AKT211 – CAO
01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture
AKT211 – CAO
01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture
GhifarParahyangan Catholic University
August 22, 2011
GhifarParahyangan Catholic University
August 22, 2011
OutlineOutline
What is computer architecture? What is computer organization? Computer function & structure Instruction cycle
ArchitectureArchitecture
People about computer architecture :• Baer : “The design of the integrated
system which provides a useful tool to the programmer”
• Hayes : “The study of the structure, behavior and design of computers”
• Foster : “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with”
Architecture(2)Architecture(2)
The different usages of the term:• The design of a computer’s CPU architecture,
instruction set, addressing modes• Description of the requirements (especially speeds
and interconnection requirements) or design implementation for the various parts of a computer. (such as memory, motherboard, electronic peripherals, or most commonly the CPU)
• Architecture is often defined as the set of machine attributes that a programmer should understand in order to successfully program the specific computer
In general, computer architecture refers to attributes of the system visible to a programmer, that have a direct impact on the execution of a program
Architecture vs OrganizationArchitecture vs Organization
• Architecture is those features/attributes visible to the programmer– Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
– e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?• Organization is the hardware implementation of
features/attributes– Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology.– e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it
done by repeated addition?
Structure & FunctionStructure & Function
• Structure : the way in which components are interrelated
• Function : the operation of individual components as part of the structure
Functional ViewFunctional View
FunctionFunction
Computer main functions :1. Data processing2. Data storage3. Data movement4. Control
Operation a) Data MovementOperation a) Data Movement
Operation b) StorageOperation b) Storage
Operation c) Processing from/to storage
Operation c) Processing from/to storage
Operation d) Processing from storage to I/O
Operation d) Processing from storage to I/O
Structure – Top LevelStructure – Top Level
Structure – Top Level (2)Structure – Top Level (2)
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)– controls the operation of the computer
and performs its data processing functions2. Main Memory
– stores data3. Input/Output (I/O)
– moves data between the computer and its external environment
4. System interconnection– mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O
– transferring data via Bus
Structure – The CPUStructure – The CPU
Structure – the CPU(2)Structure – the CPU(2)
1. Control Unit– controls the operation of the CPU
2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)– performs the computer’s data
processing functions3. Registers
– provides storage internal to the CPU4. CPU interconnection
– mechanism that provides for communication among control unit, ALU, and registers
Structure – the Control UnitStructure – the Control Unit
Structure – Top Level ComponentsStructure – Top Level Components
Instruction CycleInstruction Cycle
• 2 steps :1. Fetch2. Execute
Fetch CycleFetch Cycle
1. Program Counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to fetch
2. Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC
3. Increment PC unless instructed otherwise
4. Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR)
5. Processor interprets instruction and performs required actions
Execute CycleExecute Cycle• Processor-memory
– data transfer between CPU and main memory
• Processor I/O– Data transfer between CPU and I/O
module• Data processing
– Some arithmetic or logical operation on data
• Control– Alteration of sequence of operations, e.g.
jump• Combination of above
Instruction Cycle – State DiagramInstruction Cycle – State Diagram
SummarySummary
What is computer architecture? What is computer organization? Computer function & structure
4 main functions of computer the top level structure of computer the functions of computer’s basic
componentsInstruction cycle
2 steps
Any Question ?
7 Minutes Review7 Minutes Review
• What are the differences between computer architecture and organization? Give your own brief and clear explanation.
• In your opinion, what is your expectation after studying today’s material ? What are the advantages ?
THANK YOU