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By:Nikhil Raj (937)
Rohan Raj Mishra (951)Sanjay Kumar (957)
Shayandeep Chakraborty (958)
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The term mitigation in this presentation does
not bear parity with the definitions proposed
by Kyoto Protocol, IPCC or UNFCCC.
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Science
A Natural Experiment
Technology The Economics
The Politics
The Threat to the Business of Climate Change The Tipping Point
The Next Best Alternative
The Question
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Edward De BonoLateral Thinking Expert
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How to mitigate climate change?
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Mt. Pinatubo, a dormant stratovolcano,
erupted in 1991.
Largest such volcanic eruption sinceMt.Krakatoa in 1883.
This was the best studied volcanic eruption inhistory.
The following two years global meantemperatures fell by .5 degrees celsius
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AStrato-volcano erupts its sulfur ash muchhigher than other volcanoes.
Sulfur in the Stratosphere is more stable Persists for over an year
In troposphere, it hardly lasts a week Stratospheric sulfur along with Stratospheric
water vapor forms aerosols, which have highalbedo.
The Jet streams distribute the ejaculate. Settles down at the polar regions
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AN ENVIRONMENTALIST: JAMESLOVELOCK
We might be saved by aseries of such volcanic
eruptions severe enough toblock sunlight and cool theearth
ASCIENTIST, RICHAR KERR
A Pinatubo size eruptionevery few years wouldoffset much of theanthropogenic warmingexpect over the next
century Published in Science, 1993
Volume 259, Issue 5095,Page 594
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Several technologies to increase the earths
albedo.
A sulfur injection into the atmosphere is thecheapest one.
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A hose supported by Helium Balloons Pumps at each level Sulfur required is about 100,000 Tons per annum
You can read more athttp://intellectualventureslab.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Stratoshield-white-paper-
300dpi.pdf This invention and associated rights are owned by
Intellectual Ventures, an organization funded by BillGates
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Mikhael Budyko, the originator of the Idea
Cooling Climate by adding sunlight reflecting aerosols,1977, Climatic Changes, American Geophysical Society
Govindasamy B, Caldeira K (2000) Geoengineeringearths radiation balance to mitigate CO2-inducedclimate change. Geophys Res Lett 27:21412144
Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfurinjections: A contribution to resolve a policy dillema?
Paul Crutzen, Climatic Change (2006) Elsevier Publications
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Sulfur is fortunately abundantly extracted
and kept as waste from coal mining process
across the globe. It is cheap and easily available
The Benefit from the cooling effect on theglobe is practically invaluable.
The comparative analysis is therefore doneon cost basis.
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STERN REVIEW
Cost ofMitigating
climate Change set at CDM
CT
JI
1.5% of Global GDP
Roughly $1.3 Trillion
INTELLECTUALVENTURESBUDGETING
To Save the Arctic Ice Cap
Installation Cost: $ 20Million Ann. Cost of Op.: $10Milliion
To Save the Planet
Installation Cost: $150Million
Ann. Cost of Op.: $100Million
Cost of mitigating climate change? Peanuts
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EXISTINGAPPROACH
1st Commitment Period of
2008-12 Only talks of stabilising
CO2 in atmosphere.
INTELLECTUALVENTURESAPPROACH
Set up time: 2-3 years
Observable Effect: < 1 yeartime (Remember Pinatubo)
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EXISTING INTERNATIONALAPPROACH
Required Collective Action Olsons Theory of Collective
action speaks of perverted incentives
Large groups seldom are ableto undertake collective action
Climate Change is anexternality Very Difficult to Value
Coasian Theory fails when Transaction costs are high Rights are not clearly defined
Multiple grographically discreteparties are involved
ALBEDO STRATEGY
Can be privately funded
No internationalcooperation required
Is Simple
Is Economical
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EXISTINGAPPROACH IS BIGBUSINESS
CDM, CT, JI and REDD are
big business Probability of emerging
world to lose a fundingopportunity
But isnt Development and
Technology enhancement,itself a political agenda,regardless of climatechange?
ALBEDO STRATEGY
Who controls it?
Would it work? (Yes) Can it be misused? (Maybe)
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This is implicit UnitedStates of America, a party that didnt
ratify KP, is proactively considering suchgeoengineering alternatives. The GlobalSuper Power, (Economic &
Political) has enough might to change the
direction of the system. Not to forget, without International
Cooperation, any mitigation effort ispointless.
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Suppose Geo-engineering is not resorted to. The existing solutions being offered are
Too Little
Current Conservation efforts are too little to significantly affectclimate change
Too Late Half life of carbon is 100 years, stopping now would not send
climate change away
Too Optimistic Zero CarbonSociety, depending on solar power & wind power
would create a warming debt. The carbon emitted to create such solar panels and wind powers
would actually increasingly heat the globe further before it startscooling
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So would it stop the ice caps from melting
soon enough?
Would it stop the sea water from expandingsoon enough?
Would it stop the low lying countries tosubmerge soon enough?
Hardly.
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Is Cheap.
Is Quick.
Is Simple. Requires only 1/20th of 1 percent of current
sulfur emissions (200Million Tons approx.from various sources)
Most of all, for sureWorks (RememberPinatubo)
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Water Vapor has 25 times greater global
warming potential than CO2
Most Carbon Emissions reduction projects
result in increasedWater Vapor emissions.
Reduced CO2 levels actually asphyxiateplants and reduce agricultural and forest
productivity.
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