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© Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 0551 VT ZZA Ed.01
9.1
9 Alarm and Error Handling
9.2
9 Alarm and Error Handling Session presentation
Objective: to be able to describe the way the alarms are
managed in an SDH network
program:
9.1 Communication Alarms
9.2 Alarm Indication Signal : AIS
9.3 Remote Defect Indication : RDI
9.4 Alarm and Error Processing within an NE
9.5 Explanation of Alarm and Error Codes
9.6 Alarm and Error Processing
9.7 Performance Monitoring : PM
9.8 Tandem Connections
9.3
9 Alarm and Error Handling Communication Alarms
SDH-Network
ADM
MSN
DXC
ADM
MSN
DXC
Regenerator
ADM
MSN
DXC
PDH
140Mbit/s PDH
2 Mbit/s
9.4
9 Alarm and Error Handling Alarm Indication Signal - AIS
RSOH
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
MS - AIS
AU - AIS
TU – AIS
RSOH
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 MSOH
RSOH
MSOH
AU-Pointer P
O
H
1 1 1
1
1
9.5
9 Alarm and Error Handling Remote Defect Indication - RDI
HP-RDI
8 ... 1
1
LP-RDI
8 ... 1
1
MS-RDI
8 ... 1
0 1 1 K2-Byte
G1-Byte
V5-Byte
K2
G1
V5
9.6
9 Alarm and Error Handling Alarm and Error Processing within a NE
LOF
RS-TIM
RS-BIP
MS-AIS
MS-BIP
MS-REI
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-BIP
HP-REI
HP-RDI
TU-AIS
TU-LOP
TU-LOM
TU-PLM
TU-AIS
TU-AIS
AU-AIS
MS-AIS
C2
H4
G1
G1
B3
J1
C2
K2
M1
B2
K2
B1
J0
A1/A2
LOS
MS-RDI
Detection
Generation
LP-TIM
LP-BIP
LP-REI
LP-RDI PDH-AIS
TU-AIS
V5
V5
V5
V5
J2
V5
LP-PLM
Physical
Section Layer
Regenerator
Section Layer
Multiplex
Section Layer
Higher Order
Path Layer
Lower Order
Path Layer
9.7
9.8
9 Alarm and Error Handling Example Network
SDH-Network
ADM
MSN
DXC
ADM
MSN
DXC
Regenerator
ADM
MSN
DXC
PDH
140Mbit/s PDH
2 Mbit/s
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section
Trail / Path
Regenerator Section
9.9
9 Alarm and Error Handling Alarm and Error Processing in a Regenerator
MS-AIS LOS
LOF
RS-TIM
RS-BIP
MS-AIS
(PM)
RS
1 / M
S1
RS
1
OS
1 / R
S1
OS
1
RS
1 / M
S1
RS
1
OS
1 / R
S1
OS
1
Detection
Generation
RSOH
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9.10
9 Alarm and Error Handling Alarm and Error Processing in a Multiplexer: VC-4 Passthrough
S4
MS
1 / S
4
MS
1
RS
1 / M
S1
RS
1
OS
1 / R
S1
OS
1
MS
1 / S
4
MS
1
RS
1 / M
S1
RS
1
OS
1 / R
S1
OS
1
LOS
LOF
RS-TIM
RS-BIP
MS-AIS
MS-BIP
MS-REI
MS-RDI
MS-AIS
AU-AIS
(PM)
AU-AIS
(PM)
Detection
Generation
(PM)
RSOH
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1 MSOH
9.11
9 Alarm and Error Handling Alarm and Error Processing in a Multiplexer: VC-4 Termination
S4
MS
1 / S
4
MS
1
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-BIP
HP-REI
HP-RDI
AU-AIS
TU-AIS
TU-AIS S
4
TU-AIS
(PM)
Detection
Generation
(PM)
S12
S4 / S
12
RSOH
MSOH
AU-Pointer P
O
H
1 1 1
1
1
9.12
9 Alarm and Error Handling Alarm Processing via a complete Network: Path fault
NE A NE B NE C
NE D
Reg. E Reg. F
LO-passthrough HO-passthrough
LOS
2Mbit/s
9.13
9 Alarm and Error Handling Alarm Processing via a complete Network: Reference fault
NE A NE B NE C
NE D
Reg. E Reg. F
LO-passthrough HO-passthrough
LOS
2Mbit/s
9.14
9 Alarm and Error Handling PM Basics
Error checksum Block size max. number of
block errors per second
B1 (RSOH) STM-N 8.000
B2 (MSOH)
801 bits * N
192.000 * N
(STM-N)
B3 (HP-POH) VC-4
VC-3
8.000
8.000 V5 (LP-POH) VC-12 Multiframe 2.000
9.15
9 Alarm and Error Handling Principles of data collection
Monitored seconds
Defects ?
Anomalies ?
% EB >= 30 ?
cES = cES + 1 cES = cES + 1
cBBE = cBBE + EB(s) cSES = cSES + 1
End
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Extracted
from G 826
9.16
9 Alarm and Error Handling Definition of Unavailability
SES
ES which is not a SES
Non errored second
10 sec < 10 sec 10 sec < 10 sec
t in sec
End of detection:
ES := ES + x
SES := SES
UAS := UAS - 10
Begin of detection:
ES := ES - 10
SES := SES - 10
UAS := UAS + 10
Unavailable Time (UAT)
Inhibition of counters:
ES / SES / (BBE)
Available Time
x
9.17
9 Alarm and Error Handling Near End / Far End counters
NE A
STM-N with errors
Far End Counters:
FEBBE
FEES
FESES
FEUAS
Near End Counters:
BBE
ES
SES
UAS
STM-N with REI
NE B
9.18
9 Alarm and Error Handling Why Tandem Connections
[total biterrors]
Path
Sink
Path
Source
Near end bit errors counted by path monitor (PM) [location]
Bit errors added before domain 1
Bit errors added in domain 1
Bit errors added between domain 1 and domain 2
Bit errors added in
domain 2
Domain 1 Domain 2
VCn-Path
Inter Domain
Link
9.19
9 Alarm and Error Handling Function of Tandem Connections
VCn-Path
Near end bit errors counted by Tandem Connections (TC)
sk so
TC 1
so sk
TC 12
Path
Sink
Path
Source
Domain 1 Domain 2 Inter Domain
Link
sk so
TC 2
so: source
sk: sink
[location]
[total biterrors]
9.20
9 Alarm and Error Handling Overhead Bytes used for Tandem Connections
REI OEI
Payload
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
C2
B3
J1
Virtual Container (VC-4, VC-3)
Number of bit errors detected by
TC source
frame 1-8: FAS
frame 9-72: 64*2 Bit= 16Byte TC-TI
frame 73: TC-RDI
frame 74: ODI
frame 75,76: all ‘0’
N1 used for TCs
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 6
9.21
9 Alarm and Error Handling Tandem Connection Termination: TCT
SDH port SDH port
Path
Path
Domain 1
N1=0
N1=0
N1=0
N1=0
BBE = 2
N1:=2
NE 1
SPI
RST
MST
MSA
BBE = 6
N1 = 2
NE_BBE := 6 - 2 =4
NE x
TC 1 (Egressing Tandem Connection)
TC after
Matrix
TC after
Matrix
SPI
RST
MST
MSA
SPI
RST
MST
MSA
SPI
RST
MST
MSA
9.22
9 Alarm and Error Handling Tandem Connection Monitoring: TCM
SPI
RST
MST
MSA Path
SDH Port
TCm
RX
Before Matrix
TC
SDH Port
TCm
TX
After Matrix
SPI
RST
MST
MSA
9.23
Thank you for answering
the self-assessment
of the objectives sheet
9 Alarm and Error Handling Evaluation
Objective: to be able to describe the
way the alarms are managed in an
SDH network