Tu raimes sxvaTa mier dawerils iyenebT,aucileblad unda miuTiToT wyaro, romlidanac iRebT am azrs, ideasa Tu pozicias.

savarjiSo #6.2: daubrundiT wina savarjiSoSi mocemul teqsts da Tqveni sityvebiTdawereT misi erTabzaciani Sejameba.

kritikuli pasuxis formireba

wakiTxulis Sinaarsis _ avtoris mier naTqvamis _ wvdomisa da gaazrebisSemdeg Tqven ukve SegiZliaT teqstTan mibruneba da imis garkveva, Tu ra ar uTqvamsavtors pirdapir, magram igulisxma, ra ivarauda, anda ra mosazreba SemogvTavaza.kiTxvis am etapze Tqveni yuradReba avtoris ganzraxvaze an/da mizanze da am miznismiRwevis xerxebze gadadis. wasakiTxi teqstis Taviseburebebidan da kiTxvis miznidangamomdinare, Tqven arkvevT, Tu rogor asabuTebs avtori sakuTar pozicias, rogoraateqsti organizebuli, rogori eniT wers igi da rogoria teqstis sxva elementebi.

kritikuli azrovneba da kiTxva oTx operacias gulisxmobs: esenia analizi,interpretacia, sinTezi da (xSirad) Sefaseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es operaciebiqvemoT Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli, realurad isini mWidrod urTierTqmedebenda faraven erTmaneTs. pirveli sami operacia xSirad gaerTianebulia da maTerTad analizs uwodeben, xolo Sefaseba ganixileba, rogorc am procesis Sedegi.

analizi

sakiTxis ukeT gagebis mizniT mimarTaven mis Semadgenel nawilebad(elementebad) dayofas, daSlas. wasakiTx teqstSi am elementebis gamoxSirvisaTvisdasviT SekiTxva, romelSic teqstis analizis mizani iqneba mocemuli: _ ratom

46


xSirad radiaciis Sedegebi sruliad prognozirebadia.

3. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes azrs, Sexedulebas da ara faqts, romlisWeSmaritebaSic Znelad Tu SeiZleba eWvi Seeparos vinmes. ramdenadac sakvanZodebulebiT gadmocemulia damokidebuleba anda idea Temis Sesaxeb. sakvanZodebuleba, romelsac SeiZleba vinme ar daeTanxmos, unda aixsnas da dasabuTdes.


Zroxa gvaZlevs rZes.


rZe, romelsac Zroxa gvaZlevs, yovelTvis ar Seesabameba adamianismoTxovnebs.


kolejSi Cabarebas bevri nakli da bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs (ar arissakamaTo Tema).


kolejSi Cabareba aSkarad sjobs arCabarebas.

4. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes mxolod erT ideas erT TemasTandakavSirebiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, naSromi dakargavs erTianobas. Tu masSigadmocemulia ori an meti idea, arsebobs riski, rom ese ar iqneba logikuradgamarTuli da winadadebebi erTmaneTs azrobrivad ver daukavSirdeba (unity,coherence).


Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba SeiZleba gasarTobi ramiyos da me aRmovaCine, rom didi qalaqis gareubani ufro kargisacxovrebeli adgilia, vidre _ koleji.


Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba gasarTobi (mxiaruli)ramaa.

savarjiSo #4.11111: guldasmiT waikiTxeT debulebebi. gansazRvreT, aris Tu aradebuleba sakvanZo.

1. genetikis upiratesobebi.

2. Cemi survilia, ganvixilo sakuTari Sexeduleba olimpiurTamaSebze.

3. studentebs wignis maRaziaSi muSaobis neba unda darTon.

4. rodesac pirvelad vestumre SeerTebul Statebs, arvsargeblobdi swrafi kvebis obieqtebiT da gaocebuli viyavisavaWro centrebiT.

5. ratom ar minda, rom mosamarTle gamovide?

6. saqarTvelos respublikur da konservatul partiebs Sorisgansxvaveba.

7. ucxo enis codna yvelasaTvis kargia.

8. vapireb, aRvwero sakuTari saxli.

9. Tbilissa da quTaiss Soris bevri msgavseba da gansxvavebaa.

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gainteresebT, an ris garkvevas cdilobT. es SekiTxva erTgvari gamadidebeli SuSisfunqcias Seasrulebs _ is gamokveTs zogierT Strixs da SeumCnevlad datovebsdanarCenebs. qvemoT (ix. cxrili #6.5) sailustraciod mocemulia kiTxvebi, romelTadasmac SesaZlebelia Jurnal `sarkis~ mimarT; aseve, aRniSnulia, am JurnalTandakavSirebul romel nawils, elements Seexeba TiToeuli maTgani.

rogorc magaliTidan Cans, analizis mizniT kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT TqveniyuradReba teqstis relevantur anu saTanado maxasiaTeblebze warimarTeba,irelevanturi ki yuradRebis miRma rCeba. magaliTad, Jurnal ̀ sarkis~ mier garkveulimomsaxurebis gamoyenebisken biZgis Sesaxeb kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad TqveniyuradReba iseT debulebebze unda SeaCeroT, romlebic momsaxurebisa da garTobissaSualebebis moxmarebas Seexeba: _ silamazis salonebis, klubebisa Tu solariumebissareklamo fotoebze, im cnobili adamianebis interviuebze, romlebic ukvesargebloben SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebiT da kmayofilni arian. amasTan, Tqvenunda gamotovoT („gadaaxteT~) is debulebebi, romlebic mcirediT an saerTod arexeba moxmarebis Temas. magaliTad, konkretuli ojaxis amaRelvebeli istoria anromelime cnobili wyvilis mogonebebi piradi cxovrebidan.

interpretacia

cxadia, rom mTelis elementebis identificireba procesis mxolod dasawyisia.amitom am etapis bunebrivi gagrZelebaa TiToeuli elementisa da maTgan SeqmnilimTelis mniSvnelobisa Tu mniSvnelovnebis interpretirebaa. interpretacia, rogorcwesi, gulisxmobs mocemul sakiTxze avtoris daSvebis, mosazrebisa Tu rwmeniswvdomas (mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gamotanas).

sityva daSveba aq ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, vidre yoveldRiurmetyvelebaSi, romelSic is SeiZleba molodins (`vvaraudob, rom aanazRaurebs~),spekulacias (ès naklebad dasaSvebia~), anda Secdomas (àngariSi varaudebiT iyosavse~) aRniSnavdes. ufro zustad Tu ganvmartavT, daSveba aris is, rac individisvaraudiT, marTali da gardauvalia. TiToeul adamians Tavisi mosazrebebi aqvs.adamianebi aseTi daSvebebis garemocvaSi cxovroben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi yovlismomcvlia, daSvebebi yovelTvis ar arispirdapir da gasagebad mocemuli. momxsenebeli an avtori, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes,rom misi auditoria an mkiTxveli ukve icnobs mis daSvebebs da miRebuli aqvs isini,Tumca SeiZleba auditoriam an mkiTxvelma sruliad araferi icodes am daSvebebisSesaxeb anda momxsenebeli/avtori sruliad Segnebulad Tavs ikavebdes sakuTaridaSvebebis deklarirebisgan auditoriis/mkiTvelis mier miuReblobis SiSis gamo.

cxrili #6.5. konkretul elementebze mimarTuli kiTxebi analizisTvis.

kiTxvebi analizisTvis elementebi

• qmnis Tu ara Jurnali `sarke~ stereotipebs?

• stereotipebi: eqsplicituri da implicituri stereotipebi an gamowvevebi JurnalSi.

• sTavazobs Tu ara Jurnali dadebiT rolur modelebs Tavis mkiTxvelebs?

• roluri modelebi: teqsti da fotoebi dadebiTi an uaryofiTi roluri modelebis funqcias asruleben.

• JurnalSi mocemuli statiebi da maTi Tanmxlebi fotoebi ubiZgeben Tu ara mkiTxvels, rom gaxdes SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da garTobis saSualebebis momxmarebeli?

• biZgi moxmarebisTvis: momsaxurebisa da garTobis saSualebebis moxsenieba, momxmareblebze aqcentis gakeTeba, SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da bednierebis an warmatebis gaTanabreba.

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Tavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra aris eseis eseis eseis eseis ese33333

ese abzacTa garkveuli jgufia, romelSic Camoyalibebulia erTi ZiriTadiidea. abzacisagan gansxvavebiT, eses ufro formaluri (zusti) struqtura aqvs.masSi TiToeul abzacs sxvadasxva funqcia akisria:

1. Sesavali _ Cveulebriv, es erTi (ori an meti) abzacia, romelic gansaxilvelTemasa da eses ZiriTad ideas _ sakvanZo debulebas gadmogvcems.

2. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci _ ayalibebs centraluri ideis da Temis sxvadasxvaaspeqts. is SeiZleba ganixilavdes mizezebs, Sedegebs, magaliTebs, procesebs,klasifikacias anda Sedarebebs. is, agreTve, SeiZleba aRwerdes anmogviTxrobdes rames.

3. daskvna _ moicavs azrebs, romlebic Camoyalibebulia eseSi. esaa daskvniTi,saboloo sityva.

is, Tu ramdeni abzaci iqneba eseSi, mTlianad damokidebulia Temis sirTuleze.zogierT eses ori an sami abzaci aqvs, zogs ki _ 20 da 30 abzaci.

sakvanZo debulebasakvanZo debulebasakvanZo debulebasakvanZo debulebasakvanZo debuleba

eses, iseve, rogorc abzacs, erTi mTavari wamyvani azri aqvs. sakvanZo debuleba_ es aris winadadeba, romelic moicavs eses ZiriTad ideas. abzacis mTavariwinadadebis msgavsad, sakvanZo debuleba moicavs gamonaTqvams, romelSicgadmocemulia damokidebuleba, mosazreba an idea Temis Sesaxeb, magram, mTavariwinadadebisgan gansxvavebiT, sakvanZo debuleba ufro farToa da masSi mTeliesesaTvis aris gadmocemuli wamyvani azri. faqtobrivad, TiToeul ganmaviTarebelabzacs wamyvani azri unda hqondes, romelic exmaureba an ukavSirdeba ZiriTadideas _ sakvanZo debulebas.

sakvanZo debulebasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia gvaxsovdes Semdegi:

1. sakvanZo debuleba gadmocemuli unda iyos sruli winadadebis saxiT, undagamoxatavdes dasrulebul azrs da ar unda iyos dasmuli kiTxvis saxiT; anusakvanZo debuleba unda iyos dasrulebuli azri, romelic, rogorc wesi,gadmocemulia rTuli winadadebiT.


sibnelis SiSi. (me meSinia sibnelis an Cemi sibnelis SiSi)


sibnelis SiSi Cems cxovrebas autanels xdis.

2. sakvanZo debulebaSi gadmocemulia azri, damokidebuleba an idea da ara ubralodTema, romelic eseSi iqneba Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebuli. sakvanZo debulebaacnobs azrs, damokidebulebas raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, ara imsaxiT, rom “me vapireb ganvixilo~, radgan sakvanZo debulebaSi xdeba romelimesakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqveni poziciis gancxadeba da ara imaze miniSneba, Turogor iqneba warmodgenili da gaSlili is Tqvens naSromSi.


ganvixilavT radiaciis gavlenas.

3 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & JoannRishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.

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swored amitomaa saWiro kritikulad wakiTxvis dros avtoriseuli daSvebebisinterpretireba.

sinTezi

Tu analizisa da interpretaciis procesiT dakmayofildebiT da aq SewyvetTteqstis kritikulad wakiTxvas, mxolod calkeuli elementebisa da SesaZlomniSvnelobebis grova SegrCebaT xelSi da ver SeZlebT mocemuli teqstis, rogorcerTi mTlianobis aRqmas. sinTezis etapze nawilebis an calkeuli erTeulebisurTierTdakavSireba xdeba. Tqven kavSirebisa da daSvebebis Sesaxeb daskvnebisgamotaniT axal mTlianobas qmniT.

sinTezis saSualebiT Tqven raRac axals, sawyisi masalisgan gansxvavebulsqmniT. magaliTad, Jurnal ̀ sarkis~ mkiTxvelebisTvis is garTobis saSualebaa, xoloTqven, kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg (rodesac Tqven gaaanalizeT, interpretirebada sinTezireba moaxdineT) es Jurnali (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi is konkretulinawili, romelic daamuSaveT) momxmarebelTa kulturis formirebis mniSvnelovansaSualebad aRiqviT. es gansxvaveba kritikulad wakiTxvidan gamomdinareobs.

qvemoT mocemulia analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis gamosadegikiTxvebi (ix. cxrili #6.6).

cxrili #6.6. kiTxvebi analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis

• ra mizniT kiTxulobT?

• ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT naSromTan dakavSirebiT? romeli kiTxvebi gainteresebT yvelazemetad an romeli kiTxvebi iZleva yvelaze met SesaZleblobas? ra elementebi undaiqnes detalurad ganxiluli? Sedegad, romeli elementebis ignorirebaa SesaZlebeli?

• ra interpretacias aZlevT elementebis mniSvnelobasa da mniSvnelovnebas rogorcindividualur doneze anu calkeul elementTan, ise _ mTlian naSromTan mimarTebiT?ra daSvebebi gaqvT naSromis Taobaze? avtoris daSvebebis Taobaze?

• rogor axdenT maT sinTezs? ra mimarTebaa elementebs Soris? ra mimarTebaa amkonkretul naSromasa da sxva Sromebs Soris?

• ra daskvnas akeTebT naSromis Sesaxeb? ras matebs es daskvna naSroms?

Sefaseba

xSirad kritikulad kiTxva da wera mxolod analiziT, interpretaciiTa dasinTeziT Semoifargleba. Tqven ganmartavT avtoris naTqvamis Tqveneul gagebas,magram Tavad arafers ambobT. kritikulad kiTxvisa da werisas mxolod maSinunda ganacxadoT da daicvaT Tqveni pozicia naSromis xarisxisa da mniSvnelovnebisSesaxeb, rodesac misi Sefasebac mogeTxovebT. SefasebaSi erTad SekrebT Tqvensmosazrebebs, ganmartavT, Tu ratom arian isini zogadad misaRebni da maT debulebebisformiT ayalibebT; amasTan, Tavad asabuTebT Tqvens TiToeul mosazrebasoriginaluri teqstis citirebis saSualebiT.

Sefaseba kompetenturobis garkveul dones moiTxovs. SeiZleba ifiqroT, romgakliaT codna da gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom sxvisi naSromis logikasa daazrTa dinebas mihyveT, gansakuTarebiT maSin, rodesac teqsti rTulia an misiavtori kargad cnobili pirovnebaa. sruliad marTalia, rac ufro metad xarTinformirebulni da meti iciT mocemul sferoSi, miT ukeT waikiTxavT kritikulad,magram isic gaxsovdeT, rom keTilsindisierad kiTxva da analizi Sinagandarwmunebulobas SegZenT da SeZlebT imis garCevas, Tu rogor weria realurad,Tqven rogor aRiqvamT dawerils da amaSi xels ar SegiSliT Tqveni gamocdileba,dakvirvevebi da damokidebulebebi.

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g) kvlevebi, aseve, aCveneben, rom sigaretis mwevlebs ufro xSirad emarTebaTgulis Setevebi.

d) metic, sigaretis moweva kbilebs ayviTlebs.

Tu faqtobrivi detalebiT ver xerxdeba dasabuTeba axsniT abzacSi, SeiZlebasxva saxis dasabuTebis gamoyeneba da es, yvelaze xSirad, aris magaliTi. ganmartebisTanaxmad, magaliTi aris erTeuli, romelSic warmodgenilia sagnebis, adamianebisaTu ideebis jgufi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, magaliTi aris zogadi kategoriiskonkretuli warmomadgeneli. erTi sityviT, magaliTi generalizacias anu wamyvanazrs ufro gasagebs xdis da amitom dasabuTebis efeqturi saSualebaa.

savarjiSo #3.23: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT abzacistipebi.

Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wyalSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis

Wavli Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva `wyali~ jer nela, Semdegufro swrafad. me wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi misissalivanis TiTebis moZraobas. uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli gancda,TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda da rogorRac enis saidumlos fardaaexada. maSin mivxvdi, rom ̀ w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili raRac, xelebze rommexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, imedi,sixaruli da Tavisufleba; miuxedavad imisa, rom siZneleebi amiT ar dasrulebula,maT SedarebiT iolad vumklavdebodi (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

zafxulobiT, roca santa esperansas mosaxleoba erTiaTad izrdeba

turistuli sezonis gamo, aq ara mxolod damsveneblebi arian, aramed dRiurimuSaobis msurvelnic, radgan servisis sferos Tavad mosaxleoba ver audisturistebis siWarbisa da kunZulis mosaxleobis tradiciebis ramdenadmeTaviseburebis gamo (aka morCilaZe, “mister diqslis mdumare yuTi”).

Cvilebi xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT iweoda ise, rom maT

SeeZloT imis danaxva, rom mis miRma araferi iyo da isev eSveboda. Semdeg daxrilsibrtyeze patara vagoni gordeboda, romelic sademonstracio yuTs gaivlida dasiCqaris Semcirebis gareSe ekranis ukan uCinardeboda, Semdeg ekranis meore mxaridangamoCndeboda da sabolood sademonstracio yuTis marjvena mxares gamodioda(Baillargeon, 1986).

amanda fsiqoTerapevti iyo. is saSualo asakis, warmosadegi, gemovnebiT

Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qali iyo. misi kilo, romelic Cems gamocdil smenas argamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul daxvewilobazemianiSnebda. amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali Canda, romelsac CemTvis daxmarebisgaweva SeeZlo (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

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qvemoT mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis naSromis SefasebisTvis gamosadegi kiTxvebi(ix. cxrili #6.7).

cxrili #6.7. kiTxvebi SefasebisTvis

• ra reaqcia gaqvT naSromze? konkretulad ras exmaurebiT naSromSi?

• Seesabameba Tu ara naSromi ZiriTad ideas? aris Tu ara faqtebi, magaliTebi dasxva mtkicebulebebi naTlad da adekvaturad mocemuli?

• miaRwia Tu ara avtorma dasaxul mizans? aris Tu ara es mizani Rirebuli?

• aris Tu ara avtori avtoritetuli, gulwrfeli da imsaxurebs Tu ara ndobas?

• aris Tu ara naSromi mTliani? Seesabameba Tu ara misi yvela nawili ZiriTadideas? aris Tu ara is Tanmimdevruli _ gasagebad mihyveba Tu ara misi nawilebierTmenTs?

• Tu naSromi Seicavs ferad grafikebs, sqemebs, multimediis elementebs (eleqtronuliversiis SemTxvevaSi), es elementebi naSromis Sinaarss amdidreben da avseben, Tuubralod aqsesuaris funqcias asruleben?

• mTlianobaSi ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi? ra Rirebuleba aqvs mas ufro farTokonteqstSi ganxilvisas?

• eTanxmebiT Tu ara naSromSi mocemul mosazrebebs? SegiZliaT daasabuToT anuaryoT isini?

savarjiSo #6.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli debulebebi masobrivi informaciissaSualebebis Sesaxeb da gaiazreT ara marto maTi Sinaarsi, aramed is mizezebic,romelTa gamoc SeiZleba avtors ase efiqra da nimuSis mixedviT werilobiTgaarCieT TiToeuli maTgani.

nimuSi:

debuleba yovel wels ufro da ufro meti wignis gamomcemlobisgauCinareba xdeba, radgan didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.

analizi ratom gaakeTa avtorma es ganacxadi? garkveuli sityvebimiuTiTebs avtoris mizanze: ufro da ufro meti gamomcemloba;radgan, didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.

interpretacia ùfro da ufro meti~ niSnavs, rom sxva kompaniebs mouwiaTgaqroba. ̀ radgan~ akonkretebs mizezs. STanTqavs gulisxmobsmomxmareblis mtaceblur qcevas. avtoris daSveba: didikompaniebi iqcevian, rogorc mtacebeli cxovelebi. didikompaniebis amgvari qceva iwvevs patarebis gaqrobas, rac ufrometi kompaniebia, miT ukeTesi.

sinTezi avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs didi kompaniebis mtaceblurqcevaze, romelTac akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas pataragamomcemlobebis gauCinrebasa da maTi ricxvis totalurSemcirebaze.

Sefaseba debuleba mimarTulia didi gamomcemlobebis winaaRmdeg,romlebsac ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba kompaniaTa ricxvissaerTo Semcirebaze. magram aris ki mxolod didigamomcemlobebi pasuxismgebeli amaze? da bolos, ratomaakompaniaTa ricxvis Semcireba cudi?

1. Jurnal–gazeTebi informaciis miRebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidretelevizia, radgan isini kiTxvas saWroeben da ara ubralod yurebas.

2. virtualuri („onlain~) urTierToba safrTxes uqmnis pirispir

urTerTobis unars.

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magaliTebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, qvemoT mocemul abzacSi axsnilia,Tu ratom aris iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.

iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planetadedamiwis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. Tqven xedavT mzis ̀ amosvlas~ da ̀ Casvlas~,Tumca, iciT, rom mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTavsebuli . . . aseve,roca savse mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT,Tumca, iciT, rom es ase ar aris. esec iluziaa, romelsac Tqvens Tvalebsa damTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridanareklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis mimarT, ZiriTadad,paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba da mniSvneloba ar aqvs am dros, TusaiT midixarT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra tipis abzacs werT, Tqven mTavar winadadebaSimocemuli wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad specifikuri detalebi da konkretulimagaliTebi gWirdebaT. wamyvani azri aris mTavari/Tematuri winadadebis sityva anfraza, romelic Temis azrs/ideas an misdami damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. am azrsan damokidebulebas xSirad generalizacias uwodeben. generalizacia aris debuleba,romelic SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi miesadageba sagnebis, azrebisa Tu adamianebisjgufs. generalizacia SeiZleba SefasebiTi msjeloba an mosazreba (magaliTad,àna sasiamovno adamiania~) anda faqtis konstatireba (magaliTad, ̀ inglisur enaSibevri sityva frangulidan aris Semosuli~) iyos.

savarjiSo #3.21: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi. TiToeulpunqtSi mocemuli oTxi variantidan amowereT is mTavari winadadeba, romelicsaTanado/Sesatyvis generalizacias Seicavs.

1. Tematuri winadadeba: _______________________________________________________

dasabuTeba:

a) sasursaTo maRaziis Taroebze gamofenil mraval produqtsaweria ùqolesterno~.

b) roberte kovalskis `qolesterolisagan gankurnebis 8 kvira~ dadoqtor kenet h. kuperis `qolesterolis kontroli~ am wlisbestselerebia.

g) herkulesi, romeliczomierad amcirebs qolesterolis dones,imdenad swrafad iyideba, rom masze moTxovnilebisdasakmayofileblad sawarmoebi uwyvetad (24 sT) muSaoben.

d) ukanaskneli saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis dros eqimebmagamoaqveynes samedicino angariSebi wamyvani kandidatebissisxlSi qolesterolis Semcvelobis Sesaxeb.

axsniT abzacSi avtori, advokatis msgavsad, raRac mosazrebis damtkicebascdilobs. rogorc advokati ver SeZlebs raimes damtkicebas konkretuli faqtebisdasaxelebis gareSe, ise avtorisTvis SeuZlebelia azris dasabuTeba faqtebisgareSe. wamyvani azris anu generalizaciis yvelaze kargi dasabuTeba aris faqtobrivimasala (informacia wyaroebidan, faqtebi, monacemebi da a.S.).

savarjiSo #3.22: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli mTavari winadadeba damisi detalebi. Tematuri/mTavari winadadebisTvis aRniSneT is detali, romelicver axdens generalizacias (wamyvani azris) saTanado dasabuTebas.

sigaretis moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.

a) kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom sigaretis moweva zrdis kibos risks.

b) mwevlebi ufro xSirad avaddebian iseTi respiratoruli daavadebebiT,rogoricaa bronqiti an enfizema.

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kritikis struqturakritikis struqturakritikis struqturakritikis struqturakritikis struqtura

teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg iwereba misi kritika. kritika~ teqstisformalizebuli, kritikuli Sefasebaa. is, aseve, pasuxicaa, Tumca kritikulad werametad skurpulozuri samuSaoa, vidre imis Tqma, rom teqsti ̀ didebuli~, ̀ saintereso~an ̀ aradamakmayofilebelia~. CamoTvlili Sefasebebi reaqciebia, Tumca isini sakiTxsyvelasTvis gasagebs ver xdian, amitom Tqven unda axsnaT, Tu rogor mixvediT amdaskvnebamde.

Tu kritikulad kiTxvis zemoT aRweril process SevajamebT, SeiZleba iTqvas,rom kritikis daweramde Tqven unda gaarkvioT, ra Tqva avtorma, ramdenad kargadSeZlo sakuTari mosazrebebis gadmocema, ra daSvebebi udevs safuZvlad misargumentebs, ra sakiTxebia ganxiluli, ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba moeZebnos am sakiTxebs.

kritikaSi, iqneba es dadebiTi, Tu uaryofiTi Sefaseba, samarTlianad da gasagebadunda Sejamdes teqsti. aseve, mocemuli unda iyos Tqveni sakuTari mosazrebebi.

kritikuli Sefasebis werisas aucileblad mogiwevT Tqveni codnis, rwmenisada varaudis gadasinjva, Sesabamisad, kritika axal codnas SegZenT.

kritika SeiZleba oTx nawilad daiyos, esenia: Sesavali, Sejameba, Tqveni pasuxiteqstze da daskvna (ix. cxrili #6.8).

savarjiSo #6.4: dawereT im statiis kritika, romelic mocemulia savarjiSoSi #6.1.

cxrili #6.8. kritikuli eses struqtura

Sesavali

• naSromis saTauri da avtoris saxeli;

• naSromis wyaro, saidan iqna aRebuli, sad daibeWda;

• sakiTxis zogadi mimoxilva da avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi.

• naSromis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba mkiTxvelisTvis, raTa man ukeT aRiqvas gansaxilveli teqsti. es masala SeiZleba moicavdes:

− imis axsnas, Tu ratomaa es sakiTxi amJamad saintereso da ratom daiwera masze es naSromi;

− biografiuli cnobebi avtoris Sesaxeb;

− pirobebi, viTareba, romelSic daiwera mocemuli naSromi;

− miTiTeba savaraudo mkiTxvelze.

• sakiTxis Sesaxeb SesaZlo arsebuli urTierTsapirispiro Sexedulebebi;

• miTiTeba imaze, Tu rogor dayofT naSroms sadiskusiod, ra elementebs ganixilavT;

• Tqveni pozicia naSromis mimarT.

Sejameba

• avtoris Tvalsazrisis Sejameba; naSromis mokle mimoxilva _ ZiriTadi mosazrebebi;

• avtoris mizani.

pasuxi teqstze

• avtoris romel Sexedulebebs eTanxmebiT;

• romels ar eTanxmebiT;

• ratom? erTad SeajameT es mizezebi da moitaneT Tqveni argumentebi; am nawilSi, aseve, SeiZleba pasuxis gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:

− ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi?

− ras iZleva es naSromi axals?

− ramdenad sainteresoa naSromi?

− ra wvlili SeiZleba Seitanos am naSromma mkiTxvelis profesiul zrdaSi?

daskvna

• daskvna mTeli teqstis validurobis Sesaxeb;

• mxolod Tqveneuli Sefasebebis Sejameba;

• ramdenad warmatebulad miaRwia avtorma dasaxul mizans;

• ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi, misi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.

wyaro: http://homepage.uhwo.hawaii.edu/∼writing/critique.htm. bolo naxva: 25.05.2007

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pirovnebis saubris manera. is, Tu ris aRweraze SeCerdebiT, damokidebulia Temasada Tqvens mizanze. magaliTad, rogor aRuwerT Tqvens Seyvarebuls megobars? razeisaubrebT: mis Tmaze, Tvalebze Tu xmaze? gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven sityvebiT undadaxatoT misi portreti, amitom aRwera naTeli da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos;logikurad ise unda daalagoT, rom Tqvenma megobarma cxadad SeZlos TqvenirCeulis warmodgena. amasTan, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu Tqvens nawerSi aRsaweripirovnebisadmi damokidebulebac iqneba gadmocemuli (anu unda gqondeTmniSvnelovani wamyvani azri).

lamaziseuli Casuqebuli qali iyo. tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba. kalTebiaqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda. boloebi sul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda.daxeulebidam moCanda sabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTomda iubkaa. Tavzed ekra CirTmedini, qalbatonis gamonacvali. Signidan mouCandaSavi Tma. ai, amgvari iyo is arseba, romelsac darejani `lamaziseuls~ eZaxda(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~).

es abzaci Tanmimdevrulia? SeZeliT Tu ara lamaziseulis danaxva? cxadia,abzaci Tanmimdevrulia da lamaziseulic dainaxeT, magram ramdenad mimzidveladgamoiyureboda igi? SegiZliaT, zustad warmoidginoT, Tu rogori iyo es personaJirealurad? albaT, ara. garda amisa, avtoriseul damokidebulebazec verafersvityviT. arc garegnobaa zedmiwevniT aRwerili. am abzacidan ver SeityobTlamaziseuli sufTad Cacmul-davarcxnili dadioda Tu Tavidan fexebamde WuWySiiyo amosvrili; verc imas igebT, ra ferisa da formis samosi ecva. uamravi detalia,romelic originalur abzacSi CarTo avtorma da lamaziseulis portreti Zalzemetyveli gaxada:

sasacilo ram iyo es lamaziseuli: erTi raRac uSnod Casuqebuli, jmuxi,WuWyiani, tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba, WuWyisgan ver gairCeoda _ ra ferisa iyo;kalTebi aqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda zamTarSi cecxlTan axlos gdebisgan, boloebisul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda. daxeulebidam moCanda erTi raRac dampalissabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTom da iubkaa. ai, mexi kidageca! amasac ki sdomebia iubka! Tavzed ekra Siga-da-Sig amofleTili CirTmedini,qalbatonis gamonacvali. am amofleTilebSi muTaqis matylsaviT dasorsvliliSavi _ ukacravod ar viyo _ wiliani da dauvarcxneli Tma muWa-muWa amoSveroda.quslebdaxeTqili, muguzaliviT Savi fexebi, wengosgan SeRebili xelebi, cxvir-piri qvabebis muriT muTxupnuli _ ai, amgvari iyo is cxoveli, romelsac darejani`lamaziseuls~ eZaxda (i.WavWavaZe, kacia-adamiani?!~).

axla ki namdvilad SeZlebT realuri lamaziseulis danaxvasac da misdamiavtoris damokidebulebis gagebasac. abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azriaqvs (sasacilo).

axsniTi abzaci

abzacis organizacia da Sinaarsi mis Temasa da wamyvan azrzea damokidebuli.Tematuri winadadeba unda dasabuTdes qronologiurad dalagebuli detalebiTTxrobiT abzacSi da sivrciTad organizebuliT _ aRweriT abzacSi; Tumca, yvelaTemas ver gavSliT TxrobiT an aRweriT abzacSi. davuSvaT, dagavales Tematuriwinadadebis: _ „universitetSi siaruli SeiZleba Zviri iyos~ ganviTareba. cxadia,aq wamyvani azria Zviri. ra tipis dasabuTebas gamoiyenebdiT am TematuriwinadadebebisaTvis? naTelia, rom mTavari winadadeba ar moiTxovs Cvengan, romraime ambavi movyveT, adgili an pirovneba aRvweroT. is gveubneba, rom Cven wamyvaniazri informaciiT, axsniT, faqtebiT an ilustraciebiT unda davasabuToT.

abzacs, romelic xsnis an aanalizebs Temas, axsniTi abzaci ewodeba. miuxedavadimisa, rom Temis axsna mravalnairad SeiZleba, axsniTi abzacis gaSlis yvelazegavrcelebuli da xSirad gamoyenebadi xerxi specifikuri detalebisa da

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Tavi 7. plagiatTavi 7. plagiatTavi 7. plagiatTavi 7. plagiatTavi 7. plagiatiiiii

ra aris plagiatira aris plagiatira aris plagiatira aris plagiatira aris plagiati

plagiati inteleqtualuri qurdobaa da gulisxmobs erTi adamianis miernebismieri sxva adamianis sityvebisa Tu mosazrebebis gamoyenebas am adamianis (anuoriginaluri azrisa Tu sityvebis avtoris) wvlilis sworad warmoCenis gareSean misi ignorirebiT. plagiatis gamo SeiZleba ar CagiTvalon Sesrulebuli davaleba,gavlili kursi an samsaxuridanac ki dagiTxovon (Campbell, 2007. abz. 1).

termini „plagiati~ laTinuri plagiatrus-dan momdinareobs da adamianTa motacebasniSnavda. aleqsander lindli Tavis naSromSi `plagiati da originaluroba~(1952) mas gansazRvravs, rogorc „avtorobis mcdar daSvebas: esaa sxva adamianisgonebis nayofis sakuTar naSromad gasaRebis mcdari qmedeba~. amrigad, rodesacakademiur weraSi adamiani sxvisi naSromidan erT frazas, mTlian winadadebas,ramdenime winadadebasa Tu mTlian abzacs iRebs, ucvlelad an arsebiTadsaxecvlilad gadaaqvs is Tavis naSromSi avtorisa da naSromis wyaros miuTiTeblad,is plagiatoria. plagiatTan ara marto maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani sakuTradasaRebs sxva adamianis winadadebebsa Tu konkretul frazebs, aramed maSinac, rodesacsxvis argumentebs sakuTrad warmoaCens (Carter, 2007, abz. 1).

SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom akademiur weraSi SeuZlebelia plagiatis gareSenaSromis Sesruleba, vinaidan nebismieri davalebis Sesrulebisas pirveli, rasacnebismieri Tqvengani akeTebs, davalebis Sesabamisi literaturis mimoxilvaa saWiroinformaciis, ideebis, argumentebisa Tu magaliTebis mosaZieblad (Carter, 2007, abz. 2).

cxadia, aravin ibadeba, vTqvaT, daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis periodis saqarTveloscxovrebis detalebis anda fizikis fundamenturi aqsiomebis Tandayolili codniT.amitom, bunebrivia, rom rodesac romelime konkretul Temaze gaqvT dasaweri naSromi,Tqven sxvaTa naSromebs mimarTavT informaciisTvis da zogjer erTi sityvisTvisacki. es Cveuli praqtikaa studentebisa Tu mecnierebis muSaobisas, Tumca esavtomaturad ar niSnavs plagiats.

rodesac werilobiT naSromSi sxvaTa mosazrebebis, frazebisa da winadadebebisgamoyeneba saTanado wesebis dacviT xorcieldeba, maSin sruliad SesaZlebeliaplagiatisgan Tavis arideba.

citireba da perifrazirebacitireba da perifrazirebacitireba da perifrazirebacitireba da perifrazirebacitireba da perifrazireba

citireba erTi adamianis mier sakuTar naSromSi nebismieri sxva adamianissityvebis gamoyenebas niSnavs. citirebis dros aucilebelia sxvisi naSromidanamoRebuli teqstis brWyalebSi Casma da saTanado wesebis dacviT teqstis wyarosmiTiTeba.

perifrazi erTi adamianis mier sakuTar naSromSi nebismieri sxva adamianismosazrebebis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemas niSnavs. swored am xerxs iyenebenadamianiebi yvelaze xSirad TavianT naSromebSi ukve gamoqveynebuli masalebisgamoyenebisas (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, 2004).

perifrazi mxolod sityvebis gadanacvlebas ar niSnavs. sxvaTa naSromis Sejamebada perifrazi xSirad originaluri teqstis avtoris naazrevis xelaxal gaazrebas,sakuTari kulturisa da sametyvelo enis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebasa daleqsikur maragTan morgebas gulisxmobs (Campbell, 2007. abz. 3).

miuxedavad imisa, rom perifrazis dros sakuTar sityvebs iyenebT, maincaucilebelia informaciis wyaros zustad miTiTeba, radgan idea, azri, ZiriTadiinformacia Tqven ar gekuTvniT (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, 2004).

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4. Tu orive msazRvreli zedsarTavia (an mimReoba), erTi viTarebiTi (pirveladi),meore mimarTebiTi (nawarmoebi), porvel adgilze viTarebiTi zedsarTavi (anmimReoba) dgeba, meoreze mimarTebiTi: grZeli galeqsili ena, kargi samecnieronaSromi (da ara: galeqsili grZeli ena, samecniero kargi naSromi).

5. Tu orive msazRvreli mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelia, meore adgilze upiratesad_ur sufiqsiT nawarmoebi zedsarTavi daismis: dangreuli mSobliuri saxli,ganTqmuli kaxuri Rvino (da ara: mSobliuri dangreuli saxli, kaxuri ganTqmuliRvino).

6. roca msazRvrelTagan erTi SeTanxmebulia, meore marTuli da gamoxatavssazRvrulis warmomavlobas an daniSnulebas, maSin jer SeTanxmebuli msazRvreliunda daiweros, Semdeg marTuli: ucxo qveynis Svili, nacionaluri partiislideri (da ara: qveynis ucxo Svili, partiis nacionaluri lideri), magram TumarTuli msazRvruli sazRvrulTan erTad kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs, maSinSeTanxmebuli msazRvrulis win unda daisvas: qarTvelebis gulisamaCuyebelimaspinZloba, agitatoris dausrulebeli leqcia (da ara: gulisamaCuyebeliqarTvelebis maspinZloba, dausrulebeli agitatoris leqcia).

(momzadebulia: d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, `marTlweris wesebi dasavarjiSoebi~, Tb. 2004, gv. 54-55.)


1. sisxliani imeruli fafanaki didxans iyo gamokidebuli moedanze.

2. ori kaci mividnen eremias saxlis WiSkarTan.

3. aRfrTovanebulma Tavadis colma brZaneba gasca.

4. erTma axalgazrda mosxepilma kacma Tofi aiRo xelSi.

5. maimuni cxovrobs cxels qveyanaSi.

6. gza midis xrioks qveyanaSi.

7. axalma Cemma nacnobma gaixara.

8. soflis orRobeebSi daiwyes WriWini mZimed dadebulma Tivis urmebma.

9. gzaSi moxucebul erT cxenosans wavawydi.

10. gaCaRebuls buxars guguni gahqonda.

11. aleqsandre iTxovda Semosasvlelis gzebis Sekvras.

12. ymawvili kaci axalgazrda Sin dabrunda.

13. am miwaze feradi sxvadasxva yvavili daiTeseba.

14. es vaSlebi melam lamazi maxlobeli baRidan mozida.

15. dRes oci „sonis~ feradi televizori gaaTamaSes.

16. xeebi Semosilia foTliT mwvaneTi.

pirovnebis aRwera

xSirad gviwevs cocxali arsebis aRwera, iqneba es adamiani, cxoveli Tu mweri.rogor aRwerT adamians? davalebidan da subieqtidan gamomdinare, Tqven SeiZlebaaRweroT adamianis garegnoba, qceva an orive erTad. aq mxolod garegnobas SevexebiT.am dros abzacis organizebis principi, ZiriTadad, sivrciTia.

adamianis garegnoba mravalnairad SeiZleba aRiweros. Tqven SeiZleba isaubroTpirovnebis Cacmis stilze, siarulis maneraze, Tmis fersa da varcxnilobaze, saxisnakvTebze, sxeulis formebsa da gamometyvelebaze. aseve, SegiZliaT aRweroT

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misaRebi da miuRebeli perifrazi

qvemoT mocemulia originaluri teqsti joi uiliamsis wignis `lizi bodeni:ojaxi da danaSauli 1890-ian wlebSi _ SemTxvevis aRwera~ pirveli gverdidan:

industriis ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da mosaxleobis zrda me-19 saukunisbolos amerikis istoriaSi ganviTarebisa da winsvlis sami yvelaze TvalsaCinomagaliTia. mas Semdeg, rac axali, didi da orTqlze momuSave qarxnebi aRmosavleTamerikis peizaJis Cveul maxasiaTeblad iqca, miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebismuSebad iqcnen. amave qarxnebSi emigrantTa mozRvavebuli talRisTvis SeiqmnasamuSao adgilebi. industrializaciam didi qalaqis (rogoricaa fol riveri,masaCusetsi, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda) urbanizaciac moitana Tan.swored es qalaqebi iqca rogorc warmoebis, ise _ komerciuli saqmianobisa davaWrobis centrebad.

miuRebeli perifrazi, plagiatis magaliTi:

industriis ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da mosaxleobis zrda me-19 saukunisbolos amerikis ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi faqtoria. mas Semdeg, rac qveynisaRmosavleT nawilSi orTqlze momuSave kompaniebi ufro SesamCnevi gaxda,miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis muSebad iqcnen. amave qarxnebma uzrunvelhyosamuSao adgilebi emigrantTa mozRvavebuli talRisTvis. didi qalaqis(rogoricaa fol riveri sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda) industrializaciamis rogorc warmoebis, ise _ komerciuli saqmianobisa da vaWrobis centradaqcia.

es nawyveti ori mosazrebis gamo ganixileba, rogorc plagiatorobis magaliTi:

• avtorma mxolod ramdenime sityva da fraza Secvala da ramdenime winadadebagadaanacvla;

• avtorma ar daasaxela arc erTi mosazrebisa Tu faqtis wyaro.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom es abzaci imis gamocaa problemuri, rom masSi SecvliliazogierTi winadadebis mniSvneloba. magaliTad, gamoyenebulia fraza òrTqlzemomuSave kompaniebi~, riTac sruliad dakargulia originalur teqstSi qarxnebzegakeTebuli aqcenti.

misaRebi perifrazi:

fol riveri, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda, me-19 saukunis amerikistipuri Crdilo-aRmosavluri industriuli qalaqi iyo. orTqlze momuSavewarmoebis ganviTarebas muSaxelis miwaTmoqmedebidan manufaqturul warmoebazegadanacvleba mohyva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis zrda da didi urbanulidasaxlebebis warmoqmna gamoiwvia. fol riveri swored erT-erTi aseTiindustriuli da komerciuli centri iyo (uiliamsi, gv. 1).

es nawyveti misaRebi perifrazia, radgan avtori:

• zustad teqstSi mocemul informacias iyenebs da mas sakuTari sityvebiTgadmoscems;

• mkiTxvels acnobs wyaros, saidanac es informacia amoiRo.

misaRebi perifrazisa da citirebis kombinirebuli magaliTi:

fol riveri, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda, me-19 saukunis amerikistipuri Crdilo-aRmosavluri industriuli qalaqi iyo. orTqlze momuSavewarmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegad ̀ miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis muSebadiqcnen~ da emigrantebisTvisac Seiqmna samuSao adgilebi. amasTan, mosaxleobiszrdam dasaxlebuli punqtebis zomebis zrda gamoiwvia. fol riveri erT-erTi

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mic. mokle gza-s,naT. mokle gz-is,moq. mokle gz-iT,viT. mokle gza-d,wod. mokle gza-v.

msazRvreli ucvleli rCeba.

a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:sax. gza mokle,moTx. gza-m mokle-m,mic. gza-s mokle-s,naT. gz-is mokl-is,moq. gz-iT mokl-iT,viT. gza-d mokl-ed,wod. gza-v mokle-v.

3) naTesaobiTbrunviani msazRvreli: sax. kuWis wylul-i,

moTx. kuWis wylul-ma,mic. kuWis wylul-s,naT. kuWis wylul-is,moq. kuWis wylul-iT,viT. kuWis wylul-ad,wod. kuWis wylul-o.

a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:sax. wylul-i kuWisa,moTx. wylul-ma kuWisa-m,mic. wylul-s kuWisa-s,naT. wylul-is kuWisa,moq. wylul-iT kuWisa,viT. wylul-ad kuWisa,wod. wylul-o kuWisav.

naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi TiTqmis ar ixmareba.

* SeniSvna: Tu msazRvreli warmomavlobiT moqmedebiTi an viTarebiTibrunvis formaa, micemiT brunvaSi niSans dairTavs _ yofiTsproblemebs, pirads saqmes.

(momzadebulia: a. arabuli, ̀ qarTuli metyvelebis kultura~, Tb. 2004w. gv.122-124.)

ramdenime msazRvrelis rigi

1. Tu ramdenime msazRvrelidan erTi aris ricxviTi saxeli, meore zedsarTavi anmarTuli msazRvreli (arsebiTi saxeli naT. brunvaSi) da kuTvnilebas argamoxatavs, ricxviTi saxeli pirvel adgilze daismis: aTi lamazi qali, Svidimokle gza, (da ara: lamazi aTi qali, mokle Svidi gza).

2. Tu zedsarTavi saxeli an marTuli msazRvreli kuTvnilebas gamoxataven (amxanagiswigni, froidis naSromi),maSin ricxviTi saxeli meore adgilze daismis: amxanagisxuTi wigni, froidis aTi naSromi (da ara: xuTi amxanagis wigni, aTi froidisnaSromi).

3. Tu araerTgvar msazRvrelTagan erT-erTi nacvalsaxelia, is yovelTvis pirveladgils daiWers: misi samecniero naSromi, Seni oqros beWedi (da ara: samecnieromisi naSromi, oqros Seni beWedi).

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aseTi dasaxleba iyo, romelic ìqca rogorc warmoebis, ise komerciulisaqmianobisa da vaWrobis centrad~ (uiliamsi, gv. 1).

es nawyveti misaRebia, radgan avtori:

• zustad gadmoscems mocemuli originaluri teqstidan aRebul informacias;

• teqstSi mocemuli ideebis wyaros asaxelebs;

• brWyalebis gamoyenebiTa da gverdis dasaxelebiT miuTiTebs, Tu romelifrazebi aqvs uSualod originaluri teqstidan aRebuli.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom avtors es frazebi an winadadebebi sakuTar naSromSibrWyalebSi Casmis gareSe rom gamoeyenebina, plagiatTan gveqneboda saqme. sxvaadamianis frazebisa Tu winadadebebis sakuTar naSromSi gamoyeneba brWyalebSiCasmis gareSe maSinac ki ganixileba plagiatad, rodesac naSromSi miTiTebulia iswyaro, romlidanac man es fraza Tu winadadeba amoiRo (Writing Tutorial Services,Indiana University, 2004).

savarjiSo #7.1: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli situacia, upasuxeT kiTxvebs daSeasruleT davaleba ( Ãóäâèí Äæ, 2004, ñò. 89)

studenti werda sakurso naSroms tyuilis Sesaxeb da kiTxulobda pol ekmaniswigns `tyuili~. is gaecno gavrcelebul situacias, rodesac adamiani realuradsimarTles ambobs, magram am dros nerviulobs da ise Cans, TiTqos ityuebao. qvemoTmocemulia ramdenime amonaridi wignidan:

...simarTlis ardajerebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa e.w. otelosSecdoma. es maSin xdeba, rodesac erTi adamiani cdilobs meoris tyuilSigamoWeras, is ver acnobierebs, rom Tu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani nerviulobsan stresul situaciaSi imyofeba, SeiZleba moeCvenos, rom is ityueba.

...patiosan adamianebs SeiZleba eSinodeT, rom ar daujereben da es SiSiSeiZleba tyuilSi gamoWeris SiSad aRiqvan.

...am Secdomas otelos Secdoma vuwode, radgan mkvlelobis scena SeqspiristragediaSi aseTi Secdomis mSvenieri da Zalze cnobili SemTxvevaa... (Ekman,1985; p. 169-170).

studentis sakurso naSromSi waikiTxavdiT Semdeg abzacs:

simarTlis ardajereba kidev erTi problemaa tyuilis amocnobisas. zogjeradamiani, romelic vinmes tyuilSi gamoWeras cdilobs, ar iTvaliswinebs, romTu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani stresul situaciaSia an nerviulobs, SeiZlebamoeCvenos, rom es adamiani ityueba. es fenomeni otelos Secdomis saxeliTaacnobili. amrigad, zogjer SeiZleba adamiani simarTles ambobdes, magram amdros eSinodes, rom aravin daujerebs. amis Sedegad is ise Cans, rogorc adamiani,romelsac eSinia, rom tyuilSi gamoiWeren.

rodesac students Semowmebuli naSromi daubrunda, is Sokirebuli iyo: profesormaigi plagiatorobaSi daadanaSaula da aradamakmayofilebeli Sefaseba dauwera.

kiTxvebi:

• rogor fiqrobT, ratom moxda ase?

• rogor unda daewera students igive abzaci ise, rom is profesors plagiatorobaSi ar daedanaSaulebina?

davaleba: dawereT abzacis swori varianti.

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anu dakonkretdes maTi mniSvneloba.

arsebiTi saxelebis modificirebis sami gza arsebobs: (1) zedsarTavi saxelebisdamateba, (2) zedsarTavi saxelisa da TandebulTa jgufebis damateba da (3)winadadebebis damateba. TiToeuli modifikatoris damatebis SemTxvevaSi ufroda ufro dakonkretdeba saganTa is klasi, romelsac mocemuli arsebiTi saxelimiekuTvneba. magaliTad, ganvixiloT sityva wigni. es sityva farTo klass aRniSnavs.wigni SeiZleba iyos didi, patara, mwvane, Zveli an axali. is SeiZleba iyossaxelmZRvanelo an deteqtivi. amitom sityva wigni ar uqmnis mkiTxvels zustwarmodgenas, konkretulad rogor wignzea saubari. Tu wigns davumatebT zedsarTavswiTeli, maSin wignebis klasi Semcirdeba da mxolod wiTeli wignebiT Semoifargleba.Tu Txelydiansac davamatebT, wiTeli wignebis klasi kidev ufro dakonkretdebada gveqneba wiTeli Txelydiani wignebis klasi, romelic kidev ufro SeiZlebadakonkretdes gansazRvrebiTi winadadebis damatebiT da, magaliTad, miviRoT wiTeliTxelydiani wigni, romlidanac Sua furclebi amoxeulia.

yovelTvis ecadeT, rom detalebi maqsimalurad konkretuli gaxadoT, vinaidanbundovani aRwerebi obieqtis realurad danaxvis saSualebas ar aZlevs mkiTxvels.dakonkretebuli detalebi nawers ufro gasagebsa da sainteresos xdian.

aRwerisas detalebis dalageba aRsawer sagansa da mizanzea damokidebuli.sityvebiT suraTis xatvisas SegiZliaT aRweroT marcxinidan marjvniv, marjvnidanmarcxniv, zemodan qvemoT an qvemodan zemoT.

zogjer aRwera SeiZleba obieqtis irgvliv iyos koncentrirebuli. am SemTxvevaSigamokveTilia mocemuli scena, an is, rac uCveuloa am scenaSi. am SemTxvevaSiSeiZleba sasurveli iyos am obieqtze orientireba da, pirvel rigSi, misi aRwera.es iqneba pirvelad SemCneulis principiT aRwera. magaliTad, oTaxis aRwerisasavtorma, pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba aRweros is, rasac mayurebeli, pirvel rigSi, dainaxavda,vTqvaT, kedlebi, fardebi da oTaxis SuaSi dadgmuli didi sawoli.

msazRvrelis SeTanxmeba sazRvrulTanmsazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas gamoarCeven Semdeg variants:

1) TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvreli:sax. Wkvian-i kac-i,moTx. Wkvian-ma kac-ma.mic. Wkvian kac-s,naT. Wkviani kac-is.moq. Wkviani kac-iT,viT. Wkvian kac-ad,wod. Wkvian-o kac-o.

* a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:sax. kac-i Wkvian-i,moTx. kac-ma Wkvian-ma,mic. kac-s Wkvian-s,naT. kac-is Wkvian-is,moq. kac-iT Wkvian-iT,viT. kac-ad Wkvian-ad,wod. kac-o Wkviano.

Sebrunebul wyobas ZiriTadad mxatvrul literaturaSi vxvdebiT da sruladibrunvis.

2) xmovanfuZiani msazRvreli:

sax. mokle gza,moTx. mokle gza-m,

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rogor avaridoT Tavi plagiatsrogor avaridoT Tavi plagiatsrogor avaridoT Tavi plagiatsrogor avaridoT Tavi plagiatsrogor avaridoT Tavi plagiats

imisaTvis, rom plagiatorobis safrTxe ar dagemuqroT, yovelTvis daicaviTqvemoT mocemuli sami ZiriTadi wesi:

• Tu nebismieri sxva adamianis ideebs iyenebT, zustad daasaxeleT wyaro;

• Tu Tqvens naSromSi bundovnad Cans, rogor gamoiyeneT esa Tu is wyaro,ise SecvaleT misi motanis forma, rom es sruliad calsaxad gasagebigaxdes;

• Tu vinme dagexmaraT werilobiTi naSromis Sesrulebisas, aucilebladmoixsenieT is da gamoyaviT, daafaseT misi wvlili (Georgetown University,2007. abz. 2).

qvemoT mocemulia is konkretuli strategiebi, romlebic dagexmarebaTplagiatorobisgan Tavis aridebaSi.

yovelTvis CasviT brWyalebSi nebismieri ram, rasac pirdapir amoiRebT

teqstidan, gansakuTrebiT, werisTvis mosamzadebel etapze, rodesac CaniSvnebsakeTebT;

gaakeTeT perifrazi, Tumca gadaamowmeT, rom perifrazirebis nacvlad ubralod

sityvebis gadanacvleba ar gamogivideT;

yuradRebiT waikiTxeT teqsti, romlis perifrazsac akeTebT, Semdeg xelidaafareT teqsts an Tvalebi daxuWeT, raT Tvali ar gageqceT da originalSiCaxedvis gareSe Tqveni sityvebiT CawereT teqsti.

SeadareT perifrazi originals da darwmundiT, rom ar gaqvT gamoyenebuli

igive frazebi an sityvebi, xolo informacia (anu Sinaarsi) zustadaagadmocemuli.

Tqven ar gWirdebaT iseTi faqtebis wyaros miTiTeba, romlebic sayovelTaodaa

cnobili da romelTa Sesaxebac uamrav wyaros moiZiebT.

magaliTi: `jon kenedi aSS-is prezidentad 1960 wels airCies~.

es winadadeba sayovelTaod cnobil faqts aRwers, amitom Tqven argevalebaT misi dokumentireba anu wyaros miTiTeba, Tumca aucilebeliadokumentireba maSin, rodesac mogaqvT iseTi faqtebi, romlebic ar arissayovelTaod cnobili da iseTi ideebi, romlebic faqtebis interpretaciasgulisxmoben.

magaliTi: organizacia amerikuli ojaxis koaliciis axali wignis ̀ ojaxissakiTxebi da kongresi~ mixedviT, prezident buSisa da kongresis

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adgilis aRwera

pirvel rigSi, ras aRwerT oTaxis aRwerisas? kedlebs, iataks Tu raime sxvadetals? qronologiurad dalagebuli abzacisgan gansxvavebiT, aRweriT abzacSiar arsebobs winadadebebis dalagebis unikaluri da aucilebeli wesi. araaaucilebeli, rom erTi adgiliT daiwyoT da meoreze gadaxvideT. miuxedavad amisa,winadadebebi SemTxveviTad ar unda daiweros. aRwera ise unda iyos organizebuli,rom mkiTxvelma naTlad SeZlos aRwerili scenis warmodgena.

aRweriT abzacSi detalebis dalageba aRsawer saganzea damokidebuli, detalebisSerCeva da aRwera ki _ aRmweris mizanze.

Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Taobaze mogiTxrobT. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTispatara sofelSi erTi adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _ orsarTuliani saxliqviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyo marani, walmiT daxurulida im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaT erTi ficruli, romelicsaqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilze kidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imasaqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmuli sasiminde, baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves, moCanda Caluri. ezo am cixe-darbazisa,sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyo gaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Robe(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~)

albaT, kargad warmoidgineT, ezoSi sad idga saxli da misi minaSenebi. abzacSinaTlad aris aRwerili, sad ra mdebareobs. abzaci mTliani da Tanmidevrulia,magram ras ityviT misi wamyvani azris Sesaxeb? ra STabeWdileba moaxdina TqvenzeTavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis aRweram? rogor fiqrobT, ra damokidebuleba aqvsavtors misdami? albaT, verafers ityviT amis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom abzaci ufrosaintereso gaxdes, mas wamyvani azri unda daematos, romelic aRsaweri obieqtisadmiavtoris damokidebulebasa da emociebs gamoxatavs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZlebT,gaigoT, Tu ras grZnobs da fiqrobs avtori Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Sesaxeb.ilia WavWavaZis mier dawerili originaluri abzaci swored aseTia _ masSi naTladCans avtoriseuli damokidebuleba:

kargi ram iyo Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTis patarasofelSi erTi triali, dacemuli adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _orsarTuliani saxli qviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyomarani, walmiT daxuruli, da im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaTerTi patara mciredi ficruli, romelic saqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilzekidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imas aqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmulicalTvala sasiminde, erTi ubadruki ram da mgloviare. baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves moCanda Zveli Caluri, droTa brunvisganise gverdzed wamoRerebuli da wamowolili, TiTqos griloSi wamowolas apirebso,magram beberiviT nekresis qaris tkivilebs uecrad ise wamoxrili da daRrejiliSeukavebiaTo. ezo am cixe-darbazisa, sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyogaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Zveli tyruSuli Robe, romelic zogierTgangadaqceuli iyo da exlandels patrons arc ki mosvlia fiqrad, rom gaekeTebina.etyoba, rom qarTvelia!... (i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~)

cxadia, rom meore varianti sakmaod gansxvavdeba pirvelisgan, Tumca, oriveabzacSi erTi da igive saxl-karia aRwerili. Zlieri wamyvani azris SemcveliTematuri winadadebis damateba ara marto imas gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda iyosabzacSi, aramed Tavad aRsaweri obieqtis detalebis aRweris mimarTulebasacgvkarnaxobs. Zlieri wamyvani azri abzacs Tavs uyris. Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoTmocemuli ori abzaci da xazi gausviT gansxvavebebs. es cvlilebebi ganamtkicebswamyvan azrs da naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvsavtors aRwerili saxl-karisadmi.

aRweriT abzacSi detalebi ara marto logikurad unda dalagdes, aramed _STambeWdavi, naTlad gamokveTilic unda iyos. amisaTvis es detalebi unda daixvewos

83

urTierTobis Sedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenilkanonproeqts (6).

mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom ̀ prezident buSisa da kongresis urTierTobisSedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenil kanonproeqts~interpretaciaa da ara _ faqti. Sesabamisad, Tqven unda miuTiToT konkretuliwyaro, saidanac amoiReT es mosazreba (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University,2004).

savarjiSo #7.2: qvemoT mocemulia perifrazirebisa da citirebis ramdenime varianti.SeadareT TiToeuli maTgani sawyis nawyvets. romelia plagiatorobis magaliTi,arazusti perifrazireba anda orive erTad? romelia swori varianti? daasabuTeT(Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).

originaluri teqsti:

me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisada fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqcevis erTmaneTSiareviTa da diskriminaciiT.

jorj vailanti, cxovrebisadmi adaptacia, gv. 361.variantebi:

1. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba xSirad tkivils ayenebs adamianebsfsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miweriT, fsiqikuri aSlilobis, janmrTelobisada cudad moqcevis cnebebis erTmaneTSi areviT (361).

2. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera (rogoricaa`homoseqsualizmi~ da `Sizofrenia~) saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZliasaSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobis fsiqikur aSlilobasTan,fsiqikuri aSlilobis cudad moqcevasTan areviT... (361)

3. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, roca fsiqiatriuli iarliyi erTmaneTisgangamijnavs janmrTelobasa da fsiqikur aSlilobas an fsiqikur aSlilobasada cudad moqcevas, amas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos im adamianebs,romelTac es iarliyi miaweres (361).

4. fsiqiatriul iarliys SeuZlia cudi gavlena iqonios im adamianze, romelsaces iarliyi miaweres, ambobs jorj vailanti. iarliyi ver ganasxvavebserTmaneTisgan janmrTelobas, avadmyofobasa da gansxvavebul qcevas (361).

5. iseTi iarliyebi, rogoricaa `homoseqsualzmi~ da `Sizofrenia~, SeiZlebamtkivneuli aRmoCndes, radgan maTi saSualebiT SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisganganvasxvavoT janmrTeloba, avadmyofoba da gansxvavebuli qceva (361).

6. `me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisada fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqceviserTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT~ (vailanti, 361).

37

Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi. gansazRvreT Txrobis Tema da abzaciswamyvani azri. dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.

2. gaixseneT SemTxveva, rodesac Tqveni survilis winaaRmdeg imoqmedeT.SeagroveT masala da gaakeTeT movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi,gansazRvreT wamyvani azri, dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.

savarjiSo #3.19: : : : : airCieT Tema da dawereT TxrobiTi abzaci.

1. fsiqologia _ cnobilia, rom organizmebi Ramis Zilis cikliTxasiaTdebian. isini erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme gaivlianZilis srul cikls, romelic ramdenime fazas moicavs.

dawereT abzaci, romelSic Tanmimdevrulad iqneba aRwerili organizmis Ramis Zilis mimdinareoba fazebis mixedviT.

2. fsiqologia _ Jan piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituriganviTareba SeiZleba oTx Tanmimdevrul, calkeul stadiad daiyos.yvela bavSvi am stadiebs erTnairi TanmimdevrobiT gadis.

dawereT abzaci, romelSic mokled aRwerT, Tu rogor viTardeba bavSviskognituri unarebi piaJes mixedviT.

TxrobiTi abzacis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari

1. TxrobiTi abzaci ambavs an SemTxvevas unda gadmogvcemdes. uambobsTu ara Tqveni abzaci mkiTxvels raime ambavs?

2. TxrobiT abzacSi movlenebi qronologiurad aris dalagebuli. arisTu ara Tqvens abzacSi daculi winadadebebis qronologiuriTanmimdevroba?

3. aqvs Tu ara Tqvens abzacs kargad gamokveTili an nagulisxmevi Tematuriwinadadeba?

4. aqvs Tu ara Tqvens abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azri?

5. aris Tu ara Tqveni abzaci erTiani anu yvela winadadeba aris Tu arawamyvani azris dasabuTeba?

aRweriTi abzaci

TxrobiT abzacebSi aRwerilia movlenebis Tanmimdevroba an raime ambavi. sxvasityvebiT, maTSi aRwerilia gamocdileba. TxrobiT abzacSi ideebi da winadadebebiqronologiurad, droSi ganviTarebis mixedviT dalagdeba, magram, rodesac saWiroxdeba raimes aRwera (ix. suraTi #3.3), vTqvaT, rogor gamoiyureba esa Tu is adgili,sagani Tu adamiani, cxadia, rom aralogikuri iqneba qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobisgamoyeneba. rodesac aRvwerT, Tu rogor gamoiyureba raRac anu aRvwerT garegnobas,mniSvnelovania sivrce da ara dro. Sesabamisad, aRweriT abzacSi winadadebebi dadetalebi dalagdeba imis mixedviT, Tu sad mdebareobs aRsaweri obieqti. teqstisorganizaciis am tips sivrciTi organizacia ewodeba. aRweriT abzacSi aRsaweriobieqtebis mdebareoba cxadad da gasagebad unda aRiweros.

aRwera

sagani adgili adamiani

suraTi #3.3: aRweris nairsaxeobebi

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Tavi 8. marTlwerTavi 8. marTlwerTavi 8. marTlwerTavi 8. marTlwerTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiis wesebi da savarjiSoebiis wesebi da savarjiSoebiis wesebi da savarjiSoebiis wesebi da savarjiSoebi

ricxviTi saxelebis marTlweraricxviTi saxelebis marTlweraricxviTi saxelebis marTlweraricxviTi saxelebis marTlweraricxviTi saxelebis marTlwera

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli:

1) erTad iwereba yvela ricxviTi saxeli erTidan asis CaTvliT, agreTve _ aseulTasaxelebi (oTxasi, xuTasi, aTasi).

2) cal-calke iwereba raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi, romlebic Sedgeba martivian rTuli komponentebisagan: xuTas ormocdarva, aTas Svidas ocdaeqvsi, xuTimilion oTxi aTas Svidasi.

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis arabuli cifrebiT gamosaxvisas:

1) mawarmoebeli me- TavsarTis Semdeg defisi iwereba da Semdeg saTanado ricxvi:me-7; me-15.

2) roca me- TavsarTi rTuli ricxviTi saxelis ukanasknel nawils moudis, maSinjer saTanado ricxvi, Semdeg defisi da bolos -e iwereba: 27-e; 267-e.

* SeniSvna: `pirveli~ arabuli cifriT unda daiweros 1-li; 1-ls; 1-lSi.

3) rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis romauli cifrebiT gamosaxvisas mawarmoebels arvwerT, sworia: XIX; XVII da ara: me-XIX; me-XVII.

4) ricxvis cifriT gamoxatvisas brunvis niSani (garda saxelobiTisa) cifrs defisiTgamoeyofa: 6-ma, 27-s; XII-s, XIV-s.

5) Tu rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli arabuli cifriTaa gadmocemuli, -e mawarmoebelida brunvis niSani erTad iwereba: 45-em, 27-ed. aseTive wesiT daerTvis ricxviTsaxels nawilaki da Tandebuli: 25-eSi, me-9-Si, me-10-ze.

6) -ve nawilakdarTuli ricxviTi saxelis brunebisas gabatonebulia Sezrdilisaxeoba: oTxive, oTxivem; dasaSvebia aseTi formebic: oTxsave, oTxisave, oTxmave,magram mcdari formebia: oTxTave, oTxTaveni, oTxTaves.

* SeniSvna: defisi saWiroa maSinac, roca sxvadasxva ricxviTi saxeliaSeerTebuli: aTi-TerTmeti, 80-90.

wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli::

1) wiladis gamomxatveli sityvebi iwereba cal-calke: erTi meoTxedi, sami mexuTedi.

2) swori formebia: or-naxevari, xuT-naxevari, xuTlar-naxevari.

(d. TvalTvaZe; n. gafrindaSvili; gv. 48-50)


1. XX-e saukuneSi bevri ram aRmoaCines.

2. xuTas ocda rva kaci daeswro TaTbirs.

3. 19-e saukune, didze didi asi weli.

4. me-15-e rigSi nodari idga.

5. samiaTas Svidasocdasami adamiani movida stadionze.

6. giorgi X-e daRonda.

36

4. Cais svams.

giorgi

daviTi

5. mezobels `dila mSvidobisas~ usurvebs.

giorgi

daviTi

savarjiSo #3.15: wina savarjiSos informaciis gamoyenebiT dawereT abzaci giorgisan daviTis Sesaxeb. Tqveni Tematuri winadadebis wamyvani azris dasabuTebisTvismocemuli winadadebebi damatebiTi informaciiT unda SeavsoT.

savarjiSo #3.16: werisTvis mosamzadebeli meTodebis gamoyenebiT daagroveTinformacia Tqveni Cveulebrivi dilis Sesaxeb, airCieT wamyvani azri da dawereTabzaci.

savarjiSo #3.17: gaixseneT, yovelwliurad rogor aRiniSneba saqarTvelosdamouideblobis dRe. CamowereT, ras akeTeben adamianebi dResasawaulis dawyebamdeda dResaswaulis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli CamonaTvalis mixedviT SearCieT wamyvaniazri da dawereT abzaci imis Sesaxeb, Cveulebriv, rogor iqcevian xolme adamianebiam dRes. SeamowmeT, rom yvela winadadeba wamyvani azris dasabuTeba iyos.

warsuli gamocdileba

Cven ganvixileT TxrobiTi abzaci, romelic awmyoSi mimdinare movlenebisTanmimdevrobas aRwerda. Tu movlena awmyoSi ar xdeba, maSin is ukve moxda warsulSi.Cveulebriv, warsulSi momxdaris Sesaxeb mogviTxroben, magaliTad, SeiZleba cxovrebismniSvnelovani momentis Sesaxeb gviambon. am dros, pirvel rigSi, erT winadadebaSiunda Sejamdes am gamocdilebis mniSvneloba. Semdeg logikurad unda dalagdeswinadadebebi da mxolod TemasTan dakavSirebuli winadadebebi daiweros.

momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqanisosisi moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridanwveramde. `ra sisulele iyo... amis gakeTeba~, _ buzRuniT Tqva TanamgzavrmamTamsvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli, daudevari da araseriozulivyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva... me wavbodialdi Cems karavSi, pirquSmartoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina sakuTari Tavi. `yvelaferikargad iqneba,~ _ Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo, ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axlaromc momrCenoda,SemdegSi mainc ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 7800 futissimaRleze moxda. ra moxdeboda 11300 futze, sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadida, Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari, naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalisdapyroba ase Zvirad _ sakuTari TiTis dakargvis fasad? me davfiqrdi cota xansda sakmaod mSvidad da Cemda gasaocrad davaskveni is, rasac verasodes warmovidgendi,Tundac erTi Tvis win: _ TiTi arc ise didi sazRauri iyo: rogorme ioladgavidodi nekis gareSec (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

savarjiSo #3.18: airCieT erT-erTi Tema:

1. gaixseneT nebismieri gamocdileba Tqveni warsulidan, iqneba es SiSismomgvreli, arafriT gamorCeuli Tu sasiamovnod mosagonari. werisTvismosamzadebeli erT-erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT SeagroveT masalamocemuli Temis Sesaxeb. Semdeg gaakeTeT am gamocdilebiT movlenebis

85

7. me-45 qarxana Sors iyo.

savarjiSo #8.2: gamosaxeT rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arabuli cifrebiT.

1. ocdameerTe saukuneSi bevri ram moxdeba.

2. giorgi meaTe sarTulze cxovrobs.

3. pirveli sarTuli saxls TiTqmis ar hqonda.

4. meore Svili sad muSaobs?

5. meoTxe klasi meore sarTulze ganTavsda.

6. ocdameore sarTulze asvla fexiT SeuZlebelia.

7. xuTas ocdamecamete mxedars sikvdili undoda.

sxvaTa sityvis marTlwerasxvaTa sityvis marTlwerasxvaTa sityvis marTlwerasxvaTa sityvis marTlwerasxvaTa sityvis marTlwera

mosaubre sxva piris naTqvamis an ganzraxvis ucvlelad gameorebis gamosaxatavadqarTulSi gamoyenebulia nawilakebi: -meTqi, -Tqo da -o.

1) -meTqi ixmareba pirveli piris (mosaubris) winaT naTqvamis an ganzraxvisganmeorebiT gadmosacemad: CemTvis vTqvi, am kacs ra emarTeba-meTqi; ase megona,damunjda-meTqi. mravlobiT ricxvSi -meTqis nacvlad -o nawilaki ixmareba:ase vambobdiT _ didi kacia, radgan Tavisi RvawliT xalxis saqme gaaumjobesao.

2) -Tqo ixmareba pirveli piris naTqvamTan, rodesac pirveli piri meore pirssTxovs an avalebs, rom Tavisi naTqvami mesame pirs gadasces: uTxari, rocabebia kvdeboda-Tqo, Sen glocavda-Tqo; daarwmune yvela, rom baSi-aCuki movkali-Tqo.

3) -o nawilaki daerTvis mesame piris naTqvams an ganazraxs: aTasi maneTic rommomceT, mainc ar gavyidio _ SemouTvala petrem pavles; cxenis daRupvasCivis imereli, rogor ver gadavarCineo.

-meTqi da -Tqo nawilakebi sityvisagan defisiT gamoiyofa, o winadadebis wevrTanerTad iwereba.

savarjiSo #8.3: gaasworeT sxvaTa sityvis gadmosacemad umarTebulod naxmariformebi.

1. _ aTanase madliani kacia, ar ityvis uars. an ratom unda Tqvas? masaraferi dauSavebia da TqvenTvis ki didi Semweoba iqneba, an maincdamaincra saWiroa gaumxiloT aTanases, rom sofona gerad aris dawerili. aTanasemxom xelnaweris kiTxva ar icis... erTi sityviT, Sen amaze mets nurasetyvi: saqmeze mwerali mogviyvaneT da dagveswariT-Tqva. (e. ninoSvili)

2. Tu gkiTxon, raze gesaWiroebiTo, Tqven ase uTxariT: mwerali gvikeTebsqaRalds da iman gviTxra, saWiro arian, sxva ara vici-Tqo. (e. nininoSvili)

3. Cven rom mivediT, viTom loginSi iwva da eZina. ise tkbilad eZina-Tqva,ise magra, rom Segvecoda da aRar gavaRviZeT-meTqi. (l. qiaCeli)

4. gana amisTana kacis mokvla didi codva unda iyos-Tqva? _ vfiqrobdigulmosuli da brazmoreuli. (ilia)

5. maS, RvTis samarTalma aRar unda gaiRviZos-Tqva? _ vambobdi da ufrovbrazdebodi.

6. cxenis daRupvas Civis, rogor ver gadavarCine-Tqo.

35

dResaswauli gvian Ramemde grZeldeba. saRamos mTel qalaqSi mwvadis kvamlida misi Tavbrudamxvevi da madisaRmZvreli suni trialebs.

abzacisTvis mniSvnelovani wamyvani azris („mSvenieri da mxiaruli~) SemcvelimTavari winadadebis damatebiT avtori mkafiod gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebasTbilisobis dResaswaulisadmi. amasTan, man zogierTi winadadeba Secvala dadetalebi daamata, raTa dasabuTebas kargad gamoexata Tbilisobis mSveniereba.

savarjiSo #3.13: Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoT mocemuli abzaci da xazi gausviTmeore variantSi Setanil cvlilebebs. ra gavlena iqonia am cvlilebebma abzacze?

savarjiSo #3.14: damokidebulebis gamosaxatad damasabuTebeli winadadebebisgamoyenebaSi gasavarjiSeblad qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi orgvarad gadawereT.pirvel variantSi dauSviT, rom wamyvani azria `sasiamovno~, meoreSi _ `saSineli~.nimuSSi mocemulia is frazebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamogadgeT winadadebebis werisas.

nimuSi:

Tematuri winadadeba: giorgisTvis yoveli dila xalisiania.

sasargeblo frazebi:

sawolidan wamoxtoma swrafad adgoma

aromatiT tkboba mxiaruli

ylupylupad daleva dakvirvebiT icvams

mSvidi yuradRebiT irCevs

xalisiani mziani

Tematuri winadadeba: daviTi Tvlis, rom misi yoveli dila autanelia.

sasargeblo frazebi:

Tavs Zlivs wevs mowyenilad

Zlivs dgeba buzRuniT

erTianad moyudeba daTrgunulad

tansacmlis dayra Semawuxebeli sinaTle

gaRizianeba

1. sawolidan dgeba.

giorgi

daviTi

2. tansacmels icvams.

giorgi

daviTi

3. fardebs wevs.

giorgi

daviTi

86

7. maspinZels vetyvi, saqme gvaqvs, usaTuod xval adrianad wasasvleli var-Tqva.

8. me madli movaxsene da siciliT vuTxari: dRes kidev gadavrCi-Tqo. (akaki)

9. ase vuTxari TqvenTvis arc mosvla mikiTxavs da arc wasvlas gkiTxavTo.(e. ninoSvili)

10. _ asi maneTic rom mogecaT, arc fulze mogyididiT da arc samagierozegagicvlidiT, _ SeuTvala bagratma pasuxad. (e. ninoSvili)

Tandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlwera

-ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulebis darTvisas zog sityvaSi Tavs iyris ori erTnairiTanxmovani (aqedan erTi fuZiseulia): asparezze, baliSSi, baraTTan.

-Si micemiTSi dasmul saxels daerTvis da brunvis niSans akargvinebs saxels:`wign-s-Si~!wignSi; `skola-s-Si~!skolaSi;

calke mdgom Tandebulsa da zmnisarTebTan saxelis SewyobaSi rom Secdomebi ardavuSvaT, unda davicvaT wesebi:

1. Soris, Sua _ unda vixmaroT yovelTvis micemiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelebTan:klaselebs Soris, Tvalsa da xels Sua.

2. garda, iqiT, aqeT, ukan, Semdeg, qveS, gamo, winaSe, win, mier, gaRma, gamoRma, winaT,zeviT, qveviT, qvemoT, magier, nacvlad, axlos, Soriaxlo, maxloblad, msgavsad,moSorebiT, irgvliv, garSemo, piras, Ziras, Sesaxeb da sxva Tandebul-zmnisarTebi ixmareba naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelebTan: amis garda,saxlis iqiT, erTi kviris win, amxanagis mier.

3. zemoT CamoTvlil formaucvlel sityvebs Sewyobili piris nacvalsaxelebiar unda avurioT kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi. Sens, Cvens, TqvenskuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi brunvis formaa da ara pirisnacvalsaxelebis, amitom sworia: Sen mier, Tqven win, Cem mimarT, Cem garda,Cven winaSe (da ara: Sens mier, Tqvens win, Cems mimarT, Cems garda, CvenswinaSe)

* SeniSvna: igive wesi vrceldeba Soris, Sua zmnisarTul Tandebulebzec:Cven Soris, Cven Sua, me da Sen Soris, Sen da Cem Soris.

4. erTi da igive Tandebuli SeiZleba daerTos ramdenime sityvas. Tu TandebulidaerTvis „da~ kavSiriT SeerTebul or sityvas, maSin is meore sityvasTandaismeba: turistebi Camovidnen Tbilissa da baTumSi, magidasa da iatakzewignebi eyara.

* SeniSvna: aseT SemTxvevaSi uTandebulo sityva a xmovniT undaiyos gavrcobili.

5. -gan Tandebuli daerTvis naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiT brunvaSi dasmulsaxelebs. naTesaobiTis SemTxvevaSi saxeli miugebs kiTxvaze visgan anrisgan: werili miviRe megobrisgan, xolo moqmedebiTi brunva miugebs kiTxvazesaidan: manZili saxlidan skolamde.

6. Tanamedrove qarTulSi daniSnulebis aRmniSvneli Tandebuli -Tvis xSiradgvxvdeva saTaurSi: „gogolis SexedulebaTa sakiTxisaTvis xelovnebaze~,„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~. aseTi saTaurebi xSirad gamoyenebuliawinadadebis wevrad da romelime brunvaSi unda Caisvas: Jurnal„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~ redaqcias / „saxalxo ganaTlebis~ redaqcias.qarTulSi „aRzrdisaTvisis~ forma arabunebrivia. riT SeiZleba aseTi formisSecla? a) msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigis SecvliT: redaqcia Jurnalisa

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Tbilisoba weliwadSi erTxel, oqtombris bolo SabaT-kviras imarTeba. am drosdilidan iketeba qalaqis centraluri quCa _ rusTavelis gamziri da riye. qalaqissxvadasxva adgilSi soflis meurneobis produqtebis gamofena-gayidva imarTeba,sadac SegiZliaT SeiZinoT CurCxelebi, Ciri, sxvadasxvagvari xili, baRCeuli, bostneuli,xorceuli da sasmelebi. aseT bazrobebTan saxeldaxelod dadgmul magidebsa dasavele samzareuloebs naxavT. aq SegiZliaT kargad danayrdeT: _ miirTvaT mwvadi,xinkali, xaWapuri da sxva erovnuli kerZebi, romelTac Tqven Tvalwin daamzadeben.amis garda, specialurad am dRisTvis ewyoba scenebi, sadac warmodgenebs marTavenTeatris, cirkisa da estradis msaxiobebi. saRamos imarTeba saxalxo seirnoba.centraluri quCebi gadaWedilia xalxiT. dResaswauli gvian Ramemde grZeldeba.saRamos mTel qalaqSi mwvadis suni da misi kvamli trialebs.

rogorc xedavT, avtorma qarTuli tradiciebis Tema daakonkreta da erTkonkretul tradiciaze, Tbilisobis dResaswaulze dawera. am abzacSi TemisSesabamisi winadadebebi logikurad qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiTaa dalagebuli.Sesabamisad, abzaci Tanmimdevrulia. amasTan, abzaci mTlianobiTac xasiaTdeba.yvela winadadeba Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba Tbilisobis dros, magram ramdenadnaTlad aris warmoCenili Tavad avtoris damokidebuleba am yvelafris mimarT?cxadia, es abzaci amaze arafers gveubneba. Tu mas ise SevcvliT, rom masSi gveqnebamkafio, Zlieri wamyvani azri, avtoris damokidebulebac cxadi gaxdeba CvenTvis.

Tbilisobis mSvenieri da mxiaruli dResaswauli weliwadSi mxolod erTxel,oqtombris bolo SabaT-kviras imarTeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am dros iketebaqalaqis centraluri quCa _ rusTavelis gamziri da riye da amiT ferxdebatransportis moZraoba, dResaswauli mainc sasixaruloa da xalxi siamovnebiTerTveba xolme dagegmil RonisZiebebSi. qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilSi soflismeurneobis produqtebis gamofena-gayidva imarTeba, sadac SedarebiT iafadSegiZliaT SeiZinoT naturaluri, gemrieli CurCxelebi, Ciri, sxvadasxvagvarixili, baRCeuli, bostneuli, axalTaxali xorceuli da ugemrielesi Rvino. aseTbazrobebTan axlos saxeldaxelod gamarTul kafeebs, swrafi kvebis obieqtebsada savele samzareuloebs naxavT. aq SegiZliaT kargad danayrdeT: gamocdilimzareulebi Tqven Tvalwin daamzadeben da SemogTavazeben ugemrieles mwvads,xinkals, xaWapursa da sxva erovnul kerZebs. amis garda, specialurad am dRisTvisewyoba scenebi, sadac mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi imarTeba saintereso daTvalwarmtaci sanaxaobebi bavSvebisTvisa da mozrdilebisTvis. scenebzeSegiZliaT ixiloT estradis popularuli varskvlavebi, Teatris msaxiobebi,bavSvebis sayvareli zRapruli personaJebi da mxiaruli jambazebi. saRamossaxalxo seirnoba imarTeba. centraluri quCebi gadaWedilia gaRimebuliadamianebiT, romlebic Sin kmayofilni da sanovagiT xeldamSvenebulni brundebian.

qronologiuri

dalageba

Txroba procesis aRwera (ra ris mere)

warsuli awmyo tipuri gamocdil

eba

suraTi #3.2: qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT dalageba

mogexsenebaT, ideebisa dawinadadebebis qronologiuridalageba ar aris rTuli, Tumca,rTulia abzacis mTlianobisSenarCuneba. sxva sityvebiT romvTqvaT, rTulia wamyvani azrisSerCeva da imis gadawyveta, Tu raCavrToT da amoviRoT abzacidan.

tipuri gamocdileba

davuSvaT, sazRvargareT mcxovrebimegobrisgan miiReT werili, romelsacqarTuli tradiciebi dadResaswaulebi ainteresebs. TqvengadawyviteT, misweroT mas daTbilisobis Sesaxeb uamboT.

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„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~, redaqciam Jurnalisa „demokratiuliaRzrdisaTvis~. b) msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Cveulebrivi wyobiT, oRondsaTauri gamoiyos tireTi: Jurnalis _ „demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~ _redaqcias.

7. aseTive viTarebaa -ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulian sakuTar saxelebTan: s. CiqovanispoemaSi „simRera daviT guramiSvilze~ (da ara: s. Ciqovanis poema „simReradaviT guramiSvilze~)

(g. SalamberiZe, „qarTuli marTlwera~, Tb. 1965, gv. 113-115)

savarjiSo #8.4: mcdari formebi gaasworeT Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulisnormaTa mixedviT.

1. cota xnis Semdeg amohyo Tavi cxenma da iwyo curva gverdigverd.mxedari zurgze ekra da Tavs uWerda.

2. imis xelismomkides es SemTxveva TavSi arc ki mosvlia, iqamdisgarTuliyo sakuTari mdgomareobiT.

3. mxolod xmis kankalze SeatyobdiT, rom sawyeni sityvebi gulamdisCaswvdomoda.

4. yovel sityvazed, yovel kiTxvazed laxvari mitrialebs gulSid.

5. derefnis win, erTi ociod nabijzed, uSvelebeli kakali dgas.

6. glexkacobis kvalobazed oTaraanT qvrivs bevri Senatroda.

7. yinulad qceuli nawuri CurCxelebsaviT ekida xis totebs.

8. _ qalaqiTgan geaxlebiT, Cemo batono, _ upasuxa Tedom.

9. mze iq wverzed Semdgariyo.

10. arCili da kesoc gamosuliyvnen saxlidam.

11. oTxi uremi oTx kuTxiv mosdgomoda saTives.

12. am dros giorgis Toxi mxarzed gaedo da modioda.

13. _ petre, ai, petre! _ dauZaxa Soridam Tivis mdgmels.

14. im mxriv, saidamac giorgi modioda, arCils win uremi efara.

saTaurebis marTlwerasaTaurebis marTlwerasaTaurebis marTlwerasaTaurebis marTlwerasaTaurebis marTlwera

1. Tu saTauri erT, or da metsityviania da saxelobiTi brunvis formiTaagadmocemuli, iseve ibrunvis, rogorc sazRvruli, romlis winac SeTanxmebulimsazRvreli daismis: sax. wigni „qarTlis cxovreba~, moTx. wignma „qarTliscxovrebam~, mic. wign „qarTlis cxovrebas~, naT. wign „qarTlis cxovrebis~, moq.wign „qarTlis cxovrebiT~, viT. wign „qarTlis cxovrebad~, wod. wigno „qarTliscxovreba(v)~, Tu msazRvreli xmovanfuZiania, maSin is ucvlelia da ibrunvismxolod sazRvruli.

2. Tu saTauri narTaniani mravlobiTis („Serisxulni~), an romelime brunvis formiT(„vumRer samSoblos~) aris warmodgenili, an Tandebuliania („aspinZisaTvis~) daan vrcelia („demokratiis ganviTarebis gzebi saqarTveloSi~), maSin ibrunvismsazRvreli:

sax. S. nadiraSvilis monografia „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.moTx. S. nadiraSvilis monografiam „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.mic. S. nadiraSvilis monografias „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.naT. S. nadiraSvilis monografiis „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.

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rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba, adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi

eZebs araformalur konsultantebs. morwmuneTaTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasulieropiri. es SeiZleba iyos ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi megobari, piradi eqimi, advokati,sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRvaneloba an sabWo. sazogadoebaSi arsebuliaraformaluri Terapevtebis mxrebze mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da esaubrebian barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis mZRolebsada, nebismiers, vinc mousmens maT. rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia,araprofesionalTa daxmareba sakmaod didia (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs, rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli

kavSiri raRac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. magaliTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobarimorcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobsTavs, Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. Tqvens megobars warmatebiT romdaemyarebina ucnobTan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala. xSirad qcevis romelimeformis safuZvlad miCneuli mizezebis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarszustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. rodesac romelime qcevis an kavSirissxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mixedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaTzusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

sakontrolo kiTxvari gamarTuli abzacisTvis

1. aris Tu ara abzaci sakmarisad konkretuli?

2. Seicavs Tu ara abzaci mTavar (Tematur) winadadebas; Tu ar Seicavs, arisTu ara mTavari winadadeba nagulisxmevi?

3. moicavs Tu ara Tqveni mTavari winadadeba wamyvan azrs?

4. aris Tu ara abzaci mTliani, tovebs Tu ara mTlianobis STabeWdilebas(abzacis winadadebebi amarTleben an upasuxeben Tu ara wamyvan azrs)?

5. aris Tu ara abzaci Tanmimdevruli (anu aris Tu ara winadadebebilogikurad dakavSirebuli da ikiTxeba Tu ara abzaci Tavisuflad)?

abzacis tiabzacis tiabzacis tiabzacis tiabzacis tipebipebipebipebipebi

abzaci SeiZleba iyos TxrobiTi, aRweriTi an axsniTi.

TxrobiTi abzaci

abzacSi winadadebebis dawyobis ramdenime gza arsebobs. winadadebebis wyobada abzacis sxva detalebi avtoris mizanzea damokidebuli. vTqvaT, gTxoves skolaSiCveulebrivi dilis aRwera. cxadia, Tqven ar daiwyebT imis moyolas, Tu ras akeTebTskolidan saxlSi misvlisas. amis nacvlad Txrobas daiwyebT imiT, Tu ras akeTebTskolaSi misvlisTanave. mokled rom vTqvaT, Tqvens azrebsa da moqmedebebs imdrois mixedviT daalagebT, romelSic es moqmedebebi xorcieldeba.

analogiurad, procesis (rogor keTdeba raime) axsnisas Tqven daiwyebT imiT, Tu rakeTdeba pirvel rigSi da daasrulebT bolo moqmedebiT. droSi mimdinareobis mixedviTideebis dalageba qronologiur ganviTarebas gulisxmobs (ix. suraTi #3.2).

faqtebis qronologiuri dalageba, ZiriTadad, ori saxis nawerSi gamoiyeneba,esaa Txroba da procesis aRwera (rogor gakaveToT raRac _ moqmedebebis aRwera).

Txroba gamocdilebis gaziarebas gulisxmobs. gamocdileba SeiZleba iyos warsuli(warsuli Txroba), awmyo (awmyo gamocdileba) an tipuri (anu Cveulebrivi gamocdileba).

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moq. S. nadiraSvilis monografiiT „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.viT. S. nadiraSvilis monografiad „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.wod. S. nadiraSvilis monografia(v) „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.

sworia: besikis leqsSi „aspinZisaTvis” (da ara: besikis leqs „aspinZisaTvisSi~).

* SeniSvna: Tandebulebi da brunvis niSnebi brWyalebis SigniT unda daiweros:dawesebuleba „kaTarzisSi~ (da ara: dawesebuleba „kaTarzis~-Si).

* SeniSvna: qarTulSi saTauris Semdeg wertili ar iwereba.

(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb.2004w. gv. 56)

qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi

Zvel qarTulSi narian mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare Semasmenels yovelTvisiTanxmebda ricxvSi, -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmuli ara. Semdeg nariani mravlobiTi-eb-iani mravlobiTiT Seicvala. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda vicodeT:

1. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmul sulieri sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebaresSemasmeneli mravlobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: moswavleebi swavloben, ZaRlebiyefen, buzebi bzuian.

2. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmul usulo sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares SemasmenelimxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: saxlebi dgas, mdinareebi adidda, saavadmyofoebiaSenda.

3. gapirovnebis SemTxvevaSi usulo sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares SemasmenelimravlobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: wuTebi miqrian, foTlebi CurCuleben.

4. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmniT gadmocemuli Semasmeneli qvemdebares SeewyobaricxvSi: faqtebi gvarwmuneben, magaliTebi gviCveneben, elsadgurebi gvaZleven.

5. krebiT saxelebs Semasmeneli mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: xalxi Relavs,axalgazrdoba dros atarebs.

6. Tu qvemdebares gansazRvrebad axlavs ricxviTi saxeli (iseTi saxeli, romelicerTze mets gulisxmobs), Semasmeneli mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: samasmaaragvelma Tavi isaxela, bevrma wyalma Caiara.

7. roca Serwymul winadadebaSi ramdenime qvemdebare gvaqvs, isini Semasmenelsise Seerwymian, rogorc mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare. sulieri: gia danika swavloben; usulo: saxli da ofisi aSenda; gapirovneba: nakaduli damdinare CuxCuxeben; moqmedebiTi gvaris aRmniSvneli zmna: cda da gamokvlevagvarwmuneben.

8. Sedgenili Semasmenlis SemTxvevaSi:

a) Tu Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad gamoyenebulia arsebiTisaxeli, maSin igi mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmul zmnur nawils mravlobiTisformiT unda Seewyos: isini studentebi arian, amxanagebi moswavleebiarian.

b) Tu Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad mimReobaa gamoyenebuli, ismxolobiTi formiT Seewyoba zmnur nawils: mayureblebi aRtacebuliiyvnen, isini gabrazebuli arian.

g) Tu mimReoba arsebiT an zedsarTav saxelad aris qceuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi,is mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmul zmnur nawils mravlobiTis formiTSeewyoba: Cemi ufrosi Zmebi maswavleblebi arian, Cven axali qveynismSeneblebi varT.

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aseTi frazebia, magaliTad, daviwyoT imiT, rom; amis sapirispirod; agreTve; Tumca;miuxedavad amisa. aseTi frazebiT abzacis Tanmimdevruloba ufro daxvewili xdeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevrdamsvenebels izidavs. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobadmiiCneva. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT icuraoTsanapiroze. saTevzaod siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva kenkrovani xiliskrefa izidavs. garda amisa, sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq maTTvisbevr adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. maTTvis, vinc qalaqSi darCenasamjobinebs, qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs ramdenime sakmaod keTilmowyobilsastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebis daTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT,magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoTadgilobrivi xis produqcia. kidev erTi, yvelaze saxaliso saqmianobaa Riabazris monaxuleba, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs sakuTari baRCis dovlaTiaqvT gamofenili. da bolos, aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia, kafeebiTdawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani gemrielkvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze. rogorcxedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvensojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.

savarjiSo #3.12: : : : : gadaawyveT da gamotoveT zedmeti winadadebebi.

tineijerebi, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari yoveldRiuri xarjebisaTvis muSaoben;

magaliTad, Cemi biZaSvili tansacmlis maRaziaSi muSaobs da tansacmels TviTonyidulobs. gasul kviras man mSvenieri tyavis qurTuki iyida. Cemma erT-erTmamegobarma Zveli manqana iyida im fuliT, romelic skolis damTavrebis SemdegmuSaobiT daagrova. axalgazrdebs surT fulis momavlisTvis Segroveba. maT surTtansacmlis yidva da fulis Segroveba manqanis, magnitofonisa Tu televizorissayidlad. amis magaliTia ganaTlebisTvis fulis Segroveba. Cemi biZaSvili giorgiamas Tavisi momavlisTvis akeTebs. man miTxra, rom fuls, agreTve, momavali ojaxisTvisagrovebs (adaptirebulia Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

saSineleba iyo, roca Cemi saqmro manqanis marTvas maswavlida. yvelaferi

kargad midioda, sanam man ufrosoba ar daiwyo. erTi SemeSala, saWe imaze metaddavatriale, vidre saWiro iyo da man iseTi yvirili atexa, gamvlelebs giJi egonaT.me wynarad SevTavaze, Segvewyvita mecadineoba, is ki yviroda: _ droze daZarimanqanao. ho, sul damaviwyda meTqva, bordiurze rom avxti, boZs davejaxe da manqanaSeiWeWya, uknidan ki sxva manqana mogvadga, romelic Cem gamo gzas ketavda. sworedamitom gabrazda. Cemi saqmro tenisis TamaSsac maswavlida da maSinac miyviroda.mas undoda, droze dameZra manqana adgilidan, radgan orive mxridan manqanebimisignalebdnen. me gadavwyvite, rom es is adamiani ar aris, vinc tareba undamaswavlos (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

manipulacia adamianis qcevis marTvis teqnologiaa. manipulaciis obieqti

Tvlis, rom is moqmedebs Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze, sinamdvileSi ki masmarTaven. esaa adamianebis azrisa da miswrafebebis, maTi ganwyobisa da fsiqikurimdgomareobis faruli marTva im mizniT, rom manipulaciis obieqtSi aRZrasmanipulaciis saSualebebis mflobelisaTvis sasurveli qceva. manipulaciis Sedegadxalxis cnobierebaSi inergeba iluziuri warmodgenebi politikur cxovrebaze.manipulaciuri teqnologiebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uaris Tqma argumentebze damisi Secvla fsiqologiuri STagonebiT, adamianebSi sxvadasxva emociis (SiSis,SeSfoTebis, iZulebis) gaCeniT (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

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* SeniSvna: Sedgenil SemasmenelSi „arian~ meSveli zmna ar SeiZleba Semokldesda saxelad nawils SeuerTdes. mcdari formebia: isini studentebia,Zmebi maRlebia / unda iyos: isini studentebi arian, Zmebi maRlebiarian.

(g. SalamberiZe, „qarTuli marTlwera~, Tb. gv. 125-127)

savarjiSo #8.5: monaxeT qvemdebareebi, gadaiyvaneT mravlobiT ricxvSi da SeuwyveTSemasmenlebi.

1. dilis niavma daqrola, nisli Searyia, moeSvela mzis Suqic da nislmaaRSfoTebuli sayviriviT, romlisTvisac ganTiads moeswro, wynarad mTa-mTa daiwyo parva. gamoCnda xeoba da masTan erTad gvelsaviT daklaknili,gamxecebuli da aqafebuli Tergi. soflebic moZraobaSi mosuliyvnen. yvelganxalxi midi-modioda, soflebis win jgufdeboda da raRacas mRelvarebda.yovel sofelTan xalxis Sua moCanda sasoflo droSa, romelic niavisganwynarad frialebda.

am xanSi wmindis samebis samrekloze zarebis rekva ar wydeboda. erTbaSadxalxi SeinZra, gaisma „gergetulas~ simRera. grgvinvasaviT banis mimcemmaxalxma qudebi moixada. medroSeni droSebiT gauZRvnen wina: ukan wamohyvamowiwebiT xalxi, romelic Tavisi pativisa da saxelis niSans, saxalxowmindans, cecxlSiac warbSeuxrelad gahyveboda (a. yazbegi).

2. zed saurme gzis pirad idga erTi Zveli sabZeli, gomurze midgmuli.gomuris CasavalSi CardaxsaviT iyo win wamoweuli. am sabZelis garSemoadamianis kvali ara Canda. is iyo, mgonia, ayrilis kacisa, an amowyvetilisaTavminebebuli da patroniviT daviwyebuli. rasakvirvelia, xSirad Semxvedriaam sabZlisaken avla da Cavla, arc erTxel arc erTi sulieri me iq ardaminaxavs, Tu iqneboda isic xandaxan zurgwamxdari, daWlevebuli glexkaciscxenebi, romelic uilajobiT Sors ver wasuliyo da sabZelis garSemosjijgnida golvisagan gamxmar balaxs (ilia).

3. Cqara ipova pirveli xe. xeli Seavlo Stoebs da miealersa. odnav SeirxnenfoTlebi da nami daapkures ucnobs.

frTxili nabiWiT ahyva mgzavri saurme gzas. nela midioda, nabijsiTvlida. xeliT sinjavda Saras da kaklis xeebis nawvimar Stoebs. wyvdiadiwamowoliliyo yvelgan. ra moCanda irgvliv.

koSkTan misuli Sedga. mkafiod Semoesma ZaRlis yefa da es yefa ucnobmaicno. kankaliT daeSva qvemoT da xarataanT karebs miadga.

nacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebinacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebinacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebinacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebinacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebi

1. xSiria kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis misi da Tavisi xmarebis aRrevis SemTxvevebi.orive nacvalsaxeli mesame piris (is, man, mas) kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs. Tu obieqti(kuTvnilebis sagani) zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis subieqts ekuTvnis, maSinunda gamoviyenoT Tavisi: giorgim Tavisi wigni maTxova. roca obieqti (kuTvnilebissagani) subieqtis kuTvnileba ar aris, maSin nacvalsaxeli misi unda gamoviyenoT:giorgim misi (sxvisi) wigni maTxova. aseTi SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad(misi Tu Tavisi) CavunacvloT winadadebaSi sxvisi da Tu is Seuferebeli aRmoCnda,amis Semdeg gamoviyenoT Sesabamisi nacvalsaxeli.

nacvalsaxeli Tavisi gamoiyeneba maSin, roca subieqti mxolobiT ricxvSia dasmuli,krebiTi saxelia an mravlis gamomxatveli nacvalsaxelia: giorgim Tavisi, brbomTavisi, zogma Tavisi.

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logikuri TanmimdevrobiT. magaliTad, naklebad STambeWdavidan _ metadSTambeWdavisken.

abzaci ar aris Tanmimdevruli, Tu ideebis Tanmimdevruloba ar aris logikuri.xandaxan weris dros students, SesaZloa, gamorCes raRac, risi dawerac adresurda da CarTos maSin, roca gaaxsendeba. bunebrivia, es winadadeba uadgiloiqneba. ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci, romelSic ramdenime winadadeba uadgilodaris CarTuli:

miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevrdamsvenebels izidavs. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaTicuraoT sanapiroze. damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxvakenkrovani xilis krefa izidavs. sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aqbevr adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobsramdenime sakmaod keTilmowyobil sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebisdaTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT, magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. yvelazesaxaliso saqmianobaa Ria bazris monaxulebaa, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebssakuTari baRCis dovlaTi aqvT gamofenili. aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia,kafeebiT dawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTaganigemriel kvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze.erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi xis produqcia. saTevzaodsiaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa. wylis sporti garTobis yvelazemimzidvel aqtivobad miiCneva. rogorc xedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizsgTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvens ojaxs sasiamovno sazafxuloardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.

am abzacs organizaciis garkveuli principi aqvs: pirvel naxevarSi ganxiluliais aqtivobebi, romlebic qalaqis Semogarens ukavSirdeba, abzacis meore naxevariki qalaqis Sida aqtivobebs eTmoba. Tumca, abzacis bolos Cndeba uadgilowinadadebebi. sami winadadeba: _ ̀ erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivixis produqcia;~ `saTevzaod siaruli garTobis sakmaod gavrcelebul saxeobaswarmoadgens;~ `wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobad miiCneva.~ –es winadadebebi aq amovardnilia da uadgilodaa motanili. es abzaci SemdegiTanmimdevrobiT unda iyos warmodgenili:

miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevrdamsvenebels izidavs. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobadmiiCneva. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT icuraoTsanapiroze. saTevzaod siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva kenkrovani xiliskrefa izidavs. sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq maTTvis bevradgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs ramdenimesakmaod keTilmowyobil sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebisdaTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT, magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. erT-erTmaRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi xis produqcia. yvelaze saxalisosaqmianobaa Ria bazris monaxuleba, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs sakuTaribaRCis dovlaTi aqvT gamofenili. aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia, kafeebiTdawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani gemrielkvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze. rogorcxedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvensojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.

winadadebidan winadadebaze gadasvla moqnili da sxarti unda iyos. es niSnavsimas, Tu ramdenad kargad mosdevs erTi idea an winadadeba meores. es SeiZlebagarkveuli winadadebebis kombinaciiT an garkveuli frazebis gamoyenebiT vcadoT.aseT winadadebebsa Tu frazebs gardamavali frazebi (transitional expressions) ewodeba;

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Tu subieqti mravlobiTi ricxvis formiTaa gamoxatuli, maSin unda vixmaroTnacvalsaxeli TavianTi: nestanma da nanam TavianTi kabebi italiur maRaziaSiSeiZines.

2. I piris nacvalsaxels (me-s) Tandebulian micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi Cem enacvleba(Cemze, Cemken, CemTvis)

3. Tandebulian I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs s ar daerTvis (Senken, Cem mier, TqvenSua).

4. maT piris nacvalsaxelia, maTi _ kuTvnilebiTi. maT ixmareba zmnasTan erTad:maT gaakeTs, maT ecotavaT. maT piris nacvalsaxeli ar dairTavs moTxrobiTibrunvis niSans, mcdari formebia: maTma gaakeTes, maTma miaRwies. kuTvnilebiTinacvalsaxeli ki saxels axlavs da brunvis niSans dairTavs: maTma mondomebam,maTma naTqvamma (da ara: maT mondomebam, maT naTqvamma).

5. nacvalsaxeli Cvengani, Tqvengani, maTgani aRniSnavs erT romelimes, amitomswori formebia: TiToeuli Cvengani, TiToeuli Tqvengani da ara: TiToeuliTqvenTagani, TiToeuli CvenTagani.

6. kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebs (rogorc wesi, msazRvrulia) micemiTSi s undadaerTos: Cems saxls, Sens megobars, maTs gaZlebas (da ara: Cem saxls, Sen megobars,maT gaZlebas).

7. gansazRvrebiT da ganusazRvrelobiT, aseve ricxviTi saxelis SemcvelnacvalsaxelebTan arsebiTi saxeli mxolobiT ricxvSi daismis: yvela bavSvi,ramdenime Senoba, imdeni Tevzi (da ara: yvela bavSvebi, ramdenime Senobebi, imdeniTevzebi).

8. -Rac nawilakdarTuli nacvalsaxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvis formebia viRacebi,raRacebi, raRac-raRacebi (da ara: viRaceebi, raRaceebi).

9. erTi da igive sazRvrulTan ase ibrunvis:sax. erTi da igive saxlimoTx. erTma da imave saxlmamic. erTsa da imave saxlsnaT. erTisa da imave saxlismoq. erTi da imave saxliTviT. erT da imave saxladwod. ...........................................

kompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwerakompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwerakompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwerakompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwerakompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwera

erTcnebiani kompozitebi

erTad, udefisod, iwereba:

• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTac axali, gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobaaqvT: wamwami, TavTavi...

• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTa nawilebi mniSvnelobamoklebulimarcvlebia: laplapi, cimcimi...

• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTa fuZeSi bgeris Secvla an damatebaxdeba: aremare, qoxmaxi...

• ,,da~ kavSiriT SeerTebuli fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi: sxvadasxva,pirdapir... da ricxviTi saxelebi 21-dan 100-mde: ocdaori, samocdaoTxi...

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aSlilobebi im Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis unaris arqonaa,romlebic warmoiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur impulsebsa da superegosinternalizebul (anu gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris. idi, ego dasuperego pirovnebis struqturis komponentebia, romlebic, froidis Teoriis mixedviT,mudmiv dinamikur urTierTqmedebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. fsiqoanalizis mizaniaintrafsiqikuri harmoniis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis gacnobierebas, superegosmoTxovnebisadmi zedmetad damyolobis Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZlierebasgulisxmobs (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

masobriv informaciul saSualebaTa Sefaseba winaaRmdegobrivia. erTni mas

ganixilaven sazogadoebrivi azris manipulirebisa da gabatonebuli fenisxelisuflebis ganmtkicebis instrumentad. Tanamedrove msoflioSi, mkacrikonkurenciis pirobebSi, gamoikveTa masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTakoncentraciis tendencia, rac Zalze saxifaToa demokratiisaTvis. meoreni amtkiceben,rom masmedia xels uwyobs sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi realur CarTvasada gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi mosaxleobis farTo fenebis monawileobas,rac aucilebelia nebismieri demokratiuli sistemis funqcionirebisTvis.manipulaciis Sedegad xalxis cnobierebaSi inergeba iluziuri warmodgenebipolitikur cxovrebaze (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi iyeneben

standartizacias da operaciul gansazRvrebebs. standartizacia niSnavs monacemTaSegrovebis yvela fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvelasaTvis saerToprocedurebis gamoyenebas. cvladi ki aris nebismieri faqtori, romelicraodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba. testis, an eqsperimentis yvela fazastandartuli unda iyos, anu, kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa da imave pirobebSiunda imyofebodes. standartizacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT da pasuxebswinaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT qulebs. mkvlevarma, agreTve, unda gaiTvaliswinosdamatebiTi cvladebis arsebobac (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba

niSnavs fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuliqcevis monacemebis Sesabamisobas da sandoobas. mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebTimgvari gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver daakvirdebi. esenia Sinaganifsiqologiuri mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi, Sexedulebebi. sandoSedegi, sxva msgavs pirobebSi, Semowmebisas unda gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumentisandoa, misi ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda miviRoT (gerigi, zimbardo,2007).

Tanmimdevruloba

rogorc vnaxeT, abzacs unda gaaCndes Tema, wamyvani azri, es azri dasabuTebuliunda iyos da mTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes. kidev erTi elementi, romelic,aseve, esaWiroeba abzacs, Tanmimdevrulobaa (coherence), rac gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv,azrTa logikur mimdinareobas: _ azri ar unda gadadiodes (xtebodes) erTisakiTxidan meoreze da, meore mxriv, gadasvla moqnili (lamazi, sxarti) unda iyos.

logikuri Tanmimdevroba winadadebis TanmimdevrulobaSi aisaxeba, romelicTqveni miznidan gamomdinare icvleba. magaliTad, Tu gsurT, aRweroT, ra xdebodafilmSi, Tqveni winadadebebi unda mihyvebodes moqmedebebis Tanmimdevrobas,dasawyisidan dasasrulamde, magram Tu gsurT, aRweroT yvelaze STambeWdavi momentebifilmSi, Tqven unda SearCioT ramdenime maTgani da warmoadginoT garkveuli

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• ori sityvis SeerTebis Sedegad miRebuli kompozitebi, miuxedavad fuZisSemadgeneli pirveli nawilis brunvis formisa: jariskaci, SviliSvili,vardisferi...

• mravalwevriani kompozitebi: Tavgzaabneuli, Tavqudmoglejili...

• rTuli sityvebi, romlebSic pirveli wevri zmnisarTi an Tandebulia: zegavlena,Tanaklaseli...

• kompozitebi, romlebSic msazRvreli kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelia da meoreadgilze dgas: dedaCemi, mamaTqveni...

• kompozitebi, romlebSic atributuli msazRvrelis fuZe Sezrdilia arsebiTisaxelis fuZes: qalbatoni, lukmapuri, avdari...

• -a sufiqsdarTuli fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi: narnara, kamkama...

mravalcnebiani kompozitebi

defisiT iwereba:

• mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli fuZeebis gaerTianebiT miRebuli

rTuli sityvebi: ded-mama, da-Zma, oqro-vercxli...

• sinonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitebi: Zal-Rone, sicil-kiskisi...

• antonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitebi: did-patara, sikvdil-sicocxle...

• fuZegaorkecebuli ricxviTi saxelebi: or-ori, Svid-Svidi...

• fuZegaorkecebuli zedsarTavebi: cxel-cxeli, patar-patara...

• saxelis fuZis gaorkecebiT miRebuli brunvis niSnis uqoneli zmnizedebi:

quCa-quCa, mindor-mindor...

• erTi da imave fuZis mqone zmniswiniT gansxvavebuli kompozitebi: miixed-moixeda, aiar-Caiara...

erTad iwereba:

• kuTvnilebiTi kompozitebi, miuxedavad fuZeTa raodenobisa: maRalqusliani,lamazkabiani, samsarTuliani...

• orcnebiani defisiani kompoziti, romelsac sityvis sawarmoebeli afiqsidaerTvis: daZmuri, colSviliani, ucolSvilo...

(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb. 2004w.gv. 62, 67)


1. me is Tbilisis erTerT cnobil restoranSi davpatiJe.

2. onise da maTia Zmad naficebi iyvnen.

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yofna. cxovrebis stilis Secvla amanac SeiZleba gamoiwvios; Tumca, zogierTmamaTganma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom misi pensia yovelTviur gadasaxadebsac ki verwvdeba. erT dRes SeiZleba gaacnobieron, rom eleqtroenergia, telefoni da sakvebiukve fufunebaa maTTvis (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

am abzacis Temaa `xanSi SesulTa kidev erTi problema~, wamyvani azri ki _mcire SemosavliT cxovreba, amitom yoveli winadadeba SeWirvebul yofas undaukavSirdebodes. am abzacSi sami zedmeti winadadebaa:

1. ra Tqma unda, Sin darCenis mizezi maTi janmrTelobac SeiZleba iyos.

2. am asakSi xSiria arTriti an revmatizmi, ris gamoc maT uWirT fexiT siarulida, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT yofna.

3. cxovrebis stilis Secvla amanac SeiZleba gamoiwvios.

savarjiSo #3.11: xazi gausviT abzacis mTavar winadadebas da amoSaleT zedmetiwinadadebebi.

60-iani wlebidan sagrZnoblad gaizarda samxreT amerikeli novelistebis

popularoba da maTdami interesi. maTgan aRsaniSnavia meqsikeli mwerali karlosfuentesi, romelsac ekuTvnis àrtemio krucis sikvdili~. 1967 wels nobelispremia literaturaSi mieniWa gvatemalel mwerals migel anxel asturiass.argentinaSi moRvaweobdnen iseTi mwerlebi, rogorebic arian xorxe luis borxesi,xulio kortasari, luiza valensuela, manuel huiji. am ukanasknelis nawarmoebis_ ̀ qali-obobas kocna~ mixedviT filmicaa gadaRebuli. am filmSi mamakacis mTavarirolis saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis oskari uiliam harTs gadaeca. ukanasknelperiodSi msoflioze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina novelistma izabela alendam(`sulebis saxli~). CamonaTvali SeiZleba kidev gagrZeldes, Tumca, maT Sorisyvelaze metad nacnobia gabriel garsia markesi, romelsac 1982 wels romanisTvis`martoobis asi weli~ nobelis premia mieniWa (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R,2000).

umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze usiamovno problema isaa, rom ar gaqvs

fuli yoveldRiuri xarjebisTvis. adamianTa umravlesobas fuli iseTi aucilebelimoTxovnebisTvis sWirdeba, rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da sakvebi. tansacmlis yidvacki mniSvnelovania da ara aucilebeli. Tu ar muSaobT, vin mogcemT fulsyoveldRiuri xarjebisTvis? iqneb, naTesavi gyavT, romelic ramdenime TviT gasesxebTfuls, magram adamianTa umravlesobas ar aqvs imdeni fuli, rom sxvisi gadasaxadebicixados (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

Tu yvela Sesabamis asakSi mokvdeba, maSin sulac ar minda vicocxlo 500 weli

da marto me viyo beberi. xalxi uamrav kiTxvas damisvams warsulis Sesaxeb: rodismoxda? moxda Tu ara? rogor moxda da a.S. ganuwyvetliv Semawuxeben. mgonia, rommoxucebs ar moswonT, roca awuxeben. garda amisa, Tu yvela mokvdeboda, me momiwevdaCemi ojaxis wevrebisa da megobrebis sikvdilis yureba. ar minda Cemi Svilebisa daSviliSvilebis sikvdils moveswro. me Zalian maxinji viqnebi (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoriTac Seqmna zigmund froidma, intensiuri da

droSi gaxangrZlivebuli Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic nevrotuli da mSfoTvarepirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da konfliqtebs ikvlevs. es konfliqtebi SeiZlebaadreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas an raime mniSvnelovan, travmul movlenasukavSirdebodes. rogorc cnobilia, froidis Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi

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3. guSin Zmis Svilma miambo es araki.

4. sxvada sxva dargis cnobili mecnierebi Camovidnen.

5. giorgi Tav qudmoglejili garboda.

6. ar surda esmas Tavadis-Svilis coloba.

7. is Zalian gaaoca fexda fex mimyolma megzurma.

8. gogim ver gaigo mariamis abda ubda laparaki.

9. vin icis, ratom garboda ivane iaraR asxmuli.

10. aravin icoda ratom ar dawera mecnierma wliuri angariSi.

11. orori da samsami lariT aba, ras iyididi.

12. misi xvewnamudara aravis mousmenia.

13. mas Tavisi colSvili ar anaRvlebda.

14. aseTi kaS-kaSa mze iyo erTi Tve.

15. ras miedmoedo TviTonac ar icoda.

16. Cami-Cumi ar ismoda.

17. es taepi 20 marcvliania.

18. 4 adgiliani kupe dajavSna.

19. isini Tana mSromlebi iyvnen.

20. glex kacoba Sromobda, magram uSedegod.

21. navT qura mainc unda Seinaxo.

22. iagom yurimokra am saubars.

23. vin icis kidev ras ilaq-laqebda.

24. isini dReda Rame erTad iyvnen.

25. Tav-dauzogavi iyo ivane.

26. Zalian uyvarda qaT-qaTa TeTreulSi wola.

27. yovelgvari siyvaruli deda-Sviluria.

28. quCa quCa daexeteboda giorgi.

29. xuT sarTulian saxlSi cxovrobda elene.

30. onisem cxeni gaaWen gamoaWena.

punqtuaciapunqtuaciapunqtuaciapunqtuaciapunqtuacia

metyvelebis kulturisaTvis anu marTlmetyvelebisa da marTlwerisaTvis didimniSveloba aqvs sasveni niSnebis sworad gamoyenebas. punqtuacia (laT. Punctum,wertili) sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebis wesebs gulisxmobs. is gamoxatavs winadadebissxvadasxva Sinaarss, grafikulad gamoyofs winadadebis nawilebs, migvaniSnebs, raurTierTobaa winadadebis nawilTa Soris.

1. wertili

dasrulebuli TxrobiTi winadadebis bolos wertili iwereba. mag: qveyanadamSvidda. qali, kaci da bavSvi yvela saqmes kidebda xels.

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savarjiSo #3.9: ganixileT romelime abzaci. dawereT mTavari winadadeba, xazigausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri da CamoTvaleT is winadadebebi, romlebicmTavar winadadebas asabuTebs.

mTavari winadadeba:

dasabuTeba:

1. _____________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________

daskvniTi winadadeba:

savarjiSo #3.10: gamoiyeneT Tqven mier dawerili winadadebebi da abzacebi. dawereTmTavari winadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. gadaxedeT TqvensCamonaTvals da dawereT dasabuTeba mTavari winadadebisTvis. Tu aseTi dasabuTebisraodenoba mcire aRmoCndeba, gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi (kerZod, kiTxvebi)da winadadebiT CamoayalibeT dasabuTeba.

mTavari winadadeba:

dasabuTeba:

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________

mTlianoba

abzacis TiToeuli winadadeba Temas unda ukavSirdebodes da aviTarebdeswamyvan azrs. nebismieri winadadeba, romelic ar emsaxureba wamyvani azrisganviTarebas da zedmetia, unda amoiRoT abzacidan. gaixseneT abzaci, romlismTavari winadadeba iyo: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu am abzacSiiqneba winadadeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori gamaRizianebelia vinmesTvis sxva mwevlismier gaSvebuli kvamlis rgolebis yureba, is unda amoviRoT, radgan ar ukavSirdebasigaretis mowevasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.

magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci:

xanSiSesulTa kidev erTi problema mcire Semosavalia. pensiaze gasvlis Semdegisini im kompaniidan iReben pensias, romelSic muSaobdnen an saxelwifo uxdis maTsocialur dazRvevas. am Tanxis raodenoba, rogorc wesi, maTi xelfasis naxevaricar aris. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg isini ucbad aRmoaCenen, rom iZulebulni arian,cxovrebis stili Seicvalon. gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom maTaRar darCaT fuli kinoTeatrSi an qalaqgareT wasasvlelad. ra Tqma unda, SindarCenis mizezi SeiZleba maTi janmrTelobac iyos. am asakSi xSiria arTriti anrevmatizmi, ris gamoc, maT uWirT fexiT siaruli da, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT

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wertils vsvamT Semasmenelian (mag: daiSalnen stumrebi.) da uSemasmenlo,saxeldebiTi winadadebis bolosac (mag.: saRamo. mkrTali sinaTle.).

wertils vxmarobT maSin, roca ricxvebs rigis gamosaxatavad viyenebT (mag.:enaTmecnierebis dargebia: 1. gramatika. 2. stilistika.).

wertili sityvis Sewyvetis (Semoklebis) niSanic aris. sof. (sofeli), e.w. (egreTwodebuli).

* SeniSna: wertils ar vwerT moTxrobis, leqsis, werilis, samecniero statiis,naSromis, zRapris da a.S. saTaurebis bolos.

2. kiTxvis niSani

kiTxvis niSans vwerT kiTxviTi winadadebis bolos. mag.: ra moxda? vin movida?saidan gaCndi aq?

a) kiTxvis niSani daismis kiTxvis Semcveli damokidebuli winadadebis bolos,roca moubari gadmoscems Tavis da sxvis naTqvams. mag.: bolos hkiTxa man _vin xar, Svilo? vin aris aq? _ ikiTxa maspinZelma.

b) kiTxvis niSani daismis nawilakiani pirdapiri sxvisi naTqvamis bolosac.mag.: man mkiTxa _ ra ginda Cemgan? tyis mcvelma hkiTxa _ vina xar?

g) zogjer erTad ramdenime kiTxva iyris Tavs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mZimeebs vixmarT,kiTxvis niSans ki winadadebis bolos vsvamT. mag.: ra vuTxra, rogor gavagebino,ras mivmarTo?

3. Zaxilis niSani

Zaxilis niSani daismis:

• Zaxilis winadadebis bolos.

• brZanebiTi winadadebis bolos.

• mimarTvasTan, roca is calkea xmarebuli (mag.: Zmebo! amxanagebo!) damaSinac, roca Zlieri grZnobiT gadmoicema (mag: ar gecodebi, Cemo sosia!)

• Zaxilis niSani iwereba SorisdebulTanac, Tu mZafri grZnobiTaawarmoTqmuli: vaime! oh! va!

• Zaxilis niSani ixmareba migebiT nawilakTan, Tu is calkea da ZliergrZnobas gamoxatavs: ki! diax!

• Zaxilis niSani ixmareba STabeWdielabis gasaZliereblad gameorebuliSorisdebulis, mimarTvis an nawilakis bolos: kargi, kargi! egre iyos!

• zogjer teqstSi gvxvdeba frCxilebSi Casmuli (!) Zaxilis niSani, racmoyvanili azrisadmi mTqmelis damokidebulebas (dacinvas, gakvirvebas,aRSfoTebas) gamoxatavs. mag.: bevrs miaCnia, rom dRes saqarTveloSimecniereba mokvda (!)

4. kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani

a) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani (?!) daismis maSin, roca winadadebaSi kiTxvasTan erTadgamoxatulia gakvirveba an aRtaceba: nuTu Tvalebi matyueben?!

b) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani ixmareba wyvetilad warmoTqmuli iseTi arasruliwinadadebis gamosayofadac, romelic gamoxatavs rogorc kiTxvas, isegakvirvebas: rao?! rao?!

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axla SegiZliaT dasabuTeba winadadebebiT CamoayaliboT da Tematuri winadadebisSemdeg abzacis monaxazi, gegma gaakeToT. kurortis magaliTSi es gegma daaxloebiTaseTi iqneba:

Tematuri winadadeba:

kurorts praqtikulad SeuZlia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebisproblemis gadaWra.

dasabuTeba:

1. 1990 wlidan 2000 wlamde umuSevroba 35%-dan 8%-mde Semcirda.

2. turistulma industriam bevri samuSao adgili Seqmna.

a) gaixsna sami axali sastumro;

1) sastumro mariotSi 100 adgilobrivi mosaxle dasaqmda;

2) kopalam 50 adamians misca samuSao;

3) Zvel metexSi 35-ma adgilobrivma mosaxlem miiRo samsaxuri.

b) sanapiro zolze xuTi axali maRazia gaixsna, romelSic 15 adamianidasaqmda.

g) turistebisTvis mimzidvelma kompaniebma TavianTi filialebi gaxsnes_ muSaobs `daniuri saxli~, `nikala~ da `makdonaldsi~.

3. kurortma miizida iseTi araturistuli kompaniebi, rogorebicaa „bata~ da„isi pari~.

amgvari monaxazis gakeTeba sasurvelia ori mizniT: _ (1) amiT SevamowmebT,ukavSirdeba Tu ara winadadebebi Temas; (2) arian Tu ara winadadebebi logikuradorganizebuli. qvemoT kidev erTi magaliTia mocemuli:

Tematuri winadadeba: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.

dasabuTeba:

• erTi kolofi sigareti daaxloebiT 2 laramde Rirs.

• mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofs mainc eweva.

• erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli Tanxis raodenoba 365-dan 1695 laramdemeryeobs.

• mwevelebs avejis, xaliCebis, fardebisa da tansacmlis qimwmenda ufro xSiraduwevT, vidre _ aramwevelebs.

originaluri abzacis yvela winadadeba ar aris zemoT mocemul CamonaTvalSi(ix. abzaci ̀ moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa~). magaliTad, winadadeba ̀ magram yvelaferiamiT ar mTavrdeba~, Tumca, es winadadeba namdvilad ukavSirdeba Temas da wamyvanazrs, magram misi funqcia winadadebebs Soris kavSiris damyarebaa. is abzacis ornawils akavSirebs erTmaneTTan: sigaretSi gadaxdil Tanxasa da sigaretis mowevisfarul (araTvalsaCino) danaxarjs. aseT winadadebas gardamavali (transition)winadadeba ewodeba. am CamonaTvalSi, aseve, ar aris, kidev erTi winadadeba: _`miuxedavad imisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom eskidev ufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.~ aseTi tipis winadadebas, romelicajamebs abzacis mTavar ideas, daskvniTi winadadeba ewodeba, Tumca, araa aucilebeli,rom yvela abzaci moicavdes aseT daskvniT winadadebas. winadadebaTa organizaciaTemasa da Tqvens mizanzea damokidebuli. mniSvnelovania, rom masala, romelsaceyrdnobiT, pirdapir ukavSirdebodes abzacis mTavar winadadebas.

94

g) zogjer teqstSi gvxdeba frCxilebSi Casmuli (?!) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani. amiTavtors surs gamoxatos sxvisi naTqvamis mimarT eWvica da gakvirvebac:parlamentis Tavmjdomarea (?!)

5. wertil-mZime

a) wertil-mZime erTmaneTisagan gamoyofs (mijnavs) erTnair enobriv elementebs.wertil-mZime daismis rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi, rodesac meordeba mTavariwinadadebis Semasmeneli: axla saWiro iyo mxolod nafiqri saqmis asruleba;saWiro iyo moenaxa misi mxsneli; saWiro iyo ornaqmarevi uSvilo qali.

b) wertil-mZime daismis damoukidebel winadadebebs Soris, romlebic erT rTulwinadadebad arian gaerTianebuli ukavSirod: avarda korianteli; yvela mtvriTdaifara.

g) wertil-mZime daismis CamonaTvalTa bolos:

weris zogadi miznebi:1) mkiTxvelis garToba;2) grZnobebisa da mosazrebebis gamoxatva;3) mkiTxvelisaTvis raimes axsna;4) mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.

6. mravalwertili

a) mravalwertili iwereba daumTavrebeli azris, gawyvetili winadadebis bolos:Cven xedvad da smenad uRononi varT da iq ki... iq ki ramodena Rone yofilaSeqmnisa... giorgi...

b) mravalwertili daismis winadadebaSi an TviT sityvebSi mRelvarebiT an sxvaraime mizeziT (enis mokideba) gamowveuli Seferxebis gamosaxatavad: giorgimajobe... vkvdebi. –siz...mar...Si? gaocebiT ikiTxa erisTavma da piri gaaRo.

g) mravalwertili daismis citatis TavSi an boloSi, Tu citirebuli dasawyisian bolo ar emTxveva winadadebis dasawyiss an bolos dedanSi: ilia werda:`... Tu mTqmelsa da gamgones erTmaneTis ena ar esmiT, iq arc Tqmaa da arcgagoneba...~

d) mravalwertili daismis citataSi romelime sityvis an winadadebis gamotovebisaRsaniSnavad: `kacia adamianSi~ vkiTxulobT: `maWankali ... gaxldaT erTimoxucebuli, darbaiseli, lamazi da qvrivi dedakaci~.

7. orwertili

a) orwertili daismis Serwymul winadadebaSi erTgvari wevrebis win _ yvela meCamomekida: mamasaxlisi, gziri.

* SeniSvna: Tu ganmazogadebeli sityva erTgvar wevrebs mosdevs, tiredaiwereba. (mag.: damWknari diyi, Supa, Sambi, aryi da cacxvi _yvelanairad SfoTavdnen.).

b) orwertili daismis winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevs pirdapiri aniribi naTqvami: ymawvilma kacma miiwia misken da xmadadablebiT hkiTxa: _Tqven marTla eZebT sadedinacvlo qals?

g) orwertili daismis citatis win. ilia werda: ̀ CvenTvis RmerTs ara dauSavebiara, ara dauzogvia ra, ara dauklia ra; Tu qveyanaze erTi-ori kuTxea imisTana,

26

abzaci

dasabuTeba

ideebis Tavmoyrisa da wamyvani azris Camoyalibebis Semdeg aucilebelia TqveniCamonaTvalidan im masalis amoReba, romelsac abzacis dasawerad gamoiyenebT. esmasala mTavar winadadebaSi gadmocemuli wamyvani azris dasabuTeba (support) undaiyos. is ilustraciis, gaSuqebis, axsnis funqcias asrulebs da im SexedulebasasabuTebs, romelic mTavar winadadebaSi gadmoeciT. ideis mxardasaWerad yvelazexSirad faqtobrivi detalebi gamoiyeneba. aseTi detalebi SeiZleba garkveuliwyaroebidan _ Jurnalebidan, gazeTebidan, wignebidan _ aRebul faqtebs moicavdesan sxvisi dakvirvebis Sedegebi iyos. dasabuTebisTvis, ZiriTadad, is informaciagamoiyeneba, romelmac Tqven Tqvens Sexedulebamde migiyvanaT.

rodesac mTavari winadadebis dasabuTebis mosaZebnad Tqvens informacias amowmebT,SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom Tqveni masala Sevsebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, ganvixiloTaseTi mTavari winadadeba: _ `kurorts praqtikulad SeuZlia adgilobrivimosaxleobis dasaqmebis problemis gadaWra~. am winadadebis dasabuTeba SeiZlebaiyos is, rom kurortma ramdenime kompania moizida. es SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorcSemdgomi dasabuTebis safuZveli. ufro metic, informaciis misaRebad SegiZliaTkiTxvebs mimarToT; magaliTad, `romel kompaniebzea saubari?~ `ra samsaxurssTavazoben es kompaniebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas?~ `ra situacia iyo dasaqmebisTvalsazrisiT kurortze manamde da ra situaciaa axla?~ am kiTxvebze gacemulipasuxebi SeiZleba wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad gamoiyenoT. sabolood, am TematuriwinadadebisTvis abzacis dasawerad dagrovilma Canawerebma SeiZleba aseTi saxemiiRos:

umuSevrobis done 1990 wels = 35%; 2000 wels – 8%.

samuSao adgilebi sastumroebSi: marioti _ 100

kopala _ 50

Zveli metexi _ 35

turistebisTvis gankuTvnili xuTi axali maRazia sanapiroze _ 15 samuSaoadgili.

daniuri saxli

nikala

makdonaldsi

isi pari

bata

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rom kacs eTqmodes, _ qriste RmerTma Tavisi kalTa uxvebisa daibertyao,imaTSi ukanaskneli saqarTvelo ar aris.~

d) orwertili daismis ukavSiro rTuli winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevserTi an ramdenime winadadeba da masSi axsnilia, dakonkretebulia is, razedacsaWiroa saubari mTavar winadadebaSi: `qveyanaze ori mopirispire Zalaarsebobs: simdidre da siRaribe, Zlieri da susti~.

e) orwertili daismis mTavar winadadebasTan maSinac, roca momdevnoSi mocemuliamizezi, Sedegi, safuZveli imisa, ris Sesaxebac masSia saubari: Sah-abazi cecxliTada maxviliT SemoiWra kaxeTs da musri gaavlo: cixe-qalaqebi daaqcia, soflebiaaoxra.

8. mZime

a) mZime daismis Serwymuli winadadebis erTnair wevrebs Soris: Aaivanze darCnenbesarioni, pelagia da solomoni. goCas daRonebuli, gafiTrebuli, sevdianiTvalebi zRvisken miepyro.

b) mZime daismis majgufebeli (mag.: xan ucnauri var, xan brZeni), macalkevebeli(mag.: an momacileT borkili, an xmliT momWeriT Tavi) kavSirebis win, TumakavSirebeli sityva gameorebulia.

g) mZime daismis magram, oRond, xolo, Tu, Tumca, Torem mapirispirebeli kavSirebiswin: Cven Tund sul erT dRes davixocebiT, oRond Sen iyav, mefev, dRegrZeli!

d) mZime daismis winadadebaSi gameorebuli sityvebis win: ZiZias Sestrfodnenbevrni, Zalian bevrni.

e) mZime daismis Sedarebis dros, kavSirebTan rogorc, TiTqos, vidre: xelebi wingaiSvira, TiTqos undoda xelSi aeyvana vinme.

v) mZimeebiT gamoiyofa gameorebuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:

1. gankerZoebuli gansazRvreba: am saxls walmiT daxuruli marani edga,oTxkuTxiv Ria da farRalala.

2. gankerZoebuli garemoeba: Tbilisis samxreTiT, ormoci versis manZilze,aris mozrdili sofeli.

3. danarTi: marine, kacis ufrosis qaliSvili, karTan idga.

4. mimarTva: axla ki, amxanagebo, davlioT Cveni maspinZlis sadRegrZelo!

5. CarTuli: CarTul sityvebad xSirad gamoyenebulia: amrigad, amgvarad,ase vTqvaT, ase rom, davuSvaT, erTi sityviT, ra Tqma unda, rasakvirvelia,magaliTad, vfiqrob, sxvaTa Soris, Cemi azriT, erTi mxriv da sxv. essakiTxi, Cemi azriT, isev moiTxovs ganxilvas. CemTvis, ra Tqma unda,moulodneli ar iyo.

6. migebiTi nawilaki: 1. dadebiTi _ ki, ho, diax da 2. uaryofiTi _ ara, vera._ ho, imas vambobdi. _ ara, ver wamoval. _ ki, batono!

7. Sorisdebulebi: oh, eh, uh, vah, vai, fu, viS, hoi, ui, vaSa da sxv. mZimiTgamoiyofa: oh, Sena xar? vai, ra carielia es savse qveyana uadamianod!

8. mZime daismis rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi ukavSirod SeerTebis dros:Tergi rbis, Tergi Rrialebs, kldeni bans eubnebian.

9. mZime daismis qvewyobil winadadebaSi mTavarsa da damokidebulwinadadebebs Soris.

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testSi Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli programebiT xorcieldeba.saboloo Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, erTniSna ricxvia, romelic erTaderTi ganzomilebisgaswvriv Tavsdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, adaptacia-disadaptacia an sxvadasxvaniSnis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv, rogoricaa impulsuroba, damokidebulebaan eqstraversia. damuSavebis Semdeg es monacemebi normatiuli SerCevis monacemebTanSedardeba (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

rogor CamovayaliboT mTavari winadadeba

abzacisTvis Temis SerCevis Semdeg, bunebrivia, saWiroa, wamyvani azris SerCeva.erT-erTi meTodi, romelic mTavari winadadebisTvis wamyvani azris daweraSidagexmarebaT, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi meTodebia (gonebrivi ieriSi, Tavisufaliwera, kiTxvebi, asociaciuri kavSirebi). magaliTad, Tqveni qveynis romelimeRirsSesaniSnavi adgilis Sesaxeb unda daweroT abzaci. SegiZliaT daakonkretoTTema da romelime kurortis Sesaxeb daweroT.

gamoiyeneT gonebrivi ieriSis meTodi da CamowereT arCeul TemasTandakavSirebuli ideebi. magaliTad, Tema ùreki~.

• mziani sanapiro, qviSa, wiwvovani xeebi sanapiro zolze, sufTa kamkama wyali,mSvidi zRva.

• damsveneblebi yvelgan arian, axali sastumroebi gadaWedilia damsveneblebiT,turistTa umravlesoba amjobinebs oTaxebs zRvaze gamavali fanjrebiT.

• sakurorto sezoni bevri adamianis dasaqmebas uwyobs xels, damsveneblebsbevri Semosavali moaqvT adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisTvis.

• kurortma ramdenime seriozuli kompania moizida, romelTac filialebigaxsnes.

es CamonaTvali, bunebrivia, SeiZleba, rom gaizardos, Seicvalos; magaliTad,SegiZliaT daamatoT, rom kurorts ekonomikuri sargebloba moaqvs regionisTvis;an SegiZliaT daweroT kurortis lamazi adgilebis Sesaxeb, an imis Sesaxeb, Turamdenad sasargebloa kurorti garkveuli daavadebebis samkurnalod da ratomaabavSvebis aq dasveneba sasurveli.

savarjiSo #3.8: airCieT erT-erTi Tema da Tavad SeadgineT mTavari winadadeba daabzaci. am davalebis Sesrulebamde SeecadeT, CamoweroT is informacia da sainteresoideebi, romlebic abzacis dakonkretebisa da faqtobrivi informaciiT misi SevsebissaSualebas mogcemT.

Temebi:

• crurwmena • dabinZureba

• saintereso tradicia • Sadrevani

• sayvareli leqtori • studentebis problemebi

• mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba

mTavari winadadeba

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1) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavris Semdeg: bundovnad axsovda, rom

is da kirile cxenebze Sesxes da sadRac gaaqanes.

2) mTavari winadeba damokidebulis Semdeg: vinc moyvaresa ar eZebs, igi

Tavisa mteria.

3) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavarSi moqceuli: swored im dros, roca

ori darbaiseli mama-Svili buxris win sayvedurobdnen, Teimuraz

mefe marTla CaketilSi ijda.

9. tire

a) tire iwereba winadadebis romelime gamotovebuli wevris (qvemdebare, Semasmeneli,damateba, kavSiri) adgilas: elferobiT vardi aris, sinaziT ki — morcxvi ia.Tvali mqonia — minaxavs, yuri mqonia — msmenia.

b) tire iwereba ganmazogadebeli sityvebis win. kaci, qali, didi, patara, eri, mRvdeli— misTvis sul yvela erTi iyo. waiRebdnen xelsawyoebs — culs, najaxs, Toxs.

g) tire iwereba danarTis win, Tu is winadadebis boloSia, xolo Tu winadadebaSiamoqceuli, orive mxridan tireebiT gamoiyofa. Cemi ojaxi — winandeli, awindelida momavali — icode, saZirkvelia Cveni cxovrebis.

d) tireebiT gamoiyofa winadadebebi, sityvebi, romlebic teqstSi CarTulia misiaxsnisa da Sevsebis mizniT: amas winaT — sul ori kvira ar iqneba — kinaRamsoflis sasamarTlom gomurSi ar daamwyvdia.

e) tire iwereba or winadadebas Soris, Tu meoreSi gamoxatuli azri mkveTradupirispirdeba pirvels: ikra petrem jibes xeli da — orive moWrili hqonda.

v) tire iwereba mZimis Semdeg, rodesac CarTuli winadadeba vrcelia: Cvenc — ai,amoagdo RmerTma avi kacis qoqi — erT russ gavurigdiT, rva maneTi miveciT, romqalaqSi CaveyvaneT.

z) tire iwereba mZimis Semdeg, rodesac rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi mTavarwinadadebas win uZRvis ramdenime damokidebuli winadadeba: ra iyo es mizezi,saidan qroda niavi, romelsac, mas, rogorc nadirs, suns ayrida da akrTobda, —moxuci ver mimxvdariyo.

T) tire iwereba dialogebSi personaJTa metyvelebis da avtoris remarkebisgamosayofad:

— Seni saxelic miTxari — mkiTxa man.

— aki, giTxari ukve! — axla me vupasuxe.

— sadauri xar? — isev mkiTxa man.

i) tire iwereba sakuTar saxelebs Soris, romelTa erToblioba qmnis raime moZRvrebisan samecniero dawesebulebis dasaxelebas: marqsizm-leninizmi, saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo programa.

10. frCxilebi

1. frCxilebSi Caismis:

a) sityvebi, romlebic winadadebaSi CarTulia gadmocemuli azris gansamartavad,dasazusteblad: aRmoCnda, rom mamaCemma dagvitova qoxi, damsxvreuli taxti,

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gareT mimdinare movlenebi. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos anu situaciis(situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT, isiniTiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologssurs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebelia individigansakuTrebiT midrekilia riskisken (dispoziciuri axsna), an zogierTi TanatolTazewolas ganicdis (situaciuri axsna), an orive faqtori aucilebelia (kombinirebuliaxsna) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

olportma sami saxis niSnebi gamoyo _ kardinaluri, centraluri da meoradi.

kardinaluria niSnebi, romelTa irgvlivac adamiani Tavis cxovrebas agebs. magaliTad,deda terezasTvis kardinaluri niSani sxvisi keTildReobisTvis sakuTari TavisSewirva iqneboda. yvela adamians ar uviTardeba aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluriniSnebi, samagierod, ZiriTadi niSnebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, patiosneba an optimizmi,pirovnebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebia. meoradi niSnebi _ specifikuri pirovnuliTvisebebi is Tvisebebia, romlebic individis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebaSi gvexmareba,magram naklebad gamosadegia individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi niSnebismagaliTebia is, Tu rogor sakvebsa da tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas(gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

egos dacvis meqanizmebi fsiqikuri strategiebia, romlebsac ego idis gamoxatvis

maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am impulsebis uaryofis moTxovnebs Sorisarsebuli yoveldRiuri konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad iyenebs. fsiqoanalitikurTeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT individismier Zlier Sinagan konfliqtebTan fsiqologiuri gamklavebisas. maTi gamoyenebiTpirovnebas sakuTari me-s sasiamovno, mosaxerxebeli da socialurad misaRebi xatisSenarCuneba SeuZlia. magaliTad, Tu bavSvs iseTi Zlieri siZulvilis grZnoba aqvsmamis mimarT, rom gamoxatvis gzis naxvis SemTxvevaSi saxifaTo iqneba, gandevnamoagvarebs amas da SeiZleba sZlios kidec am grZnobas. SemdgomSi es mtruliimpulsi cnobierad aRar moiTxovs dakmayofilebas da misi arsebobac ki aRariqneba cnobierad mocemuli; Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom impulsi aRar gamoCndebada misi arsebobis Sesaxeb TiTqos aRaranairi niSani ar iqneba, is mainc ar gaqreba.es gandevnili grZnobebi kvlavac mniSvnelovan rols Seasruleben pirovnebisfunqcionirebaSi, magaliTad, mamasTan Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma SeiZlebaTviTRirebulebis gancda aimaRlos da Seamciros aracnobieri SiSi imisa, rommasSi mtrul ganzraxvas aRmoaCenen (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis micema (qulebis miniWeba) da gamoyeneba

SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur

97

erTi Zveli Wilofi, erTi daglejili fardagi (dedaCemis mziTvebi), erTiZveli logini, sami Cinuri jami, erTi qvabi da ori Samfuri.

b) sityvebi da winadadebebi, romlebic moyvanilia damatebiTi SeniSvnis saxiT:rogor momiwonebs kato (kato moses meuRles erqva saxelad), roca getyvi amambavs.

* SeniSvna: frCxilebSi mocemul winadadebas azrobrivi kavSiri ar aqvsam winadadebasTan.

2. aris SemTxvevebi, roca mocemuli winadadeba azrobriv kavSirs amyarebswinadadebasTan, magram damatebiTi, meorexarisxovani SeniSvnis saxiT: TanasworiiaraRiT brZolas ar gaveqcevi (rom gaveqce, sadamdis unda virbino?).

a) stenografiul angariSebSi frCxilebSi Caismis frazebi, romlebic miuTiTebenmsmenelTa damokidebulebasa da azrze: oratoris gamosvla dasrulda(moZraoba darbazSi).

b) frCxilebSi Caismis citirebuli avtoris saxeli, gvari da naSromis saTauricitatis bolos: ̀ cdis pirebi unda yofiliyvnen informirebuli im zegavlenisSesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (baumridi).

g) frCxilebSi Caismis remarkebi dramatul teqstSi: anduyafari (oTaxidan) _vin laparakobs manda?

11. brWyalebi

a) brWyalebSi Caismis citatebi. ilia wers: ̀ qriste RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvisda Cvenc jvars vecviT qristesTvis~.

b) brWyalebSi Caismis gazeTebis, organizaciebis, dawesebulebebis da a.S.saxelwodebebi da saTaurebi: samkiTxvelo darbazSi magidaze ewyo gazeTebi:`kviris palitra~, ̀ alia~, Jurnalebi — ̀ anabeWdi~ da ̀ sarke~.

g) brWyalebSi Caismis ironiulad gamoyenebuli sityvebi: osma Secdoma „Seiswora~_ me wagaqcies, seni wili me, mena.

d) brWyalebSi Caismis barbarizmebi da moZvelebuli sityva-gamoTqmebi: Semawuxeamdeni kiTxviT, „poJolusta~ damexseni.

savarjiSo #8.7: dasviT sasveni niSnebi.

1. ritualis safuZveli ontogenezisSi yalibdeba yoveldRiurad deda-Svilismisalmebidan rac ganviTarebis sruliad sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi arsebebisaTvissasicocxlod aucilebeli emociuri moTxovnilebaa. drois garkveuli intervaliamgvari mzrunvelobis gamovlineba bavSvs uqmnis Tavisi rogorc sasurveli arsebisgancdas da amzadebs imisTvis rom SemdgomSi gaumklavdes separaciisa damitovebulobis gancdas. dedas amgvari ritualizacia exmareba gadalaxosambivalenturoba erTi mxriv bavSvis ganuwyveteli moTxovnebiT gamowveuldiskomforts da meore mxriv Tavgadakluli da mzrunveli dedis gancdebs Sorisrogoric is cdilobs rom iyos (CitaSvili m., 1998.).

2. 1932 wels ki iungi wers ar mqonia arc erTi SemTxveva, rom yvela Cemi pacientiTavisi cxovrebis meore naxevarSi es aris daaxloebiT 35 wlis zemoT ar yofiliyosdakavebuli cxovrebaze saWiro religiuri Sexedulebis ZiebiT. SeiZleba sruliadsarwmunod iTqvas rom TiToeuli gaxda avad radgan dakarges macocxlebelireligia romelic asakis miuxedavad amyarebs mimdevrebs da arc erTi bolomde argankurnebula manamde sanam ar daubrunda Tavis religiur Sexedulebebs. (iungi,1932, gv. 334)

23

visac erTxel mainc unaxavs misi cxviri da sxeuli, is arasodes daaviwydeba.

pirveli reaqcia gaoceba iyo, meore _ misi cxviriT aRfrTovaneba, TiTqos es didisimdidre iyo. misi cxviri, romelic barbara streizandis cxvirze ufro grZeliiyo, saxis udides nawils ikavebda. rodesac is iRimeboda, cxviris garda araferiCanda. mas bevr xalxSic ki cxviriT gamoarCevdnen. wina cxovrebaSi is, albaT, kolian WianWvelaWamia iyo. misi cxviri saparsiviT wvrili iyo. is rom TviTmfrinaviyofiliyo, advilad SeZlebda Rrublebis gakveTas. igi Zalian gamxdari iyo, 10dRis naSimSilars hgavda. amave dros, Zalian bevrs Wamda. visac ki is Wamis drosunaxavs, ukvirda, sad eteoda amdeni sakvebi aseT patara sxeulSi. amis miuxedavad,is sul ufro xdeboda da cxviri sul ufro ugrZeldeboda. erT mSvenier, qariandRes is gafrinda, rogorc meri popinsi (nobutaka macuo).

mTavari winadadeba

inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili

inglisel aristokrats, frensis galtons uWiravs. 1869 wels gamoqveynda misiwigni `geniosobis memkvidreoba~, romelmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinatestirebis meTodebis, Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. galtoniadamianis qcevis Seswavlisas darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda.mas ainteresebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisganmaTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebis mixedviT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic

halucinogenebis anu fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlisrogorc garegani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas. rogorc dasaxelebidanCans, es nivTierebebi xSirad iwveven halucinaciebsa da “me”-sa da “arame”-s SorissazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini (miiRebakaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba sokosgan), LSD da PCP (laboratoriebSisinTezirdeba) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

mTavari winadadeba

fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenas

faqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagandeterminantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isini organizmisSesaxeb gvawvdian informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dispoziciuricvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvicdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis sacobSimoxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdens pirovnebis

98

3. TavisTavad avtoritarizmis ara toleranturobisa da konservatizmis skalebisinterpretirebisas gamoiyeneba cvladebis iseTi sistemebi rogoricaa inteleqti,ganaTleba socialur-ekonomikuri statusi da nacionaluri regioni. yvela amSemTxvevaSi konservatizmis gamoyeneba sruliad sxvadasxva konteqstiT SeiZlebaSegvxvdes.

4. veberi axdens msoflio religiebis klasifikacias misi azriT indoeTi arisTeoriulad da praqtikulad samyarosadmi yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobili religiurieTikis akvani. konfucianeloba piriqiT samyaros mimReblobiT xasiaTdeba. iseTireligiebi rogorebicaa islami da qristianoba samyaros iReben misi gaumjobesebispirobiT.

5. ebi seiqsezi statiaSi RmerTis xati-ganviTarebasTan ganviTarebasTandakavSirebuli perspeqtiva msjelobs RmerTis xatis arsisa da masTan dakavSirebulifsiqologiuri kanonzomierebebis raobis Sesaxeb da am damokidebulebaTaTvalsaCino ilustrirebas axdens pekis ana-maria rizultos hiuston smitisa dasakuTari fsiqoTerapiuli praqtikidan moyvanili magaliTebiT (CitaSvili m., 1998).

6. berlinis xelSekrulebam Cven erTi didi sikeTe SegvZina da am mxriT SarSandeliweliwadi CvenTvis friad Rirsaxsovaria: Cveni Zmebi Cveni sisxlxorci CvenTanerTad ̀ mebrZoli Savis bedisa~ Cvenis gmirebis bude Cvenis uwindelis ganaTlebisada swavlis akvani Cveni Zveli saqarTvelo, _ dRes Cven SemogvierTda, da Tukargad moeqcevian _ vis xelTac aw imaTi bedia, CvenTan iqneba kidec samudamod.warsulma omma bevri sisxli dansTqa qarTvelobasa, bevrma vaJkacma dasdo Tavibevrma Cvenma oficerma Tavisi ymawvilkacobis dReni dalia am omSi, bevri wavida-meTqi am wuTisoflidam TvistomTagan dautirebeli bevri daixoca saxelovanissikvdiliT,_ da maTi saxeli arc ki aravin axsena da aRiara. sawyalno egregulgmirad Tavdadebulno ymawvilkacno Tqven saca Wiri iyo pirvelni iyaviTnebiT Tu uneblied da saca lxini iyo ukanasknelni!... saxeli da dideba Tqvencromelnic bedma sikvdilisagan gixsnaT. (ilia)

22

6. studentobis periodSi bevri saintereso ramis gakeTeba SeiZleba.

7. televizoris yureba sazianoa CvenTvis.

savarjiSo #3.6: dawereT abzaci, romlis Temaa mowevis Cveva, xolo wamyvani azria,rom moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.

mTavari winadadebis amocnoba

amrigad, mTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebasa da wamyvani azris wardgenasemsaxureba. sad unda ganvaTavsoT abzacSi mTavari winadadeba? Cveulebriv, radganmTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebas uzrunvelyofs, umjobesia, is abzacis dasawyisSian dasawyisTan axlos iyos. miuxedavad amisa, abzacis tipidan gamomdinare, mTavariwinadadeba SeiZleba abzacSi sxvadasxva adgilas ganTavsdes (abzacis SuaSi ansulac bolos). zogjer arc Tema da arc wamyvani azri araa erTi winadadebiTgadmocemuli, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri saerTodar aris. aseT abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri igulisxmeba; isini naTlad Cananabzacis ganviTarebaSi. zogadad, ukeTesia, Tu mTavari winadadebebi naTlad,konkretulad iqneba warmodgenili da es ara mxolod imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSiidea naTelia, aramed imitomac, rom is abzacis ganviTarebis mimarTulebisgansazRvraSi dagvexmareba.

savarjiSo #3.7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da miuTiTeT abzacis mTavariwinadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. Tu mTavari winadadebamocemulia, amowereT.

kvlevebisTvis sxva saintereso sferoa gansxvavebis dadgena Sinagan da garegan

motivaciaSi. Cven Sinaganad motivirebulebi varT, rodesac vakeTebT raimes ubralodsiamovnebisTvis an raime konkretuli qcevis gansaxorcieleblad. Cven saabazanoSiimitom ki ar vmReriT, rom taSs velodebiT an fulis Sovnas vcdilobT, aramedimitom, rom mogvwons amis keTeba. Cven imitom vxsniT krosvordebs, vxatavT daTvals vadevnebT mzis Casvlas, rom es jildovdeba. Cven ar velodebiT raimejildos. garegani motivacia, Tavis mxriv, im situaciebs miemarTeba, romlebSic Cvenjildos misaRebad vmoqmedebT. Cven samsaxurSi SeiZleba mxolod imitom davdiodeT,rom fuli gvWirdeba. SeiZleba mxolod imitom viaroT musikaze, rom mSoblebsvasiamovnoT. Cven SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT zrdilobianebi viyoT romelime adamianTan,radgan misgan raRacas veliT (j.p. hiustoni ̀ motivacia~. niu-iorki: makmilani, 1985,gv. 268).

mTavari winadadeba

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Tavi 9. dokumentTavi 9. dokumentTavi 9. dokumentTavi 9. dokumentTavi 9. dokumentis formatis formatis formatis formatis formati socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri socialur

mecnmecnmecnmecnmecnierebebSi amerierebebSi amerierebebSi amerierebebSi amerierebebSi amerikis fsikis fsikis fsikis fsikis fsiqologiuriqologiuriqologiuriqologiuriqologiuriiiii

asociaciisasociaciisasociaciisasociaciisasociaciis (APA) (APA) (APA) (APA) (APA) stststststiliTiliTiliTiliTiliT66666

dokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebidokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebidokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebidokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebidokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebi

Tavfurceli

Tavfurcelze mocemuli unda iyos naSromis sruli dasaxeleba, Tqveni saxelida gvari, kursis dasaxeleba, xelmZRvanelis gvari da saxeli, TariRi. garda amisa,rogorc Tavfurcelze (Tumca, qarTulad Sesrulebul naSromebSi es komponentiyovelTvis ar aris mocemuli), ise mTel naSromSi furclis zeda marjvena mxaresmocemuli unda iyos naSromis mimdinare (anu Semoklebuli) saTauri da gverdisnomeri.

abstraqti

naSromis pirveli nawili, romelsac abstraqti ewodeba, ajamebs kvlevis sakiTxs,meTods, Sedegebsa da daskvnas. Cveulebriv, is erTi abzaciTaa warmodgenili calkegverdze da daaxloebiT 100 sityvas moicavs, romelSic pirveli striqoni ar arisSeweuli.

6 qveTavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Publication Manual of the AmericanPsychological Association, 5 th edition.

nimuSi


daZlevis strategiebisa da

pirovnuli profilis urTierTmimarTeba

avtori: saxeli, gvari

fsiqologia 03

xelmZRvaneli: saxeli, gvari

Tbilisi, 2007

oTxi xazi

xazebs Soris ormagi intervali, centrSi

5 pozicia

½“

21

1. sportis dafinansebis yvelaze didi problema isaa, rom masganaTlebasTan SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben.

2. dabinZureba saSiSia, radgan is ozonis Sres azianebs.

3. studentebis kidev erT problema samsaxuris Sovnaa.

mTavari winadadebis daxvewa

rogorc vnaxeT, Tematuri winadadeba mTavar Temas da wamyvan azrs moicavs,magram es ar aris sakmarisi. wamyvani azri SeZlebisdagvarad naTeli da konkretuliaspeqtisken mimarTuli unda iyos. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:

yavis daleva cudia.

am winadadebis Tema yavis dalevaa, wamyvani azri _ cudia, magram orive sakmaodbundovania da mTel rig SekiTxvebs badebs. visTvis da risTvis aris cudi? cudiayavis nebismieri raodenobiT miReba, Tu misi mxolod didi raodenobiT daleva?mTavari winadadeba ufro konkretuli unda iyos, rac wamyvani azris kargadCamoyalibebiT miiRweva; magaliTad:

orsulebisTvis dReSi erT Wiqaze meti yavis daleva mavnebelia.

savarjiSo #3.4: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli winadadebis wyvilebi da SemoxazeTukeTesi mTavari winadadeba.

1) • universitetSi Cabareba ar aris advili saqme.

• misaRebi gamocdebis dros registracia erT-erTi mtkivneuli procesia.

2) • SesaZloa, `qarwaRebulni~ Zveli filmia, magram mainc kargia.

• filmi `cisferi mTebi~ masSi monawile araCveulebrivi msaxiobebiT gamoirCeva.

3) • Tbilisis axali ubnebis arqiteqtura Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSia.

• quTaisi saintereso qalaqia misi istoriisa da arqiteqturis gamo.

savarjiSo #3.5: mocemulia araswori mTavari winadadebebi. daxveweT isini (SeadgineTabzaci):

nimuSi: honda araCveulebrivi manqanaa.honda ekonomiuri manqanaa.

1. Cemi mSobliuri qalaqi araCveulebrivi adgilia.

2. universitetSi bevri ram aris gasaujobesebeli.

3. varjiSi kargia CvenTvis.

4. manqanis tareba saxifaToa.

5. kompiuterebi sasargebloa.

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Sesavali

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iwyeba naSromis sruli dasaxelebiT (arasavaldebulo)da SesavliT (romlis miTiTebac ar xdeba). Sesavali mokled waradgens sakvlevproblemas, meTods, informaciul fons (sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul sxvakvlevebs) da kvlevis mizans.

abstraqti


abstraqti

pirveli striqoni ar aris Seweuli






oTxi xazi

5 pozicia

½“

centrSi

sami xazi


naSromis pirveli gverdi


daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli

profilis urTierTmimarTeba

xuTi pozicia







5 pozicia

½“

centrSi


20

Tema yovelTvis maqsimalurad unda daakonkretoT, magaliTad, Tema adamiani (ix.suraTi #3.1).

savarjiSo #3.2: daakonkreteT Semdegi Temebi:

• fsiqikuri procesebi

• agresia

• amindi

• Cemi samSoblo

• sigareti

• kompiuteri

mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba

winadadebas, romelic aRwers abzacis Temas, anu romelSic gatarebulia ZiriTadiazri, mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba (Topic sentence) ewodeba. misi funqcia Temis gacnobaa(amitom, rogorc wesi, is abzacis pirveli winadadebaa). garda gacnobisa, kargmTavar winadadebas SeuZlia im Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis Cveneba, romelsacexeba mocemuli abzaci. abzacis Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebas an azrswamyvani azri (controling idea) ewodeba. avtoris damokidebuleba, azri gansazRvravs,Tu ra iqneba abzacSi ganxiluli. abzacis yvela winadadeba wamyvan azrTan undaiyos dakavSirebuli da mas unda ganaviTarebdes. sailustraciod kidev erTxelwavikiTxoT pirveli abzacis mTavari winadadeba:

moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.am abzacis Tema mowevis Cvevaa, wamyvani azri ki isaa, rom is Zviria.mowevis TemasTan dakavSirebiT uamravi azri SeiZleba arsebobdes, maT Soris,

yvelaze gavrcelebuli, albaT, Semdegia: _ moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.

savarjiSo #3.3:3.3:3.3:3.3:3.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli mTavari winadadebebi. xazi gausviTTemas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri.

nimuSi:

kidev erTi gza inflaciis SesaCereblad saxelmwifo biujetis balansirebaa.

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meTodi

naSromis Semdegi nawili, romelsac „meTodi~ ewodeba, gvawodebs detalurinformacias cdis pirebis, cdis masalis, xelsawyoebis, instrumentebis (magaliTad,kiTxvarebis) da proceduris Sesaxeb. dasaxeleba „meTodi~ ilustraciisTvalsazrisiT, pirvel qvesaTaurs warmoadgens. rodesac meore da mesameqvesaTaurebis motanaa saWiro, gamoiyeneT qvemoT mocemuli formati, xazebs Sorisormagi intervaliT:

pirveli qvesaTauri

meore qvesaTauri

mesame qvesaTauri, romelic ukve teqstTan erTadaa mocemuli.

Sedegebi

Sedegebis nawilSi Sejamebulia kvlevaSi mopovebuli monacemebi. mocemuliamaTi analizi da is cxrilebis, grafikebisa da diagramebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.

Sedegebis ganxilva (Discussion) (Discussion) (Discussion) (Discussion) (Discussion)

Sedegebis ganxilva warmoadgens naSromis Semdeg nawils, romelSic mocemuliamonacemTa interpretacia da daskvnebi. rodesac ganxilva Zalian moklea, is SeiZlebagavaerTianoT naSromis wina nawilTan saTauriT: Sedegebi da diskusia.

naSromis sxva formaluri maxasiaTeblebi: _ manZili, gverdebisnumeracia, ilustraciebi

• mindori: marcxniv – 1,5", zemoT – 0,5", danarCeni – 1";

nimuSi

daZlevis strategiebi? *




meTodi xazebs Soris ormagi intervali

SerCeva




19

sacobSi moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdenspirovnebis gareT mimdinare movlenebi. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos anusituaciis (situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsnasurT, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT,rom fsiqologs surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebeliaindividi gansakuTrebiT midrekilia riskisken (dispoziciuri axsna), an zogierTiTanatolTa zewolas ganicdis (situaciuri axsna), an orive faqtori aucilebelia(kombinirebuli axsna) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).

werisTvis momzadeba: Temis gansazRvra/dakonkreteba

xSirad, rodesac dasawerad raime Temas gaZleven, aRmoCndeba, rom es Tema Zalianzogadia Tundac erTi gamarTuli abzacis dasawerad. amitom Tqven undadaakonkretoT Tema. es niSnavs imas, rom Tema unda daiyvanoT erT, SedrebiT viwrosakiTxamde (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000). magaliTad, davalebad gaqvTTemis dawera Tqveni sayvareli adgilis Sesaxeb da Tqven Tbiliss irCevT. SegiZliaTdaweroT ramdenime winadadeba da SeexoT yvelafers, rac mogwonT TbilisSi(mTawminda, Zveli Tbilisi, metexi, sioni, nariyala, universitetis baRi, vakis parki,operis Teatri da a. S.), magram mkiTxvelisTvis ufro saitereso iqneba, Tu erTikonkretuli adgilis Sesaxeb dawerT.

wamlebiantikonvulsantebifenobarbitali

fenobarbitalis gavlena qcevaze

TbilisiRirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi

istoriuli Zeglebimetexi

vTqvaT, davalebad narkotikebisSesaxeb abzacis dawera gaqvT. es sakmaodfarTo Temaa imisaTvis, rom erT abzacSiCaetioT, amitom aucilebelia masTandakavSirebuli konkretuli sakiTxisarCeva.

narkotikebimarixuana

mowevis gavlenagavlena kognitur funqciebze

gavlena mexsierebaze

an, vTqvaT, wamlebis Sesaxeb gaqvTabzaci dasaweri. es Temac Zalze farToaerTi abzacisTvis . amitom aqacaucilebelia am TemasTan dakavSirebulikonkretuli sakiTxis arCeva da misSesaxeb wera.

abzaci exeba

adamiani

fsiqika sxeuli

fsiqikuri procesebi

fiziologiuri

procesebi

kognituri procesebi

mexsiereba

daswavlis kanonzomier

ebebi

sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema

sisxlZarRvebi

arteriuli sisxlZarR

vebi

suraTi #3.1. Tema àdamiani~ _ dakonkretebis nimuSi.

102

• gverdebis nomrebi – mimdinare saTaurTan – marjvena zeda kuTxeSi;

• cxrilebisa da grafikebis danomvra.

literaturis citirebis wesebiliteraturis citirebis wesebiliteraturis citirebis wesebiliteraturis citirebis wesebiliteraturis citirebis wesebi

APA-----is standartis mixedviTis standartis mixedviTis standartis mixedviTis standartis mixedviTis standartis mixedviT

amonaridis motana

40 sityvaze naklebi

40 sityvaze naklebi amonaridi brWyalebSi unda Caisvas da teqstSi unda iyosCarTuli.

jorj vailanti eTanxmeba sociologebs, rom „fsiqiatriuli iarliyebismiwera saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZlia adamianebs saSineli tkivilimiayenos janmrTelobis da fsiqikuri aSlilobebis, fsiqiqikuriaSlilobis da gansxvavebuli qcevis erTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT.~

40 sityvaze meti

40 sityvaze meti amonaridi brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas da teqstSi ar undaiyos CarTuli. is gamoeyofa ZiriTad teqsts zemoT da qvemoT xazebs Sorisormagi intervaliT, xolo citatis striqonebs Soris erTmagi intervaliT.

1994 wels gamocemul wignSi „msoflios mwvervalze~ Jurnalisti rebekastefensi everestze asvlas aRwers:

everestis romantika – ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalzerom avediT, sul cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT – sxvadasxvaerovnebis, sarwmunoebisa da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul Cvengansmwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelazemaRali adgilia msoflioSi da uamravi mizezi arsebobs, romelic miskeniseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu samxreT polusisken daokeanis siRrmeebisken.

avtorTa citireba

1. avtori, romelsac ar moixseniebT teqstSi

milgremis eqsperimentis erT-erTi kritikosi aRniSnavda, rom cdis pirebi„unda yofiliyvnen informirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlomaTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (baumrindi, 1968, gv. 44).

rodesac ar moixseniebT avtors, frCxilebSi CasviT misi gvari da wyaros gamocemisTariRi. rodesac pirdapiri citireba xdeba da ara _ perifrazireba an Sinaarsismokled gadmocema, maSin gverdebic unda mieTiTos. Semadgeneli komponenti, zemoTmoyvanili magaliTis msgavsad, erTmaneTisgan wertilebiT unda gamoiyos). esliteratura ise miuTiTeT, rom gasagebi iyos, Tu romeli wyaro miuTiTeT da ise,rom es xels ar uSlides naSromis wakiTxvas. zemoT mocemul variants aseTiformac SeiZleba mieces:

milgremis eqsperimentis erT-erTi kritikosis SexedulebiT (baumrindi,1968), cdis pirebi „unda yofiliyvnen informirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb,romelic SeeZlo maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (gv. 34).

xuTi pozicia

18

Tavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaci22222

ra aris abzacira aris abzacira aris abzacira aris abzacira aris abzaci

ra aris abzaci? Tqven, albaT, iciT, rom abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelicvizualurad gamoyofilia wina striqonebisgan. pirveli striqoni momdevnostriqonebTan SedarebiT metadaa Seweuli SigniT, vidre sxvebi; Tumca, bunebrivia,es ganmarteba sakmarisi ar aris, abzacis tipisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebisgasagebad. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba abzacSi winadadebebi erTmaneTs,rogor da sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba is. swored am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemaseZRvneba es Tavi.

abzacis Tema

abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelic ayalibebs, aviTarebs erT mTavar ideas,abzacSi Camoyalibebulia erTi Tema an Temis mxolod erTi aspeqti. Tema arisabzacis sagani, sakiTxi (subject), romlis Sesaxebac aris es abzaci. magaliTad, waikiTxeTSemdegi abzaci, romelic sigaretis mowevas exeba:

moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kolofisigareti 1-dan 5 laramde Rirs, xolo mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofsmainc eweva, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT 365 laridan 1695 laramde undadaxarjon, magram yvelaferi amiT ar mTavrdeba. sigaretis mwevlebisTvisac kiarasasiamovno suni aqvs maT tansacmels, avejs, xaliCebsa da fardebs. amis gamomwevlebi ufro xSirad recxaven sakuTar nivTebs, vidre aramwevelebi. miuxedavadimisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom es kidevufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.

am abzacis Temaa sigaretis moweva (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

savarjiSo #3.1: : : : : waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT, ra sakiTxebzeasaubari.

kidev erTi mizezi, ratomac miyvars mdinaris napiri, es misi wynari garemoa,romelic ganmartoebis saSualebas gaZlevs. me iq, mis garda, sxva mowme ara myavs daSemiZlia vilaparako da vifiqro. iq xels aravin miSlis da Tan yovelTvis aris is,vinc mogismens. napiri yvelafers moismens, risi Tqmac ginda. garda amisa, es wynariadgilia, sadac SegiZlia ifiqro da imsjelo; amisaTvis ganmartoebaa saWiro.xSirad, roca dabneuli var, napirze mivdivar. es saukeTeso adgilia Cemikonfliqtebisa da problemebis gadasawyvetad da, saerTod, dasafiqreblad (M. VeronicaPorta).

abzaci exeba

fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenasfaqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagandeterminantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isiniorganizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdian informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebsdispoziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT,rom bavSvi cdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis

2 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., &Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.

103

2. avtori, romelsac moixseniebT teqstSi

baumrindi (1968) aRniSnavda, rom milgremis eqsperimentis cdis pirebi “undayofiliyvnen informirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTzemoexdina eqsperiments (gv. 34).

rodesac Tqven miuTiTebT avtoris gvars, aRar aris saWiro misi miTiTebafrCxilebSi. avtoris gvaris gverdiT miuTiTeT TariRi. Tu mogaqvT citataigive wyarodan imave abzacSi, maSin aRar aris saWiro damowmebis gameoreba,ramdenadac isedac naTelia, rom imave wyaros eyrdnobiT, magaliTad:

baumrindi eqsperimentis logikur dasabuTebasac akritikebs.

3. naSromi, romelsac ori avtori hyavs

pepinski da destefano (1987) miuTiTeben, rom maswavlebelTa metyvelebaSixSirad vlindeba maTi faruli miswrafebebi.

erT-erTi kvlevis Tanaxmad (pepinski da destefano, 1987), maswavlebelTametyvelebaSi xSirad vlindeba maTi miswrafebebi.

rodesac gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTeba inglisur enaze xdeba, teqstSiavtorebis gvarebi `da~ kavSiriT ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, xolo frCxilebSiori avtoris dakavSirebisas ,,&~ simbolo gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, (Pepinsky &DeStefano, 1987).

4. naSromi, romelsac xuTi avtori hyavs

pepinski, duni, smiti, renti da korsoni (1993) aRweren, Tu rogor vlindebaSexedulebebi JestebiT.

pirveli citirebis SemTxvevaSi xuTive (an samive) avtoris gvaris miTiTebaxdeba, rogorc es zemoT moyvanil magaliTSia naCvenebi, xolo meored amaveavtorTa moxseniebisas mxolod pirveli avtoris gvari da `da sxv.~ undamiuTiToT.

pepinsikis da sxv., kvlevaSi (1993) Jestebi Tavis daqnevasac moicavs daTvalebiT kontaqtsac.

rodesac ori an meti wyaro gamoqveynebulia erTsa da imave wels, am SemTxvevaSicimave wesiT xdeba Semokleba da imdeni avtoris gvari unda miuTiToT, ramdenicsaWiroa wyaroebis erTmaneTisgan gasarCevad (magaliTad, pepinsiki, duni da sxv.,1993) da (pepinski, bredli da sxv., 1993).

5. naSromi, romelsac eqvsi an meti avtori hyavs.

erT-erTi kvleva (rutteri da sxv., 1996) cdilobs gansxvavebebis axsnasmozardebis magaliTze.

eqvsi avtoris SemTxvevaSi, pirveli citirebis drosac ki mxolod pirveligvari miuTiTeT, romelsac mosdevs ̀ da sxv.,~. Tu erTsa da imave wels gamocemuliori wyaro gvaqvs, Semokleba imave wesis mixedviT xdeba, rogorc me-4 punqtSiamocemuli.

6. naSromi, romelic avtorTa jgufs ekuTvnis.

adreuli winaswarmetyveleba ar aRmoCnda dasabuTebuli (lorencis kvleva,1997).

17

safexuridan safexurze gadasvla, zogierTi masalis mosaZieblad SeiZlebadaubrundeT weris wina etaps mas Semdeg, rac gadasinjavT ukve daweril abzacs.

Tqven Tavad unda aRmoaCinoT werisTvis momzadebis, monaxazis Sedgenisa dagadasinjvis Tqveneuli saukeTeso gza. zogi momzadebis etaps ufro didxans undeba,zogi monaxazsa da gadasinjvas ufro met dros andomebs. ar arsebobs erTaderTidadgenili swori gza. TandaTanobiT Tavad SeqmniT da ganaviTarebT sakuTarindividualur meTods (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

zogadi fsiqologia

T s u

socialur da politikur mecn. fak.

medicinis fakulteti

fsiqologiis departamenti

sociologiis departamenti

politikis mecnierebaTa departamenti

socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri geografiis departamenti

Jurnalistikis departamenti

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis departamenti

stomatologia

okupaciuri Terapia

samkurnalo saqme

ganviTarebis fsiqologia

socialuri fsiqologia

Sromisa da sainJinro

fsiqologia

suraTi #2.1. asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis magaliTi

104

institutis, saagentos, korporaciis an avtorTa sxva jgufis SemTxvevaSi, jgufissaxelwodeba aRiniSneba, rogorc individualuri saxeli.

7. ucnobi avtoris naSromi

erT-erT statiaSi (`sikvdilis ufleba~, 1997) aRniSnulia, rom . . .

anonimuri naSromis SemTxvevaSi avtoris gvaris nacvlad naSromis saTaurimiuTiTeT. saTauri brWyalebSi unda Caisvas (Tumca, gamoyenebuli literaturisCamonaTvalSi saTauri brWyalebSi ar Caismis).

8. erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma

daaxloebiT 7 wlis asakSi bavSvebi aqtiurad iyeneben Jestebs sakuTarimonayolis efeqturobis gasaZliereblad (Gardnei, 1973a).

erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi TariRiTmkiTxvels awodebT informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel wyaroze saubrobT,magram Tu orive naSromi erTsa da imave wels aris gamoqveynebuli, am SemTxvevaSiweli asoebiTac aRiniSneba (rogorc es zemoT magaliTSia naCvenebi). aseve,aRiniSneba gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSic.

9. sxvadasxva avtoris ori an meti Sroma

ori kvlevis (markoni da hambleni, 1990; herkovici, 1994) Sedegebi aCvenebs,rom...

aseT SemTxvevaSi wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT xdeba.

10. arapirdapiri wyaro

damadasturebeli sabuTebi Cndeba vondis eqsperimentebSi (citirebuliakvlevaSi: markoni da hambleni, 1990).

sityva `citirebuli~ miuTiTebs, rom vondis miTiTebuli kvleva mopovebulia(aRmoCenilia) markonisa da hamblenis kvlevaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturisCamonaTvalSi ki mxolod markoni da hambleni unda miuTiToT.

11. eleqtronuli wyaroebi

fergunsoni da hopkinsi (1998) ar monawileobdnen TvalsaCino mtrulobiseqsperimentSi (abz. 7).

eleqtronuli wyaroebis citireba eqvemdebareba zemoT aRniSnul citirebisstandartebs. miTiTebuli unda iyos avtoris gvari da gamoqveynebis TariRi. mxolodam SemTxvevaSi, amonaridis motanisas, statiisa da wignebisagan gansxvavebiT, gverdisnacvlad abzacis nomeri unda miuTiToT.

sqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvna

sqolio

sqolio avsebs da amdidrebs teqstSi mocemul ZiriTad informacias. sqolioSiar unda iyos mocemuli rTuli, ararelevanturi anda araarsebiTi informacia.vinaidan sqolio mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs, teqstSi misi CarTva mxolodmaSinaa rekomendebuli, rodesac is aZlierebs, amyarebs ZiriTad teqstSi mimdinaremsjelobasa Tu gamoTqmul azrs.

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monaxazis Sedgena

monaxazis Sedgena abzacis an eses realurad weris procesia. mas Semdeg, racmasalas SeagrovebT da zogad gegmas dasaxavT, Tqven mzad xarT sawerad. pirvelimonaxazis werisas miyvebiT ukve Sedgenil zogad gegmas. pirveli monaxazis werisasyuradReba azrebis furcelze gadatanaze gaamaxvileT. am etapze teqstis gramatikulsisworeze zedmetad nu iRelvebT. naweris moculobidan gamomdinare, SeiZlebaramdenjerme scadoT misi dawera.

gadasinjva

pirveli monaxazi realurad mxolod pirveli nabijia saboloo naSromisaken.realuri muSaoba mxolod misi dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba. warmatebulma mweralmaicis, rom weris procesi, ZiriTadad, gadasinjvis procesia. amrigad, Tu Tqven werT,naweris gadasinjvas dro unda dauTmoT. gadasinjva, rogorc wesi, or nawiladiyofa: _ (1) revizireba/gadamuSaveba anu abzacisa Tu eses Sinaarsis Secvla daorganizeba da (2) masSi sityvebisa da winadadebebis redaqtireba.

revizireba/gadamuSaveba

gadamuSaveba naweris xelaxali gaazreba an gadaxedvaa. werisTvis mosamzadebelda monaxazis Seqmnis etapebze, ZiriTadad, ideebis moZiebasa da maT gadmocemazexarT orientirebuli. axla yuradReba msjelobis ganviTarebaze unda gadaitanoT.Tqven unda SeafasoT Tqveni naweri. Zalian kargi iqneba, Tu Tqven garda kidev vinmewaikiTxavs monaxazs da ukukavSirs mogcemT. ukukavSiris miRebis Semdeg SegiZliaTgadawyvitoT, ra saxis cvlilebebi SeitanoT nawerSi. qvemoT mocemulia gadamuSavebisZiriTadi gzebi:

1. damateba. SeiZleba daamatoT masala ideis gansamtkiceblad, an daamatoTwinadadebebi da frazebi ideebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad.

2. Semokleba. SeiZleba SeamoakloT is nawili, romelic ar ukavSirdeba Temasan imeorebs ukve naTqvams.

3. Canacvleba. SeiZleba dagWirdeT Semoklebuli nawilebis Canacvleba.

4. masalis Tanmimdevrobis Secvla. SeiZleba mogindeT winadadebebis an abzacebisTanmimdevrobis Secvla.

savarjiSo #2.2.2.2.2.8: : : : : me-5 savarjiSoSi CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreTerTi Tema. Semdeg asociaciuri rukis gamoyenebiT gamosaxeT Tqveni ideebi. daiwyeTimiT, rom furclis SuaSi wreSi CawereT Tema da imuSaveT mis irgvliv.

redaqtireba

gadamuSavebisas Tqveni ideebis gaZlierebasa da ganmtkicebaze xarT orientirebulni,rac naweris Sinaarss ukavSirdeba. rodesac bolomde kmayofili darCebiT nawerisSinaarsiT, yuradReba im formas unda miaqcioT, romliTac gadmoscemT Tqvensmosazrebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, Seileba zogierTi winadadebis perifrazireba anuredaqtireba dagWirdeT. moaxdineT im winadadebebis perifrazireba, romlebicbundovani an arazustia. Semdeg gramatikulad gamarTeT winadadebebi.

bolo etapia naweris koreqtura. gadaikiTxeT naweri da naxeT, raime Secdoma xom araris gramatikaSi, sityvebis marTlweraSi an punqtuaciaSi, asoebi xom ar gaqvT gamorCenili.

gaxsovdeT, rom weris procesi fleqsiburi, moqnili procesia. Tqven sqematurad,mSralad ar unda misdioT am procesis aRweril safexurebs. piriqiT, unda SeZloT

105

es mcire nawyvetebi, faqtobrivad, mouTiTebs abstraqtulobaze, romelicdamaxasiaTebelia mTlianad msxvilmasStabiani gamokiTxvisaTvis, romelTaanalizi realurad arsebuli adamianebis gamocdilebisa da arCevanisgandamoukideblad xorcieldeba.

sqolioSi mxolod erTi azri unda iyos mocemuli. Tu erTze met abzacs werT anmaTematikuri formula mogyavT, maSin umjobesi iqneba, rom es ZiriTad teqstSi an/da danarTSi gaakeToT da ara sqolioSi.

sqolioSi, aseve, SeiZleba miuTiToT, romel sxva avtorTan SeiZleba ama Tu immasalis moZieba.

miiCnevdnen ra gamokiTxvaTa Sedegebs sargeblianobis motivis uSualosazomad, gutmanma da misma kolegebma amerikis 1976 wlis saprezidentoarCevnebisTvis SeimuSaves indiferentulobis sazomi (sxvaoba am skalaze fordisada karteris maCveneblebs Soris) da gaucxoebis sazomi (kandidatis prioritetisskalaze absoluturi done). miCiganis universitetis 1972-1976 wlebis monacemebisanalizis Sedegad maT daadgines, rom xmis micemis albaTobaze statistikuradmniSvnelovani gavlena hqonda sargeblianobis absolutur dones, magram arakandidatTa Sedarebis sxvaobas.

kargad Sesrulebul naSromSi arsebiTi informacia ZiriTad teqstSi unda iyosmocemuli da ara _ sqolioSi.

cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna

cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna Tavsdeba cxrilis qvemoT, sadac axsnilia cxrilSiwarmodgenili monacemebi an mocemulia damatebiTi informacia maT Sesaxeb.

cxrili N#9.1. liberaluri demokratiis zrda 1990-1995 wlebSi

liberaluri demokratiebi

msoflios mosaxleoba

qveynebi mosaxleoba (milionebiT)

raodenoba

(milionebiT)

demokratiul saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebTa %

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

1995

4

9

18

15

12

26

32

31

35

39

40

130

163

371

346

217

869

1169

1263

1636

2070

2263

1608

n.a.

1860

2008

2294

2516

3019

3693

4450

5246

5765

8

n.a.

20

18

10

34

39

34

37

39

39

SeniSvna: demokratiuli qveynebis monacemTa wyaro iyo londonis ekonomikis skolis samTavrobo politikis kvlevis ganyofilebis masalebi. monacemebi

msoflios mosaxleobis Sesaxeb ix.: Borrie, 1970: 6, 1950-wlidan ki _ `gaero: msoflio mosaxleoba _ molodini da perspeqtivebi~.

15

saqarTvelo-italiis nakrebi gundebis Sexvedra fexburTSi an meore msoflioomis dawyeba.

rogor fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs (garegnoba, suni, gemo, xma, grZnoba)? pirovnebis,adgilis, nivTis an grZnobebis aRwerisas konkretuli garegnuli maxasiaTeblebiunda gamoiyenoT, magaliTad, megobris, sayvareli adgilisa Tu Senobis aRwera.

ra mizezebi arsebobs? ra magaliTebis dasaxelebaa SesaZlebeli? gansaxilvelisakiTxis ilustracia erTi, an meti magaliTis (bavSvTa saxlidan bavSvis Sviladayvanis mcdeloba, sami satelevizio serialis dasaxeleba) moyvanas, an logikurdasabuTebas (ZiriTad sagnad politikuri mecnierebebis arCevis sami mizezi, quCaSimoZraobis wesebis dacvis aucileblobis damasabuTebeli oTxi mizezi) gulisxmobs.

rasTan gaqvT saqme? ras gulisxmobs is da ras gamoricxavs? es kiTxvebigansazRvrebis an ganmartebisTvis dagWirdebaT. naSromSi iseTi abstraqtuli cnebebi,rogorebicaa, magaliTad, samarTali, megobroba, xelovneba gansakuTrebul ganmartebebssaWiroeben.

ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs? analizis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi nawilebad, elementebadiSleba da maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis garCeva xdeba. analizis pirvelietapi kritikulad fiqria.

ramdenad hgavs an gansxvavdeba is sxvebisgan? Sedarebisas ideebs, sagnebs,adamianebs, adgilebsa da a.S. Soris msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi ganixileba, magaliTad,gansxvaveba prezidentobis or kandidats Soris, or kompiuterul sistemas Sorismsgavsebebi.

SeiZleba Tu ara misi Sedareba mkiTxvelisTvis nacnob sxva saganTan? eskiTxva analogiis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. analogia xSirad gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelisTvisucnobi Temis (magaliTad, mTavrobis struqturis) axsnisas nacnob Temaze (magaliTad,ojaxis struqturaze) miTiTebiT.

ratom xdeba es, an ras iwvevs? mizez-Sedegobrivi analizisas unda aixsnas, Turatom moxda raRac, an ra Sedegebi gamoiwvia, anda orive erTad. magaliTad, depresiisganviTarebis mizezebi, an rogor aisaxa sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCenibraldebulis ojaxis wevrebze.

rogor keTdeba? rogor muSaobs? procesis analizisas axsnilia, Tu rogorsruldeba raRac. magaliTad, rogor daiweros argumentirebuli ese, anda rogorxdeba raRac (rogor izrdeba mcenare, rogor muSaobs kompiuteri).

savarjiSo #2.7: : : : : savarjiSoSi #2.5 CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreTerTi Tema. Semdeg CamowereT maqsimalurad bevri kiTxva da upasuxeT maT.

dajgufeba/asociaciuri kavSirebis ruka

dajgufeba Tqveni ideebis vizualuri rukis Seqmnis procesia. is gaTavisuflebTmkacrad sworxazovani Tanmimdevrobisgan. amrigad, is ufro kreatuli fiqrisa daaxali kavSirebis damyarebis saSualebas iZleva. am meTodis gamoyenebisas daiwyeTimiT, rom Sua furcelze daxazeT marTkuTxedi da masSi CawereT arCeuli Tema.Semdeg daxazeT meore marTkuTxedi, masSi TemasTan dakavSirebuli idea CawereTda xaziT SeaerTeT Temis marTkuTxedTan. Semdeg am ideasTan asocirebuli ideebidawereT, isinic SemoxazeT da SeaerTeT wina ideasTan. ganagrZeT manam, sanam ideebiar gamogelevaT. rodesac daasrulebT, SeiswavleT Tqven mier Seqmnili ruka, raTakidev gagiCndeT axali Sexedulebebi Tqveni Temis irgvliv da dainaxoT ideaTaurTierTdamokidebuleba (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

qvemoT mocemulia dajgufebis anu asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis magaliTi (ix.suraTi #2.1). avtors SeuZlia eses dawera Tsu socialur da politikur mecnierebaTafakultetis struqturis Sesaxeb.

106

cxrilebi da suraTebicxrilebi da suraTebicxrilebi da suraTebicxrilebi da suraTebicxrilebi da suraTebi

cxrilebi

cxrilebi Tu teqsturi masala

cxrilebi mkvlevars didi raodenobiT monacemebis kompaqturad, moxerxebuladwarmodgenis saSualebas aZlevs. cxrilebSi, rogorc wesi, konkretuli ricxobrivimonacemebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT dalagebul svetebad da mwkrivebadaawamodgenili, rac aiolebs maT urTierTSedarebas.

ramdenime mosazrebis gamo xelsayrelia, rom winaswar gaiazroT da gadawyvitoT,ramden cxrils CarTavT naSromSi; kerZod:

1. Tu naSromSi didi raodenobiT cxrilebi geqnebaT, mkiTxvels SeiZlebagauWirdes maTi daxarisxeba da Tvali veRar miadevnos Tqvens azrebs.

2. araTanabari gadanawileba cxrilebsa da teqsts Soris _ bevri cxrili damcire moculobis teqsti _ SeiZleba problemebis winapiroba gaxdes naSromisformaluri mxaris gaformebisas, rodesac verbaluri nawili xSirad wydebacxriliT, mkiTxvels uWirs xolme teqstis Tanmimdevrulad aRqma da avtorislogikuri jaWvisTvis Tvalis midevneba.

3. cxrilebis Casma arTulebs naSromis formalur organizebas da amitomcxrilebiT mdidari naSromis dabeWdva ufro Zviri jdeba, vidre cxrilebiTnaklebad datvirTuli teqstia.

amitom teqstis gasamartiveblad cxrilebis saxiT mxolod yvelaze arsebiTi,SinaarsTan uSualod dakavSirebuli monacemebi moitaneT.

naklebefeqturi varianti:

normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me-s aRwerisas mozardTa 91% eTanxmebadebulebas: „normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob~, gamokiTxul mozardTa90% siamovnebas iRebs cxovrebisgan; gamokiTxulTa igive raodenoba, Cveulebriv,akontrolebs Tavs, 86% Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad grZnobs, erTi procentiTnaklebi mozardebi, ZiriTadad, bednierebi arian da, bolos, mxolod 83%-saniWebs kargi xumroba siamovnebas, rodesac sevdiani da mowyenilia.

ufro efeqturi varianti:

mkiTxvelisTvis gacilebiT ioli iqneba am Sedegebis aRqma da gaazreba, rodesacisini cxrilSia mocemuli, Tumca rodesac monacemebi uCveulod cotaa (erTi svetian mwkrivi), maSin umjobesia, rom isini teqstSi CarToT da ar gaitanoT calkecxrilad.

gansazRvreT im monacemTa raodenoba, romlis motanac aucilebelia teqstSimimdinare msjelobis gasagebad da Semdeg gadawyviteT, cxrilis an grafikis saxiTwarmoadgenT maT Tu teqstSi CarTavT. araarsebiTi an ukiduresad detalizebulimonacemebi SeiZleba saerTod amoiRoT naSromidan anda danarTSi gaitanoT.

cxrilebi, romlebSic raodenobrivi monacemebia warmodgenili, mxolod maSinaaefeqturi, rodesac monacemebi gasagebad, naTlad da iolad aRsaqmeladaaorganizebuli. cxrilSi Sesadarebeli erTeulebi (magaliTad, saSualo, standartuligadaxra, SerCevis zoma da a.S.) erTmaneTis gverdiT unda ganTavsdes. am principis

14

TavSi mogdiT. nu dabrundebiT ukan da nu gadaikiTxavT. Tavisufali weris drosdaisaxeT mizani, magaliTad, weroT 15 wuTi an daweroT 5 gverdi. Semdeg wereTuwyvetad manam, sanam ar miaRwevT dasaxul mizans. dasrulebis Semdeg gadaikiTxeTnaweri da moZebneT saintereso ideebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, sasargeblo aRmoCndesTqvenTvis (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

qvemoT mocemulia Tavisufali weris magaliTi.

Cemi pirveli dRe universitetSi

maxsovs, rogor davikarge universitetis korpusSi. 17 wlis viyavi. ZalianvRelavdi... aravis vicnobdi. romeliRac sarTulze aRmovCndi. didi kibeebi...SoTa rusTavelis biusti... Tu ara? ar maxsovs. SeiZleba, raRac sainteresodavinaxe. amis Semdeg mxolod is maxsovs, rom kibis TavTan Cemnairi dabneulibavSvebi idgnen. gamixarda maTi danaxva. jinsebi mecva. mec im bavSvebTandavdeqi. auditorias eZebdnen. ise vRelavdi, ar vici, ratom, aRar maxsovs,rogor aRmovCndi leqciaze...

savarjiSo #2.2.2.2.2.6: airCieT erT-erTi Tema; Tavisufali wera, 5 wuTi.

• Cemi saukeTeso megobari

• universiteti

• qarTuli tradiciebi

• Cemi skola

• bavSvobis yvelaze naTeli mogoneba

• Cemi sayvareli saqme

kiTxvebi

rodesac iwereba sagazeTo statiebi, pirvelsave winadadebaSi avtorebi cdilobenupasuxon Semdeg kiTxvebs: _ vin, ra, rodis, sad, ratom da xandaxan rogor. Tqvenimave kiTxvebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT naSromisTvis masalis mosagroveblad. amkiTxvebis dasma Tqveni Temis sxvadasxva mxridan danaxvisa da Tqveni poziciisukeT garkvevis saSualebas mogcemT. am meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi dawereTrac SeiZleba bevri kiTxva. Semdeg TiToeul maTgans SeZlebisdagvarad srulipasuxi gaeciT (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

qvemoT mocemulia kiTxvebis magaliTebi, romelTac Jurnalisti svams siuJetismomzadebis procesSi.

vin? sad moxda?

ra moxda? ratom moxda?

ra Sedegi miiRes? rogor moxda?

rodis moxda?

es kiTxvebi SeiZleba maSinac gamogadgeT, rodesac naSromis Temis arCevascdilobT, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac raRacis Txrobas isaxavT miznad anmovlenis mizezebsa da Sedegebze gsurT saubari (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & KozirevJ.R, 2000).

miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es SekiTxva erTi movlenis Sesaxeb informaciismogrovebisTvisaa mowodebuli, konkretuli davalebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,SesaZlebelia Tqven mxolod zogierTi maTgani dagWirdeT. magaliTad (Fowler H.R;Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000):

rogor moxda? Tu Tqveni davaleba Txrobas moiTxovs, maSin Tqvenma naSrommaunda upasuxos am kiTxvas da ambavi qronologiurad unda daalagoT, magaliTad,

107

mixedviT, sxvadasxva maCvenebeli cxrilis sxvadasxva nawilSi Tavsdeba. cxrilSi#9.3. swored am principiTaa monacemebi dalagebuli.

cxrilisa da teqstis urTierTmimarTeba

informaciuli cxrili avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas. mkiTxvels teqstSiunda miuTiToT cxrilze da uTxraT, Tu ras miaqcios yuradReba. teqstSi mxolodcxrilis yvelaze gamokveTili nawilebi gaarCieT. Tu cxrilSi motanil mTelmasalas teqstSi gaarCevT, maSin cxrili aRaraferSi gWirdebaT.

darwmundiT, rom cxrili TavisTavad gasagebi unda iyos. TiToeuli cxriliteqstSi unda iyos integrirebuli, magram teqstis gareSec sruliad gasagebi undaiyos. ganmarteT yvela abreviatura (gamonaklisia iseTi statistikuri abreviaturebi,rogoricaa M, SD da df), gamokveTili teqstisa Tu frCxilebis mniSvneloba. yovelTvismiuTiTeT sazomi erTeulebi.

cxrili #9.2. normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me

debuleba

mozardTa procenti, romelic eTanxmeba TiToeul debulebas

normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob.

siamovnebas viReb cxovrebisagan.

Cveulebriv, Tavs vakontroleb.

Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad vgrZnob.

ZiriTadad, bednieri var.

kargi xumroba maSinac maniWebs siamovnebas, roca sevdiani, mowyenili var.

91

90

90

86

85

83 SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia r. gerigi, f. zimbardo `fsiqologia da cxovreba~, 2007

cxrili #9.3. SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba

SeuzRudavi kveba

SezRuduli kveba gansxvaveba

gemrieli namcxvrebi

sakontrolo jgufi

mSfoTvare jgufi

6.2

5.1

5.1

7.6

-1.1

+2.5

ugemuri namcxvrebi

sakontrolo jgufi

mSfoTvare jgufi

3.0

2.7

2.6

3.7

-0.4

+1.0

SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia r. gerigi, f. zimbardo, `fsiqologia da cxovreba~, 2007

13

ideebis generirebisTvis gamosadegi zogierTi meTodi. isini gamogadgebaT maSin,rodesac pirvelad daiwyebT fiqrs Temis Sesaxeb da yovelTvis, rodesac ideebiSemogakldebaT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom araa aucilebeli yovel jerze qvemoTaRwerili yvela meTodis erTdroulad gamoyeneba. isini urTierTSenacvlebadi daurTierTSemavsebeli SeiZleba iyos yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. Tqven irCevT im

meTods, romelic ufro mosaxerxebelia TqvenTvis yovel konkretul situaciaSi.

gonebrivi ieriSi

gonebrivi ieriSi ideebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisa da azrovnebis stimulirebissaSualebaa. gonebrivi ieriSi gulisxmobs erTi sityviT an fraziT dawyebas daazrebis nebismieri, Tavisufali mimarTulebiT gaSlas. garkveuli drois manZilzenu cdilobT, rom logikurad ifiqroT da SeecadeT, SeZlebisdagvarad swrafadCamoweroT nebismieri idea an azri, romelic TavSi mogivaT, maTi gadaxedvisa dawesrigSi moyvanis gareSe. garkveuli drois Semdeg gadaxedeT Camoweril ideebsda naxeT, ukavSirdeba Tu ara erTmaneTs ramdenime idea da ramdenad SesaZlebeliamaTi dajgufeba. Tu moaxerxebT amis gakeTebas, ideebis dajgufeba mogawvdiT Temasan sferos, romelzec SeZlebT weras. gonebrivi ieriSis gamoyeneba SegiZliaTerTi konkretuli Temis an daumTavrebel naSromSi meti magaliTebis moZiebisTvis(Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).

qvemoT mocemulia gonebrivi ieriSis magaliTi. studentma gonebrivi ieriSiTCamowerili ideebis CamonaTvalSi varskvlaviT (*) aRniSna is ideebi, romelTacgamoiyenebs universitetSi saswavlo procesis aRwerisas.

saswavlo procesi universitetSi

savarjiSo #2.5: qvemoT CamoTvlili Temebidan gonebrivi ieriSisTvis airCieT 1 an2 maTgani da swrafad imuSaveT 15 wuTis manZilze. Semdeg damoukideblad daajgufeTideebi. SeadareT Tqven mier gamoyofili jgufebi sxvebisas. yuradReba miaqcieT,rom sxvadasxva avtori erTi da imave Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtze amaxvilebsyuradRebas.

Tavisufali wera

Tavisufali wera SeuCereblad weraa. es niSnavs, rom werT imas, rac TavSimogdiT imaze fiqris gareSe, Tu ramdenad kargad da sworad werT. am meTodismizania Tqveni gonebis gaTavisufleba emociebisgan. amitom Tavisufali werisdros nu gawyvetT ideaTa da azrTa nakads. zustad ise CawereT isini, rogorc

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108

cxrilis miTiTeba teqstSi. teqstSi cxrilebi maTi nomrebiT moixsenieT:

rogorc aris cxrilSi #8 mocemuli, cdis pirTa...

gamokiTxulTa naxevari aRiarebs (ix. cxrili #8), rom...

ar gamoiyenoT frazebi `zemoT/qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi~ an `32-e gverdzewarmodgenil cxrilSi~, vinaidan naSromis sxvadasxvagvari formatirebisasyovelTvis SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc cxrilis adgilmdebareoba teqstSi, ise _gverdebis numeracia.

cxrilebis urTierTmimarTeba

SeecadeT, rom ar gaimeoroT monacemebi sxvadasxva cxrilSi da erTad warmoadginoT.Cveulebriv, monacemTa identuri mwkrivebi an svetebi ar unda meordebodes or anmet cxrilSi.

erT naSromSi warmodgenili yvela cxrili erTnairad unda iyos formatirebuli,raTa gaioldes maTi aRqma da maTSi warmodgenili monacemebis Sedareba. gamoiyeneTerTnairi formati, dasaxeleba, saTaurebi da terminologia (magaliTad, saSualomaCvenebeli an centraluri tendenciis maCvenebeli).

cxrilebis danomvra

cxrilebi yovelTvis inomreba arabuli cifrebiT.

cxrili N2, cxrili N3 cxrili N4 da a.S.

da ara: cxrili 2, cxrili 2a, cxrili 2b da a.S.

cxrilebis dasaxeleba

TiToeul cxrils mokle, magram gasagebi da axsniTi saTauri unda hqondes.

zedmetad telegrafuli:

kolejis ZiriTad sagansa da Sedegebs Soris damokidebuleba (gaugebaria, ratipis monacemebia cxrilSi warmodgenili).

zedmetad detalizebuli:

kolejis studentebis mier ZiriTad saganSi _ fsiqologiaSi, fizikaSi,inglisursa da maTematikaSi miRebuli saSualo qulebi A, B da C testebSi (aqmeordeba cxrilis nawilebis saTaurebiT gadmocemuli informacia).

kargi:

kolejis sxvadasxva ZiriTad sagnebSi studentebis mier miRebuli saSualoSefasebebi.

cxrilSi an mis romelime saTaurSi mocemuli abreviatura SeiZleba cxrilisdasaxelebaSi frCxilebSi iyos motanili.

Tematuri apercepciis testiT (TAT) miRebuli Sedegebi.

10

da Tqveni mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, mkiTxveli elis, rom Tqveni toniformaluri an araformaluri iqneba. naSromSi asaxuli ganwyoba SeiZlebaseriozuli, mSvidi, amaRelvebeli, gamaRizianebeli an sasixarulo iyos.

savarjiSo #2.3: qvemoT mocemuli Temebidan airCieT erTi da TiToeuli tipismkiTxvelisTvis upasuxeT cxrilSi #3 mocemul kiTxvebs. gansazRvreT oTximosazreba, romelsac naSromSi moitandiT, SearCieT roli da toni TiToeulitipis mkiTxvelisTvis.

1. mowevis gavlena. mkiTxveli: saSualo skolis moswavleebi damozrdili mwevlebi;

2. Tqveni mosazreba socialuri dazRvevis Sesaxeb. mkiTxveli:dazRvevis mqone individebi da dazRvevis armqone individebi,romlebic ar endobian socialur dazRvevas;

3. ratom unda gaiyvanon ezodan Tqvenma mezoblebma avtoavariaSidamtvreuli manqana. mkiTxveli: Tqveni mezoblebi da raionisgamgebeli.

cxrili #2.3. kiTxvebi, romlebic mkiTxvelis tipis gansazRvraSi dagexmarebaT

• vin aris Cemi mkiTxveli?

• ratom waikiTxavs mkiTxveli Cems naSroms? ras elis is?

• ra msurs, rom mkiTxvelma icodes an moimoqmedos Cemi naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg da rogor gavagebino mas es?

• rogori mkiTxvelisTvisaa gankuTvnili Cemi naSromis Tema da mizani? magaliTad:

− asaki an sqesi;

− saqmianoba: studentebi, kolegebi da a.S.

− socialuri an ekonomikuri statusi: mozardebi, manqanis myidvelebi, potenciuri damqiraveblebi da a.S.

− ganaTleba: moswavle, studenti, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone da a.S.

− eTnikuri kuTvnileba: afrikeli, kavkasieli da a.S.

− politikuri da/an religiuri kuTvnileba, moraluri Rirebulebebi da rwmena: memarjvene, konservatori, qristiani. budisti da a.S.

− hobi da interesebi: nadiroba, koleqcioneroba, xelsaqme da a.S.

• ra gavlenas moaxdens mkiTxvelis maxasiaTeblebi sakiTxisadmi mis damokidebulebaze?

• amJamad ra icis an ra ar icis mkiTxvelma Cem mier wardgenili sakiTxis Sesaxeb? ramdenad didi masala unda mivawodo mas?

• Tu Cem mier wardgenili sakiTxi specifikuri enis an terminebis gamoyenebas saWiroebs, ramdenad SemiZlia maTi gamoyeneba an ganmarteba?

• romelma mosazrebebma, ideebma an informaciam SeiZleba gaakvirvos mkiTxveli? aaRelvos? Seuracxhyos? ra unda gavakeTo am dros?

• ra SeiZleba esmodes mkiTxvels arasworad Cem mier wardgenil sakiTxTan an Cemeul xedvasTan dakavSirebiT? rogor SemiZlia amis gamosworeba?

• ra urTierToba maqvs mkiTxvelTan? ramdenad formalur an araformalur nawers moelis igi Cemgan? ra roli da rogori toni unda SevarCio?

• rogor moepyroba mkiTxveli Cems naSroms? unda velodo, rom igi TiToeul sityvas guldasmiT waikiTxavs da zedmiwevniT gaiazrebs, mxolod gadaxedavs axali informaciis mosaZieblad Tu mxolod daskvnebs gaiTvaliswinebs? rogor unda Camovayalibo saTaurebi, Sejameba da sxva elementebi?

111

suraTebi

ramdenad gvWirdeba suraTi

APA-is standartiT Sesrulebul naSromebSi cxrilisgan gansxvavebulinebismiri tipis ilustracias suraTi (figure) ewodeba. suraTi SeiZleba iyos diagrama,grafiki, foto, naxati an sxva gamosaxuleba.

JurnalebSi raodenobrivi monacemebis aRsawerad xSirad cxrilebs aniWebenxolme upiratesobas, vinaidan maTSi zusti, konkretuli informaciaa mocemuli,suraTebze, ki, Cveulebisamebr, mkiTxvelma unda Seafasos monacemis mniSvneloba;Tumca, meore mxriv, suraTze erTi SexedviTac kargad Cans Sedegebis paterni. isinigansakuTrebiT gamosadegia or cvlads Soris mimarTebis (an am mimarTebisararsebobis) da arawrfivi damokidebulebis aRsawerad. garda amisa, kargadmomzadebuli suraTi SeiZleba teqstze ufro struqturirebulad an TvalsaCinodgadmogvcemdes ama Tu im Sedegsa Tu cnebas.

naSromis Seqmnisas suraTis gamoyenebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gamosadegiaSemdeg kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema:

• ra azris gadmocema gsurT suraTiT?

• aucilebelia suraTis gamoyeneba? Tu is imeorebs teqsts, maSin ar gWirdebaT.Tu avsebs teqsts an lakonurad gadmoscems xangrZliv msjelobas, maSin isinformaciis gadmocemis optimaluri saSualeba SeiZleba iyos.

• Tqveni miznisTvis romeli tipis suraTia (grafiki, diagrama, ruka, foto Tusxva rame) yvelaze adekvaturi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara martivi grafikiT gadmoicesTqveni azri da ar dagWirdeT ZviradRirebuli fotoebis gamoyeneba?

suraTis standartebi

kargi suraTis standartia simartive, TvalsaCinooba da Tanmimdevruloba. kargi suraTi:

• avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas;

• mxolod arsebiT faqtebs aRwers;

• ar moicavs vizualurad yuradRebis gamfantav detalebs;

• martivia wasakiTxad – misi elementebi (tipi, xazebi, dasaxelebebi, simboloebida a.S.) sakmarisad didi zomisaa, rom nabeWdi saxiT wakiTxvadi iyos;

• martivia gasagebad – misi mizani TvalsaCinodaa mocemuli;

• konsistenturia – erT naSromSi erTnairi stiliT Sesrulebuli msgavsisuraTebia. sxva sityvebiT, erTnairi zomis asoebiT gakeTebuli warwerebi,erTnairi sisqis xazebi da erTi tipis vizualuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvT;

• detalurad damuSavebuli da momzadebulia.

suraTis tipebi

mkiTxvelisTvis monacemebiswarsadgenad sxvadasxva saxissuraTebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT.zogjer saWiro tipis suraTisarCeva martivia, zogjer ki – ara.kargad momzadebuli suraTebiSedegebis mTlian paternsdasamaxsovrebels xdis.

suraTi #2

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JurnalSi dasabeWdi statiis SemTxvevaSi ki _ samecniero sazogadoeba, romelicmocemuli sakiTxiTaa dainteresebuli.

Tu Sesasrulebeli naSromi ar moiazrebs mkiTxvels, Tqven Tavad SegiZliaTsavaraudo mkiTxvelis gansazRvra. magaliTad, aRwerilobiTi teqstis mkiTxveliSeiZleba Tqveni jgufelebi, megobrebi an mSoblebi iyvnen.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, vinc ar unda iyos Tqveni mkiTxveli, misi gansazRvrayovelTvis dagexmarebaT saTqmelis formulirebaSi, saTanado stilis, sityvebisada frazebis arCevaSi.

mkiTxvelis moTxovnebi

Tqven, rogorc mkiTxvelma, iciT, rom mkiTxvels sWirdeba:

• konteqsti: kavSiri Tqvens naSromSi wakiTxuls, sakuTar codnasa dagamocdilebas Soris;

• prognozireba: avtoris miznisa da am miznis miRwevis gzebis codna;

• informacia: konkretuli faqtebi, magaliTebi da sxva detalebi,romlebic sakiTxs gasagebs, xelSesaxebs, sainteresosa dadamajerebels xdian;

• pativiscema: gancda imisa, rom avtori pativs scems mkiTxvelisSexedulebebs, Rirebulebebs da rwmenas, mis gamocdilebasa dagonebriv SesaZleblobebs;

• xma, toni: gancda imisa, rom avtori realuri, cocxali adamiania;

• lakonuroba da sicxade: naSromSi ar unda iyos gaugebrobebi daSecdomebi.

akademiur weraSi mkiTxvelis interesebisa da Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebaerT-erTi aucilebeli moTxovnaa, romelsac naSromi unda akmayofilebdes, radganmkiTxvelis Tavisebureba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs naSromis Sinaarss,struqturasa da tons. cxrilSi #2.3 mocemulia kiTxvebi, romlebic mkiTxvelistipis gansazRvrisTvis gamogadgebaT.

gaiTvaliswineT mkiTxveli

mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswineba Tqven mier Seqmnili naSromis sam ZiriTad elementzeimoqmedebs; es elementebia:

• konkretuli informacia, romelsac mkiTxvelis yuradRebis misapyrobad daSesanarCuneblad iyenebT da romelic mkiTxvels Tqveni daskvnebismarTebulobaSi arwmunebs. es informacia SeiZleba Sedgebodes konkretulidetalebisgan, faqtebisgan, magaliTebisgan an nebismieri sxva TvalsaCinoebisgan,romelic gaamyarebs da gasagebs gaxdis Tqvens mosazrebebs da, amasTanave,mkiTxvelis gamocdilebis, konkretuli interesebisa da mikerZoebebisSesabamisi iqneba.

• roli, romelsac irCevT mkiTxvelTan mimarTebaSi. Tqveni miznidan dagansaxilveli sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebidan gamomdinare, Tqven gendomebaT,rom mkiTxvelma garkveuli xedvis kuTxidan aRgiqvaT Tqven da Tqvenidamokidebuleba. SesaZlo roli mravalgvaria. es SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,portretisti, mTxrobeli, leqtori, damcveli, interpretatori da a.S.

• toni, romelsac iyenebT. tons werisas igive datvirTva aqvs, rac saubrisas _furcelze dawerili sityvebi da winadadebebis struqtura iseTsaveinformacias Seicavs, rogorsac xmis tembri da simaRle. weris procesidan

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grafiki monacemTa simravleebs Soris mimarTebebs – Sedarebasa da ganawilebas– gviCvenebs anda SeiZleba gviCvenebdes, magaliTad, maT absolutur mniSvnelobebs,procentul ganawilebasa Tu indeqsebs. grafikSi xazebi gasagebad unda iyosmocemuli da masSi ar unda iyos zedmeti detalebi. informacia horizontalur davertikalur RerZebze mzardi TanmimdevrobiT da Sedarebadi erTeulebiT undaiyos warmodgenili.

•svetebiani grafiki gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac damoukidebeli cvladikategorialuria (magaliTad, sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli situacia. ix. suraTi #3).

• wriuli diagrama (pie) procentuli ganawilebisa da proporciis saCvenebladgamoiyeneba. Sesadarebeli erTeulebis raodenoba xuTs ar unda aRematebodes.segmentebi klebadi TanmimdevrobiT unda iyos dalagebuli, yvelaze didi segmentiki vertikaluri xazidan iwyebodes.

suraTis identificireba da teqstSi moxsenieba

suraTebi arabuli cifrebiT aRiniSneba da inomreba teqstSi moxseniebisTanmimdevrobiT (anu suraTi #1, suraTi #2 da a.S.) suraTs nomeri ewereba zedamarjvena kuTxeSi.

teqstSi moxseniebis wesebi:

rogorc me–2 suraTzea naCvenebi, es damokidebuleba. . .

maT Soris aRmoCnda mWidro kavSiri (ix. suraTi #2).

ar gamoiyenoT frazebi „zemoT mocemul suraTze~ an „me-12 gverdze mocemulsuraTze~, vinaidan suraTis mdebareoba da gverdebis numeracia SeiZleba Seicvalos.

suraTis nomers Tan unda axldes dasaxeleba, romelic unda iyos sakmaoddetaluri da amomwuravi.

suraTi N3

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• gafantvis grafiki calkeuliwertilebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic erTimovlenis calkeul an ori cvladis(abscisasa da ordinataze gadazomil)mniSvnelobebs warmoadgenen (ix. suraTiN1 ) . wertilebis mniSvnelovaniklasterebi korelaciebs asaxaven.magaliTad, diagonalis gaswvriv dajgu-febuli wertilebi wrfiv korelaciasgamosaxaven, xolo Tu wertilebi zustaddiagonalis wrfeze lagdebian, maSinkorelaciis koeficienti mis maqsimalurmnSvnelobas +1-s utoldeba.

suraTi N4

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• wrfivi grafiki or raodenobrivcvlads Soris damokidebulebissaCveneblad gamoiyeneba. damoukidebelicvladi horizontalur RerZzegadaizomeba, damokidebuli ki –vertikalurze (ix. suraTi #2). RerZebzedanayofebi sazomis erTeulebsgviCvenebs. RerZebiT aRniSnuli skalebiSeiZleba iyos wrfivi, logariTmuli anlogariTmul–wrfivi.

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• SerCeuli Tema unda Seesabamebodes miRebul davalebas;

• Tema arc Zalze zogadi unda iyos da arc metad konkretuli; undaSeesabamebodes naSromis moculobasa da Sesrulebis vadebs;

• Tema unda gainteresebdeT.

naSromis Temis misadageba Tqvens interesebsa da arsebulgamocdilebasTan

zogierTi davaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, laboratoriuli kvlevis angariSian SemTxvevis ganxilva politikur mecnierebaSi, sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis mwirsaSualebas iZleva, Tumca, erTi SexedviT, Zalze xist da mosawyen sakiTxebzemuSaobis drosac SegiZliaT, garkveulwilad, Tavisufali iyoT, magaliTad, Tuunda daweroT ori nacnobi adamianis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba, Sesadarebeliadamianebisa da maTi Sedarebis xerxebis SerCeva Tqveni prerogativaa; aseve, Tqvenzeadamokidebuli, ubralod dawerT davalebas, Tu weriT isiamovnebT da bevr axalTvisebasac aRmoaCenT am adamianebSi.

rodesac davalebaSi ar aris Tema dakonkretebuli, is Tqvens gamocdilebasada interesTa sferoSi SegiZliaT moiZioT. qvemoT mocemulia savaraudo kiTxvebi,romlebic SeiZleba naSromis Temis SerCevisas gaCndes.

• romeli Temaa TqvenTvis nacnobi an romeli Tema gainteresebT? es SeiZlebaiyos sporti, umuSevroba Tqvens qalaqSi, klasikuri musika da a.S.

• uaxloes warsulSi monawileoba xom ar migiRiaT romelime sainteresodiskusiaSi? es SeiZleba iyos cvlilebebi qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobaSi,sauniversiteto swavlebis reformirebis warmatebuloba, universitetSifsiqologiuri samsaxuris arsebobis aucilebloba da a.S.

• ra waikiTxeT an naxeT am bolo dros? es SeiZleba iyos Zalian sainteresowigni, sasacilo filmi, skandaluri telegadacema da a.S.

• ra gaxarebT an ra gwyinT? es SeiZleba iyos Tqveni hobi, mezoblebis qceva,xmauri quCaSi da a.S.

naSromisTvis SerCeuli Temisa da Sesasrulebeli davalebisSesabamisbaSi moyvana

davalebis miRebis Semdeg yuradRebiT waikiTxeT is da SeecadeT misiadekvaturi Tema SearCioT. amaSi qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi dagexmarebaT.

• ras moiTxoven Cemgan? mravali werilobiTi davaleba moicavs iseT sityvebs,rogorebicaa ganixileT, aRwereT, gaaanalizeT, warmoadgineT, moaxdineTinterpretacia, axseniT, gansazRvreT, daasabuTeT an SeafaseT. es sityvebimigiTiTeben, Tu rogor unda miudgeT Temas, rogor azrovnebas moelianTqvengan da ra zogadi mizani unda daisaxoT.

• visTvis werT? zogierT davalebaSi dakonkretebulia mkiTxvelis vinaoba,Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tqven Tavad unda gansazRvroT, Tu vin iqneba TqvenimkiTxveli _ iqneba es mTeli sazogadoeba, Tanakurselebi, Tqveni ufrosi,instruqtori, universitetis studentoba, romelime sxva jgufi, Tu individi.

• ra tipis kvleva mogeTxovebaT? zogjer davalebaSi miTiTebulia, Tu ratipis literaturiT unda isargebloT. am wyaroebis gamoyeneba naSromissakiTxis mosaZiebladac SeiZleba.

• saWiroebs Tu ara davalebis Tema Semdgom dakonkretebas, raTa naSromismoculobisa da Sesrulebis vadebis moTxovnebi daakmayofiloT?

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organizacia

wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT gvarebis mixedviT xdeba. Tu Sromisavtori ar aris aRniSnuli, maSin miTiTeba saTauris pirveli sityvebis mixedviTxdeba.

xazebs Soris intervali

xazebs Soris ormagi intervali (Tumca qarTulSi erTnaxevaric dasaSvebia _SesaTanxmebelia xelmZRvanelTan).

abzacis pirveli Seweuli striqoni (indention) (indention) (indention) (indention) (indention)

TiToeuli striqonisTvis Sesabamisi abzaci unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. APA-isstiliT rekomendebulia TiToeuli wyaros pirveli striqonisTvis 5–7 poziciisgamotoveba.


Tumca arsebobs meore variantic: roca miTiTebul literaturaSi pirvelstriqonSi pirveli sityva, piriqiT, gamoweulia da meore striqoni 5 poziciiTSeweulia.


hkiTxeT xelmZRvanels, romeli variantis gamoyeneba gevalebaT.

avtorebi

pirvelad unda miuTiToT avtoris gvari, Semdeg saxeli (erTmaneTisgan mZimeebiTgamoiyofa). rogorc wesi, saxelis (aseve, meore saxelis) misaTiTeblad inicialebigamoiyeneba. bolo avtoris gvaris win & kavSiri iwereba.

gamocemis TariRi

gamocemis weli unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi avtoris an avtorebis gvarebisgverdiT. Cveulebrivad, es aris xolme weli, magram zogierTi tipis gamocemebisTvis(magaliTad, Jurnalebi da sagazeTo statiebi) unda miuTiToT Tve da, iSviaTSemTxvevaSi, dReebic.

saTauri

inglisur enaze wignis an statiis saTauris miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, didi asoTiiwereba mxolod saTauris pirveli sityva, qvesaTauris pirveli sityva da sakuTarisaxelebi. sxva yvela danarCeni sityva iwereba patara asoebiT. statiis saTauribrWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas.

gamocemis adgili

wyarosTvis, romelic periodul gamocemas ar warmoadgens, unda miuTiToTgamocemis adgilic. Tu gamomcemeli romelime konkretul universitets warmoadgensda qalaqis (an provinciis) dasaxeleba miTiTebulia universitetis saxelwodebaSic,maSin misi gameoreba saWiro aRar aris.

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savarjiSo #2.1: qvemoT mocemulia fsiqologiis Sesavlis kursis farglebSiSesasrulebeli davaleba. ra moTxovnebs uyenebs es davaleba weris procesiskomponentebs? am davalebis Sesrulebisas rogor upasuxebdiT cxrilSi #1 mocemulkiTxvebs?

rodis aris fsiqoTerapia yvelaze efeqturi? anu klientis,Terapevtisa da Teoriis ra mimarTebis SemTxvevaSi miiRweva dadebiTiSedegi? Tqveni poziciis, mosazrebebisa da daskvnebis gasamyarebladcitirebuli unda iyos Sesabamisi wyaroebi. moculoba: 1500-1800 sityva.naSromi eleqtronuli fostiT unda gaigzavnos. naSromebi ganixilebapirvel noembers.

Temis SerCeva da dakonkreteba. romel sferos ganekuTvneba naSromi?

swavlis periodSi mravali naSromis dawera mogiwevT. werilobiTi davalebismocemisas SeiZleba dagikonkreton Tema, an arCevani Tqven mogandon; Tumca, nebismierSemTxvevaSi, naSromis Seqmnisas unda Sesruldes Semdegi pirobebi:

cxrili #2.1. kiTxvebi weris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis

Tema

• ras exeba werilobiTi davaleba? Tu konkretuli davaleba ar gaqvT, ris Sesaxeb isurvebdiT weras?

• ra gainteresebT mocemuli Temis farglebSi? aris rame, ris Taobazec ukve gaqvT garkveuli mosazrebebi an gsurT, rom meti icodeT?

• konkretulad ra moTxovnebs giyenebT miRebuli davaleba, rogor unda SexedoT Temas?

mkiTxveli

• vin waikiTxavs Tqvens naSroms? ra ician da ras fiqroben Tqveni mkiTxvelebi gansaxilvel sakiTxze?

• xasiaTdebian Tu ara Tqveni mkiTxvelebi raime niSan-TvisebiT, romelmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos naSromis aRqmaze? aseTi maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi muSaobis gamocdileba, Tqvens sferoSi muSaobis gamocdileba, politikuri mosazrebebi.

• ra urTierToba gaqvT mkiTxvelTan? ramdenad formaluri an araformaluri unda iyos Tqveni naSromi?

• ra gsurT, rom ifiqron an moimoqmedon Tqvenma mkiTxvelebma naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg?

mizani

• ra mizans isaxavs Tqveni davaleba? magaliTad, raime unda axsnaT, Tu konkretuli poziciis dasabuTebas unda SeecadoT?

• ratom werT? risi miRweva gsurT Tqveni naSromiT?

• ra gziT SeiZleba miznis srulad miRweva?

kvleva

• ra saxis mtkicebulebebi _ faqtebi, magaliTebi, eqspertTa mosazrebebi _ gamogadgebaT yvelaze metad Tqvens naSromSi gansaxilveli sakiTxis, mkiTxvelisa da miznis gaTvaliswinebiT?

• moiTxovs Tu ara Tqveni davaleba informaciis wyaroebis moZiebas an sxva iseTi kvlevis Catarebas, rogoricaa gamokiTxva, interviu anda eqsperimenti?

• davalebis moTxovnebis garda, ra damatebiTi informacia gWirdebaT naSromSi gansaxilvel sakiTxze? rogor moipovebT mas?

• wyaroebis citirebis romel stils gamoiyenebT naSromSi?

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gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba

araperioduli wyaroebisTvis gamomcemlobis miTiTebac aucilebelia. gamocemisadgilis Semdeg orwertili da Semdeg gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba unda miuTiToT.zogierTi gamomcemlobisaTvis SesaZlebelia Semoklebuli variantic gamoiyenoT(William Morrow-is nacvlad Morrow). SesaZloa gamotovoT sityvebi: gamomcemeli,kompania da a.S. (”CO.,” ”Inc.,” ”Publisher”). Tumca asociaciebis, korporaciebis dauniversitetis gamocemlobebis miTiTebisas sruli saxelwodebebi unda aRiniSnosda am SemTxvevaSi gamomcemlobis dasaxelebis gamotoveba ar xdeba (magaliTad,“Harvard University Press“).

gverdebis numeracia

wignebis an gazeTebis gverdebis miTiTebisas abreviatura – `gv.~ – miuTiTeT.gverdebisTvis yvela cifri moitaneT: `667-668.~

wignebi

1. wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs

Rodriguez, R. (1982). A Hanger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodrigeues. Boston:Godine.

avtoris saxelis sruli miTiTebis nacvlad misi iniciali unda miuTiToT,Tumca misi saxeli wyaros dasaxelebaSic ikiTxeba. didi asoTi saTauris daqvesaTuris mxolod pirveli sityva da sakuTari saxelia mocemuli.

2. wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs

Nesselroade, J.R., & Baltes, P.B. (1999). Longitudinal research in behavioral studies. NewYork: Academic Press.

avtorebis gvarebs erTmaneTisgan & gamoyofs.

3. wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs

Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (Eds). (1994). Stressful life events: Their natureand effects. New York: Weley.

redaqtorTa saxelebi miuTiTeT, rogorc avtoris saxeli da gvari, magramfrCxilebSi Semoklebuli formiT mocemuli unda iyos: „(red.)“. inglisur-enovani wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvavSi Tu redaqtori erTia: „(Ed)“, Turamodenime – „(Eds).“ iqve, frCxilebSi unda miuTiTeT gamocemis welic.

4. wigni, romelsac mTargmneli hyavs

Trajan. P. D. (1927). Psychology of animals (H.Simone, Trans.). Washington, DC: Halperin.

5. wigni, romlis avtori mkvlevarTa jgufia

Lorenz Research. (1997). Research in social studies teaching. Baltimore: Arrow Books.

roca wignis avtori avtorTa jgufia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlevarTa jgufi,saxelmwifo saagento, korporacia da a.S. aseT SemTxvevaSi, jgufis saxeli undamiuTiToT, rogorc individualuri sakuTari saxeli. gamoyenebuli literaturisnusxaSi ki anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT swored es saxeli unda gaiTvaliswinoT.

6. wigni, romlis avtori ucnobia

Mariam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1997). Sprinfield, MA: Mariam-Webster.

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Tavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. weris pis pis pis pis procesrocesrocesrocesrocesis Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da werisTvisisTvisisTvisisTvisisTvis

mosamzadebeli samuSaoebimosamzadebeli samuSaoebimosamzadebeli samuSaoebimosamzadebeli samuSaoebimosamzadebeli samuSaoebi

rogor viwyebT werasrogor viwyebT werasrogor viwyebT werasrogor viwyebT werasrogor viwyebT weras

yovelTvis, rodesac ambobT, rom weras iwyebT, am sityviT yvela im fizikur dafsiqikur aqtivobas gulisxmobT, romelic dasrulebuli naSromis SeqmnaSimonawileobs. es ar aris ioli Sroma, gamocdili avtorebisTvisac ki weraSromatevadi da rTulia. daxvewili statia Tu naSromi didi Sromis fasad _azrebis mkafiod formulirebis, abzacebis damuSavebisa da struqturirebisxangrZlivi procesis Sedegad miiRweva.

gaxsovdeT, rom ar arsebobs weris erTaderTi swori gza. ori sxvadasxva avtorinaSromis Seqmnisas ver moaxerxebs identuri rekomendaciebisa da miTiTebebisgaziarebas, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani sakuTari Sexedulebebisa da gemovnebisgaTvaliswinebiT warmarTavs weris process, Tumca mainc arsebobs naSromis Seqmnisgarkveuli etapebi, romlebsac yvela avtori iTvaliswinebs da romlebic nawilobrivTanxvdebian kidec erTmaneTs. es etapebia:

• weris procesis analizi. am etapze ganisazRvreba naSromis Tema, mizani,samizne auditoria anu mkiTxveli da proeqtis sxva elementebi;

• dagegmva. am etapze naSromSi gansaxilveli sakiTxi dakonkretdeba dainformacia Segrovdeba. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia erT konkretulsakiTxze. ladgeba mopovebuli masala;

• monaxazi. am etapze gamoixateba ideebi, mosazrebebi, maT Soris myardebakavSirebi;

• gadasinjva. am etapze xdeba naSromis struqturis, Sinaarsis, stilisa dagamoxatvis xerxebis xelaxali gaazreba da gaumjobeseba.

weris gamocdilebasTan erTad TandaTanobiT gamoimuSavebT naSromis agebisTqveneul stils.

cxadia, werilobiTi naSromi ufro misaRebi iqneba mkiTxvelisTvis, Tu isgramatikulad da stilisturad gamarTuli iqneba, magram kargi naweris Rirsebamxolod es ar aris. werisas jer kargad unda darwmundeT, rom saTqmeli zustadda mkafiod CamoayalibeT da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba gramatikasa da stilzefiqri (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).

weris procesis analiziweris procesis analiziweris procesis analiziweris procesis analiziweris procesis analizi1

nebismieri werilobiTi naSromi konkretuli mkiTxvelisTvis konkretuli sakiTxisgarkveuli mizniT gansaxilveladaa mowodebuli. Tqven SeiZleba kvlevis CatarebadagWirdeT. amasTan, Tqven winaSe dadgeba moTxovnebi naSromis moculobasTan,gaformebis formatTan da dasrulebis vadebTan dakavSirebiT.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli weris situaciis komponentebia, romelTa gaazrebaweris dawyebamde gacilebiT adre mogiwevT. cxrilSi #2.1 mocemulia kiTxvebiweris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D.,2000):

1 qveTavi mTlianad momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey; AaronJane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th edition. Addison-Wesley

116

Tu wignis avtori ucnobia unda miuTiToT wignis saxelwodeba anbanuriTanmimdevrobiT.

7. erTi da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma, romelic erTsa da imave welsaagamoqveynebuli

Gardner, H. (1973a). The arts and human Development. New York: Weliy.

Gardner, H. (1973b). Ithe guest for mind: Pieaget, Levi-Strauss, and the structuralist movement.New York: Knopf.

rodesac gamoyenebulia erTi da imave avtoris erTsa da imave welsgamoqveynebuli Sroma, isini unda miuTiToT anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT, saTaurispirveli sityvis mixedviT da gamocemebi unda gamoirCes erTmaneTisgan asoebis(a, b da a.S. ) saSualebiT.

magram Tu uTiTebT erTi da imave avtoris or sxvadasxva Sromas, romlebicerTsa da imave wels ar aris gamoqveynebuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi, jer undamiuTiToT ufro adre gamoqveynebuli Sroma.

8. wigni, romelic xelaxla gamoica

Bollinger, D.L. (1975). Aspects of language (2nd ed). NewYork. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

xelaxali gamocemis TariRi saTauris Semdeg unda miuTiToT. Semdeggamomcemloba unda aRiniSnos.

9. wigni, romelic erTze meti tomisagan Sedgeba

Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vol.5). NewBrunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vols.1-8).New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

10. statia an Tavi redaqtirebuli wignidan

Paykel, E. S. (1994). Life stress and psychiatric disorder: Applications of the clinical approach.In B.S. Dorhewend & B.P. Dorhenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature andeffects (pp. 239-264). New York Weliy.

gamocemis TariRi aucileblad unda aRiniSnos. statiis an Tavis saTaurisSemdg unda miuTiToT, romeli wyarodan aris amoRebuli nakveTi. gverdebisnumeracia unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi.

perioduli gamocemebi: samecniero Jurnalebi, Jurnalebi da gazeTebi

11. statia yovelwliuri Jurnalidan

Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord anddivorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330

statiis saTauri brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas. Jurnalis saxelwodebadaxrili unda iyos.

12. statia Jurnalidan, romelsac calkeuli nomrebi aqvs

Dacey, J. (198). Managment participation in corporate buy-outs. Management Perspectives,7(4), 20-31

Jurnalis nomeri daxrili ar unda iyos, is frCxilebSi unda CasvaT.

4

Tavi 1. pTavi 1. pTavi 1. pTavi 1. pTavi 1. prrrrrincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstzeincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstzeincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstzeincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstzeincipebi, romlebic nebismier teqstze

muSaobisas gamogadgebaTmuSaobisas gamogadgebaTmuSaobisas gamogadgebaTmuSaobisas gamogadgebaTmuSaobisas gamogadgebaT

gansazRvreT mizani

profesiuli urTierToba sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas gulisxmobs. werilobiTdokuments imisTvis qmniT, rom raRac unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes. amitom,rodesac raimes daweras gadawyvetT, kargad gansazRreT, ris gakeTebas apirebT.maSinac ki, rodesac vinmesTvis mxolod raimes Setyobinebas apirebT, mas esinformacia ise unda miawodoT, rom sakuTari gegmebis Secvla Tqven miermiwodebuli informaciis Sesabamisad moundes. Tu migaCniaT, rom misi mxridanraime qmedeba ar aris saWiro, maSin es Setyobineba mas arc unda gaugzavnoT.

iyaviT konkretulni

miznis gansazRvra winapirobaa imisa, rom maqsimalurad konkretulni iyoT.samoqmedo formula, romelic saqmis warmoebaSi konkretuli gadawyvetilebebismiRebisas mTel msoflioSi farTod gamoiyeneba aseTia: „vin ras rogor rodissad da ratom akeTebs~. vinaidan yvela samoqmedo gegma am formulaSi kargadjdeba, is uklebliv yvela situaciaSi gamogadgebaT.

wereT mkiTxvelisTvis

es swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva, Tu rogor undagamoiyurebodes Tqven mier momzadebuli werilobiTi dokumenti. Tqven undagaiTvaliswinoT vin iqneba Tqveni mkiTxveli da ratom gaecnoba is Tqven miermomzadebul dokuments. weris dawyebamde moifiqreT, saWiroa Tu ara potenciurimkiTxvelis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis moZieba. mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswinebisSemTxvevaSi gagiadvildebaT dokumentSi CasarTavi detalebis gansazRvra, radganTqvenTvis erTnairad wamgebiani iqneba rogorc zedmeti, ise _ mwiri informaciismiwodeba.

ZiriTadi azri dasawyisSive warmoadgineT

es principi gamoiyeneba eses, moxsenebiTi baraTis, oficialuri werilebisSedgenisas da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas. pirveli rigSi, warmoaCineT ZiriTadiazri da mxolod amis Semdeg miawodeT damatebiTi mosazrebebi, romlebic ZiriTadideas met safuZvlianobas SesZens. sxva sityvebiT, jer gadmoeciT daskvna daSemdeg daasabuTeT misi siswore. amasTan, nu SeawuxebT mkiTxvels Tqveni fiqrisprocesiT, vinaidan am procesisTvis Tvalis midevneba rTulia da did drosacmoiTxovs, ris gamoc didia albaToba, rom adresatis yuradRebas ver miipyrobT.amitom daiwyeT daskvnebiT.

gamoiyeneT dokumentis Sedgenis standartuli meTodi „gansazRvreT-daalageT-daajgufeT-daaxarisxeT-gadaxedeT~

esaa formula, romelic nebismier rTuli teqstis Sesadgenad gamogadgebaT daromelic Tanmimdevrulad gansaxorcielebel qmedebebs moicavs: (a) gansazRvreTmizani, (b) daalageT azrebi da informacia, (g) daajgufeT azrebi, (d) organizebulisaxe mieciT Tqvens azrebs da (e) gadaxedeT Sedegs.

117

13. statiis abstraqti

Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord anddivorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330 (From Psychological Abstracts, 69, Item 1320)

rodesac abstraqti da ara statiis sruli teqstia gamoyenebuli, frCxilebSimowodebul unda iyos amomwuravi informacia: saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi,abzacis nomeri. ramdenadac saTaurSi sityva abstraqti ar figurirebs, amitomis unda miuTiToT wyaros saTaursa da periodizacias Soris, rom cxadigaxdes, ra gamoiyeneT.

14. statia Jurnalidan

Van Gelder, L. (1996, Desember). Countdown to motherhood: When shoud you have a baby?Ms., 37-39, 74.

Tu Jurnals aqvs calkeuli gamocemebi da nomrebi, aucileblad unda iyosaRniSnuli. aseve, nomris gamocemis sruli TariRi da statiis gverdebi undaiyos dafiqsirebuli, oRond abrevituris (gv.) gareSe.

15. sagazeTo statia

Lewis, P.H. (1999, Jenuary 21 ). Many updates cause profitable confusion. The New York Times,pp. D1, D5.

unda miuTiToT, rogorc gamocemis weli, aseve, Tve da dRe. gverdebismisaTiTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT abraviatura: „gv.~

16. xelmouwereli statia

The right to die. (1976, Octomber 11). Time, 121. 101

miuTiTeT CamonaTvalSi anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT statiis saTauris mixedviT.iseve, rogor anonimuri avtoris wignis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi.

17. mimoxilva

Dinnage, R. (1987, November 29). Against the master and his men [Review of the book A mindof her own: The life of Karen Horney]. The New York Times Book Review, 10-11.

Tu mimoxilva dasaTaurebuli araa, gamoiyeneT frCxilebSi mocemuli informacia,rogorc saTauri.

wignis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi saTauri daxrili unda iyos, Jurnalebis SemTxvevaSiki dasaxelebaa daxrili.

danarTidanarTidanarTidanarTidanarTi

danarTi or mizans emsaxureba. is avtors mkiTxvelisTvis kiTxvis Seuwyvetladdetaluri informaciis miwodebisa da weris stilis, wesebis dacvis saSualebasaZlevs.

Cveulebrivad, danarTSi maTematikuri dasabuTeba, didi cxrilebi, kiTxvarisnimuSebi an kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli sxva xelsawyoebi da kompiuteruli programebiaaRwerili.

naSromi SeiZleba erT an met danarTs moicavdes.

3

s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i

Tavi 1. prTavi 1. prTavi 1. prTavi 1. prTavi 1. princiinciinciinciincipebi,pebi,pebi,pebi,pebi, romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas

gamogadgebaT gamogadgebaT gamogadgebaT gamogadgebaT gamogadgebaT ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4Tavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeliTavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeliTavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeliTavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeliTavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeli

samuSaoebi samuSaoebi samuSaoebi samuSaoebi samuSaoebi .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 rogor viwyebT weras ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

weris procesis analizi ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5dagegmva: werisTvis mosamzadebeli etapi ....................................................................................................................................12

Tavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaciTavi 3. abzaci ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18ra aris abzaci ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18abzacis tipebi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33

Tavi 4. ra aris eseTavi 4. ra aris eseTavi 4. ra aris eseTavi 4. ra aris eseTavi 4. ra aris ese .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45sakvanZo debuleba ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 45Sesavali .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................47naSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzaci .............................................................................................. 49daskvna .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52

Tavi 5. argumentirebuli eseTavi 5. argumentirebuli eseTavi 5. argumentirebuli eseTavi 5. argumentirebuli eseTavi 5. argumentirebuli ese ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................53

argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi .....................................................................................................................................53sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba ........................................................................................................................................................................ 54mizezebis axsna da dasabuTeba .............................................................................................................................................................55argumentirebuli eses struqtura .................................................................................................................................................... 56argumentirebul eseSi argumentebis dalagebis struqtura .............................................................................. 60argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebi ............................................................................................................................ 63

Tavi 6. kritikaTavi 6. kritikaTavi 6. kritikaTavi 6. kritikaTavi 6. kritika ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................68kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva ...................................................................................................................................................... 68kritikis struqtura .........................................................................................................................................................................................78

Tavi 7. plagiatiTavi 7. plagiatiTavi 7. plagiatiTavi 7. plagiatiTavi 7. plagiati ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................79

ra aris plagiati .................................................................................................................................................................................................79citireba da perifrazireba ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79rogor avaridoT Tavi plagiats ......................................................................................................................................................... 82

Tavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebiTavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................84ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwera .......................................................................................................................................................... 84sxvaTa sityvis marTlwera .........................................................................................................................................................................85Tandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlwera ................................................................................................ 86saTaurebis marTlwera .................................................................................................................................................................................. 87qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi ............................................................................................................ 88nacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebi ....................................................................................................................................... 89kompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwera ....................................................................................................................... 90punqtuacia .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92

Tavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikisTavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikisTavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikisTavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikisTavi 9. dokumentis formati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikis

fsiqologiuri asociaciis fsiqologiuri asociaciis fsiqologiuri asociaciis fsiqologiuri asociaciis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA)(APA)(APA)(APA)(APA) stiliT stiliT stiliT stiliT stiliT .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99dokumentis Sedgenis formaluri maxasiaTeblebi .......................................................................................................... 99

literaturis citirebis wesebi APAAPAAPAAPAAPA-is standartis mixedviT ......................................................................102

sqolio da SeniSvna ........................................................................................................................................................................................104cxrilebi da suraTebi ................................................................................................................................................................................106gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................................................................................................................................... 113danarTi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 117naSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari .................................................................. 118gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................................................................................................120

118

danarTis identifikacia da teqstSi motana

Tu naSroms mxolod erTi danarTi aqvs, mas mxolod danarTi ewereba. Tu masramdenime danarTi aqvs, maSin unda miuTiToT: danarTi A, danarTi B da a.S. imTanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac is teqstSia motanili. TiToeul danarTsunda hqondes saxelwodeba. teqstSi danarTebi Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiTaa motanili:

orive kvlevam erTi da igive Sedegi aCvena (ix. danarTi A da danarTi B).

ZiriTadi nawili da saTaurebi

teqstis msgavsad, danarTs aqvs saTauri da qvesaTauri (danarTis SigniT saTaurisdonis gansazRvris mizniT danarTi teqstisgan gancalkevebiT unda iyos mocemuli,magaliTad, ZiriTad teqsts SeiZleba oTxdoniani saTauri hqondes, magram Tu danarTsordoniani saTuri aqvs, dasaTaureba xdeba iseve, rogorc ordoniani ZiriTadi teqstis).

ZiriTadi teqstis msgavsad, danarTi SeiZleba moicavdes cxrilebs da suraTebsda, agreTve, vrclad mocemul maTematikur formulebs. danarTis cxrilebi dasuraTebi unda dainomros. agreTve, unda dainomros maTematikuri formulebi, Tues aucilebelia Semdgomi miTiTebisTvis. cxrilebis nomers Tan unda daerTosdanarTis dasaxelebac (magaliTad, cxrili NA1).

im SemTxvevaSi, roca danarTi erTia, danarTis cxrilebis da suraTebisgadanomrvisas gamoiyeneT aso „A,“ rom ZiriTadi teqstis cxrilebisgan dasuraTebisgan garCeva SesaZlebeli iyos. danarTSi citirebis wesebi igivea, racZiriTadi teqstis SemTxvevaSi: _ danarTis yvela cxrili da suraTi miTiTebuliunda iyos danarTSi da danomrili unda iyos motanis rigis mixedviT.

cxrilebi, romlebic danarTis saxiTaa mocemuli

Tu cxrili mTlianad danarTs warmoadgens, centrSi mocemuli danarTis saxelwodebada saTauri cxrilis nomris da saTauris Canacvlebasac warmoadgens. mravaldonianicxrilebi calkeuli danarTebis saxiT moitaneT. Tu aseTi cxrilebi (magram arateqsti) kombinirebulia erT danarTSi, danomreT cxrilebi.

kiTxvarebi da testebi

Tu Tqven gsurT gamoaqveynoT axali testi APA-is JurnalSi, maSin saavtorouflebebis mflobeli iqneba APA (avtors, romelsac surs, rom rom saavtorouflebebi SeinarCunos, unda miuTiTos: „saavtoro ufleba [weli] [avtoris gvari]).

Tu gsurT miuTiToT sxva avtoris kiTxvari an testi, amis ufleba werilobiTiformiT unda moipovoT.

naSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis SesafasebelinaSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis SesafasebelinaSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis SesafasebelinaSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis SesafasebelinaSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli

kiTxvarikiTxvarikiTxvarikiTxvarikiTxvari

formati

• warmodgenili naSromi Sesrulebulia Tu ara A4 formatis furcelze?

• mTel naSromSi citirebis, gamoyenebuli literaturis, avtoris SeniSvnis,sqolios, suraTebis dasaxelebis da cxrilis yvela nawilis CaTvliT, daculiaTu ara striqonebs Soris ormagi (qarTulSi _ 1,5) intervali? aris Tu aranaSromi mowesrigebuli da guldasmiT gaformebuli?

• mindvrebi aris Tu ara, sul mcire, 1" anu 2,54 sm?

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

redaqtori: lela wiqariSvili

dakabadoneba: Tamar Sengelia

ydis dizaini: mamuka cecxlaZe

socialur mecnierebaTa centri 2007 Center for Social Sciences 2007

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. #10

el.fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

ISBN: 978 – 99940 -873 -6-5ISSN – 1512 -4576

©©

119

• calke gverdebze aris Tu ara mocemuli Tavfurceli, abstraqti, gamoyenebuliliteratura, avtoris SeniSvna, cxrilebi da suraTebi (erTi cxrili/suraTierT gverdze) calke gverdebze?

• Tanmimdevrulad aris Tu ara gadanomrili gverdebi Tavfurclidangamoyenebuli literaturis CaTvliT?

Tavfurceli da abstraqti

• Sedgeba Tu ara saTauri 10-12 sityvisgan?

• Tavfurcelze miTiTebulia Tu ara instituti/dawesebuleba, sadac SesruldanaSromi?

• Tavsdeba Tu ara abstraqti 120 sityvaSi?

abzacebi da saTaurebi

• aris Tu ara erTi abzaci erT winadadebaze meti, magram ara umetes erTixelnaweri gverdisa?

• qvesaTaurebi zustad asaxaven Tu ara naSromis struqturas?

• erTnairi qvesaTaurebi erTnairi formatiTaa Sesrulebuli Tu ara?

abreviatura

• amoRebulia Tu ara naSromidan yvela araarsebiTi da arasaWiro abreviatura?ganmartebulia Tu ara yvela saWiro da naSromSi Setanili abreviatura?

• cxrilebsa da suraTebSi mocemuli abreviaturebi axsnilia Tu ara cxrilisTanmxleb SeniSvnasa Tu suraTis legendaSi?

gamoyenebuli literatura

• gamoyenebuli literatura citirebulia rogorc teqstSi, ise boloSisaTauriT ̀ gamoyenebuli literatura~? sxva sityvebiT, rac teqstSia mocemuli,miTiTebulia boloSic da piriqiT?

• teqstSi citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSi mocemuliwyaroebi erTnairadaa dawerili da Tanxvdeba Tu ara gamocemis wlebi?

• srulad aris Tu ara mocemuli Jurnalis dasaxelebebi?

• gamoyenebuli literatura dalagebulia Tu ara avtorTa gvarebis mixedviTanbanuri TanmimdevrobiT?

sqolio

• miTiTebulia Tu ara teqstSi yvela sqolio?

• gadanomrilia Tu ara sqolioebi Tanmimdevrulad da sworadaa Tu araisini ganlagebuli teqstSi?

cxrilebi da suraTebi

• TiToeuli cxrilis svetebs aqvs Tu ara saTauri?

• cxrilebSi amoRebulia Tu ara yvela vertikaluri xazi?

• suraTebis elementebi aris Tu ara sakmarisad didi zomis, raTa suraTiszomebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi mainc wakiTxvadi iyos?

• TiToeuli suraTi danomrilia Tu ara Tanmimdevrulad da aqvs Tu ramokle saTauri?

akademiurakademiurakademiurakademiurakademiuri werai werai werai werai wera

damwyebTaTvisdamwyebTaTvisdamwyebTaTvisdamwyebTaTvisdamwyebTaTvis

lia kaWarava

xaTuna marwyviSvili

lili xeCuaSvili

socialur mecnsocialur mecnsocialur mecnsocialur mecnsocialur mecnierebaTa serierebaTa serierebaTa serierebaTa serierebaTa seriaiaiaiaia

Tbilisi2007

120

• yvela suraTi da cxrili moxseniebulia Tu ara teqstSi da danomrilia Tuara moxseniebis rigis mixedviT?

bolo SeniSvna

miuxedavad imisa, rom APA-is standartiT mogeTxovebaT naSromis Sesruleba,konkretuli departamentisa Tu pedagogis moTxovna SesaZloa, garkveulwilad,gansxvavdebodes APA-is standartisgan. am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba departamentis/maswavleblis moTxovnebs eniWeba. orive – APA-isa da departamentis/maswavleblis– moTxovnebis codna students naSromis damakmayofileblad momzadebis saSualebasmiscems. Tumca gaxsovdeT, rom akademiuri sazogadoeba SeTanxmebulia weris stilzeda namdvilad ar Secvlis mas erTi individis axirebis gamo.

gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura

arabuli a., qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, gamomcemloba „universali~, Tbilisi,2004.

gutbrodi h., danelia n. saqmiani urTierTobebi. gamomcemloba ̀ universali~, Tbilisi,2006.

TvalTvaZe d., gafrindaSvili n. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi, Tbilisi, 2004.

SalamberiZe g., qarTuli marTlwera, gamomcemloba „ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1965.

SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1973.

Ãóäâèí Äæ., Èññëåäîâàíèå â ïñèõîëîãèè, ìåòîäû è ïëàíèðîâàíèå. 3-å èçä. Ïèòåð, 2004.

Carter D., Beyond the Loan Word: Plagiarism and Academic Writing. Published in http://www.engelsk.au.dk/en/studies/exams/guides/plagiarism (2000, Revised 07.05.2007). bolo naxva15.08.2007

Campbell S., The Problem of Plagiarism Published inhttp://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdcamp/up540/writingtips.html (last updated: February 22, 2007).bolo naxva 15.08.2007

Fowler H. Ramsey; Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th edition.Addison-Wesley.

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