Alabama High School Alabama High School Graduation Exam ReviewGraduation Exam Review

Social StudiesSocial Studies

Standard I – IIIStandard I – III

The CrusadesThe Crusades• They were a series of wars in which

European Christians attempted to regain control of the holy land from Muslims.

• People who fought in the war discovered new goods.

• The Crusades lead people to desire these new goods from Asia.

• This helped lead to exploration.

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

• This was a period of renewed interest in science and learning in the 1300 and 1400s.

• It helped make people curious about the world.

• This made people want to explore the world.

The ReformationThe Reformation• This was a series of religious wars

between Protestants and Catholics in the 1500s.

• Protestants were people who protested against the Catholic Church.

• The Reformation led people to want to live in new places to get away from war and practice their religions.

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange

• This was the exchange of goods, foods, and other items between Europe and Africa and the Americas.

• Some of the things that were brought harmed the New World, like disease.

ConquistadorsConquistadors

• They were Spanish conquerors who defeated Native American tribes and Explored the New World.

• The following were famous Conquistadors–Columbus – discovered the Americas–Cortez – defeated the Aztecs–Pizzaro – defeated the Incas–De Soto – explored the Southeast and

discovered the Mississippi

St. AugustineSt. Augustine

• This was the first permanent European settlement in North America.

• It was a Spanish colony in Florida.

JamestownJamestown

• This was the first permanent English colony in North America.

• It was in Virginia.• Jamestown was led by Captain John

Smith.• People in Jamestown did not

become successful until they began growing tobacco.

Virginia House of BurgessesVirginia House of Burgesses

• This was the first representative government in the New World.

• It was the government of the Virginia Colony.

The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening

• This was a religious revival movement that occurred in the colonies in the mid 1700s.

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

• A war between France, France’s Indian allies, and Great Britain.

• Great Britain won and gained all French land in North America.

• Britain needed money after the war so they began to tax their colonies in America.

TaxationTaxation

• Taxes made the colonists angry because they did not have any representation in the British government (Parliament).

• This helped lead colonists in America to want independence

• The following were famous taxes:

–The Stamp Act – a tax of paper goods

–The Tea Act – a tax on tea

Lack of Free TradeLack of Free Trade

• Great Britain restricted the colonists’ ability to trade.

• They were not allowed to trade with people from other countries.

• This helped to lead some colonists to want independence from Great Britain.

The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre

• In 1770, British soldiers killed five men in Boston.

• The Sons of Liberty (a group that wanted independence from Britain) used this event to make other colonists angry at Britain.

The Boston Tea PartyThe Boston Tea Party

• Members of the Sons of Liberty threw tea into Boston Harbor as a means of protest.

• They were unhappy about paying the Tea Tax.

• Britain punished Massachusetts and sent troops to enforce laws.

The First Continental CongressThe First Continental Congress

• This meeting was called to protest Britain’s punishment of Massachusetts.

Patrick HenryPatrick Henry

• Patrick Henry gave a speech in the First Continental Congress that made many people desire independence.

• He said: “Give me liberty, or give me death.”

Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord

• This is where the first shots of the American Revolution took place in 1775.

The Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress

• This meeting was called after fighting began.

• They created an army called the Continental Army. It was led by George Washington

• This meeting became the government for the colonies during the Revolution.

Bunker HillBunker Hill

• This was this first real battle of the Revolutionary War.

The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence

• After Bunker Hill, the Second Continental Congress declared its independence from Britain.

• Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the Declaration of Independence.

Inspirations for the DeclarationInspirations for the Declaration

• Magna Carta – a listing of rights that English people had.

• John Locke – an English philosopher who believed all people are born with natural rights (life, liberty, and property).

• Also, Locke believed if a government does not protect people’s natural rights, then they can get rid of the government (the social contract theory).

Leaders of the RevolutionLeaders of the Revolution

• George Washington – he led the army• Samuel Adams – he was the leader of

the Sons of Liberty• Paul Revere was a member of the

Sons of Liberty who warned colonists in Lexington that “the British are coming.”

Battles of the American RevolutionBattles of the American Revolution• Saratoga – after Americans won this

battle the French became allies with America. This battle is considered the “turning point” of the war.

• Valley Forge – George Washington was able to keep his army together after they nearly froze and starved to death here.

• Yorktown – after this battle the British surrendered and the Revolution ended.

Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)

• This treaty ended the American Revolution.

• The United States was given independence.

• Its territory was from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River, and from Canada to Florida.

The Article of ConfederationThe Article of Confederation

• This was the first government of the United States.

• It was a weak government that could not raise money with taxes.

• State governments had more power than the government under the Articles.

The Land OrdinancesThe Land Ordinances

• The Land Ordinance of 1795 established a system for dividing up land into small square sections called townships.

• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 divided the Northwest Territory (IN, IL, OH, MH, MN, WS) and set up a system by which territories could become states.

The ConstitutionThe Constitution• A meeting was held in Philadelphia in

1787 to fix the Articles of Confederation.

• They made a new government instead called the Constitution.

• The first paragraph of the Constitution is called the Preamble. It lists the purposes of the government.

The ConstitutionThe Constitution

• The Constitution divides the government into three branches to separate their power.

• Under the Great Compromise the legislative branch would have two parts. The House of Representatives would be based on the number of people in each state. The Senate would have equal representation from each state.

The Constitution The Constitution

• Under the Three-Fifths Compromise slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person so Southern states could count them for representation in the House.

• The Constitution created a federal government. This is a government in which the states are under the power of a national government.

The ConstitutionThe Constitution

• The Elastic Clause of the Constitution allows the government to change over time.

• It is a statement that says the government has the right to make new laws that is feels are “necessary and proper.”

The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers

• These were a series of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison.

• These articles attempted to persuade people to ratify (or vote on) the Constitution.

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights• Some people were afraid the

government created by the Constitution would become to powerful.

• They wanted a Bill of Rights. This is a list of the basic rights people have.

• The Bill of Rights are the first 10 amendments.

• The First Amendment protects freedom of speech, religion, press, and assembly.

Other AmendmentsOther Amendments• The 13th Amendment freed slaves.• The 14th Amendment guarantees that

all people born in the U.S. are citizens and have equal rights with every other citizen.

• The 15th Amendment granted the right to vote to all men.

• The 19th Amendment granted the right to vote to women.

Violations of the Constitution Violations of the Constitution

• Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws were laws written in the South after the Civil War that restricted the rights of African Americans.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon, the leader of France, needed money to fight a war. He sold the Louisiana Territory (1/3 of the present US – all west of the Mississippi River) to the United States.

• Thomas Jefferson was the president who made the purchase in 1803.

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark• Jefferson sent two explorers, Lewis and

Clark, to explore the Louisiana Purchase Territory.

• They traveled making scientific observations about plants and animals and the met with the Indian tribes of the West.

• They traveled for nearly two years from St. Louis, Missouri to the Pacific Ocean and back.

The Embargo ActThe Embargo Act• Great Britain and France fought a war after

the American Revolution.

• Jefferson decided to punish both countries for harassing Americans during their war.

• He passed an embargo. This meant that the U.S. would not trade with either county.

• However, it hurt the U.S. more than it did them.

The War of 1812The War of 1812

• In 1812 the United States and Great Britain went to war.

• Americans were upset because Britain used impressments. This meant they kidnapped American sailors and forced them to work in the British navy. They also supported Indian attacks against the U.S.

The War of 1812The War of 1812• Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek

Indians at Horseshoe Bend in Alabama during the War of 1812.

• At Ft. McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star-Spangled Banner.

• Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans.

• The War of 1812 ended positively for Americans when the British decided to stop fighting.

Results of the War of 1812Results of the War of 1812• Nationalism, pride in one’s country,

grew after the war.

• American industry grew during the war because Americans could no longer buy foreign goods.

• The U.S. government passed tariffs (taxes on imported goods) to help American businesses. The taxes made foreign goods more expensive.

The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings

• After the War of 1812, people were generally happy with the U.S.

• This period is called the Era of Good Feelings.

American CultureAmerican Culture• During the early 1800s, Americans started

to make their own, distinct culture.

• Several writers became well known during this period.

–Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Edgar Alan Poe, Washington Irving, James Fennimore Cooper, Emily Dickinson

Henry Clay’s American SystemHenry Clay’s American System

• Henry Clay, a senator from Kentucky, came up with a plan for the government to build roads and canals.

• He thought it would improve the U.S. and its economy.

• However, the plan never passed.

AlabamaAlabama

• During the Era of Good Feelings, in 1819, Alabama became a state.

The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise

• This was an agreement in 1820 whereby Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, and slavery was forbidden north of the 36°30‘ line of latitude.

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

• An order by President Monroe in 1823 warning European countries against further colonization in North or South America.

John MarshallJohn Marshall

• Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the early 1800s.

• He helped increase the power of the federal government and the Court system.

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

• In the case of Marbury v. Madison, John Marshall said federal courts have the right to declare a law unconstitutional.

–This is called judicial review.

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

• This Supreme Court decision states that states cannot interfere with interstate commerce (trade between states.

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

• Jacksonian Democracy refers to the growing spirit of democracy in the U.S. after Andrew Jackson’s election as president in 1828.

The Common Man IdealThe Common Man Ideal

• Part of Jacksonian Democracy was the growing power that common people had.

• Jackson believed that the common man deserved more power in government and in life.

• During this period state got rid of property qualifications for voting.

The Spoils SystemThe Spoils System

• The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters is called the spoils system.

• Andrew Jackson used this system.

The Nullification CrisisThe Nullification Crisis

• South Carolina did not like the tariff on foreign goods.

• They decided to nullify the law. This means they chose not to follow it. They also threatened to secede or leave the union.

• A new tariff was passed and South Carolina took away its threat.

The Indian Removal ActThe Indian Removal Act

• Andrew Jackson decided to remove all Indian tribes from the Southeast (including Alabama).

• Indians were moved to Oklahoma (the Indian Territory).

• In the Trail of Tears thousands of Cherokees died as they were forced to move.

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny • After the War of 1812, people began to

move out west.

• Most Americans believed it was God’s will that Americans live from sea to sea. This was known as manifest destiny.

• They moved on a series of trails known as the Santa Fe Trail, the Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail, and the California Trail.

The Gold RushThe Gold Rush

• In 1849 thousands of people began to move to California when gold was discovered there. This was known as the gold rush.

TexasTexas

• Texas belonged to Mexico when Americans began to move there.

• In the 1830s, Texas fought for independence from Mexico.

The Mexican WarThe Mexican War

• In 1848, the U.S. went to war with Mexico.

• The U.S. got Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado from Mexico.

• This is known as the Mexican Cession.