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AKS 42:Absolutism and Enlightenment
Chapter 21 – PAGES 589-617
Chapter 22.2 & 22.3 – PAGES 629-639
FranceBackground: Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
1st king of Bourbon Dyn. Conv. to Catho. Devoted reign to rebuilding France & its prosperity
Edict of Nantes Issued by Henry Huguenots could live in peace in France & set up
their own houses of worship in certain cities
FranceBackground: Cardinal Richelieu
No walls in Protest. cities Weakened power of nobles by ordering them to
take down their castles & by ↑ power of gov’t agents
FranceLouis XIV (14th) Comes to Power (4 yrs old ): France suffered from
riots by nobles – Louis’ life threatened at times
Louis never forgot fear/anger – vowed to be so strong nobles could never threaten him again
“I am the state.”
- Louis XIV
So distinguished
FranceLouis XIV Comes to Power: Jean Baptiste Colbert:
Made France economic power Followed mercantilism – make France self-
sufficient Expanded & protected French indus. Encouraged migration to Canada (fur trade)
FranceSun King’s Grand Style: Controls Nobility
Nobles expected to be at Palace at Versailles – if not, incomes & social status ↓
Made nobility totally dep. on Louis Patron of the Arts
Pop. opera & ballet Supported writers Promoted art that glorified monarchy & supported
absolute rule
IMPRESSIVE, BUT COSTLY!!!
FranceDisastrous Wars and Legacy: Expansion
Wanted to expand – succeeded at first Countries banned together to match France’s
strength – balance of power
FranceDisastrous Wars and Legacy: War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
Charles II of Spain died – throne went to Louis’ grandson – Spain & France now ruled by French Bourbon kings
Treaty that ended war allowed Louis’ grandson to stay in power as long as thrones of Spain & France not united
Big winner - Great Britain: Took Gibraltar ↑ involvement in slave trade
FranceDisastrous Wars and Legacy: Death and Legacy:
People rejoiced at news of Louis’ death Pos.:
Military leader of Europe Ranked above all others in art, lit., statesmanship
Neg.: War & construction of Palace at Versailles = massive debt Tax burden by poor & Louis’ abuse of power would plague
his heirs & set stage for revolution
RussiaThe First Czar: Ivan the Terrible
1st to call himself “czar” 1547-1560 – “good period” – won victories, added
lands, code of laws, ruled justly Terror
1560-1584 – “bad period” – Ivan accused boyars (nobles) of poisoning his wife, Anastasia
Using secret police – executed boyars, their families, & peasants who worked their land
1581 – killed oldest son – left only weak son to rule
Wow, he’s ugly
RussiaThe First Czar: Romanovs:
Ivan’s son died – period of turmoil w/ no leader
1613 – leaders from Russian cities met to choose next czar – chose Michael Romanov
Begins Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)
Mikey!!!
RussiaCzar Peter the Great: Russia Different Than Europe:
Had looked to Constantinople for leadership Mongols & geog. barriers had cut Russia off from
Ren. & Age of Expl. Relig. Diff. – Russia was E. Orthodox; W. Euro.
mostly Cath. or Protest. Russia viewed them as heretics
RussiaCzar Peter the Great: Peter Visits West:
Believed future depended on having warm-water port
1697 – “Grand Embassy” – long visit to W. Europe
Goal: learn about Euro. customs and manuf. techniques
RussiaPeter Rules Absolutely: Reforms:
Brought Russian Orthodox Church under state control
↓ power of great landowners Modernized army by hiring Euro. officers who
drilled soldiers in Euro. tactics w/ Euro. weapons Paid for army w/ heavy taxes
“For you know yourself that, though a thing be good and necessary, our people will not do it unless forced to.”
- Czar Peter the Great
RussiaPeter Rules Absolutely: Westernization:
Intro. potatoes Started 1st newspaper ↑ women’s status Ordered nobles to adopt W. fashion Advanced Edu. - *believed this was key to
Russia’s progress
RussiaPeter Rules Absolutely: St. Petersburg:
Wanted a seaport easier to travel to the W Fought Sweden for land on Baltic Sea Had St. Petersburg built on a piece of swampy
land Estimated 25,000 – 100,000 people died in the
effort to build it
EnglandDefying Parliament: James I (1603-1625):
Struggled w/ Parliament over $ Agreed to new trans. of Bible
EnglandDefying Parliament: Charles I (1625-1649):
Forced to sign Petition of Right: Not imprison subjects w/o due cause Not levy taxes w/o Parl.’s consent Not house soldiers in private homes Not impose martial law during peacetime
Set forth idea that law was higher than king
Charlie!
EnglandEnglish Civil War (1642-1649): Background/Causes:
Parl. passed laws to limit royal power – king outraged – arrested Parl. leaders – mob began to form
Loyal to Charles – Royalists/Cavaliers Puritan supporters of Parl. – Roundheads
EnglandEnglish Civil War (1642-1649): Result:
Roundheads win Oliver Cromwell:
Roundhead General Tried, beheaded Charles for treason - 1649 Est. commonwealth (repub. form of gov’t)
SpainSpanish Empire: Philip II:
Seized Portugal (no heir) – now had empire that circled the globe
Emp. gave him lots of wealth Duty = defend Cath.
“His smile and his dagger were very close.” - Phillip’s court historian
SpainDefeat of Spanish Armada:
Background: Philip launched
Armada in attempt to punish Protest. Eng. & Queen Eliz. I, who supported Protest. subj. who rebelled against Philip
SpainDefeat of Spanish Armada: What Happened:
Spanish Armada defeated Impact:
Seriously weakened Spain
SpainSpanish Art and Literature: El Greco (“the Greek”):
Showed deep Cath. faith of Spain Velasquez:
Court painter for Philip IV of Spain Cervantes:
Don Quixote de la Mancha (1605) Birth of modern European novel
SpainEmpire Weakens: Inflation:
2 causes: Spain’s pop. ↑ Silver bullion flooded marked value ↓
Taxes: Spain’s nobles don’t pay; burden on lower classes
never dev. middle class Bankruptcy:
Finance wars = Spanish kings borrowed $ Philip declared Spain bankrupt 3 times
SpainDutch Revolt and Dutch Prosper: 1579 – 7 N. provinces of Protest. Netherlands
– united, declared ind. from Spain Art:
Rembrandt – painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants
Trade: Stability of gov’t concentration on econ. growth Dutch E. India Co. – dominated Asian spice trade
PrussiaThirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Causes:
Lutheran & Cath. princes tried to gain followers Split in 2 leagues
Spark: Ferdinand II (HRE) closed some Protest. churches,
Protest. in Bohemia revolted
PrussiaThirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Hapsburg Wins:
1st 12 yrs Haps. armies crushed troops hired by Protest.
princes Hapsburg Losses:
Protest. drove Haps. armies out of N. Germany
PrussiaThirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia:
Weakened Spain & Austria (Haps.) Strengthened France German princes ind. of HRE Ended relig. wars New method of peace negot.
PrussiaThirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Results:
Trade & agric. disrupted Germany’s econ. ruined Treaty recognized Euro. as a group of ind. states Beginning of modern state system
AustriaGrows Stronger: Austrian Haps. reconquered Bohemia –
wiped out Protest. Cent. gov’t; created standing army
AustriaMaria Theresa: Charles VI convinced
leaders of Europe to sign agreement Maria heir to all Haps. territories
Faced yrs of war – main enemy: Prussia
PrussiaRise: Army of 80,000 men paid for w/ perm.
taxation Weakened rep. assemblies of their territories Became rigidly controlled, militaristic soc.
PrussiaFrederick the Great: Military policies,
softened some laws Encouraged relig.
toleration, legal reform Ruler should be a
father to his people
“…the fundamental role of governments is the principle of extending their territories.”
- Frederick the Great
PrussiaWar of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Over Silesia (bordered Prussia) Hungary & Britain helped Maria Theresa –
stopped Prussian aggression Prussia became major Euro. power
PrussiaSeven Years’ War (1756-1763) Fought in Euro., India, & N.Am. No change in territory in Euro. British real victors
France lost colonies in N.Am. Britain gained sole econ. domination in India
EnlightenmentTwo Views on Government: Thomas Hobbes:
All humans naturally selfish & wicked Gov’ts need to keep order
Social Contract: Ppl had to hand over rights to strong ruler in exchange for
law & order B/c ppl acted in own self-interest, ruler needed total power
to keep citizens under control (abs. monarchy) Changing Idea:
EnlightenmentTwo Views on Government: John Locke:
Criticized abs. mon.; for self-gov’t People had 3 nat. rights – life,
liberty, property Gov’t purpose protect these rights If they don’t, ppl have right to
overthrow it Gov’t’s power comes from consent
of the ppl His ideas = foundations of modern
democ.
EnlightenmentPhilosophes: Core Beliefs:
Reason - Truth through reason & logical thinking Nature – what is natural is good & reasonable Happiness – seek well-being on earth Progress – society/humankind could improve Liberty – Liberties won in Glorious Rev. & Bill of
Rights
EnlightenmentPhilosophes: Voltaire:
Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of relig. & speech
Montesquieu: Sep. of powers – no 1 group could gain total control
of gov’t (checks & balances) Rousseau:
Only good gov’t is one formed by ppl & freely governed by “general will” of soc. (dir. democ.)
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” - Voltaire
“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” - Rousseau
Legacy of the Enlightenment Belief in Progress:
Success of Sci. Rev. = confidence human reason could solve soc. prob.
Urged end to slavery, soc. equality, democ. gov’t Secular Outlook:
Non-religious; ?ed relig. beliefs & teachings of church Wanted to rid relig. faith of superstition & fear & promote
relig. tolerance Importance of Individual:
Looked to selves instead of church or gov’t Use own ability to reason to judge right from wrong
EnlightenmentIdeas and Art: Diderot:
Encyclopedia – collection of artic. & essays from leading scholars – spread Enlightenment ideas
Neoclassical: “New classical”; borrowed themes from Greece &
Rome Music & Literature:
Classical music – Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Writers wrote novels – lengthy works of fiction
EnlightenmentMonarchies: Enlightened Despot:
Rulers embraced new ideas & made reforms reflecting Enlightenment spirit
Frederick the Great (Prussia): Granted relig. freedom, ↓ censorship, improved
edu., reformed justice sys., abolished use of torture; did nothing to end serfdom
“A ruler is only the first servant of the state.” - Frederick the Great
EnlightenmentMonarchies: Joseph II (Austria):
Legal reforms, freedom of press & worship, abolished serfdom & ordered peasants be paid w/ cash
Catherine the Great (Russia): Comm. often w/ Voltaire Put together commission to allow relig. toleration,
abolishing torture & cap. punish. Commission didn’t accomplish these goals